Therapeutic hepatitis B vaccine. Hepatitis B vaccination - everything you need to know about vaccination. Contraindications for use

in glass vials (type 1, USP) or glass ampoules of 0.5 ml (1 children's dose) or 5 ml (10 children's doses), or 10 ml (20 children's doses); in a cardboard box 10, 25 and 50 bottles or 50 ampoules.

in glass vials (type 1, USP) or glass ampoules of 1 ml (1 adult dose) or 5 ml (5 adult doses) or 10 ml (10 adult doses); in a cardboard box 10, 25 and 50 bottles or 50 ampoules.

Dosage and administration

V / m, adults, older children and adolescents - in the deltoid muscle;

newborns and young children - in the anterolateral surface of the thigh.

Under no circumstances should the vaccine be administered intravenously.

Patients with thrombocytopenia and hemophilia should be given the vaccine subcutaneously.

Before use, the vial or ampoule with the vaccine must be shaken well several times until a homogeneous suspension is obtained. The vaccination procedure must be carried out with strict observance of the rules of asepsis and antisepsis. The drug from the opened multi-dose vial must be used within one day.

A single dose of the vaccine for children and adolescents under 19 years of age is 0.5 ml (10 μg HBsAg);

for adults over 19 years old - 1 ml (20 mcg HBsAg);

for patients in the hemodialysis department - 2 ml (40 μg HBsAg).

The vaccine can be administered simultaneously (on the same day) with the vaccines of the National Immunization Schedule, with the exception of BCG, as well as with the yellow fever vaccine. In this case, the vaccines must be administered with different syringes in different places.

Immunization schedule

To achieve the optimal level of protection against hepatitis B, 3 intramuscular injections are required according to the following schemes:

Vaccination of children as part of the National Immunization Schedule

Newborn children are vaccinated three times according to the scheme: 0-1-6 months. The first injection of the vaccine is on the child's birthday. For newborns whose mothers are carriers of the hepatitis B virus, a vaccination schedule at 0-1-2-12 months is recommended. Immunoglobulin against hepatitis B can be administered simultaneously with the first vaccination in the other thigh.

Children, adolescents and adults who have not previously been vaccinated against hepatitis B are vaccinated according to the scheme: 0-1-6 months.

accelerated

In emergency cases, accelerated vaccination is carried out according to the scheme:

1st dose: on the chosen day;

2nd dose: 1 month after 1st dose;

3rd dose: 2 months after 1st dose;

4th dose: 12 months after the 1st dose.

Such vaccination leads to a rapid development of protection against hepatitis B, but the antibody titer may be lower in some of the vaccinated than with standard immunization.

Vaccination for hemodialysis

1st dose 40 mcg (2 ml): on the chosen day;

2nd dose 40 mcg (2 ml): 30 days after 1st dose;

3rd dose 40 mcg (2 ml): 60 days after 1st dose;

4th dose 40 mcg (2 ml): 180 days after the 1st dose.

Vaccination for known or suspected exposure to hepatitis B virus

In case of contact with HBV-infected material (for example, a contaminated needle stick), the first dose of HBV vaccine should be given at the same time as HBV immunoglobulin (injection at different sites). Further vaccinations are recommended according to the accelerated immunization schedule.

Revaccination

With primary immunization at 0, 1, 6 months, re-vaccination may be needed 5 years after the primary course.

Storage conditions of the drug Hepatitis B vaccine recombinant (rDNA)

Keep out of the reach of children.

Shelf life of the drug Hepatitis B vaccine recombinant (rDNA)

Do not use after the expiry date stated on the packaging.

Instructions for medical use

Hepatitis B vaccine, recombinant (rDNA)
Instructions for medical use - RU No. LS-001140

Last Modified Date: 27.04.2017

Dosage form

Compound

The vaccine does not contain any substrates of human or animal origin. Vaccine meets WHO requirements for recombinant hepatitis B vaccines

Description of the dosage form

Homogeneous suspension of white with a gray tint, without visible foreign inclusions, separating into 2 layers when settling: the upper one is a colorless transparent liquid, the lower one is a white precipitate that easily breaks up when shaken.

Characteristic

The vaccine is a purified hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) adsorbed on an aluminum hydroxide gel.

The surface antigen is obtained by culturing genetically modified Hansenula polymorpha K 3/8-1 ADW 001/4/7/96 yeast cells into which the surface antigen gene is inserted.

Pharmacological group

MIBP - vaccine

Indications

Specific prophylaxis of infection caused by the hepatitis B virus in children over 1 year of age and adults.

Contraindications

• the period of pregnancy and breastfeeding;
• hypersensitivity to hepatitis B vaccine and its components - yeast or thiomersal;
• symptoms of hypersensitivity to a previous hepatitis B vaccine;
• a strong reaction (temperature above 40 ° C, edema at the injection site, hyperemia over 8 cm in diameter) or a post-vaccination complication to the previous administration of the drug;
• acute infectious and non-infectious diseases, exacerbation of chronic diseases. Vaccination is carried out 2-4 weeks after recovery (remission);

For non-severe acute respiratory viral infections, acute intestinal diseases, vaccinations are carried out immediately after the temperature returns to normal;

• severe and severe immunodeficiency in children with HIV infection.

