The most detailed map of the human brain. Parts of the brain and their functions: structure, features and description

To create the map, the researchers injected a green fluorescent virus into a specific area of ​​the brain of a live mouse. The virus infected neurons near the injection site, and after three weeks it spread throughout the brain. Below is a map of the connections that take place in one of the areas of the brain, displayed as a green fluorescent grid of infected neurons. Among other functions, this area of ​​the brain is responsible for interpreting certain sensations, most notably the sense of touch.

After the virus spread, the scientists removed the brain from the mouse and took pictures of it in various ways, eventually obtaining about 1 terabyte of data. By following the path of the virus and analyzing the generated images down to incredibly small scales, the researchers got a picture of how the infected area interacts with the entire brain. For example, here is a 3D rendering of the relationships between four vision regions in the mouse cortex (green, yellow, red, orange). The study press release reports that these regions are highly interconnected with each other and with adjacent brain regions in the thalamus (pink) and midbrain (purple).

Once the scientists had mapped the neural connections in one region of the brain, they repeated the process with all the other regions. In total, the researchers analyzed pictures of about 1,700 mice, but the study is based on only 469 of them. Below is a visualization of the obtained data, which includes the interconnections of several areas of the brain:

The received data can also be presented in the form of a round chart. This diagram displays connections between 215 areas of the mouse brain. Relationships coming from 11 specific areas of the brain are highlighted in different colors, the rest are displayed in gray.

Even the simplest networks of neurons in the brain are made up of millions of connections, and studying these huge networks is critical to understanding how the brain works. Scientists have long been trying to study the microscopic processes behind certain reactions of the brain to external pathogens.

In the latest issue of the magazine Nature An article was published, the authors of which made an important step towards understanding the operation of neural networks. An international team of scientists has conducted the most comprehensive study to date of the network of neurons in the cerebral cortex, in which there is an active processing of external excitatory signals. As a result, several important features of how neural networks are organized were discovered. In fact,

scientists have created the world's first map of brain neurons, which combines information about electrical brain activity and a diagram of the physical connection of neurons to each other.

Until now, for decades, scientists have explored these areas separately, being unable to connect them together.

So, quite recently it was published, the authors of which, using the method of magnetic resonance imaging, built a map of neural connections in the human brain and found out how lifestyle affects the number of these connections. Nevertheless, only the physical essence of neural connections was reflected in this work.

In the current work, the scientists examined the visual cortex of the mouse brain. First, they determined which neurons responded to certain visual stimuli, such as vertical or horizontal stripes on a screen. Then, detailed images of brain slices were obtained with millions of neurons of interest and synapses - contacts between neurons - or other types of cells receiving a neural signal. Subsequently, these flat images were used to construct a three-dimensional map of the neural networks of the brain.

According to the scientists, the uniqueness of their study lies in the fact that in their work they combined the methods of optical tomography and electron microscopy. Until now, macroscopic methods for studying brain activity and microscopic methods for studying neurons and their synapses, which have dimensions of the order of nanometers, have been unrelated. Meanwhile, it is very important to understand exactly what microscopic mechanisms are behind the processes of brain activity.

“We have obtained microscopic data of unprecedented scale and detail,” says one of the authors of the work, R. Clay Reed from the Allen Institute for Brain Sciences (USA).

“First, we determined what function a particular neuron performs, and then looked at how it connected with similar neurons and with neurons of a different type.”

“This study is the culmination of a research program that began nearly a decade ago,” adds Clay Reid. “Brain networks are too large and difficult to understand in parts, so we used high-throughput methods to collect huge amounts of data on brain activity and neuron interconnections.”

Analyzing the obtained data, the scientists came to the following conclusions. First, they confirmed the hypothesis that neurons that are responsible for one type of activity are more often connected with each other than neurons that perform different functions. Second, the connections between these neurons are stronger, despite the fact that they are confused with many other neurons that perform completely different functions.

“We found the first evidence of a modular architecture of the network of neurons in the cerebral cortex and determined the structural basis of the functional connection between neurons,

While this study is a milestone in our work, it is only the beginning. We now have the tools to create a more accurate computer model of the brain by knowing the connections between neuron wiring diagrams and network computing.” “It's like a symphony orchestra, the musicians of which sit in a random order,” adds Clay Reed. - If you hear only those musicians who are sitting next to you, this will not make any sense. But if you hear everyone, you will understand the music - it will even become easier.

