External speech. Topic: Types of speech: external and internal

In psychology, it is customary to distinguish between two main forms of speech: external and internal.

External form of speech

External speech includes:

1. Oral (dialogical and monologue)

W Dialogic speech is supported speech; the interlocutor puts clarifying questions during her, giving remarks, can help complete the thought (or reorient it). Dialogue is a direct communication between two or more people. A kind of dialogic communication is a conversation, in which the dialogue has a thematic focus.

The basic rules of dialogic speech are:

- Politely introduce yourself and represent others.

Politely ask and answer questions.

Express a request, wish, bewilderment, delight, regret, agreement and disagreement, apologize and accept.

Talk on the phone.

Expressively and close to reality to play a role in staging a conversation, interview, in a conversation.

Play situations of communication with foreign peers, guests.

To exchange opinions about an event, a fact, a problem of discussion.

Share impressions about your future profession or further education.

Discuss issues of environmental protection, preservation of peace, health, etc.

Interrogate communication partners on various issues.

W monologue speech- a long, consistent, coherent presentation of a system of thoughts, knowledge by one person. It also develops in the process of communication, but the nature of communication here is different: the monologue is uninterrupted, so the speaker has an active, expressive, mimic and gestural effect. In monologic speech, in comparison with dialogic speech, the semantic side changes most significantly. Monologue speech is coherent, contextual. Its content must, first of all, satisfy the requirements of consistency and evidence in the presentation. Another condition, inextricably linked with the first, is the grammatically correct construction of sentences. The monologue does not tolerate incorrect construction of phrases. He makes a number of demands on the pace and sound of speech. The content side of the monologue should be combined with the expressive side. Expressiveness is created both by linguistic means (the ability to use a word, phrase, syntactic construction, which most accurately convey the speaker's intention), and by non-linguistic means of communication (intonation, a system of pauses, dismemberment of the pronunciation of a word or several words, which performs the function in oral speech peculiar underlining, facial expressions and gestures).

During monologue speech, it is allowed

§ Speak on the content of the text based on brief notes, plan or key the words.

§ Speak on the content of the illustrative material based on questions.

§ Transmit the content of the text you have heard or read.

§ Talk about an event or fact.

§ Speak in class with a report or essay prepared at home.

§ Speak briefly on the content of the text read or listened to.

Oral speech- verbal (verbal) communication with the help of linguistic means, perceived by ear. Oral speech is characterized by the fact that the individual components of a speech message are generated and perceived sequentially.

The processes of generating oral speech include the links of orientation, simultaneous planning (programming), speech implementation and control: while planning, in turn, takes place along two parallel channels and concerns the content and motor-articulatory aspects of oral speech.

Oral speech - this is a speech uttered in the process of speaking; the main form of using natural language in speech activity. For the colloquial style of the literary language, the oral form is the main one, while the book styles function in both written and oral form (a scientific article and an oral scientific report, a speech at a meeting without a pre-prepared text and a record of this speech in the minutes of the meeting). The most important distinguishing feature of oral speech is its unpreparedness: oral speech, as a rule, is created in the course of a conversation. However, the degree of unpreparedness can be different. This may be a speech on a topic unknown in advance, carried out as an improvisation. On the other hand, it can be a speech on a previously known topic, thought over in certain parts. Oral speech of this kind is typical for official public communication. From oral speech, i.e. speech generated in the process of speaking, one should distinguish speech read or learned by heart; the term "sounding speech" is sometimes used for this type of speech. The unprepared nature of oral speech gives rise to a number of its specific features: an abundance of unfinished syntactic constructions (for example: Well, in general ... contemplation ... I can draw for friends); self-interrupting (There are still many people in Russia who want ... who write with a pen, not on a computer); repetitions (I would…I would…would like to say more); designs with a nominative theme (This boy / he wakes me up every morning); pickups (A - We invite you ... B - tomorrow to the theater). The specific features caused by the unpreparedness of oral speech, indicated above, are not speech errors, because do not interfere with the understanding of the content of speech, and in some cases serve as an important means of expression. Moreover, speech designed for direct perception, which is oral speech, loses if it is too detailed, consists exclusively of detailed sentences, if direct word order prevails in it. In a speech designed for the listener, the structural and logical pattern of the phrase often changes, incomplete sentences are very appropriate (saving the energy and time of the speaker and listener), passing additional thoughts, evaluative phrases are allowed (enriching the text and well separated from the main text by means of intonation). One of the most significant shortcomings of oral speech is its discontinuity (logical, grammatical and intonational), which consists in an unjustified stop of speech, in the break of phrases, thoughts, and sometimes in the unjustified repetition of the same words. The reasons for this are different: ignorance of what needs to be said, inability to formulate a subsequent thought, the desire to correct what was said. The second of the most common shortcomings of oral speech is its inseparability (intonational and grammatical): phrases follow one after another without pauses, logical stresses, without a clear grammatical formulation of sentences. Grammar-intonational undividedness, of course, affects the logic of speech: thoughts merge, their order becomes fuzzy, the content of the text becomes vague, indefinite. Written speech is a speech created using visible (graphic) signs on paper, other material, or a monitor screen.

