Lifeguard supplies for first aid. Methodological plan for conducting classes with the personnel of the duty guard on "First Aid First Aid

medical training

1.3 First aid equipment

Means of first aid can be divided into service and improvised. In turn, timesheets are divided into individual and collective.

Personal protective equipment includes:

• individual first aid kit (AI-2);
• individual anti-chemical package (IPP-8);
• dressing package individual (PPI);
• pantocide as a means for individual disinfection of drinking water.

The individual first-aid kit (AI-2) is designed to provide self-help in case of injuries, burns (pain relief), prevention or mitigation of damage to RV, BS and OV of a nerve-paralytic effect (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1 First aid kit individual (AI-2)

The pain medication is in a syringe tube (slot 1). It is used to prevent shock in the affected person or in shock. The agent used in case of poisoning or the threat of poisoning with FOV is placed in nest 2. It is taken: one tablet in case of danger of chemical damage (at the same time put on a gas mask) and one more tablet with an increase in signs of damage. Antibacterial agent No. 2 is placed in nest 3, it is taken after irradiation, in the event of gastrointestinal disorders, 7 tablets at a time on the first day and 4 tablets on the next two days. Radioprotective agent No. 1 (socket 4) is taken in case of a threat of exposure, 6 tablets at a time; with a new threat of exposure, after 4-5 hours, take another 6 tablets.

Antibacterial agent No. 1 (socket 5) is used when using BS and in order to prevent infection in wounds and burns; first take 5 tablets, after 6 hours another 6 tablets.

Slot 6 houses radioprotective agent No. 2; it is taken after the fallout, one tablet daily for ten days. An antiemetic (socket 7) is used one tablet per dose when a primary reaction to radiation occurs, as well as when nausea occurs after a head injury.

An individual anti-chemical package (IPP-8) is designed to neutralize drop-liquid agents that have fallen on open areas of the skin and clothing (sleeve cuffs, collars).

Rice. 2 Individual anti-chemical package (IPP-8)

The IPP-8 kit includes a flat glass bottle with a capacity of 125-135 ml with a degassing solution and four cotton-gauze swabs. The vial and swabs are sealed in a hermetic polyethylene sheath (Fig. 2). When using IPP-8, swabs are moistened with a degassing solution from a vial and wiped with infected areas of skin and clothing. It should be remembered that the PPI degassing liquid is highly toxic and dangerous if it comes into contact with the mucous membranes of the eyes.

Means for individual disinfection of drinking water is used in cases when the centralized water supply stops, and the water sources encountered are not examined or signs of poor quality of water are found.

The remedy, which is provided to each soldier or rescuer, is a tableted chlorine-containing substance stored in glass test tubes. One tablet provides reliable neutralization of up to 1 liter of water, which can be used 30-40 minutes after the tablet is dissolved in it.

The medical means of collective protection include: a military first-aid kit, a military medical bag (SMV), a medical orderly bag, a field paramedic kit, a set of B-2 tires, and a vacuum immobilizing stretcher.

The military first-aid kit is a flat metal case that contains iodine solution in ampoules, ammonia solution in ampoules, scarves for an immobilizing bandage, sterile bandages, a small medical bandage, a tourniquet and safety pins. The military first-aid kit is fixed on the wall of the body or the cab of the car in a conspicuous place.

The military medical bag contains: some of the medicines included in the AI, bandages, adhesive plaster, hygroscopic cotton wool, scarves, hemostatic tourniquets, medical pneumatic tires, automatic syringes, an automatic reusable syringe (SHAM), a breathing tube TD-I and some other items, facilitating the provision of medical care to the wounded and sick.

Using the medical means of SMV, it is possible to perform: bandaging and correction of previously applied primary dressings; stop external bleeding; immobilization in case of bone fractures, joint injuries and extensive soft tissue injuries, intramuscular injection of a therapeutic antidote to the affected FOV or an analgesic; artificial ventilation of the lungs by the mouth-to-mouth method, etc.

The orderly's bag contains: solutions of iodine and ammonia in ampoules, bandages, dressing bags, a scarf, tourniquet, band-aid, scissors for cutting bandages, safety pins.