HIV infection is not a contraindication to hepatitis B vaccination.

Children of the first year of life:

When vaccinating against hepatitis B in children of the first year of life, vaccines that do not contain preservatives are used.

Persons temporarily exempted from vaccinations should be taken under observation and vaccinated after removal of contraindications.

Dosage and administration

Before use, the vial (ampoule) with the vaccine must be shaken well several times until a homogeneous suspension is obtained.

The vaccine is administered intramuscularly:

• young children (1-2 years) - in the upper outer surface of the middle part of the thigh;
• adults, adolescents and older children (more than 2 years old) - in the deltoid muscle.

In patients with bleeding disorders, the vaccine should be administered subcutaneously.

It is forbidden to administer the vaccine intravenously!

When administering the vaccine, make sure that the needle does not enter the vascular bed.

The drug from the opened vial with 10 doses of the vaccine must be stored at a temperature of 2-8 ºС and used within one day.

A single dose of the vaccine is:

• for children from 1 year old, adolescents and persons under 19 years old - 0.5 ml (10 μg HBsAg),
• for persons over 19 years old - 1 ml (20 mcg HBsAg).

Vaccination against viral hepatitis B, previously unvaccinated and not belonging to risk groups, is carried out in accordance with the National Calendar of Preventive Immunizations of the Russian Federation and the calendar of preventive vaccinations according to epidemic indications (Order of the Ministry of Health of Russia dated March 21, 2014 No. 125n) according to the 0-1 scheme -6 (1st dose at the start of vaccination, 2nd dose - 1 month after the 1st dose, 3rd dose - 6 months after the 1st dose).

Children at risk (born to mothers who carry HBsAg, have viral hepatitis B or have had viral hepatitis B in the third semester of pregnancy, do not have test results for hepatitis B markers, use narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances, from families in which there is carrier of HBsAg or a patient with acute viral hepatitis B and chronic viral hepatitis) vaccination is carried out according to the scheme 0-1-2-12 (1st dose at the time of vaccination, 2nd dose 1 month after the 1st dose, 3 -I dose 2 months after the 1st dose, 4th dose - 12 months after the 1st dose).

Contact persons from the outbreaks of the disease who have not been ill, not vaccinated and do not have information about prophylactic vaccinations against viral hepatitis B are subject to vaccination according to the 0-1-6 scheme.

Vaccinations against hepatitis B according to the scheme 0-1-6 are also subject to:

• children and adults who regularly receive blood and blood products;
• oncohematological patients;
• medical workers who have contact with the blood of patients;
• persons involved in the production of immunological preparations from donor and placental blood;
• students of medical institutes and students of secondary medical schools (primarily graduates);
• people who inject drugs.

For patients receiving hemodialysis treatment, the vaccine is administered four times according to the scheme: 0-1-2-6 or 0-1-2-3 at a double age dose.

Unvaccinated persons who have had contact with material infected with the hepatitis B virus are vaccinated according to the 0-1-2 scheme. Simultaneously with the first vaccination, it is recommended to administer intramuscularly (in another place) human immunoglobulin against hepatitis B at a dose of 100 IU (children under 10 years old) or 6-8 IU / kg (other ages).

For unvaccinated patients who are scheduled to undergo surgery, it is recommended to vaccinate according to the scheme 0-7-21 days a month before the operation.

Side effects

Classification of the frequency of development of side effects of the World Health Organization (WHO):

Very common: e1/10

Common: e1/100 to<1/10

Uncommon: e1/1000 to<1/100

Rare: e1/10000 to<1/1000

Very rare: from<1/10000

In clinical and post-marketing studies of the Recombinant Hepatitis B Vaccine (rDNA), the following adverse reactions have been identified:

From the nervous system:

Often: headache.

Rare: dizziness.

From the respiratory, pulmonary and mediastinal systems:

Often: pneumonia, cough, chills.

From the skin and subcutaneous tissue:

Rare: rash.

From the musculoskeletal system, connective and bone tissue:

Rare: pain all over the body.

Adverse reactions general and at the injection site

Very common: fever, pain at the injection site.

Often: prolonged crying, local induration, local swelling, redness.

Rare: nodular thickening at the injection site, local soreness.

All of these symptoms are transient and do not require medical treatment.

Interaction

The vaccine can be administered simultaneously (on the same day) with the vaccines of the National Immunization Schedule, with the exception of vaccines for the prevention of tuberculosis, and with the yellow fever vaccine. In this case, the vaccines must be administered with different syringes to different parts of the body. The interval between vaccinations against different infections when used separately (not on the same day) should be at least 1 month.

Influence on the ability to drive vehicles

The vaccine does not affect the ability to drive vehicles.