The authors of the work are sure that their achievement will be of great help to all scientists who are engaged in brain research and the creation of artificial neural networks - the science department of Gazeta.Ru is already talking about how a supercomputer allowed scientists to simulate the work of thousands of neurons. However, in order to successfully simulate the work of the brain, it is necessary to better understand how neural networks work in real living organisms.

The cerebral cortex, compiled by David Van Essen and Matthew Glasser of Washington University in St. Louis with the help of experts from a number of other institutions, confirmed the existence of 83 previously known zones. In addition, scientists have discovered 97 new areas of the human cerebral cortex responsible for sensory and motor activity, language and logical reasoning.

Like geographers, it is very important for neuroscientists to have a good map in order to improve their skills and better understand what kind of problem they are dealing with. A map of the cortical region of the brain clearly demonstrates which areas are responsible for specific cognitive functions and how they interact with each other.

The problem is that this mechanism is much more complicated than it might seem at first glance. Brain zones differ in cellular structure and protein density, the chemical composition of neurotransmitters and the structure of neurons. The study of such anatomical and physiological features often requires not only money and equipment, but also special permission, which is not so easy to obtain - after all, we are talking about research and testing on living people.

According to Glasser, their project was helped by a fortunate combination of circumstances. “The Human Connectome project started back in 2010, and the US National Institutes of Health gave us two years to work on improving the way we collect MRI data and analyze the data. This allowed us to get much more complete and high-quality information than usual,” he says.

The project is in many ways unique in that neuroimaging experts from all over the world participate in it. The software used by them also has no analogues, and a bunch of methods of architectural, functional and topographical analyzes acted as a research system. This algorithm eventually made it possible to identify areas that usually remained invisible to researchers.

Some of the 180 zones had an obvious function, while the purpose of others was not so obvious. For example, area 55b, according to Glasser, takes part in language processes. In about 90% of healthy young people, this area has a typical pattern of connections with neighboring areas. However, some of the study participants, who totaled 210, displayed completely different properties, including a surprising connection with the areas involved in oculomotor processes.

In addition to theoretical research, the new maps will also help surgeons planning brain surgery. Glasser and team hope that their work will help in the future to study the effects of aging on brain cells in order to deal with age-related problems as effectively as possible.

The brain is the main controlling organ of the central nervous system (CNS), and a large number of specialists in various fields, such as psychiatry, medicine, psychology and neurophysiology, have been working on the study of its structure and functions for more than 100 years. Despite a good study of its structure and components, there are still many questions about the work and processes that take place every second.

The brain belongs to the central nervous system and is located in the cranial cavity. Outside, it is reliably protected by the bones of the skull, and inside it is enclosed in 3 shells: soft, cobweb and hard. Between these membranes circulates cerebrospinal fluid - cerebrospinal fluid, which serves as a shock absorber and prevents concussion of this organ in case of minor injuries.

The human brain is a system consisting of interconnected departments, each part of which is responsible for performing specific tasks.

To understand the functioning, it is not enough to briefly describe the brain, therefore, in order to understand how it works, you first need to study its structure in detail.

What is the brain responsible for

This organ, like the spinal cord, belongs to the central nervous system and plays the role of an intermediary between the environment and the human body. With its help, self-control, reproduction and memorization of information, figurative and associative thinking, and other cognitive psychological processes are carried out.

According to the teachings of Academician Pavlov, the formation of thought is a function of the brain, namely the cerebral cortex, which are the highest organs of nervous activity. The cerebellum, the limbic system and some areas of the cerebral cortex are responsible for different types of memory, but since memory is different, it is impossible to single out any particular area responsible for this function.

It is responsible for managing the vegetative vital functions of the body: respiration, digestion, endocrine and excretory systems, body temperature control.

To answer the question of what function the brain performs, first you should conditionally divide it into sections.

Experts distinguish 3 main parts of the brain: anterior, middle and rhomboid (posterior) section.

1. The anterior one performs higher psychiatric functions, such as the ability to know, the emotional component of a person’s character, his temperament and complex reflex processes.
2. The middle one is responsible for sensory functions and processing of information received from the organs of hearing, vision and touch. The centers located in it are able to regulate the degree of pain, since the gray matter, under certain conditions, is able to produce endogenous opiates that increase or decrease the pain threshold. It also plays the role of a conductor between the cortex and the underlying sections. This part controls the body through various innate reflexes.
3. Rhomboid or posterior section, responsible for muscle tone, coordination of the body in space. Through it, purposeful movement of various muscle groups is carried out.