Spoken language is generally regarded as older than written language. Writing is seen as an additional, secondary way of communication. The countdown of the origin of written speech is usually associated with the finds of ancient texts on stone, clay tablets, and papyri.

In everyday life, oral speech predominates, which is why it is considered the leading one. But gradually, written language begins to have an increasing influence on oral speech. Written speech is prepared speech. It can be checked, corrected, edited, shown to specialists and repeatedly improved, seeking to improve the content and form of presentation. All this is impossible to do if you keep the speech only in the mind. In addition, written speech is easier to remember and retains in memory longer. The written text disciplines the speaker, gives him the opportunity to avoid repetition, sloppy wording, reservations, hitches, and makes the speech more confident. Norms, literary norms of written speech are more strict, grammar courses were usually built on the structures of written speech.

Oral speech has some advantages: it has more immediacy, a lively feeling. At the same time, it requires a lot of training: almost automaticity in the choice of words. In oral speech, syntax is simpler, literary norms are not so strict; it uses numerous means of sound expressiveness: intonations, various pauses; it is accompanied by gestures, facial expressions. It is oral speech that provides greater contact in communication.

2. Written speech is a type of monologue. It is more developed than oral monologue speech. This is due to the fact that written speech implies a lack of feedback from the interlocutor. In addition, written speech has no additional means of influencing the perceiver, except for the words themselves, their order and the punctuation marks that organize the sentence.

Inner and outer speech

External speech is connected with the process of communication. Inner speech is the core of our thinking and all conscious activity. Both thinking and the rudiments of consciousness are present in animals, but it is inner speech that is a powerful catalyst for both, which gives a person - in comparison with all other animals - simply supernatural abilities.

It has already been said above that the listening person, willy-nilly, repeats the words he has heard to himself. Whether it's beautiful poetry or an alcoholic's multi-story mat - what is heard is repeated in the mind of the listener. This mechanism is caused by the need to keep a holistic image of the message at least for a short time. These repetitions (reverberations) are closely connected with inner speech, that is, they "flow" into it.

In many ways, inner speech is like a dialogue with oneself. With the help of inner speech, you can prove something to yourself, inspire, convince, support, cheer.

Each speaker, preparing for a public speech, must clearly understand the achievement of what goal he is pursuing with his speech. In accordance with this, he chooses the type of public speech. Specialists identify the following target settings: inform, follow the protocol, convince, entertain. Based on this, we can talk about the following types of public speaking: informational speech, protocol and etiquette speech, persuasive speech and entertaining speech.

Information speech. The purpose of this speech is to give new information about a particular subject, deepen knowledge, broaden one's horizons. The main genres of informational speech are a public lecture, a summary report, a discussion of a project, etc.

Protocol and etiquette speech. The purpose of this speech is to observe the traditions of communication in this situation, to fulfill the requirements of etiquette, ritual. The following types of speeches can be considered: greeting and speech at the official meeting of guests, official congratulations to the hero of the day, mourning speech, speech assessing the merits of someone, etc.