Precautionary measures

The vaccination procedure must be carried out with strict observance of the rules of asepsis and antisepsis. In very rare cases, it is possible to develop immediate allergic reactions, in connection with this, those vaccinated with the vaccine should be under medical supervision for 30 minutes after vaccination.

As with the introduction of other parenteral vaccines, vaccination sites should be provided with anti-shock therapy, primarily adrenaline.

Release form

Suspension for intramuscular injection.

Serum Institute of India Ltd., India

0.5 ml or 1 ml in ampoules and vials. 10 ampoules of 0.5 ml or 1 ml in a PVC blister, 5 blisters each with 5 copies of the Instructions for Medical Use in a cardboard box. 50 bottles 0.5; one; 5 ml or 25 bottles of 10 ml together with 5 copies of the Instructions for Medical Use in a cardboard box.

Horizontal blue stripes are applied to the ampoule or vial of the vaccine for children.

The ampoule or vial containing 10 doses of pediatric vaccine is marked with horizontal red stripes.

The ampoule or vial of the adult vaccine has horizontal green stripes.

The ampoule or vial containing 10 doses of adult vaccine is marked with horizontal purple stripes.

Nanolek LLC

10 ampoules of 1 ml in a PVC blister, together with instructions for medical use in a cardboard box.

10 bottles of 1 ml, together with the Instruction for medical use in a cardboard box.

10 bottles of 10 ml each, together with 10 copies of the Instructions for Medical Use in a cardboard box.

On the label of a cardboard pack with ampoules or vials with 1 dose of vaccine for adults, horizontal green stripes are applied.

Vials containing 10 doses of adult vaccine have horizontal purple stripes on the label on the carton box.

Viral hepatitis is one of the most unpredictable infectious diseases. The disease first affects the liver, and then the skin, blood vessels, other digestive organs and the nervous system are involved in the disease process. Because of the high probability of encountering the virus, babies are vaccinated in the first days of their life. A few years after the revaccination, immunity against the hepatitis B virus weakens, so everyone can meet him again.

What is hepatitis B and under what conditions does it affect a person? Are adults vaccinated against hepatitis B and when? Is it possible to feel safe if this disease has affected loved ones?

What is hepatitis B disease

Viral hepatitis B affects about 5% of the world's population. But in some countries this figure must be multiplied by 4. The main source of hepatitis B infection are sick people and virus carriers. For infection, it is enough for only 5 to 10 ml of infected blood to get on the wound. The main routes of infection with hepatitis B:

• sexual - with unprotected intercourse;
• infection occurs through damage to blood vessels: cuts, abrasions, cracks on the lips, if there is bleeding gums;
• parenteral route, that is, through medical manipulations or injections: during blood transfusion, injections with one non-sterile syringe, like in drug addicts;
• The vertical route of transmission of hepatitis B is from mother to child at birth.

How does hepatitis B manifest itself?

1. A person is concerned about severe intoxication: lack of sleep, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting.
2. There is a feeling of pain in the liver and heaviness in the epigastric region.
3. Yellow discoloration of the skin and sclera.
4. Severe itching of the skin.
5. Damage to the nervous system: irritability or euphoria, headaches, drowsiness.
6. Later, blood pressure begins to decrease, the pulse becomes rare.

This state may last for several months. If you're lucky, everything ends in recovery. Otherwise, dangerous complications appear:

• bleeding;
• acute liver failure;
• damage to the biliary tract, the addition of additional infections.

Should adults get the hepatitis B vaccine? - Yes, since hepatitis B is a chronic disease, once infected, a person will never get rid of it. At the same time, the susceptibility to the virus in the surrounding people is high, and the symptoms of hepatitis pass slowly. Vaccination against hepatitis B is essential for adults to avoid contracting this dangerous disease. This is the only way to prevent the disease.

Indications for vaccination

First of all, children are vaccinated immediately after birth, except for those who have contraindications. After revaccination (at 6 or 12 months), immunity is unstable and lasts for five, maximum six years.

Adults are vaccinated depending on the indications. Where can adults get the hepatitis B vaccine? Vaccination is carried out in a clinic at the place of residence or registration or at work (when applying to a specialized clinic, hospital, outpatient clinic). If desired, on a paid basis, you can enter the vaccine in a private clinic. In exceptional cases, severe patients on hemodialysis or those receiving blood transfusions may be vaccinated in the hospital if the vaccine is available.

Who is vaccinated? - all adults at risk.

1. People in whose family there is a virus carrier or a sick person.
2. Medical students and all healthcare workers.
3. People with severe chronic diseases who receive regular blood transfusions.
4. Previously unvaccinated people who have not had viral hepatitis B.
5. Adults who have had contact with virus-infected material.
6. People whose work is related to the production of drugs from the blood.
7. Preoperative patients if they have not been vaccinated before.
8. Vaccinate oncohematological patients.