The structure of the brain cannot be simply briefly described, since each of its parts includes several departments, each of which performs certain functions.

What does the human brain look like

Brain anatomy is a relatively young science, as it was banned for a long time due to laws prohibiting the opening and examination of organs and the human head.

The study of the topographic anatomy of the brain region in the head area is necessary for accurate diagnosis and successful treatment of various topographic anatomical disorders, for example: skull injuries, vascular and oncological diseases. To imagine what a human GM looks like, first you need to study their appearance.

In appearance, GM is a gelatinous mass of yellowish color, enclosed in a protective shell, like all organs of the human body, they consist of 80% water.

The large hemispheres occupy practically the volume of this organ. They are covered with gray matter or bark - the highest organ of human neuropsychic activity, and inside - with white matter, consisting of processes of nerve endings. The surface of the hemispheres has a complex pattern, due to the convolutions and ridges going in different directions between them. According to these convolutions, it is customary to divide them into several departments. It is known that each of the parts performs certain tasks.

In order to understand what the human brain looks like, it is not enough to examine their appearance. There are several study methods that help to study the inside of the brain in a section.

• Sagittal section. It is a longitudinal section that passes through the center of the human head and divides it into 2 parts. It is the most informative research method, it is used to diagnose various diseases of this organ.
• The frontal section of the brain looks like a cross section of large lobes and allows you to see the fornix, hippocampus and corpus callosum, as well as the hypothalamus and thalamus, which control the vital functions of the body.
• Horizontal cut. Allows you to consider the structure of this organ in a horizontal plane.

The anatomy of the brain, as well as the anatomy of the human head and neck, is a rather difficult subject to study for a number of reasons, including the fact that their description requires studying a large amount of material and having a good clinical background.

How the human brain works

Scientists around the world are studying the brain, its structure and functions that it performs. Over the past few years, many important discoveries have been made, however, this part of the body remains not fully understood. This phenomenon is explained by the complexity of studying the structure and functions of the brain separately from the cranium.

In turn, the structure of the brain structures determines the functions performed by its departments.

It is known that this organ consists of nerve cells (neurons) interconnected by bundles of filamentous processes, but it is still not clear how their interaction as a single system occurs simultaneously as a single system.

The diagram of the structure of the brain, based on the study of the sagittal section of the cranium, will help to explore the sections and membranes. In this figure, you can see the cortex, the medial surface of the cerebral hemispheres, the structure of the trunk, cerebellum and the corpus callosum, which consists of a roller, trunk, knee and beak.

The GM is reliably protected from the outside by the bones of the skull, and inside by 3 meninges: hard arachnoid and soft. Each of them has its own device and performs certain tasks.

• The deep soft shell covers both the spinal cord and the brain, while entering all the cracks and grooves of the cerebral hemispheres, and in its thickness there are blood vessels that feed this organ.
• The arachnoid membrane is separated from the first by a subarachnoid space filled with liquor (cerebrospinal fluid), it also contains blood vessels. This sheath consists of connective tissue, from which filiform branched processes (strands) depart, they are woven into a soft sheath and with age their number increases, thereby strengthening the bond. Between them. The villous outgrowths of the arachnoid bulge into the lumen of the sinuses of the dura mater.
• The hard shell or pachymeninx consists of a connective tissue substance and has 2 surfaces: the upper one, saturated with blood vessels, and the inner one, which is smooth and shiny. With this side, the pachymeninx is adjacent to the medulla, and the outer side is adjacent to the cranium. Between the hard and arachnoid there is a narrow space filled with a small amount of liquid.

In the brains of a healthy person, about 20% of the total volume of blood that enters through the posterior cerebral arteries circulates.

The brain can be visually divided into 3 main parts: 2 cerebral hemispheres, brainstem and cerebellum.

Gray matter forms the cortex and covers the surface of the cerebral hemispheres, and a small amount of it in the form of nuclei is located in the medulla oblongata.

In all brain regions there are ventricles, in the cavity of which the cerebrospinal fluid, which is formed in them, moves. In this case, the fluid from the 4th ventricle enters the subarachnoid space and washes it.