Persuasive speech. The purpose of a persuasive speech is to encourage the audience to accept the speaker's opinion, his assessment of a fact or event. In persuasive speech, two main varieties can be distinguished: a) argumentative speech and b) propaganda speech.

Argumentative speech. The general goal of an argumentative speech is to convince the audience to agree with the speaker on a controversial issue, to prove the speaker is right. A type of argumentative speech is judicial speech. The main function of a judicial speech (lawyer or prosecutor) is influence.

campaign speech. The purpose of a campaign speech is to induce listeners to some action on the basis of emotional argumentation. An example of campaign speeches can be speeches at election meetings, advertising speeches, speeches in support of certain social movements. A special place among campaign speeches is occupied by rallies. These are, as a rule, speeches with political appeals, protests.

entertaining speech. The purpose of an entertaining speech is to entertain, amuse, amuse listeners, give them the opportunity to have a good time. Examples of entertaining speeches: a speech at a banquet, a toast, a story in a company about a funny incident.

inner speech(speech "to oneself") is a speech devoid of sound design and flowing using linguistic meanings, but outside the communicative function; internal speaking. Inner speech is speech that does not perform the function of communication, but only serves the process of thinking of a particular person. It differs in its structure by curtailment, the absence of secondary members of the sentence. Inner speech can be characterized by predicativity.

Predicativity - a characteristic of inner speech, expressed in the absence in it of words representing the subject (subject), and the presence of only words related to the predicate (predicate).

Inner speech differs from outer speech not only in that external sign that it is not accompanied by loud sounds, that it is “speech minus sound”. Inner speech is different from outer speech in its function. While performing a different function than external speech, it differs from it in some respects also in its structure; flowing in other conditions, it as a whole undergoes some transformation. Not intended for another, inner speech allows "short circuits"; it is often elliptical, omitting what the user takes for granted. Sometimes it is predictive: it outlines what affirmed, while omitted as a matter of course, as a known fact about how in question; often it is built according to the type of abstract or even a table of contents, when the subject of thought is outlined, as it were, then, oh how is spoken of, and is omitted as the well-known what must be said.

Acting as inner speech, speech, as it were, refuses to fulfill the primary function that gave rise to it: it ceases to directly serve as a means of communication, in order to become, first of all, a form of internal work of thought. While not serving the purposes of communication, inner speech, like all speech, is social. It is social, firstly, genetically, in its origin: "inner" speech is undoubtedly a derivative form of "external" speech. Flowing in other conditions, it has a modified structure; but even its modified structure bears clear traces of social origin. Inner speech and verbal, discursive thinking flowing in the form of inner speech reflect the structure of speech that has developed in the process of communication.

Inner speech is also social in its content. The statement that inner speech is speech with oneself is not entirely accurate. And inner speech is mostly addressed to the interlocutor. Sometimes it is a specific, individual interlocutor. “I catch myself on the fact,” I read in one letter, “that I spend hours on end in an endless inner conversation with you”; inner speech can be inner conversation. It happens, especially with a tense feeling, that a person is having an internal conversation with another person, saying in this imaginary conversation everything that, for one reason or another, he could not tell him in a real conversation. But even in cases where inner speech does not take on the character of an imaginary conversation with a certain interlocutor, then it is devoted to reflection, reasoning, argumentation, and then it is addressed to some kind of audience. The thought expressed in the word of each person has its own audience, in the atmosphere of which his reasoning proceeds; his internal argumentation is usually designed for the audience and adapted to it; inner speech is usually internally directed at other people, if not at the real, then at the potential listener.

Inner speech- it is an internal silent speech process. It is inaccessible to the perception of other people and, therefore, cannot be a means of communication. Inner speech is the verbal shell of thinking. Inner speech is unique. It is very abbreviated, curtailed, almost never exists in the form of full, detailed sentences. Often whole phrases are reduced to a single word (subject or predicate). This is explained by the fact that the subject of one's own thought is quite clear to a person and therefore does not require detailed verbal formulations from him. As a rule, they resort to the help of expanded inner speech in those cases when they experience difficulties in the process of thinking. The difficulties that a person sometimes experiences when trying to explain to another a thought that he himself understands are often explained by the difficulty of moving from an abbreviated inner speech, understandable to oneself, to a detailed external speech, understandable to others.

Human speech is diverse and has a variety of forms. In psychology, two types of speech are distinguished: external; internal.

1. External speech includes oral and written speech.

One of the first people to have exclamatory speech. Its main task is to inform everyone about their state or attitude towards others. The exclamation will be accepted only if others are nearby and observe what is happening.

Main original view oral speech is speech in the form of a conversation. This speech is called colloquial, or dialogical- this is a speech supported by the interlocutor, during which the interlocutor can help finish the thought (conversation), two people participate in the conversation. This speech is psychological is the simplest form of speech. It does not require a detailed expression of speech, since the interlocutor in the process of conversation understands well what is being discussed, and can mentally complete the phrase uttered by another interlocutor. There are three main types of interaction between participants in the dialogue: dependence, cooperation and equality.

Any dialogue has its own structure: beginning - main part - ending. The dimensions of a dialog are theoretically unlimited since its bottom border can be open. In practice, any dialogue has its own ending.

In accordance with the goals and objectives of the dialogue, the situation of communication, the role of interlocutors, the following can be distinguished main types of dialogues: household, business conversation, interview.

Dialogue is characterized by:

- addressing personality, i.e., individual address to each other;

- spontaneity and nonchalance- interlocutors intervene in each other's speech, clarifying or changing the topic of conversation; the speaker can interrupt himself, returning to what has already been said;

- situationality of speech behavior- direct contact of speakers;

- emotionality- situationality, spontaneity and ease of speech in direct communication enhance its emotional coloring.

Another form of speech is called monologue or monologue- a long, consistent, coherent presentation of a system of thoughts, knowledge by one person. For example, the speech of a speaker, lecturer, speaker, etc. Monologue speech is psychologically more complex than dialogic speech. She is requires the speaker to be able to coherently, strictly consistently express his thoughts, and he must monitor not only his speech, but also the audience. The monologue can be both unprepared and premeditated.

According to the purpose of the utterance, monologue speech is divided into three types:

- informational speech serves to transfer knowledge. In this case, the speaker must take into account the intellectual abilities of information perception and the cognitive capabilities of the listeners. Varieties of informational speech - lectures, reports, messages, reports.

- persuasive speech addressed to the emotions of the listeners, in this case the speaker must take into account his susceptibility. Varieties of persuasive speech: congratulatory, solemn, parting words.

- inspirational speech aims to encourage listeners to take various actions. Here they distinguish political speech, speech-call for action, speech-protest.

A monologue can be defined as a detailed statement of one person. Distinguish two main types of monologue:

1. monologue speech is a process of purposeful communication, a conscious appeal to the listener and is characteristic of the oral form of book speech: oral scientific speech, judicial speech, oral public speech. The most complete development of the monologue was in artistic speech.

2. monologue This is a speech in private. The monologue is not directed to the direct listener and, accordingly, is not open to the interlocutor's response.

Monologue speech is distinguished by the degree of preparedness and formality. Oratorical speech is always a pre-prepared monologue, delivered in a formal setting. However, to a certain extent, a monologue is an artificial form of speech, always striving for dialogue.

When characterizing these two types of oral speech, one must keep in mind not their external, but psychological difference. They can be similar to each other, for example, a monologue can be built according to its external form as a dialogue, i.e. the speaker can address either all listeners or an imaginary opponent.

Dialogical and monologue speech can be active or passive. The active form of speech is the speech of the speaking person, and the passive form is the speech of the listening person. It should be noted that in children the development of active and passive forms of speech does not occur simultaneously. The child, first of all, learns to understand someone else's speech, and then begins to speak on his own. However, even at a more mature age, people differ in the degree of development of active or passive forms of speech. It often happens that a person understands well the speech of another person, but poorly conveys his own thoughts. And, on the contrary, he speaks well, but does not know how to listen to another.

Another type of speech is written language. She appeared much later than oral. Thanks to written speech, people got the opportunity to store the knowledge accumulated by mankind and pass it on to new generations.

Written language differs from spoken language in that it is depicted graphically, with the help of written characters. She represents a kind of monologue speech, more developed than oral monologue speech. This is because written speech implies the absence of feedback from the interlocutor. She is does not have any additional means of influencing the perceiver, except for the words themselves, their order and the punctuation marks organizing the sentence.

Written speech can be built arbitrarily, since what is written is always in front of our eyes. For the same reason, it is easier to understand. On the other hand, written speech is a more complex form of speech. It requires a more thoughtful construction of phrases, a more accurate presentation of thoughts. In addition, the process of forming and expressing thoughts proceeds differently in oral and written speech (it is often easier for some people to express their thoughts in writing, and for others orally).

2. inner speech is a special kind of speech activity. She acts as planning phase in practical and theoretical activities. Therefore, for inner speech, on the one hand, characterized by fragmentation, fragmentation. On the other hand, here eliminates misunderstandings in the perception of the situation. Therefore, inner speech extremely situational, in this it is close to dialogic. She is formed on the basis of the external.

The translation of external speech into internal (internalization) is accompanied by a reduction (contraction) of the structure of external speech, and the transition from internal speech to external (exteriorization) requires, on the contrary, the deployment of the structure of internal speech, building it in accordance not only with logical rules, but also with grammatical ones.

inner speech, primarily, associated with the provision of the process of thinking.

Informativeness of speech depends, first of all, on the value of the facts reported in it and on the ability of its author to communicate.

Speech intelligibility depends:

- from its semantic content;

- from its linguistic features;

- from the ratio between its complexity, on the one hand, and the level of development, range of knowledge and interests of the audience, on the other hand.

Expressiveness of speech involves taking into account the situation of the speech, clarity and distinctness of pronunciation, correct intonation, the ability to use words and expressions of figurative and figurative meaning.

Homework: write which type of speech is the most difficult (for you personally) and why, that is, prove that this particular type of speech is the most difficult. Complete in notebook.

External speech

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what "external speech" is in other dictionaries:

EXTERNAL SPEECH- EXTERNAL SPEECH. Speech in natural language. The main sign of V. r. is its sonority, the adequacy of its structure of the situation of communication, emotional coloring, etc.

external speech- speech in the proper sense of the word, i.e. clothed in sound, having sound expression ... Explanatory Translation Dictionary

external speech- Materially expressed (oral or written) speech and thought activity, which has an obvious, directly observable verbal propositional form ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

SPEECH EXTERNAL- EXTERNAL SPEECH. See outer speech... A new dictionary of methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of teaching languages)

- ← ... Wikipedia

Commonwealth Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów (pl) Rѣch Commonwealth (sla) Confederation, kingdom ← ... Wikipedia

A kind of public speech, which is functionally and structurally opposed to colloquial, private, "everyday" communication. In contrast to colloquial speech, the exchange of more or less simple and short replicas (separate fragmentary ... ... Literary Encyclopedia

The foreign policy of the Republic of Belarus is a set of relations with other states and international structures. Contents 1 Basic principles, goals and objectives 2 Member ... Wikipedia

speech- and there is a system of reflexes of social contact, on the one hand, and on the other hand, a system of reflexes of consciousness par excellence, i.e. to reflect the influence of other systems. ... speech is not only a system of sounds, but also a system ... ... Dictionary L.S. Vygotsky

oral speech- verbal (verbal) communication with the help of linguistic means perceived by ear. RU. characterized by the fact that the individual components of a speech message are generated and perceived sequentially. Processes of generation of R. at. include links ... ... Great Psychological Encyclopedia

Books

• "Inner Man" and External Speech, Efim Etkind. This book will be produced in accordance with your order using Print-on-Demand technology. We bring to your attention the book by E. Etkind "" Inner man "and external speech. Essays ...
• The exterior of your home. Materials and Technologies, Jozsef Koso. Dear readers! We bring to your attention another volume from a series of publications, united by the name "Design and Technology", by the Hungarian author Jozsef Koso. Publishers have set...