The orderly's bag, together with the contents, weighs 3-3.5 kg. The bag is designed for dressing 15-20 wounded; it also contains some medicines to help the sick.

A field paramedic kit is required for all units that have a paramedic on staff (Battalions, separate companies). It contains medicines necessary for outpatient care: caffeine, 5% alcohol iodine solution, sodium bicarbonate, norsulfazol, ammonia solution, amidopyrine, alcohol, phthalazol, etc., various antidotes, as well as simple surgical instruments (scissors, tweezers, scalpel) and some medical items (baths, syringe, thermometer, tourniquet, etc.).

The kit provides for the provision of outpatient care, as well as assistance to the wounded and sick in units where there is no doctor. The set fits into a box with nests. Weight approximately 12-13 kg.

To create immobility (immobilization) of a broken limb, standard splints are used, packed in a plywood box - set B-2:

• plywood 125 and 70 cm long, 8 cm wide;
• stair metal 120 cm long (weight 0.5 kg) and 80 cm (weight 0.4 kg). The tire width is 11 and 8 cm, respectively;
• transport for the lower limb (Diterichs tire) is made of wood, folded has a length of 115 cm, weight 1.6 kg. This tire belongs to the category of distraction, i.e., acting on the principle of stretching;
• slings (tires) pick-up. The tire has two main parts: a rigid pick-up sling made of plastic and a fabric support cap, which are connected with rubber bands;
• a medical pneumatic splint (SMP) is a removable device made of a transparent two-layer plastic polymer shell and consists of a chamber, a zipper, a valve device with a tube for pumping air into the chamber.

Vacuum immobilizing stretchers are designed for transport immobilization in case of fractures of the spine and pelvic bones, as well as for creating gentle conditions during the evacuation of victims with other injuries and burns.

When a vacuum is created inside the rubber-fabric shell, the expanded polystyrene granules approach each other, the adhesion between them increases sharply, and the stretcher becomes rigid.
Improvised first aid equipment.
To stop bleeding, in the absence of a standard tourniquet, you can use any thin rubber tube, rubber or gauze bandage, leather or cloth belt, towel, rope, etc. for the manufacture of the so-called twist.
As a dressing material, underwear and bed linen, cotton fabric can be used.
For various fractures, for the implementation of impromptu (primitive) transport immobilization, you can use wooden slats, bars of sufficient length, thick or multilayer cardboard, bunches of brushwood.
Less suitable for transport immobilization are various household items or tools (sticks, skis, shovels, etc.). Do not use weapons, metal objects or strips of metal.
To carry the victims, you can use homemade stretchers made on site from improvised material. They can be made from two poles connected together by two wooden planks and interlaced with a stretcher strap, rope or waist straps, a mattress pillowcase, etc., can also be used, or from one pole, sheet and strap.
To carry the victim at close range, you can use a raincoat, blanket or sheet.

When providing first aid, use personnel and henchmen funds.

Staff fundsfirst aid are dressings (bandages, medical dressing bags, large and small sterile dressings and napkins, cotton wool), a hemostatic tourniquet (tape and tubular), and for immobilization - special tires (plywood, ladder, mesh).

When providing first aid, medicines are used - an alcohol solution of iodine, brilliant green, validol in tablets, valerian tincture, ammonia in ampoules, sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) in tablets or powder, petroleum jelly, etc. For personal prevention of injuries by radioactive, toxic substances and with bacterial agents in the lesions, an individual first-aid kit AI-2 can be used.

Sanitary groups and sanitary posts are provided with standard equipment. First aid kits are being completed at construction and production sites, in workshops, on farms and in brigades, in educational institutions and institutions, in places of organized recreation for the population. First aid kits must be provided with vehicles that transport people, including private cars.

As improvised means first aid can be used when bandaging a clean sheet, shirt, fabrics (preferably non-colored); to stop bleeding - instead of a tourniquet, a trouser belt or belt, a fabric twist; for fractures, instead of tires - strips of hard cardboard or plywood, boards, sticks, etc.

Item 12.8. POT RO-13153-CL-923-02. Establishments should have first aid kits or first aid bags stocked with medicines and dressings, as well as first aid instructions, at designated locations.