Hepatitis B vaccination schedule

Hepatitis B vaccination schedules for adults may differ depending on the situation and type of drug.

1. One of the schemes is the first vaccination, then another one a month later, and then another 5 months later.
2. Emergency vaccination occurs when a person travels abroad. It is held on the first day, on the seventh and twenty-first days. Revaccination of hepatitis B in adults is prescribed after 12 months.
3. The following scheme is used in patients on hemodialysis (blood purification). According to this schedule, an adult is vaccinated four times between treatments on a 0–1–2–12 month schedule.

Where do adults get the hepatitis B vaccine? - intramuscularly, in the deltoid muscle. In rare cases, when a person has a disease with a bleeding disorder, the drug can be injected subcutaneously.

To avoid false reactions to the vaccine, check whether it was stored correctly.

1. In the vial with the drug should not be impurities after shaking.
2. The vaccine must not be frozen, the optimal storage conditions are 2–8 ºC, otherwise it will lose its properties. That is, the nurse should get it not from the freezer, but from the refrigerator.
3. Check expiration dates.

Types of hepatitis B vaccines

There are both separate vaccines against viral hepatitis B, and complex ones, which additionally contain antibodies against other diseases. The latter are more often used in childhood.

What drugs can be administered to adults?

1. Engerix-B (Belgium).
2. "HB-Vaxll" (USA).
3. Hepatitis B vaccine is recombinant.
4. Hepatitis B vaccine recombinant yeast.
5. "Sci-B-Vac", which is produced in Israel.
6. Eberbiovak HB is a joint Russian-Cuban vaccine.
7. Euwax-B.
8. "Shanvak-B" (India).
9. "Biovac-B".

How often is the hepatitis B vaccine given to adults? You can get vaccinated for the first time if there are indications for it, and then control the amount of antibodies to the virus in the blood. If there is a sharp decrease in them, the vaccination can be repeated. Health workers should be immunized regularly, at least once every five years.

Contraindications for adults

Contraindications for hepatitis B vaccination in adults are:

1. Pregnancy and lactation period.
2. Reaction to a previous vaccine administration.
3. Intolerance to one of the components of the drug.
4. Acute infectious diseases.
5. Exacerbation of chronic diseases. Vaccination is recommended during the period of normalization of the condition.

Vaccine reactions and complications

Adults tolerate the hepatitis B vaccine well, but due to the individual characteristics of the organism, the following reactions may occur:

• soreness and inflammation at the injection site;
• tissue thickening, scarring;
• the general reaction can be manifested by fever, weakness, malaise.

What are the possible complications in adults with the hepatitis B vaccine?

1. Pain in the joints, abdomen or muscles.
2. Nausea, vomiting, loose stools, in the analysis, possibly an increase in the level of liver parameters.
3. General and local allergic reactions: skin itching, rash in the form of urticaria. In severe situations, it is possible to develop Quincke's edema or anaphylactic shock.
4. There have been isolated cases of reactions of the nervous system: convulsions, neuritis (inflammation of the peripheral nerves), meningitis, paralysis of the motor muscles.
5. Sometimes there is an increase in lymph nodes, and in the general analysis of blood, the number of platelets decreases.
6. There may be fainting and a temporary feeling of shortness of breath.

If the symptoms are not expressed, disturb for several hours and pass on their own - do not worry. With prolonged persistent complaints, it is necessary to consult a doctor and notify health workers who have been vaccinated against hepatitis B about a reaction to the vaccine. How to avoid such situations? It is important to learn how to behave properly before and after vaccination.

Rules of conduct before and after vaccination

Do adults need a hepatitis B vaccine? Yes, if he is at risk and may encounter patients with hepatitis B. A mild course of the disease will not save a person from possible complications. It is much easier to manage a reaction to a vaccine than to treat viral hepatitis for months in case of infection.

Currently, hepatitis B revaccination is considered the only effective way to protect against infection. Most patients are treated during childhood. However, the need for vaccination may appear in adulthood. According to statistics, young and mature people get sick with viral hepatitis more often than children. This is due to the fact that most adults refuse vaccinations. But after vaccination, protective antibodies in the body remain only 5 years.

The duration of the action of different vaccines is approximately the same, and when the effect of the vaccine ends, the risk of infection increases.

The older the person, the more severe the disease. What you need to know about revaccination in order not to miss the timing of its implementation?

Why is vaccination needed?

Some patients believe that hepatitis B can only be contracted while attending kindergarten or school. This is not entirely true. The risk of developing the disease does not decrease with age. Methods of infection:

The risk of contracting hepatitis when visiting a hairdresser and beautician is considered one of the highest. After vaccination, it is reduced to a minimum. Revaccination of health workers and catering staff is mandatory. Vaccination is an important criterion for admission to professional activities.

The adult revaccination schemes currently in force in our country are aimed at preventing an epidemic of hepatitis B. Their use has made it possible to reduce the risk of mass infection among the working-age population many times over. There are 2 revaccination schemes, consisting of 3 or 4 injections.