The development of the brain begins even during the intrauterine presence of the fetus, and it is finally formed by the age of 25.

Main parts of the brain

picture is clickable

What the brain consists of and you can study the composition of the brain of an ordinary person from the pictures. The structure of the human brain can be viewed in several ways.

The first divides it into components that make up the brain:

• Final, represented by 2 cerebral hemispheres, united by the corpus callosum;
• intermediate;
• average;
• oblong;
• the posterior borders on the medulla oblongata, the cerebellum and the bridge depart from it.

It is also possible to single out the main composition of the human brain, namely, it includes 3 large structures that begin to develop even during embryonic development:

1. diamond-shaped;
2. average;
3. anterior brain.

In some textbooks, the cerebral cortex is usually divided into sections, so that each of them plays a specific role in the higher nervous system. Accordingly, the following sections of the forebrain are distinguished: frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital zone.

Large hemispheres

First, consider the structure of the cerebral hemispheres.

The end brain of a person directs all vital processes and is divided by a central sulcus into 2 large hemispheres of the brain, covered on the outside with a bark or gray matter, and inside they consist of white matter. Between themselves, in the depths of the central gyrus, they are united by the corpus callosum, which serves as a link connecting and transmitting information between other departments.

The structure of the gray matter is complex and, depending on the site, consists of 3 or 6 layers of cells.

Each share is responsible for performing certain functions and coordinates the movement of the limbs on its own, for example, the right part processes non-verbal information and is responsible for spatial orientation, while the left part specializes in mental activity.

In each of the hemispheres, specialists distinguish 4 zones: frontal, occipital, parietal and temporal, they perform certain tasks. In particular, the parietal part of the cerebral cortex is responsible for visual function.

The science that studies the detailed structure of the cerebral cortex is called architectonics.

Medulla

This section is part of the brain stem and serves as a link between the dorsal and the bridge of the terminal section. Since it is a transitional element, it combines the features of the spinal and structural features of the brain. The white matter of this section is represented by nerve fibers, and the gray matter is in the form of nuclei:

• The nucleus of the olive, is a complementary element of the cerebellum, is responsible for balance;
• The reticular formation connects all the sense organs with the medulla oblongata, is partially responsible for the work of some parts of the nervous system;
• The nuclei of the nerves of the skull, these include: glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal nerves;
• The nuclei of respiration and circulation, which are connected with the nuclei of the vagus nerve.

This internal structure is due to the functions of the brain stem.

It is responsible for the body's defense reactions and regulates vital processes such as heartbeat and blood circulation, so damage to this component leads to instant death.

Pons

The composition of the brain includes the pons, it serves as a link between the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum and the spinal cord. It consists of nerve fibers and gray matter, in addition, the bridge serves as a conductor of the main artery that feeds the brain.

midbrain

This part has a complex structure and consists of a roof, a midbrain part of a tire, a Sylviian aqueduct and legs. In the lower part it borders on the posterior region, namely the pons and the cerebellum, and at the top of it is the diencephalon connected to the terminal.

The roof consists of 4 hills, inside which the nuclei are located, they serve as centers for the perception of information received from the eyes and hearing organs. Thus, this part is included in the zone responsible for receiving information, and refers to the ancient structures that make up the structure of the human brain.

Cerebellum

The cerebellum occupies almost the entire back part and repeats the basic principles of the structure of the human brain, that is, it consists of 2 hemispheres and an unpaired formation connecting them. The surface of the cerebellar lobules is covered with gray matter, and inside they consist of white, in addition, the gray matter in the thickness of the hemispheres forms 2 nuclei. The white matter connects the cerebellum to the brainstem and spinal cord with three pairs of legs.

This brain center is responsible for coordinating and regulating the motor activity of human muscles. It also helps to maintain a certain posture in the surrounding space. Responsible for muscle memory.

Bark

The structure of the cerebral cortex is quite well studied. So, it is a complex layered structure 3-5 mm thick, which covers the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres.

The cortex is formed by neurons with bundles of filiform processes, afferent and efferent nerve fibers, glia (provide the transmission of impulses). It has 6 layers, different in structure:

1. grainy;
2. molecular;
3. external pyramidal;
4. internal granular;
5. internal pyramidal;
6. the last layer consists of spindle-shaped cells.