All employees should know the location of first aid kits and be able to provide first aid to the victim.

Equipment of wagons with first aid medical aids.

The first aid bag kit does not include rubber ice pack, glass, teaspoon, boric acid, baking soda. The remaining funds are completed in the amount of 50% of those indicated in the list.

In the summer period, insect stings are possible in places of work, in first-aid kits (first aid bags) there should be diphenhydramine (one package) and cordiamine (one bottle).

On the inside of the door of the first-aid kit, it should be clearly indicated which medicines should be used for various injuries (for example, for nosebleeds - 3% hydrogen peroxide solution, etc.).

In order for first aid to be timely and effective, in places of constant duty of personnel there should be:

first-aid kits with a set of necessary medicines and medical supplies (see table);

posters hung in conspicuous places depicting first aid for victims of accidents, artificial respiration and external heart massage;

pointers and signs to facilitate the search for first aid kits and health centers.

I. The personal first-aid kit AI-2 contains medical protective equipment and is intended to provide self-help and mutual assistance in case of injuries and burns (to relieve pain), prevent or mitigate damage by radioactive, toxic or chemically hazardous substances (AHOV), as well as to prevent infectious diseases diseases. The first-aid kit contains a set of medical supplies distributed in nests in a plastic box. The size of the box is 90x100x20 mm, weight is 130 g. The size and shape of the box allow you to carry it in your pocket and always have it with you. The following medicines are placed in the nests of the first-aid kit.

Nest No. 1 analgesic (promedol) is in a syringe tube. It is used for bone fractures, extensive wounds and burns by injection into the soft tissues of the thigh or arm. In an emergency, the injection can also be given through clothing.

Nest No. 2 means for preventing poisoning by organophosphorus poisonous substances (OB) antidote (taren), 6 tablets of 0.3 g each. It is located in a red round case with four semi-oval protrusions on the body. In conditions of a threat of poisoning, they take an antidote, and then put on a gas mask. With the appearance and increase of signs of poisoning (impaired vision, the appearance of severe shortness of breath), you should take another pill. Re-admission is recommended no earlier than 5-6 hours later.

Nest No. 3 antibacterial agent No. 2 (sulfadimethoxine), 15 tablets of 0.2 g each. It is located in a large round pencil case without coloring. The agent should be used for gastrointestinal upset that occurs after radiation injury. On the first day, take 7 tons of tablets (at one time), and in the next two days, 4 tablets. This drug is a means of preventing infectious diseases that may occur due to the weakening of the protective properties of the irradiated organism.

Nest No. 4 radioprotective agent No. 1 (cystamine), 12 tablets of 0.2 g each. It is located in two pink octagonal cases. It is taken for personal prophylaxis in case of a threat of radiation injury, 6 tablets immediately and preferably 30-60 minutes before exposure.

Nest No. 5 antibacterial agent No. 1 broad-spectrum antibiotic (chlortetracycline hydrochloride), 10 tablets of 1,000,000 units. It is located in two tetrahedral canisters without coloring. It is taken as a means of emergency prophylaxis in case of a threat of infection with bacterial agents or when infected with them, as well as for injuries and burns (to prevent infection). First, take the contents of one case at once 5 tablets, and then after 6 hours take the contents of another case also 5 tablets

Nest No. 6 radioprotective agent No. 2 (potassium iodide), 10 tablets. It is in a white tetrahedral case with longitudinal semi-oval cuts in the walls of the faces. The drug should be taken one tablet daily for 10 days after the accident at the nuclear power plant and in case of human consumption of fresh milk from cows grazing in areas contaminated with radioactive substances. The drug prevents the deposition in the thyroid gland of radioactive iodine, which enters the body with milk.

Nest No. 7 antiemetic (etaperazine), 5 tablets of 0.004 g each. It is located in a blue round case with six longitudinal protruding strips. It is taken 1 tablet for head bruises, concussions and concussions, as well as immediately after radioactive exposure in order to prevent vomiting. If nausea persists, take one tablet every 3 to 4 hours.

The syringe-tube consists of a polyethylene body (tube), an injection game and a protective cap.