What is the difference between 2 types of vaccines

The difference between these schemes lies in the duration. Both schedules are designed to protect against hepatitis B, taking into account the time required for the production of antibodies. These substances begin to appear in the body 2 weeks after the injection. Revaccination against hepatitis has an initial stage, for which the first vaccination is taken. Further sequence:

1. The second vaccination is given 30 days later, followed by the last dose 5 months later.
2. The sequence of injections when using the second scheme will be somewhat different. When vaccinated according to this principle for adults, the schedule implies a third injection a month after the second. And the fourth injection is done a year after the first.

A phased vaccination schedule against infection is the most effective and safest. However, the process of formation of antibodies in the body is still unexplored. Some experts believe that this process after revaccination takes 5 years. According to other opinions, lifelong immunity is formed after vaccination. In practice, both are right. It all depends on the individual characteristics of the patient's body.

Of particular danger is living in foci of infection. Protecting yourself from infection in this case is much more difficult. To solve this problem, regular vaccination is shown, in which vaccinations are given at least 1 time in 3 years. In the absence of contraindications, any of the 2 schemes can be used.

In what cases is it impossible to vaccinate?

Vaccination, like any other medical procedure, has contraindications and side effects that the patient should be warned about:

When revaccinating hepatitis in adults, constant monitoring of the state of health is required. Vaccination may be accompanied by the appearance of pain at the injection site, fever, dysfunction of the digestive system, general weakness and loss of appetite.

The emotional state of the patient often changes, he becomes irritable and aggressive. Allergic reactions during the revaccination period are extremely rare, however, their signs can be detected in a completely healthy person. If after vaccination there is a sharp deterioration in the state of health, and the symptoms that appear persist for several days, you should consult a doctor.

Hepatitis revaccination is not mandatory, but it is currently the only effective way to protect against infection. Before getting vaccinated, you should consult your doctor. It will help predict the effect of the vaccine on the body and avoid the occurrence of negative consequences.

How often do you need to be vaccinated?

Proper administration of the vaccine helps to minimize the risk of infection. Adult patients are vaccinated intramuscularly. When administered subcutaneously, the effectiveness of the drug may decrease. If a seal appears at the injection site, then it was done incorrectly. When the drug is evenly distributed throughout the muscle, it quickly enters the bloodstream and promotes the production of antibodies against hepatitis. In the United States and some European countries, vaccination is considered ineffective if the agent is administered subcutaneously. In this case, the patient is forced to undergo it again. After how many years is needed?

The required immune protection against infectious diseases involves several factors. Antibodies after vaccination are present in the body for 20 years. Given these factors, WHO recommends that booster vaccination of the working-age population be avoided too frequently. It is recommended that healthcare workers be vaccinated every 7 years. The rest of the category of patients is recommended to administer the vaccine every 10-15 years. If you are on hemodialysis or are immunocompromised, you should get vaccinated more frequently.

Hepatitis is a name for some dangerous infections that affect liver cells. Vaccination against hepatitis is optional, but is an important preventive measure to help prevent the development of infection.

Today, many refuse it because of the wave of universal attitude towards any vaccination. But this is wrong, since the positive effect of hepatitis vaccination is much more important than the possible and very rare negative consequences.

What are hepatitis A and B, what is their danger?

Hepatitis types A and B are viruses that, appearing in the human body, begin to multiply rapidly, affecting more and more healthy cells every day. They are transmitted from a virus carrier, have similar symptoms, but differ in consequences.

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A is commonly referred to as Botkin's disease or jaundice. It is relatively safe, does not lead to serious complications and is easily treated in the early stages. The bacterium that provokes it makes itself felt almost immediately, as it appears in the body.

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is manifested by a sharp rise in temperature, nausea, vomiting, yellowing of the skin and eyes, dull feces, and general malaise. But sometimes bacteria “sit quietly”, and severe symptoms are not visible until the late and severe stages. Infection is more difficult to carry and can develop into chronic diseases, including cirrhosis, insufficiency and liver cancer. They lead to disability, coma and early death.

Important! According to the statistics of the International Health Organization, in 2016 the mortality from this problem reached the level of mortality from tuberculosis, malaria, and HIV infection.

Ways of infection with hepatitis A and B

Botkin's disease is transmitted with the feces of a virus carrier. Hands that are not washed after the toilet often become carriers of infection when shaking hands.

Hepatitis B has different routes of infection:

• addiction;
• dirty or unprocessed foods;
• common household items with the virus carrier;
• invasive medical procedures;
• from an infected mother to a child;
• poorly purified drinking water;
• sexual intercourse.

Important! Condoms are not 100% safe, but they reduce the risk of infection. In general, the disease is transmitted by any manipulations associated with body fluids and blood.

What hepatitis are you vaccinated against?

Modern medicine has created vaccines against two types of the disease - virus A and B. The vaccine against hepatitis B was forced to be widely distributed in Russia, because the infection acquired the character of an epidemic, and the medicine became the only true salvation.