It occupies about half the volume of the hemispheres, and its area in a healthy person is about 2200 square meters. see. The surface of the bark is dotted with furrows, in the depths of which one third of its entire area lies. The size and shape of the furrows of both hemispheres is strictly individual.

The cortex was formed relatively recently, but is the center of the entire higher nervous system. Experts distinguish several parts in its composition:

• neocortex (new) main part covers more than 95%;
• archicortex (old) - about 2%;
• paleocortex (ancient) - 0.6%;
• intermediate cortex, occupies 1.6% of the total cortex.

It is known that the localization of functions in the cortex depends on the location of the nerve cells that pick up one of the types of signals. Therefore, there are 3 main areas of perception:

1. Touch.
2. Motor.
3. Associative.

The last region occupies more than 70% of the crust, and its central purpose is to coordinate the activity of the first two zones. It is also responsible for receiving and processing data from the sensory zone, and the goal-directed behavior caused by this information.

Between the cerebral cortex and the medulla oblongata is the subcortex or, in other words, the subcortical structures. It consists of visual tubercles, hypothalamus, limbic system and other nerve nodes.

The main functions of the brain regions

The main functions of the brain are to process data received from the environment, as well as control the movements of the human body and its mental activity. Each part of the brain is responsible for performing specific tasks.

The medulla oblongata controls the body's defense functions such as blinking, sneezing, coughing, and vomiting. It also controls other reflex vital processes - breathing, secretion of saliva and gastric juice, swallowing.

With the help of the Varoliyev bridge, the coordinated movement of the eyes and facial wrinkles is carried out.

The cerebellum controls the motor and coordination activity of the body.

The midbrain is represented by the stalk and the quadrigemina (two auditory and two visual hillocks). With its help, orientation in space, hearing and clarity of vision is carried out, it is responsible for the muscles of the eyes. Responsible for the reflex turn of the head towards the stimulus.

The diencephalon consists of several parts:

• The thalamus is responsible for the formation of feelings, such as pain or taste. In addition, he manages tactile, auditory, olfactory sensations and rhythms of human life;
• The epithalamus consists of the pineal gland, which controls daily biological rhythms, dividing the daylight hours into the time of wakefulness and the time of healthy sleep. It has the ability to detect light waves through the bones of the skull, depending on their intensity, it produces the appropriate hormones and controls metabolic processes in the human body;
• The hypothalamus is responsible for the work of the heart muscles, the normalization of body temperature and blood pressure. With its help, a signal is given for the release of stress hormones. Responsible for feelings of hunger, thirst, pleasure and sexuality.

The posterior pituitary gland is located in the hypothalamus and is responsible for the production of hormones that affect puberty and the functioning of the human reproductive system.

Each hemisphere is responsible for its own specific tasks. For example, the right cerebral hemisphere accumulates data about the environment and the experience of communicating with it. Controls the movement of the limbs on the right side.

In the left cerebral hemisphere there is a speech center responsible for human speech, it also controls analytical and computational activities, and abstract thinking is formed in its cortex. Similarly, the right side controls the movement of the limbs on its side.

The structure and function of the cerebral cortex directly depend on each other, so the gyrus conditionally divides it into several parts, each of which performs certain operations:

• temporal lobe, controls hearing and charm;
• the occipital part regulates vision;
• in the parietal, touch and taste are formed;
• the frontal parts are responsible for speech, movement and complex thought processes.

The limbic system consists of the olfactory centers and the hippocampus, which is responsible for adapting the body to change and regulating the emotional component of the body. It creates enduring memories by associating sounds and smells with a specific period of time during which sensory upheavals occurred.

In addition, it controls restful sleep, data retention in short-term and long-term memory, intellectual activity, control of the endocrine and autonomic nervous system, and participates in the formation of the reproductive instinct.

How the human brain works

The work of the human brain does not stop even in a dream, it is known that some departments also function in people who are in a coma, as evidenced by their stories.

The main work of this body is carried out with the help of the cerebral hemispheres, each of which is responsible for a certain ability. It is noticed that the hemispheres are not the same in size and function - the right side is responsible for visualization and creative thinking, usually more than the left side, which is responsible for logic and technical thinking.