To administer the antidote using a syringe tube of a new sample, turning the cap, move it towards the ampoule until it stops (this achieves piercing of the membrane in the neck of the tube), then remove the cap with the mandrin and squeeze out 1-2 drops of liquid from the needle. The most convenient places for the introduction of an antidote are the anterolateral surface of the thigh (in the middle third), the upper outer quadrant of the buttock, and the outer surface of the shoulder.

II. Individual anti-chemical packages IPP-8, IPP-9, IPP-10, IPP-11

Individual anti-chemical packages IPP-8, IPP-9, IPP-10, IPP-11 are designed for disinfection of drop-liquid agents and some hazardous chemicals that have fallen on the body and clothing of a person, on personal protective equipment and on tools. IPP-8 consists of a flat glass bottle with a capacity of 125-135 ml, filled with a degassing solution, and four cotton-gauze swabs. The whole package is in a cellophane bag.

When using, it is necessary to open the package shell, remove the vial and tampons, unscrew the cap of the vial and moisten the tampon with its contents. With a moistened swab, carefully wipe the open areas of the skin suspicious of infection and the helmet-mask (mask) of the gas mask. Moisten the swab again and wipe the edges of the collar and cuffs adjacent to the skin with it. When treated with a liquid, a burning sensation of the skin may occur, which quickly passes and does not affect well-being and performance. It must be remembered that the liquid of the package is poisonous and dangerous to the eyes. Therefore, the skin around the eyes should be wiped with a dry swab and washed with clean water or a 2% soda solution.

IPP-11 is intended for protection and decontamination of open areas of human skin from organophosphorus toxic substances. It is a single-use product in the temperature range from -20°C to +40°C.

IPP is a hermetically sealed casing made of a polymeric material with tampons made of non-woven material embedded in it, impregnated according to the Langlik recipe. There are notches on the seams of the shell for quick opening of the package. When using, you should take the bag with your left hand, open it with a sharp movement along the notch with your right hand, take out the swab and evenly treat exposed skin areas (face, neck and hands) and the edges of clothing adjacent to them.

Warranty period of storage - 5 years. The curb weight of the package is 36 - 41 g, dimensions: length - 125 - 135 mm, width - 85-90 mm.

III. Individual dressing package

An individual dressing package is used for applying primary dressings to wounds. It consists of a bandage (10 cm wide and 7 m long) and two cotton-gauze pads. One of the pads is fixedly sewn near the end of the bandage, and the other can be moved along the bandage. Typically, the pads and bandage are wrapped in wax paper and placed in an airtight case made of rubberized fabric, cellophane, or parchment paper. There is a pin in the package. On the cover are the rules for using the package.

When using the package, they take it in the left hand, grab the incised edge of the outer cover with the right, tear off the gluing with a jerk and remove the package in waxed paper with a pin. A pin is taken out of the fold of the paper shell and temporarily pinned in a conspicuous place to the clothes. Carefully unfold the paper shell, take the end of the bandage to which the cotton-gauze pad is sewn into the left hand, into the right rolled bandage and unfold it. This releases the second pad, which can move along the bandage. The bandage is stretched, spreading the arms, as a result of which the pads straighten out.

One side of the pillow is stitched with red threads. The person providing assistance, if necessary, can touch only this side with his hands. The pads are placed on the wound with the other, non-stitched side. For small wounds, the pads are applied one on top of the other, and for extensive wounds or burns nearby. In the case of penetrating wounds, one pad closes the inlet, and the second exit, for which the pads are moved apart to the desired distance. Then they are bandaged with a circular bandage, the end of which is fixed with a pin. The outer cover of the package, the inner surface of which is sterile, is used to apply hermetic dressings. For example, when shooting through the lung.

The package is stored in a special pocket of a bag for a gas mask or in a pocket of clothes. In the absence of an individual bag, it is possible to use a clean cotton cloth as a dressing. Before applying the dressing, the fabric for sterilization must be ironed with a hot iron.

4.1. Medical property used in the provision of first aid.

When providing various types of medical care, medical property is used. medical property- this is a set of special material means intended for: the provision of medical care, detection (diagnosis), treatment; prevention of injuries and diseases; carrying out sanitary and hygienic and anti-epidemic measures; equipment of medical institutions and medical units.