Vaccination against hepatitis is considered the most effective solution to prevent the spread of the problem, as well as its complications. The number of patients diagnosed with liver cancer after the introduction of the hepatitis vaccine has decreased significantly. The positive trend is only growing.

What vaccines are used today?

Different manufacturers produce hepatitis vaccines with approximately the same composition. They are interchangeable, the first and subsequent vaccinations can be done with different drugs. For the full formation of immunity, it is only important to deliver all the vaccines, and preferably according to the developed scheme.

In Russia, many different vaccinations against hepatitis are used, including:

• Euwax B;
• Engerix V;
• Shanvak;
• H-B-Vax II;
• Eberbiovak;
• Serum Institute;
• Regevak;
• Eberbiovak;
• Biovac.

There are also combined vaccinations against hepatitis of both types. For example, the products of the pharmaceutical company Smith Kline. Injection "Bubo-M" helps not only from hepatitis - it prepares immunity to diseases such as diphtheria and tetanus.

Hepatitis A vaccination

Hepatitis A vaccination is optional, but doctors advise everyone to get it, as it is too easy to get infected. Vaccination against hepatitis is a kind of insurance not only for adults, but also for children.

Indications

The hepatitis vaccine is urgently needed for people who live with a virus carrier or have discovered a serious liver pathology. Also indications for injection are:

• living in an area where the incidence of hepatitis is excessively high;
• work in the public service sector;
• short-term travel to an area where virus A is widespread;
• travel to a country with low social conditions.

In the latter case, the hepatitis vaccine is given a few weeks before the approximate date of departure, so that immunity has time to develop.

Contraindications

Contraindications include malignant blood diseases, pregnancy, exacerbations of chronic diseases, infections. You can only get vaccinated if at least a month has passed after a full recovery. And also a contraindication is an inadequate adverse reaction to the previous injection.

Before vaccination against hepatitis, the doctor asks a series of questions, conducts an examination, takes the temperature to check for contraindications. If problems are found or suspected, he sends for a laboratory examination, which necessarily includes blood, feces and urine tests.

Composition of the hepatitis A vaccine

Modern hepatitis vaccines produced using biotechnology are called recombinant. They are safe for the human body and are guaranteed to form specific immunity.

A special HbsAg gene is isolated from the virus genome by chemical treatment, which is then crossed with a yeast cell of the viral protein. As a result, the Australian antigen is obtained, which is the basis of the vaccine. In addition to it, aluminum hydroxide, preservatives that keep the components of the drug active, as well as other ingredients aimed at increasing the effectiveness and extending the life of the substance, can be found in the vaccine.

The Australian antigen is contained in an amount of 2.5 to 20 micrograms, which is due to the different needs of the human body. When vaccinating children, injections with an antigenome content of about 5-10 μg are used, and after the 19th birthday, its maximum amount can be used. In case of hypersensitivity or allergy, the antigen should not exceed 2.5-5 mcg.

Hepatitis A vaccination route

It is forbidden to vaccinate subcutaneously, therefore the substance is injected exclusively into the muscle, which allows it to penetrate into the blood quickly and easily. Children are vaccinated in the thigh, and adults in the shoulder, since the muscles in these areas are close to the skin and are very developed. What can not be said about the buttocks, where the muscle is located relatively deep and hidden by a fat layer. That is why it is difficult to make an injection into it.

Everything you need to know about the hepatitis B vaccine

Vaccination against hepatitis B is an optional measure, but it should be borne in mind that the disease is easy to catch, and its complications are sometimes fatal. For these reasons, doctors still recommend not to refuse vaccination. But the last word in any case remains with the patient. For children, the decision to be vaccinated against hepatitis B is made by the parents.

Who is vaccinated against hepatitis B

It is desirable for everyone to be vaccinated without exception. But there are some categories of people for whom an injection is mandatory, because they are at risk. These include:

• people who frequently transfuse blood;
• service workers;
• doctors in contact with blood;
• relatives of virus carriers;
• people of non-traditional sexual orientation or illegible in choosing an intimate partner;
• newborns;
• drug addicts.

Residents of disadvantaged areas also need vaccination, because it is in such places that large outbreaks of the hepatitis virus have been found. Vaccinations against hepatitis B are considered an important and mandatory step to save the health of your liver.

Why You Need a Hepatitis B Vaccination

Vaccination against hepatitis B is necessary because the disease in some cases is asymptomatic and already manifests itself in the form of serious complications. One day, a general malaise suddenly appears, the state of health worsens, sharp or aching pains in the abdomen begin to torment.

The patient is sometimes unaware that he is ill - maybe even fatal. Vaccination helps to prevent such consequences and not to worry every time discomfort is felt in the stomach.

Anyone can become infected with the hepatitis virus, so everyone needs an injection. But people who are under threat every day need it most urgently. With suspicious symptoms, you can be vaccinated more times than indicated in the special vaccination schedule. But before taking such a step, it is important to consult with your doctor.