It is known that men have a larger brain mass than women, but this feature does not affect mental abilities. For example, this figure for Einstein was below average, but his parietal zone, which is responsible for cognition and the creation of images, was large, which allowed the scientist to develop the theory of relativity.

Some people are endowed with super abilities, this is also the merit of this body. These features are manifested in a high speed of writing or reading, photographic memory and other anomalies.

One way or another, the activity of this organ is of great importance in the conscious control of the human body, and the presence of the cortex distinguishes humans from other mammals.

What, according to scientists, constantly occurs in the human brain

Experts who study the psychological capabilities of the brain believe that the performance of cognitive and mental functions occurs as a result of biochemical currents, however, this theory is currently being questioned, because this organ is a biological object and the principle of mechanical action does not allow to know its nature completely.

The brain is a kind of steering wheel of the whole organism, performing a huge number of tasks every day.

The anatomical and physiological features of the structure of the brain have been the subject of study for many decades. It is known that this organ occupies a special place in the structure of the central nervous system (central nervous system) of a person, and its characteristics are different for each person, therefore it is impossible to find 2 absolutely identically thinking people.

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The new structural-functional map divides the cerebral cortex into 180 sections.

The cerebral cortex is extremely complex - its different parts differ from each other both in function and in cellular structure. Naturally, those who began to study the brain very soon needed a “map of the area” for the cerebral cortex, and the system of cytoarchitectonic fields published by the German neurologist Korbinian Brodmann back in 1909 became a kind of gold standard here.

New brain map based on MRI data. (Photo by Matthew F. Glasser, David C. Van Essen.)

Activation (in orange and red) and inactivation of different parts of the left cortex when listening to stories. (Photo by Matthew F. Glasser, David C. Van Essen.)

These fields differ in cell morphology and in the way the cells in them are stacked relative to each other (that is, in cellular cytoarchitectonics). Brodmann fields proved to be extraordinarily useful, but still they had some significant disadvantages.

First, Brodman himself built his map on the material of just one brain, taken from a deceased person. Subsequently, the structure of the cortical fields was refined using more diverse material, and functions were added to the pure morphological parameters: what one area is responsible for, what another, etc. However, the more neuroscientists learned about the brain, the clearer it became that the cerebral cortex need to re-map using several features at the same time.

This work was undertaken by Matthew Glasser ( Matthew F. Glasser) and colleagues at Washington University in St. Louis, Oxford, the University of Minnesota, and the University of Nijmegen. They took an array of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data accumulated within the framework of the Human Connectome project (recall that the goal of the Human Connectome project is to fully describe the structure of connections in our brain).

The researchers were interested in the results of structural MRI, which allows you to determine, for example, the thickness of certain areas of the cortex and other similar features, and functional MRI, which can be used to see the function of a particular area of ​​the brain. At the same time, the brain can rest during the scan, and then we will distinguish its basic functional topography, or perform some task - and then we will see which areas are working on a particular procedure. To build a new map of the cortex, we used fMRI data obtained from seven tasks, from audio tests to mathematical problems.

Thus, the algorithm that searched for functional fields in the cortex had to operate with several parameters at once, structural and functional. As a result, it was possible to detect as many as 180 fields in each hemisphere, 83 of which had previously been described in the literature, but 97 were hitherto unknown.

The algorithm worked with the results of MRI scans of 210 volunteers of the Human Connect project, and the question immediately arose whether it would be possible to determine the same zones in other people? Would it not turn out that a map of 180 fields makes sense only for those two hundred people on whom the above algorithm was trained?

But when they tried to analyze a set of MRI data from “outsiders”, their cortical zones were determined in almost the same way. Moreover, the authors of the work were also able to identify individual differences between certain areas. (Just in case, let's clarify that individual differences do not mean that the brain of one is arranged this way, and that of the other is different, it's just that the zones can work with different efficiency and be developed to an early degree; similarly, if we see a tall person and a small one nearby , we do not say that they have a different building plan.)

Obviously, the new map (described in the article in Nature) is useful both in fundamental science and in medicine. True, it also has its drawbacks, primarily related to the fact that MRI still has insufficiently high spatial resolution, that is, the cerebral cortex can actually be divided into an even greater number of fields.

On the other hand, it remains to be seen how the new 180 zones are arranged at the level of cells, synapses and their molecular characteristics. And, finally, let's not forget about the recent work - let's hope that the new map of the cortex will not suffer too much from this exposure.