Medical property includes: medicines; immunobiological preparations; dressings; disinfection, deratization and disinsection agents; suture material; patient care items; Medical equipment; chemical reagents; medicinal plant materials; mineral water.

The provision of medical equipment in an emergency, as well as the replenishment of a set of medical equipment to the quantities provided for by the norms (tables) of supply, is carried out centrally according to the “top-down” principle: a higher medical supply body delivers medical equipment to subordinate (attached for supply) institutions and formations in emergency zone.

The need for specific types of medical property is determined depending on the content of the medical care provided, the timing and the possibility of its implementation in specific conditions.

So, the content of first aid includes a complex of simple medical measures performed directly at the site of the lesion, or near it, in the order of self-help and mutual assistance, as well as by participants in emergency rescue operations, including rescuers.

In the content of first aid, paramount importance is given to stopping external bleeding, artificial respiration, indirect heart massage (restoration of cardiac activity), preventing or reducing the impact on a person of such damaging factors as mechanical, chemical, radiation, thermal, biological, psychogenic.

Timely and properly provided medical care saves the lives of those affected and prevents the development of adverse outcomes.

Considering the foregoing, it can be argued that the composition of medical equipment used to provide first aid in the affected areas should include only such special material that is compact, small-sized, does not require energy sources, and is always ready for use.

Such special medical means are standard and improvised means of first aid.

Standard means of medical care are medicines, dressings, hemostatic tourniquets, splints for immobilization.

They are provided, in accordance with the equipment tables, points of medical rescue centers, as well as rescuers of rescue centers, medical units of the All-Russian Disaster Medicine Service.

Improvised are the means that are used to provide medical care in the absence of time cards, and provide their replacement. These include some medicinal plants; fabrics and underwear for dressings for wounds and burns; trouser belts, belts, scarves, scarves, which can be used to stop arterial bleeding instead of a tourniquet; plywood strips, boards, sticks and other items used instead of tires, etc.

Medicines used in the provision of first aid include antiseptics, antidotes, radioprotective agents, painkillers, etc.

The most common antiseptics are: 5% iodine solution, which is used to lubricate the skin around wounds and disinfect hands; 0.1 - 0.5% solution of potassium permanganate, used for rinsing the mouth and washing the stomach in case of poisoning with phosphorus, hydrocyanic acid salts, alkaloids; 3% hydrogen peroxide solution - for disinfection, cleansing contaminated wounds, also has a hemostatic effect; 70% ethyl alcohol solution - used as a disinfectant and irritant external agent and for warming compresses; furatsilin, chloramine, bleach are used as a disinfectant.

To treat lesions with toxic substances that have entered the body, antidotes are used - antidotes. Antidotes are drugs (drugs) that neutralize the poison in the body by chemical or physico-chemical interaction with the poison in the process of physical or chemical transformations, or reduce the pathological disorders caused by the poison in the body.

An example of an antidote acting on the basis of a physicochemical interaction with a poison is activated charcoal. Potassium permanganate, mentioned as an antiseptic, is also used as an antidote to decontaminate poison by chemical interaction with it in the body.

A special group of medicines used in the provision of first aid are radioprotective agents (they are also called anti-radiation agents, radioprotectors). Radioprotective agents are drugs that increase the body's resistance to the action of ionizing radiation, they are used to prevent radiation injuries and radiation sickness. For example, mercamine hydrochloride, cystamine hydrochloride, mexamine, batilol.

All radioprotective agents used in the provision of first aid for radiation injuries are divided into:

Medical preparations intended for protection against external short-term irradiation of high radiation power;

Medical preparations intended for protection against external long-term exposure to low radiation power;

Medicines that increase the body's resistance to radiation.

Some of the funds discussed above are completed with standard first aid equipment.

The standard equipment intended for first aid includes: an individual first aid kit, an individual medical dressing package, an individual anti-chemical package, a medical sanitary bag, etc.

First aid kit individual designed to prevent or reduce the impact on a person of such damaging factors as chemical, radiation, biological; relieve pain from wounds and burns.