What to do before and after hepatitis B vaccination

Hepatitis B vaccination requires some preparation. Before her, you need to undergo an examination by a doctor and special examinations. Blood, stool and urine tests are mandatory. If necessary, the doctor refers to narrow-profile colleagues.

In biochemical tests, antibodies to the virus can be found, which is why the hepatitis B vaccine is not given. The finding means that the human body itself has developed immunity.

After the introduction of the drug, you need to monitor the resulting small scar. It cannot be wetted for the first three days, but you can gently take a bath. Don't panic if water gets in. The wound is simply wiped dry with a napkin or towel.

1-3 months after the third vaccination, a blood sample is taken to confirm the presence of adequate immunity.

It should be noted that alcohol in moderate doses does not harm the effectiveness of the antigenome.

Types of hepatitis B vaccines

In modern medicine, there are two types of hepatitis B vaccinations: separate and combined. The latter contain antibodies of other diseases in order to create a comprehensive prevention of a number of serious diseases. Most often they are made to babies.

Recently, a universal vaccine called "Geksavak" from a French manufacturer has been released. It contains antibodies not only of hepatitis B, but also of diphtheria, whooping cough, poliomyelitis, tetanus, purulent-septic infections. It is considered the "pearl" of modern medicine.

Vaccination schedule for hepatitis B shots

Specialists have created a hepatitis B vaccination schedule. It includes three schemes to choose from:

1. Standard. The first vaccination is given at newborn age, on the second day of life, then at a month and at 6 months.
2. An alternative scheme involves an additional vaccination for a child at 12 months. The remaining 3 are made according to the original schedule.
3. In the emergency vaccination schedule, 4 vaccines are given - immediately after the birth of the child, then after a week and 21 days. The last - at 12 months.

The standard scheme is performed for children born without pathologies. An alternative is needed if the child has health problems and is in dire need of increased immunity.

An emergency regimen is required when a child is born to a mother with hepatitis. It is also suitable for an adult who is going to leave for a country with a risky epidemic situation.

A year after vaccination, it is imperative to revaccinate. The maximum possible interval between vaccinations is 4 months. This period does not allow violating the integrity of the procedure complex.

Hepatitis B vaccination schedule

The first vaccination against hepatitis B, despite the chosen scheme, is performed in the maternity hospital at the birth of a child. The state gives a newly-made mother the right to refuse an injection, referring to her own and, preferably, reasoned opinion.

If the child does not have a bad reaction, a month or a week later (in case of an emergency), the drug is re-introduced. The third vaccination falls at 6 months or, if an emergency vaccination is used, 21 days after birth.

As a standard, children are given 3 vaccinations, but after each they observe the reaction of the body. Usually, individual intolerance, which is possible in a child, manifests itself after the first injection.

With alternative and emergency options, 4 injections are made. The first, as well as with a regular schedule, is the most important. If the drug is tolerated without problems, a number of similar vaccines are performed almost in succession. The last, fourth, is applied after 12 months.

Reaction after vaccination against hepatitis

Vaccination against hepatitis b in some cases causes certain reactions. For each person, they are different and depend on the individual tolerability of the drug. It is also noticed that domestic and foreign manufacturers develop products with various additional components.

Domestic often cause negative reactions after vaccination, including:

• gastrointestinal disorders;
• migraine;
• general malaise;
• skin rashes;
• diarrhea;
• irritability;
• increase in body temperature;
• itching, induration or redness in the area of ​​​​the injection wound.

Symptoms are observed in the first two days, after which they disappear. There were also cases with complications after vaccination. These include the appearance of urticaria, muscle pain, erythema nodosum, anaphylactic shock.

Any negative reactions after vaccination appear extremely rarely and require immediate contact with the "Ambulance".

Contraindications for adults

Vaccination against hepatitis has a lot of advantages and is desirable for everyone. But there are contraindications, due to which adults cannot be vaccinated:

• infectious diseases;
• high body temperature;
• general fatigue and drowsiness;
• allergy to the components of the drug;
• progressive diseases of the nervous system;
• the appearance of a negative reaction after the previous vaccination;
• infection of the circulatory system of the body.

The vaccine against hepatitis B or A should be given only when you feel well and fully recover from various kinds of health problems - when the body is fully restored.

If contraindications are not taken into account, all kinds of reactions can be expected from hepatitis vaccination, up to very deplorable ones. Therefore, before choosing a vaccination scheme, the doctor must conduct an examination and refer you for further examinations.

Conclusion

Vaccinations against hepatitis B and A are an excellent prevention of the hepatitis virus that infects the liver cells of a child or adult. There are three vaccination schedules, each suitable for patients with a specific health condition.

The reactions that appear after vaccination against hepatitis B directly depend on the individual intolerance to the components of the drug and the state of the body. The hepatitis A vaccine, as statistics show, has no side effects.