Dressing package medical individual used as a primary aseptic dressing to protect wounds and burn surfaces from bacterial contamination, reduce pain, for occlusive (sealed) dressings on chest wounds with open pneumothorax, etc.

It is used for degassing droplet-liquid toxic substances in open areas of the skin and adjacent parts of uniforms (clothes).

Medical sanitary bag is a collection of items of medical equipment intended for first aid, located in a special container (bag), completed with various types of dressings (sterile gauze bandages, sterile small and large napkins, medical dressing scarves); absorbent and non-sterile cotton wool in packs; individual medical dressing packages; hemostatic tourniquets; 5% solution of tincture of iodine in ampoules; ampoule with ammonia solution, etc.

4.2. Individual medical dressing package (PPMI)

An individual medical dressing package consists of a bandage 10 cm wide, 7 m long, two cotton-gauze pads, a pin and a cover. The bandage and cotton-gauze pad are impregnated with aluminum vapor to ensure their non-adherence to the wound.

One pad is fixedly sewn near the end of the bandage, and the other can be moved. The bandage and pad are wrapped in wax paper and placed in an airtight case. If necessary, the package is opened, the bandage and two sterile pads are removed, without touching their inner side.

In case of small lesions, the pads should be applied one on top of the other; in case of penetrating wounds, the movable pad should be moved along the bandage and the entrance to the hole should be closed. On the wounded surface (with a through hole - on the inlet and outlet), the pads are applied inside . Having finished bandaging, the end of the bandage is fixed with a pin.

When applying an occlusive dressing, first a piece of material that does not allow air to pass through (oilcloth, a rubberized sheath from PPMI) is applied to the wound, then a sterile napkin or a sterile bandage in 3-4 layers, then a layer of cotton wool and tightly bandaged.

4.3. First aid kit individual

First aid kit individual is a set of medicines to prevent, reduce and mitigate the effects of a number of damaging factors. The individual first-aid kit can be made in three modifications AI-1, AI-1M, AI-2.

The individual first-aid kit AI-1 contains a syringe tube with athene (for protection against organophosphorus agents), a syringe tube with promedol (an analgesic), two pencil cases with cystamine (for the prevention and treatment of radiation sickness), two pencil cases with tetracycline (antibiotic) and a pencil case with etaperazine (an antiemetic) placed in a polyethylene case weighing 95 g and dimensions 91x101x22 mm.

The individual first-aid kit AI-1M has almost the same set of medicines as AI-1. It differs from the individual AI-1 first aid kit in that it contains two syringe tubes with athene to protect against organophosphate agents, and the antibiotic tetracycline has been replaced by the antibiotic doxycycline.

The composition of the first-aid kit of the individual AI-2 includes: syringe-tube with promedol (analgesic); a pencil case with an antidote taren (for protection against organophosphorus agents); two cases with chlortetracycline (antibacterial agent No. 1) and a case with sulfodimethoxine (antibacterial agent No. 2); two cases with cystamine (radioprotective agent No. 1) and a case with potassium iodide (radioprotective agent No. 2) for the treatment and prevention of radiation sickness; a pencil case with etaperazine (an antiemetic) placed in a polyethylene case.

The sizes of individual first-aid kits AI-1M, AI-2 and their weight are close to the data of the first-aid kit AI-1. The shelf life of each of the first-aid kits is 3 years. Instructions for use are enclosed in the case of each first aid kit.

Consider further the use of the contents of the AI-2 first aid kit. An analgesic (syringe-tube with promedol), located in slot No. 1, is used for pain relief in fractures, extensive wounds and burns. The cap is removed from the needle of the syringe tube, the air is squeezed out until a drop appears at the end of the needle and an injection is made into the soft tissues of the upper third of the thigh. The needle is removed without unclenching the fingers. The used syringe tube must be pinned to the clothes on the chest of the affected person to record the number of doses administered.

A remedy for poisoning with organophosphorus substances (in a pencil case, slot No. 2) is taken one tablet at a time with initial signs of damage or as directed by the commander (senior) and one more tablet with an increase in signs of poisoning. At the same time put on a gas mask.

Radioprotective agent No. 1 (nest No. 4) is taken at the risk of exposure in a dosage of six tablets at a time.

Radioprotective agent No. 2 (potassium iodide - nest No. 6) is taken one tablet within 10 days after radioactive fallout for the prevention and treatment of radiation sickness.

Antibacterial agent No. 2 (nest No. 3) is taken for gastrointestinal disorders resulting from irradiation: on the first day, seven tablets in one dose, in the next two days - four tablets each.

In the case of an infectious disease, for wounds and burns, an antibacterial agent No. 1 (nest No. 5) is taken: first, five tablets from one case and after six hours, five tablets from another case.

An antiemetic (socket No. 7) is taken one tablet immediately after irradiation and when nausea occurs.

4.4. Individual anti-chemical package (IPP)

Individual anti-chemical package used for degassing open areas of the skin and adjacent parts of uniforms (clothes) in case of damage by toxic substances. IPP - 8A consists of a glass vial filled with a degassing liquid and cotton-gauze swabs enclosed in a sealed plastic bag. Due to the rapid penetration of agents into the skin, disinfection should be carried out within 5 minutes from the moment they are exposed to unprotected areas of the body; later application will not prevent the lesion, but only reduce its severity. Removal of agents from the skin with simultaneous degassing is carried out with a cotton-gauze swab moistened with a degassing liquid. This swab, previously moistened with a degassing solution from a vial, removes toxic substances from clothes and shoes. When removing OM drops from the skin, first carefully, without smearing, blot the drop with a piece of absorbent cotton, and then carefully wipe it with a cotton-gauze swab moistened with a degassing swab. The movement of the hand with the tampon is only from top to bottom, in one direction.

The degassing liquid must not come into contact with the eyes. It is poisonous and dangerous to the eyes. In case of eye contact, wipe the skin around the eyes with a swab moistened with a 2% soda solution. IPP - 8 can also be used for disinfection and flushing of radioactive substances from the skin. When treating human skin, a burning sensation may occur, which quickly passes without health consequences.

The volume of the degassing liquid is 135 ml.

Ready to work time - 30 s.

Overall dimensions - 100 x 42 x 65 mm 3.

The task of first aidis to save the life of the victim, reduce his suffering, prevent the development of possible complications, alleviate the severity of the course of injury or disease.

First aid can be provided at the site of injury by the victim himself (self-help), his comrade (mutual assistance), sanitary combatants. First aid may include: stopping bleeding, applying a sterile dressing to the wound and burn surface, artificial respiration and chest compressions, administering antidotes, giving antibiotics, administering painkillers (for shock), transport immobilization, warming, shelter from heat and cold, putting on a gas mask , removal of the affected from the infected area, partial sanitization, etc.

In case of severe bleeding, electric shock, cessation of cardiac activity and respiration, as well as in a number of other cases, first aid should be provided immediately.

All first aid procedures should be performed carefully and be gentle (do no harm).

When providing first aid, you must be guided by the following principles:

a) one person should be in charge of first aid; provide assistance without fussing, calmly, confidently;

b) special care must be taken in cases where it is necessary to remove wagons, etc. from under the wreckage; inept action in such cases may increase the suffering and aggravate the severity of the injury;

c) the victim is placed in a safe place, the tightening parts of the clothing, belt, collar are loosened;

d) after providing first aid, the victim is immediately sent to the nearest medical institution;

e) if it is not possible to provide first aid at the scene of the incident, it is necessary to take measures for the immediate delivery of the victim to the nearest medical institution.

Medical supplies for first aid.

When providing first aid, use personnel and henchmen funds.

Staff fundsfirst aid are dressings (bandages, medical dressing bags, large and small sterile dressings and napkins, cotton wool), a hemostatic tourniquet (tape and tubular), and for immobilization - special tires (plywood, ladder, mesh).

When providing first aid, medicines are used - an alcohol solution of iodine, brilliant green, validol in tablets, valerian tincture, ammonia in ampoules, sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) in tablets or powder, petroleum jelly, etc. For personal prevention of injuries by radioactive, toxic substances and with bacterial agents in the lesions, an individual first-aid kit AI-2 can be used.

Sanitary groups and sanitary posts are provided with standard equipment. First aid kits are being completed at construction and production sites, in workshops, on farms and in brigades, in educational institutions and institutions, in places of organized recreation for the population. First aid kits must be provided with vehicles that transport people, including private cars.

As improvised means first aid can be used when bandaging a clean sheet, shirt, fabrics (preferably non-colored); to stop bleeding - instead of a tourniquet, a trouser belt or belt, a fabric twist; for fractures, instead of tires - strips of hard cardboard or plywood, boards, sticks, etc.

Item 12.8. POT RO-13153-CL-923-02. Establishments should have first aid kits or first aid bags stocked with medicines and dressings, as well as first aid instructions, at designated locations.

All employees should know the location of first aid kits and be able to provide first aid to the victim.

Equipment of wagons with first aid medical aids.

The first aid bag kit does not include rubber ice pack, glass, teaspoon, boric acid, baking soda. The remaining funds are completed in the amount of 50% of those indicated in the list.

In the summer period, insect stings are possible in places of work, in first-aid kits (first aid bags) there should be diphenhydramine (one package) and cordiamine (one bottle).

On the inside of the door of the first-aid kit, it should be clearly indicated which medicines should be used for various injuries (for example, for nosebleeds - 3% hydrogen peroxide solution, etc.).

In order for first aid to be timely and effective, in places of constant duty of personnel there should be:

first-aid kits with a set of necessary medicines and medical supplies (see table);

posters hung in conspicuous places depicting first aid for victims of accidents, artificial respiration and external heart massage;

pointers and signs to facilitate the search for first aid kits and health centers.

Determining the condition of the victim.

In severe injuries, when the victim is in a deep unconscious state and does not show any signs of life, it is urgent to decide whether he is alive or dead. To resolve this issue, you need to know the signs of life and death. First you need to look for signs of life.

Signs of life

Determined by hand or by ear on the left, below the nipple, heartbeat. The pulse is determined in the middle third of the left or right half of the neck or on the inside of the forearm in its lower third. Breathing is established by the movement of the chest. In addition, breathing can be determined by the fogging of a mirror applied to the victim's nose, or by the movement of a cotton wool brought from the nostrils. The normal heart rate is considered to be 70-76 per minute, and breathing - 18 per minute. With a sharp illumination of the eyes with a flashlight, constriction of the pupils is observed. In the absence of a flashlight, the open eye of the victim is covered with a hand, and then quickly taken aside. The narrowing of the pupils indicates a positive pupillary reflex. Humidity and luster of the corneas are also signs of life. A positive corneal reflex consists in closing the eyelids when touching the cornea with a cotton swab or piece of paper.

Signs of death

When the heart stops working and breathing stops, death occurs. The body lacks oxygen, and the lack of oxygen causes the death of brain cells. In this regard, when reviving, the main attention should be focused on the activity of the heart and lungs.

In the process of dying of an organism, two phases are distinguished - clinical and biological death. The phase of clinical death lasts 5-7 minutes, the person no longer breathes, the heart stops beating, but irreversible phenomena in the tissues have not yet occurred. During this period, while there are no severe disorders of the brain, heart and lungs, the body can be revived. After 8-10 minutes, biological death occurs; in this phase, it is no longer possible to save the victim's life.

When establishing whether the victim is still alive or already dead, they proceed from the manifestations of clinical and biological death, from the so-called doubtful and obvious cadaveric signs.

Doubtful signs of death- breathing and heartbeat are not determined, there is no reaction to a needle prick, there is no reaction of the pupils to light.

As long as there is no complete certainty in the death of the victim, we are obliged to provide assistance to him in full.

To the clear signs of death clouding of the cornea of ​​​​the eyes and its drying include; persistent deformation of the pupil when squeezing the eyeball between the fingers (cat's eye); 2-4 hours after death, rigor mortis appears, which begins with the head; because of the draining of blood into the lower parts of the body, bluish cadaveric spots appear; in the position of the corpse on the back, cadaveric spots are located on the shoulder blades, buttocks, lower back, in the position of the corpse on the stomach, spots are found on the face, chest.