Vaccinations are optional, but vaccination is considered the most reasonable decision of a sane person who cares about their well-being, as well as the health of their children. Protecting yourself in the modern world is not just necessary, but extremely important, because in many cases it saves lives. If the latter is dear to you, do not refuse vaccinations.

What is hepatitis, why is it dangerous for us and what methods of control, for example, vaccines against hepatitis B and A? Hepatitis is a serious disease that affects the liver, is caused by viruses, the most common types are virus A and B. That is why timely prevention of these diseases through vaccination is important. Vaccines are distinguished between imported and domestic production.

What is hepatitis?

Hepatitis is a viral inflammation of the liver. 7 strains of the disease are known, but type A and B are considered common. Hepatitis A is also called. The risk of contracting this disease is high, more than one and a half million people fall ill every year in the world. It is transmitted by the oral-fecal route, through infected food, water, hands. The transferred disease leaves lifelong immunity, it is possible to get sick with it only once in a lifetime. Inflammation is not characterized by chronicity, and deaths are rare.

Hepatitis B is characterized by a serious course and dangerous consequences for the body. Leads to the development of chronic liver diseases, can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. In the world, more than 1 million people die from this disease every year, which indicates that the disease is widespread. The virus is not transmitted through contaminated food and in the household. The main method of infection is contact with the biological fluids of an infected organism:

• Parenteral, for medical manipulations (injections, dental procedures, blood transfusion);
• Vertical, during pregnancy and childbirth from mother to child;
• With unprotected sexual contact;

Prevention of the disease, types of vaccine, which is better?

Prevention of hepatitis A - observance of hygiene and sanitary standards of food preparation, food storage. Vaccination is an effective method of prevention. In Europe and the United States, hepatitis A vaccination is mandatory. Vaccines for the prevention of hepatitis A are recommended only in case of epidemics, as well as for people at risk.

Prevention of hepatitis B involves the following set of actions:

• the production of antibodies in the blood of a person, this requires a vaccine against hepatitis B;
• observance of sterility and disinfection during medical procedures;
• checking donated blood before transfusion;
• use of disposable medical and cosmetic instruments;

Immunization is considered an effective method of preventing hepatitis B.

Vaccinations against hepatitis B are highly effective, which is why they are included in the mandatory vaccination schedule in 75 countries around the world. According to the vaccination calendar, vaccination is carried out for newborns and people from risk groups. The introduction of the drug is carried out according to a threefold scheme, depending on the risk group of the vaccinated.

There are monovaccines and polyvaccines, their difference is that in the first case, the antigen of only one virus is injected, and antigens of several diseases are provided in polyvaccines. The introduction of mono or polyvaccines also depends on the appropriate stage of the vaccination schedule. Although there are many names of drugs, the principle of action is the same. The composition of the hepatitis B vaccine implies the content of the HBsAg antigen, to which immunity is formed. Despite the wide choice in names, all drugs can be interchanged. It is allowed to make the first vaccination with one drug, and continue with others.

Domestic vaccines: what are they?

Combiotech is a domestically produced immunobiological preparation for protection against viral hepatitis.

Vaccination in local clinics and maternity hospitals is carried out with domestic drugs, they have a budgetary cost and are provided by the state. Well-known Russian manufacturers - "Combiotech Ldt." and Binnopharm. Names of domestic drugs against hepatitis B:

• "Combiotech";
• "Regevac";
• "Bubo-Kok" (complex preparation), used from 3 months to 6 years;
• "Bubo-M" (polyvaccine) - for teenagers.

Imported vaccines: what are they?

If parents wish, it is possible to use foreign-made drugs. You can vaccinate with an imported drug in private clinics. It is possible to purchase the drug at a pharmacy, which is then administered by the doctors of the local clinic. At the same time, attention must be paid to compliance with the rules of transportation. Imported vaccines are manufactured in several countries. The Belgian vaccines Infarix and Engerix are known. The choice of imported drugs is wider:

• Polyvaccine "Infanrix with hepatitis" (another name is "Infanrix hexa"), produced in Belgium;
• Polyvaccine "Angerix", a Belgian drug;
• "Eberbiovak NV", joint production of Cuba and Russia;
• Euwax V, South Korea;
• Sci-B-Vac, manufacturer - Israel;
• H-B-VAX II, USA;
• Shanwak-V, India.

What to choose: domestic or imported vaccines?

Tolerability of foreign vaccines is better than domestic ones.

Parents are worried about which is better: domestic or imported vaccine? There will be no definite answer to this question. According to experts, if the main goal of vaccination is to acquire stable immunity to the virus and prevent the disease, then the effectiveness of all vaccines is the same. But if we compare the features of the introduction and the individual reaction of the body to the administered drugs, there is a difference in the manufacturers. Foreign drugs have advantages in the form of a faster and more convenient method of administration, thinner needles are used, individual containers for a single injection of the substance.

The table provides a comparison of the effects of vaccinations with imported and domestic drugs in the first two days after vaccination in children: