Names of the Russian state in different periods. All interesting in art and beyond
I suggest you get acquainted with the etymology of the names of the countries of the world.
Where did the names of the countries of the world come from? What are they related to? For those who are interested, to broaden their horizons.))
Afghanistan- possibly from "Upa-Ghana-Stan" (Sanskrit for "land of united tribes").
Albania- the land of the mountaineers. The root "Alb" means "white" or "mountain". It is assumed that the hill tribes from present-day Kosovo brought their mountain ethnonym to the narrow coastal plain. The domestically used name Shqiperia means "land of the eagle". Perhaps the eagle was the totem of the tribe.
Algeria- from the name of the capital Algiers (Algiers), which in French Alger, in Arabic - Al Jazair (island).
Andorra- origin unknown. Possibly Iberian or Basque.
Angola- from ngola, a title used by a monarch in the pre-colonial kingdom of Ndongo.
Argentina- from the Latin "argentum" (silver). Merchants used Argentina's Río de la Plata (Silver River) to transport silver and other treasures from Peru. Land downstream and became known as Argentina (Land of Silver).
Australia- from "unknown southern land" (Latin terra australis incognita). The area was named by early European explorers who believed that the Australian mainland was much larger than they had discovered so far. Traveler Matthew Flinders (1774-1814), who first explored and mapped the Australian coast, used the term "Australia" in his work.
Austria- "eastern kingdom", for example, compare with modern German: Osterreich. In the 9th century, Austria was the extreme eastern territory of the Frankish Empire, as well as the border zone of German settlements with the Slavic land. Charlemagne named the country Ostmark ("eastern frontier territory"). In the 11th century, the term Ostarrichi first appeared.
Azerbaijan- "land of fire" (from fires on the surface of ancient oil pools) The ancient name Atropatene in Arabic began to be pronounced as Azerbaijan.
Bahamas- from the Spanish "Baja Mar" ("shallow sea"). The Spanish conquistadors thus named the islands according to the characteristics of the water that surrounds them.
Bahrain- from the Arabic "two seas". Only what seas are mentioned here is still under discussion. Bahrain is in a gulf surrounded by Arab land and the Qatari peninsula, and some people believe that the "two seas" are the waters of the gulf on both sides of the island. Others believe that in this case there is a reference to the position of the island of Bahrain in the Persian Gulf, divided by "two seas" from the Arab coast in the south and Iran in the north.
Bangladesh- from Sanskrit/Bengali. Bangla means Bengali speaking people and Desh means "country", thus Bangladesh means "Land of Bengali (Bengali) speakers". The country was formerly part of India and the Bengali culture covers a vast area of India and Bangladesh.
Barbados- was named by the Portuguese explorer Pedro a Campos "Los Barbados", which means "bearded ones". This has been said about the appearance of the island's fig trees.
Belarus- "Belaya Rus", in the past Belarus, "White Russia". The name was changed after the collapse of the USSR to emphasize that Belarus and Russia were and remain separate countries. It is assumed that the new name has an independent root Rus from Ruthenia (to be honest, I could not find an analogue of this name in books on the history of Russia, if anyone comments, I will only be glad). Although in fact Ruthenia and Russia came from the same root "rus", which came to us from the Vikings. Thus, the Ukrainian region of Ruthenia can be found in old sources as "Red Russia" (perhaps referring to Kievan Rus), where the term does not refer to all of Ukraine or the USSR.
Belgium- from the name of the Celtic tribe, Belgae. Perhaps later the name came from "Bolg" (proto-Indo-European group of languages), meaning a bag or womb.
Belize- from a distorted Spanish pronunciation of "Peter Wallis" - a pirate who created the first settlement in Belize in 1638
Benin- named after the old African empire of the same name, on whose territory modern Benin is located. The state of Benin was previously called Dahomey from the largest ethnic group.
Butane- the land of Bhotia. The inhabitants of Tibet or Bhotia migrated from Tibet to Bhutan in the 10th century. The common root is "bod", the ancient name of Tibet. The second unofficial name is Druk-Yul, which means "land of the thunder dragon", "land of thunder" or "land of the dragon".
Brazil- from the tree of the same name, which, in turn, was named because of the reddish color of the wood, reminiscent of hot coals (brasil in Portuguese).
Britannia- "painted", a reference to the original settlers of the islands, who used paint and tattoos to decorate their bodies; may also be derived from the Celtic goddess Brigid.
Bolivia- in honor of Simon Bolivar (1783-1830), a military leader who fought against the Spaniards, and the first president of the republic (after the recognition of independence in 1824).
Bosnia and Herzegovina- Previously, the country consisted of two separate territories: the larger northern part was named after the Bosna River, the smaller southern part took its name from the German noble title "Duke". This title was awarded to the supreme governor of the territory, Stefan Vikcic (if it is not pronounced that way, sorry) by Emperor Frederik 4 in 1448.
Botswana- named after the country's predominant ethnic group, the Tswana. The former name - Bechuanaland - came from Bechuan, another spelling of "Botswana".
Bulgaria- "a country of a tribe formed from many tribes." "Bulg" comes from a Turkish root meaning "mixed".
Burkina Faso- "the land of honest people." Previously, the country was called "Upper Volta" from the names of the two main rivers - White and Black Volt - originating in Burkina Faso.
Burundi- the land of the Rundi speakers.
Vanuatu- from "forever in our land" in Bislama. The country was previously known as the New Hebrides, after the islands in Scotland.
Vatican- from lat. vaticinari "prophesy", from the name of the hill "Mons Vaticanus", on which the Vatican is located. The street at the foot of this hill was used by fortune-tellers and soothsayers in Roman times.
Hungary- "people of ten spears." In other words, "an alliance of ten tribes."
Venezuela- "little Venice", from the diminutive form of "Venice". European explorers were amazed by the stilt houses built by the natives on Lake Maracaibo and decided to name the country after Venice.
Vietnam- "southern land". The original layer of Vietnamese civilization was actually far north of modern Vietnam.
Gabon- from the Portuguese name of the river Mbe: "Gabao" (hooded coat) from the specific shape of the mouth of the river.
Haiti- in the language of the Indians, Taino means "high mountain", Columbus gave the name "Hispaniola" ("little Spain"), but before him the region was called Haiti.
Guyana- perhaps from the local "Guainazes" - "people worthy of respect."
Ghana- in honor of the ancient West African kingdom of the same name. However, the modern territory of Ghana was never part of it.
Germany- "land of spearmen" from the German "gar" ("spear") and the Latin and German "man" - a man. In Latin, "Germany" means: Allemagne - "land of all people", i.e. "of our many nations"; Deutschland - "land of people"; Nemetsy (Polish: Niemcy; Romanian: Nemti; Czech: Nemecko; Hungarian: Nemet(orszag)) - "land of the dumb", where "dumb" is a metaphor for "those who do not speak our language". The Hungarian name is borrowed from the Slavic languages.
Honduras- from the Spanish "depth", referring to the deep waters off the north coast.
Grenada- from the southern Spanish city (province) with the same name.
Greece- from lat. Grecus (Greeks), Aristotle suggested that the name referred to the indigenous peoples of Epirus (a mountainous coastal region surrounded by Macedonia and Thessaly); Hellas - "land of light" (a dubious assumption, since in Greek there are no words similar to "light" and "earth" in the word Hellas).
Denmark- dhen (Proto-Indo-European group of languages) means "low" or "flat" and in Germanic "mark" means "border land" and/or "border forest". The name was used by the ancient Goths to describe the forest that separated Gothland (I'm afraid to translate it incorrectly) from Scania.
Djibouti- named after the lowest point of the Gulf of Aden in the Indian Ocean. It may have come from the word "gabouti" (in Afar) - a rug under the door, made of palm fiber. Dominican Republic - from lat. "Dies Dominica" ("Sunday"), the day of the week that Christopher Columbus first landed on the island.
Egypt- "the temple of the soul of the god Ptah."
Zambia from the Zambezi River.
Zimbabwe- "stone houses" in Shona, related to the stone-built capital of the ancient trading empire of Great Zimbabwe.
Israel- an alternative name for the biblical hero Jacob, literally "wrestling with God."
India- in honor of the Indus River (in Hindi). It is often believed that "Bharat", the native name for India, came from the name of the ancient king "Jada Bharatha", but this name could also come from another king Bharata, the son of the legendary king Dushyanta (sorry, not familiar with the history of India. As , however, with the history of many other countries ...).
Indonesia- "Indian Islands". From the Greek word nesos, "island", added to the name of the country India.
Iraq- from the Hebrew "Uruk" ("between the rivers"), which is a reference to the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
Iran- "land of the Aryans" or "land of the free". The term "Arya" comes from the Proto-Indo-European group of languages and usually means "noble" or "free", akin to the Greek word "aristocrat". Persia (the former name of Iran): from lat. "Persais", from the Old Persian "Paarsa", the central region in the country, modern Fars. Persia is often associated with Greek mythology - the "land of Perseus".
Ireland- from Eire from the pre-Celtic Iweriu - "fertile place" or "place of Eire", the Celtic goddess of fertility. It is often mistakenly believed that it came from the "land of iron" (in English "land of iron").
Iceland- "land of ice" (Island in Icelandic). Named to discourage outsiders from attempting to settle on what was actually fertile land.
Italy- "son of the bull god" or "calf god", the name is usually attributed only to a small area at the southern tip of modern Italy.
Yemen- the origin of the name is debated. Some sources claim that it is derived from the Arabic yamin meaning "on the right hand" (a reference to Yemen's position from the point of view of an observer looking from Mecca), others suggest that the name is derived from yumn meaning "happiness", "blessing" . The name (for the classical world - "Arabia Felix" (again lack of knowledge of history)) usually applied to the entire southern coast of the Arabian Peninsula.
Cape Verde- from the Portuguese Cabo Verde ("green cape"), named by Portuguese sailors who traveled along the Sahara desert before they saw the relatively green islands.
Cameroon- from the Portuguese Rio de Camaroes ("shrimp river"), the name given to the Vouri River by Portuguese travelers in the 15th century.
Canada- "small settlement" or "village" in Algonquian (one of the indigenous languages of North America). The name referred to Stacadona, a settlement near present-day Quebec.
Kenya- in honor of Mount Kenya, in the Kikuyu language, the mountain is called Kere-Nyaga ("mountain of whiteness").
Cyprus- named after the copper mines located on its territory.
Kiribati- distorted "Gilbert", from the European name for the Gilbert Islands. By the way, in Russian they are called like that.
China(pronounced "China" in English) - named after the Chin dynasty in Sanskrit.
Colombia- in honor of Christopher Columbus.
Comoros- in Arabic "Djazair al Kamar" ("island of the moon").
Korea- in honor of the Goryeo Dynasty (again, I'm afraid to make a mistake), the first Korean dynasty, under which people from the west visited the country. The internal name Hangeuk in ancient Joseon means "land of morning calm".
Costa Rica- "rich coast" in Spanish.
Cuba- "Cubanacan" ("central place") in the language of the Taino Indians.
Kuwait- from the Arabic "Kut", meaning "fortress".
Lebanon (Lebanon)- from the Hebrew "white mountains".
Lesotho- in honor of the people of Sotho.
Liberia- from lat. liber, "free". So named because the nation was established as a homeland for freed American slaves.
Liechtenstein- "light stone". The country was named after the Liechtenstein dynasty, which bought and united the territories of Schellenburg and Vaduz. The Roman Emperor will allow the family to rename their new property.
Luxembourg- (Celtic "Lucilem" - "small", German "burg" - "castle") "small castle".
Mauritius- named after the Dutch ruler Prince Maurice (Maurice) of Orange.
Malawi- from the local "flaming water", possibly referring to Lake Malawi.
Malaysia- the land of the Malay people.
Maldives- in Sanskrit mahal ("palace"), diva ("island"). On the main island was the palace of the local sultan.
Malta- from the Phoenician "refuge". The name most likely survived in circulation due to the existence of the Greek and Latin word melitta ("honey"), the name of the island in ancient times, as well as the main export product at that time.
Morocco- from the city of Marrakech. The local name "Al Maghreb al Aqsa" means "Far West".
Marshall Islands- named after the British captain John Marshall, who first documented the existence of the island in 1788.
Mexico- in honor of the Aztec branch of the same name.
micronesia- from Greek. "little islands"
Moldova- from the river Moldova in Romania. The river was named so because of the quarrying of minerals, for which its waters were used. Molde is the German term for this type of prey.
Monaco- "alone and by itself", a reference to the Greek hero Hercules.
Namibia- from the Namib Desert. "Namib" means "a place where there is nothing" in the Nama language.
Nepal- "woolen market".
Nigeria- from the local African language "Ni Gir", "Gir River" (Niger).
Netherlands- German "low lands". Holland (part of the Netherlands; the name is often used in relation to the country as a whole) - German "holt land", i.e. wooded land (very often misunderstood to mean "hollow land"). Batavia (Batavia) - "arable land" (derived from Betuwe, opposition to the local name "Veluwe" - "uncultivated land").
New Zealand- from the province of Zeeland in the Netherlands.
Norway- from Old Norse northr and veg ("northern way"). The Norwegian name Norge comes from the roots northr and rike ("northern kingdom").
Oman- controversial origin. In some sources, the name comes from the Arabic term "settled" (as opposed to nomads), or from other Arabic words meaning "peace" and "trust". Others argue that the country was named after a historical figure, perhaps Oman bin Ibrahim al-Khalil, Oman bin Siba" bin Yaghthan bin Ibrahim, Oman bin Qahtan, or Oman bin Loot (the Arabic name for the biblical character Lot). The name existed for some time and mentioned by the geographer Ptolemy (85-165 AD)
Pakistan- acronym (provinces: Punjab, Afghanistan, Kashmir, Iran, Sindh, Tokharistan). It also means "country of the pure, blameless", since. "pak" means "pure".
Palestine- from the Roman name of the country, literally "country of invaders" ("Philistines" from the Hebrew root meaning "invader").
Panama- in honor of a pre-existing village near the modern capital. In the language of the Indians, Cueva means "a place where there are many fish", perhaps from the Caribbean "an abundance of butterflies" or from another local name referring to the tree of the same name.
Papua- "Papua" means "land of people with curly hair." So named by the neighboring Malays, whose hair is mostly straight.
Peru- possibly from the Biru River in present-day Ecuador.
Poland- from the German polen, "field".
Portugal- from lat. portus, "port" and the names of the Roman port of Gaya, which later became known as Calais. The derived name belonged to the small town of Portucale, now Porto.
Russia- from the ancient group of Vikings known as Rus' and from the kingdom they created in what is now Ukraine.
Romania- "country of the Romans", because the local "Romanized" population called themselves Rumani or Romani.
Salvador- "salvation" in Spanish, named after Jesus Christ.
Samoa- "Reserve of the Sacred Moa", from the moa - a local chicken-like poultry. According to legend, the place for the sacred chicken "Sa-moa" was fenced on the orders of King Lu (Lu). After fighting to defend this zone, he named his son Samoa. Later, Samoa became the progenitor of the Moa clan, which stood at the head of the island of Manua and then all the islands of Samoa.
San Marino- in honor of Saint Marino, who, according to legend, founded San Marino in 301.
Sao Tome and Principe- Portuguese: Saint Thomas and Prince Islands.
Seychelles- named after Jean Moreau de Sechelles, Minister of Finance of King Louis XV of France.
Serbia and Montenegro. Serbia- unknown, possibly Sarmatian in origin; "rowan" (Sorbs) in modern Germany has the same origin, the Serbs migrated to the Balkans from a region in Germany known as Lusatia, where rowans are still found.
Montenegro- called by the Venetian conquerors montenegro, "black mountain" because of the appearance of Mount Lovcen or, more likely, because of its dark coniferous forests. Crna Gora, modern local name for the country, literal translation of Montenegro (Montenegro). (note "gora" in Serbian means "forest on the mountains", so the name of the country rather means "black forest"). Previously, the country was known as "Zeta" (Zeta), Dioclea (Dioclea, in Serbo-Croatian Duklia) and Doklia (Doclea). Doclea - the name of the area in the early period of the Roman Empire, was given to an ancient tribe. In the following centuries, the Romans transferred Doclea to Dioclea, mistakenly believing that I was lost due to the peculiarities of speech. The early Slavic name Zeta comes from the name of a river in Montenegro, which in turn comes from a root meaning "harvest" or "grain". (Contrary to the general opinion: Montenegro - did not come from Italian, because "black mountain" in Italian - monte nero without g.)
Singapore- The city was founded by Sir Stamford Raffles in 1819 and he borrowed the name Singapore from the Malay language. Sinhapura was also the early name of the island. In turn, Sinhapura came from Sanskrit (Simhapura), which means "city of lions."
Slovakia- from the Slavic "glory" or "word".
Slovenia- similar to Slovakia.
USA- in honor of the explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci, who wrote his name on the maps of the New World. The buyers mistakenly believed that the name did not belong to the cartographer, but to the new land.
Sudan- from the Arabic Bilad as-Sudan, "the land of the blacks."
Suriname- in honor of the people Surinen (Surinen), local American settlers.
Sierra Leone- adapted from either the Spanish version of Sierra Leon or the Portuguese Serra-Leoa ("Lion Mountains").
Tajikistan- from the Turkic root tasi, meaning "Muslim".
Thailand- from the Thai "land of the free". The country was previously known as Siam. Siam - the name was given to the ancient Thais by their neighbors and possibly comes from the Pali place-name "Suvarnabhuma" ("Land of Gold"), the other root "sama" means various shades of colors, mostly brown or yellow, but sometimes green or black (note in Sanskrit Siam means "beautiful").
Taiwan- "bay with terraces" in Chinese. Rice fields make up the typical landscape of Taiwan.
Tanzania- a combination of the names of the two states that make up this country - Tanganyika and Zanzibar.
Timor- from the Malay word timur, meaning "east". In its official Tetun language, East Timor is known as Timor Lorosae. In neighboring Indonesia it is known as Timor Timur, "eastern east".
Togo- from the settlement of Togo. In the language of the local Ewe people, "to" means "water" and "go" means shore.
Tonga- from the local "south", "southern". The islands are named so by James Cook. In the 19th century they were known as the "Friendship Islands".
Trinidad and Tobago- "Trinidad" in honor of the three protruding mountain peaks and the Christian trinity (trinidad is a trinity or trio in Spanish). "Tobago" - in honor of the tobacco that the locals smoked.
Tuvalu- from the local "eight islands" or "eight standing together". An early name, Niulakita, which was banned, was the name of the first atoll.
Uganda- from the early "Buganda", "land of people", the ethnonym of the people dominating this area.
Ukraine- from the Slavic "border territory".
Fiji- from the Tongan (Tonganese) name of the islands "Viti".
Philippines- "the land of King Philip" (Spanish monarch in the 16th century).
Finland- from the Germanic Fennland, possibly from a root meaning "wanderers". Suomi, a name used by the natives, may be derived from the Baltic word for "land".
France- "land of the Franks", literally "land of free people". The country was previously known as Gaul from a Celtic tribe.
Croatia- unknown, usually believed to have originated from the Sarmatian language.
Chile- unknown. Possibly from the Arakaunian (Aracaunian, language of the settlers) name for "deep", which is a reference to the fact that the Andes loom over a narrow coastal plain. Also a possible origin of "Chile" could be "the end of the world" ("end of the world") in the Qechhua language.
Switzerland- from the canton of Schwyz, perhaps earlier this name came from the German "Schweitz", "swamp".
Sweden- "people of Svea". The exact development of the ethnonym is unknown, but at least it is known that it originated from the Old Norse "Svithjoth", the origin of "Svi", "thjoth" from the German "people" ("people") is unknown. The term Svithjoth was originally used to refer to various localities found in Norse mythology, including regions in Scandinavia and/or modern Russia. The obscure manner in which this toponym is used suggests that it was used for areas generally unknown, but just beyond the north or west of what the Goths, the most frequent users of the term, considered the zone of civilization. The derivative name "Svear rike" ("Kingdom of the Swee") seems to have come about after the northern Heruli people were forced out of the Gothic kingdom into southern Scandinavia. It would be logical to believe that the Heruli, pushed beyond the northern borders of the Gothic kingdom, could take the traditional name "Svi". In the end, they captured the Goths, and from that moment on, modern scholars can talk about the existence of Sweden, and not one of its constituent territories.
Sri Lanka- "brilliant island" in Sanskrit. Serendip is an ancient name derived from Sinhala-dweepa in Sanskrit meaning either "land of lions" or "land of the Sinhala people", sinha means "lion" in Sanskrit, Sinhala are the early settlers of the area.
Ceylon (Ceylon - English, Cilan - Portuguese, Seilan) - the previous names of the country, also meaning "land of lions".
Ecuador- "equator" in Spanish.
Equatorial Guinea- "equatorial" - from the geographical location, "Guinea", - perhaps from the word "aguinaoui" in the Berber language, which means "black".
Eritrea- named by the Italian colonialists, from the ancient Greek name of the Red Sea "Erythrea Thalassa".
Estonia- from the German "eastern way". It is commonly erroneously believed that the name comes from Aestia in ancient Greek sources, but in fact Aestia is modern Masuria in Poland and it is possible that the name comes from a Baltic root meaning "variegated", since this land is dotted with lakes.
Ethiopia- from lat. "Aethiopia" meaning "land of the blacks". The root of the word in Greek comes from aithein "to burn" and ops "face". The old name Abyssinia comes from the Arabic "mixed", a reflection of the many peoples inhabiting the country.
Jamaica- in the language of the Indians "Hamaica" means the land of wood and water, or perhaps the land of springs.
Japan- "ribenguo" in Chinese or "land of the rising sun", which refers to the fact that Japan lies to the east of China (where the sun rises). Japanese scholars borrowed the term, simplifying Nippon-gu to Nihon-gu to just Nihon or Nippon ("origin of the sun").
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The history of the formation of the Russian state includes several hundred years of formation, political struggle and geographical changes. Let's try to find out when Russia appeared.
- The first mention of Russia appeared already in 862 ("The Tale of Bygone Years").
- The very word "Russia" was introduced by Peter I in 1719-1721.
- The Russian Federation was founded on December 25, 1991 after the collapse of the USSR.
And now let's look at the history of our state in more detail, highlighting the main historical periods of development, and also find out what Russia was called at different times.
Old Russian state
The first mention of the Russian state in literary monuments is considered to be the calling of the Varangians in The Tale of Bygone Years. In 862, Russia already existed in the form of the Old Russian state, with its capital first in Novgorod, and then in Kyiv. The Rurik dynasty ruled the ancient Russian state. Subsequently, in 988, under the rule of Prince Vladimir, Russia, at that time already Kievan, adopted Christianity.
In 1132, when the last of the rulers, Mstislav Vladimirovich, died, the period of fragmentation of the Old Russian state began, and further, until the middle of the XIV century, Russia existed in the form of separate principalities, suffering from the Mongol-Tatar yoke and attacks from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
Moscow State
Finally, in 1363, the Russian princes managed to combine their efforts and form a new Moscow principality, and later, thanks to the reign of Ivan III and the weakening of the power of the Golden Horde, Moscow stopped paying tribute to it, thus marking the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke and a new milestone in the history of the Russian state.
In 1547, Ivan IV the Terrible came to power, and now the head of state is not a prince, but a tsar. Despite the fact that Ivan the Terrible was known for his cruelty, it was he who managed to significantly expand the borders of Russia.
After the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the Time of Troubles begins in Russia - the era of coup d'état and unrest. The Time of Troubles was brought to an end only in 1613, when the Romanov dynasty came to power.
Russian empire
At the beginning of the 17th century, when Tsar Peter I came to power, Russia began to develop by leaps and bounds. Actually, the word "Russia" itself was introduced into general use by Perth I, although it was used every now and then in different sources, but mainly as the name of the country for foreigners. If before that the phrase "All Russia" was added to the title of the ruler (for example, Ivan IV the Terrible - the Grand Duke of Moscow and All Russia or Mikhail Fedorovich - Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Duke of All Russia), then even before Peter I took the title of Emperor , the following was engraved on the coins: "Tsar Peter Alekseevich, ruler of all Russia."
Further, thanks to the reforms of Peter I, Russia strengthens its army and becomes an Empire, at the head of which emperors often change after the death of Peter I. Under Catherine II the Great, Russia wages war with Turkey, the development of America begins, and foreign citizens are allowed to enter the territory of the Russian Empire itself and their residence in the country.
Russian republic
At the beginning of the 20th century, the first civil revolution took place (1905-1907), and then the second February Revolution of 1917. After it, the Provisional Government decided that from now on the Russian Empire becomes the Russian Republic. In October of the same year, the country becomes the Russian Soviet Republic thanks to the efforts of Vladimir Lenin and the Bolshevik Party.
In 1922, the Russian, Ukrainian, Belorussian and Transcaucasian republics formed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics headed by V. I. Lenin.
After his death in 1924, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, famous for his repressions and dictatorship, comes to power. Under him, industrialization begins, which led to the fact that the sectors of the national economy developed unevenly, therefore, many goods and consumer products were in short supply. Collectivization was carried out in the agricultural sector, which led to famine in Ukraine, the Volga region and the North Caucasus.
In 1955, Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev became secretary of the Central Committee. Stalin's personality cult is being debunked. Many regimes established under Stalin are weakening.
In 1985, Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev came to power, under whom perestroika began, and after that, the collapse of the Soviet Union.
perestroika
The basis of perestroika was the political and economic reforms in the USSR, but in reality the situation in the country only worsened. Again there was a shortage of goods, a card system was introduced, which had been forgotten since 1947. The national republics were dissatisfied with the centralized power, as a result of which interethnic conflicts arose. Each republic demanded recognition of the priority of its own laws over the general laws of the Soviet Union.
In August 1991, an attempt was made to stop the collapse of the country, but it failed, and on December 8, the heads of Belarus, Ukraine and the Russian Federal Republic signed an agreement on the creation of the CIS, which became the actual date of the collapse of the USSR.
Here is a brief history of our country, which will help shed light on the origin of its name and better understand the history of the state.
What is meant by "state"?
The acquisition by the state of its official name usually occurs much later than the appearance of this state itself. It was quite enough that the country simply had a historically established universally recognized naming. Even the very concept of "state" - later. In Europe, the design of the modern idea of the state as political machine(English) State, French Etat) occurs only in the 17th century - accordingly, it was then that this word began to be used with this meaning. Previously, the state was not separated from the person of the ruler. In Russia, the word "state" appeared from the 15th century (originally in the form "state") and meant supreme power monarch. It is no coincidence that the Greek Metropolitan Photius was the first to use it in 1431, who meant by it such a Byzantine concept as Αυτοκρατορία (autocracy, autocracy, sovereignty).
Under Ivan the Terrible, the “state” begins to be understood as the entire state territory with certain boundaries, and to denote the supreme power, along with the "state" the words "kingdom" ("kingdom") and "state" are used. And during the Time of Troubles, the "state" is also called "the whole earth" - sovereign's subjects. So, already at the beginning of the 17th century in Russia, the “state” had three meanings: power, territory, subjects (the whole country). If in the West these concepts were eventually divorced and received their own separate designations (as, for example, in German: Macht, Reich, Staat), then this did not happen in Russia. Even now in the Russian language, according to Ozhegov's dictionary, two main meanings of the word "state" are preserved: politic system countries and the whole country as such. This is reflected even in the modern Constitution, the preamble of which refers to the "historically established state unity" of Russia. This, of course, is not about the unity of the political system, but about the unity of the country.
What was the name of the state?
Since initially the “state” primarily meant the sovereignty of the monarch, the most important state attribute was royal title. A mistake in writing it was a state crime, a belittling - a casus belli. The title contained an indication of both the real state territory and the one that the ruler aspired to possess. The episodic use of the title "all Russia”has been known since the 11th century, but its final consolidation took place only in the 14th century for the Moscow grand dukes (starting with Ivan Kalita).
However, the Muscovite princes who took the title of "All Russia", of course, did not really own all of Russia. Therefore, in relation to the territory to which their power actually extended, such informal names as “Moscow land”, “Moscow land”, later also “Novgorod land”, “Tver land”, “Novgorod state”, “Vladimir state”, were usually used. “Kazan state”, “Kazan kingdom”, “Astrakhan kingdom”, “all states of the Russian kingdom”, “Moscow state and all cities of the Russian kingdom”, “our great Russian states”, etc. Ivan the Terrible in his messages used the concepts of "Moscow state", "Russian kingdom", "Russian kingdom and many other kingdoms and states". Thus, the royal title and the usual name of the state were related to each other, but did not coincide.
With the beginning of the Russian-Polish war of 1654-1667, the title of the Russian tsar includes the formula "all Great, Small and White Russia". Since that time, the name "Moscow State" was no longer used. Later, under Peter I, along with the usual name "Russian kingdom", the names "great Russian state" or simply "Russia" were also used.
"State" and "empire"
In 1721, Peter assumed the new title of "Father of the Fatherland, Emperor of All Russia, the Great." The name "All-Russian" was formed from the former title of "all ... Russia." However, no "renaming" of the state itself (into the Russian Empire) followed after that. As before, its usual name was "Russian state". In the Petrine legislation, the name "Russian Empire" first appears in only a year and a half - in the instructions to the Kyiv customs lieutenant Zalessky dated March 10, 1723. Under Peter, the concept of "Russian Empire" was used in the laws only a few times in March 1723 - January 1724, and in all the meanings in which the concept of "state" was used earlier: as a monarchy, as a state territory and as the whole country. We note one more fact: the empire was not called All-Russian, as it would follow from title of emperor, a Russian, as it was called country, Russian State. Thus, the use of the new word "empire" and the old word "state" was identical. Later, already in the “Instruction” of Catherine II (1767), the Russian word “state” translated all three concepts: la Monarchie (monarchy, sovereign power), l`Empire (empire, dominion), l`Etat (country, state build). This was in keeping with the old Russian tradition.
Under Empress Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740), along with the previous state names, the legislation mentioned "Russian States and lands", "Her Imperial Majesty's Empire", and the concept formed from the imperial title " All-Russian empire" (it was used until the beginning of the 19th century). Under Nicholas I (1825-1855) in the Complete Collection of Laws and the Code of Laws, the names "Russian Empire" and "Russian State" were used as identical. In the Basic State Laws of 1906, the names "Russian State", "Russian Empire" and "Russia" were used.
Now what?
In 1917 the monarchy ceased to exist. However, the concepts of "Russian Empire" ("Russian State"), which as such were never legally proclaimed, were not officially abolished. Constituent Assembly in January 1918 "in the name of the peoples, Russian state constituents", proclaimed it the "Russian Democratic Federative Republic". However, even the introduction of a republican form of government in the “Russian state” did not cancel its existence as such, since, in accordance with the centuries-old tradition, it was understood not just one political system, but the whole country as a whole.
The Bolshevik constitution of 1918 called the “state” only the republic, that is country's political system("workers' and peasants' state") - in the Western European sense. Since then, this political system has changed its official name quite often, depending on the political tastes of its leaders. But the country with the official name "USSR" remained Russia, no matter what experiments were put on its people. Since 1993, the republic (the country's political system) has been officially referred to as the "Russian Federation" and "Russia". However, the country as a whole, "keeping historically established state unity, ... honoring the memory of the ancestors who gave us love and respect for the Fatherland "(Constitution of the Russian Federation. Preamble), along with the name "Russia", inherits its historical name "Russian State", as well as the identical "Russian empire"- they have never been cancelled.
"Russia" is the name of a country that does not have much history. Previously, the country of the ball was listed on geographical maps under completely different names.
The first name of Russia known to historians is Hyperborea
Hyperborea is a legendary state in ancient Greek mythology. According to scientists, it was the Hyperboreans who occupied the territories of the present Russian North several millennia ago. Also interesting is the fact that on medieval maps this land was designated as Hyperborea. The ancient Greek historian Diodorus wrote with envy that even death comes to the inhabitants of this country as deliverance from life's pleasures, which the Hyperboreans, having experienced in abundance, rush into the sea to meet eternal pleasure.
The second name of Russia is Sarmatia
The borders of this state stretched from the Urals to the Black Sea. There are scientists who claim that people from the mythological Hyperborea lived in Sarmantia, who ousted the Scythians and began to rule over their people. M. Lomonosov said that the beginning of Russian statehood should be sought in the Sarmatian tradition.
The third name of Russia is Great Sweden
Snorri Sturlusson (a politician and famous Icelandic skald who lived in the 12th-13th centuries) called the European territory of today's Russian Federation Great Sweden. It turns out that the citizens of Russia to some extent can consider themselves Swedes.
The fourth name of Russia is Gardariki
The Vikings and Normans called Russia that way in the past. Translated from Icelandic, "gardariki" means "country of cities."
The fifth name of Russia is As-Slavia
Arab geographers Ibn Haukal and El-Farsi in the 10th century. Russia was called As-Slavia. The city of Salau in those days was the capital of the state. There are scholars who identify As-Slavia with Novgorod land, and the capital of the state with the city of Slovensk, which is currently located near Veliky Novgorod. Arab scientists did not stop at As-Slavia, and present-day Russia was also called Artania and Kuyava. And even today they argue about the localization of Artania, the thing is that some historians say that it was modern Ryazan, and as for Kuyava, it is associated with the Kyiv lands.
The sixth name of Russia is Tartaria
European cartographers used such a harmless winding to designate the territory of present-day Russia until the 19th century.
The seventh name of Russia is Muscovy
It would seem that everything is very clear with this name, because Russia is called Muscovy thanks to the capital. But there are sources claiming that the name Muscovy does not come from the word Moscow, but from Mosokh, Noah's grandson, since he is the founder of the "Muscovites" people. Some stories claim that the words "Muscovy" and "Moscow" have nothing in common, so there is no point in identifying them.
Traditionally, the date of the beginning of Russian statehood is considered to be 862, to which The Tale of Bygone Years refers to the calling of the Varangians-Rus (there are various versions about the origin of this people) to Novgorod the Great by tribal unions of the eastern Baltic and the upper Volga region: East Slavic Slovenes and Krivichi and Finno-Ugric Chuds , measure and weigh . In 882, the Rurik dynasty captured Kyiv and also took possession of the lands of the Polyans, Drevlyans, Severyans, Radimichis, Ulichs and Tivertsy, which together formed the main territory of the Old Russian state.
Old Russian state
During the period of maximum expansion of the borders, the Old Russian state also included the lands of the Dregovichi, Vyatichi, Volhynians, White Croats, Yotvingians, Muroms, Meshchers, possessions at the mouth of the Dnieper (Oleshye), on the lower Don (Sarkel) and on the banks of the Kerch Strait (Tmutarakan Principality) . Gradually, the tribal nobility was supplanted by the Rurikovich, who already at the beginning of the 11th century reigned throughout the territory of Russia. Tribal names gradually ceased to be mentioned during the 11th-12th centuries (with the exception of tribal names in the territories of the eastern Baltic and the middle Volga basin dependent on Russian princes). At the same time, starting from the end of the 10th century, each generation of Rurikovich divided Russia among themselves, but the consequences of the first two sections ( and ) were gradually overcome through a fierce struggle for power, as well as the suppression of individual lines of the Rurikovich (). Section 1054, after which the so-called. The “triumvirate of the Yaroslavichs”, despite the long-term concentration of power in the hands of the younger Yaroslavich Vsevolod (-), was not completely overcome. After the struggle for power after his death, complicated by the intervention of the Polovtsy, in 1097, at the Lyubech Congress of Princes, the principle "each keeps his own land" was established.
After the allied actions of the princes, the fight against the Polovtsy was transferred from the southern Russian borders deep into the steppes, the new Kyiv prince Vladimir Monomakh and his eldest son Mstislav, after a series of internal wars, managed to achieve recognition by part of the Russian princes of their power, others were deprived of their possessions. At the same time, the Rurikovichs began to enter into intra-dynastic marriages.
Russian principalities
In the 1130s, the principalities began to gradually come out of the power of the Kyiv princes, although the prince who owned Kyiv was still considered the eldest in Russia. With the beginning of the fragmentation of the Russian lands, the names "Rus", "Russian land" in most cases are applied to the Principality of Kyiv.
With the collapse of the Old Russian state, the Principality of Volyn, the Principality of Galicia, the Principality of Kiev proper, the Principality of Muromo-Ryazan, the Novgorod Land, the Principality of Pereyaslav, the Principality of Polotsk, the Principality of Rostov-Suzdal, the Principality of Turov-Pinsk, and the Principality of Chernigov were formed. In each of them, the process of formation of appanages began.
The strengthening of the positions of the Grand Dukes of Vladimir after the Mongol invasion was facilitated by the fact that they did not participate in the large-scale South Russian civil strife in front of him, that the principality up to the turn of the XIV-XV centuries did not have common borders with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which was expanding into Russian lands, and also that that the Grand Dukes of Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, and then his son Alexander Nevsky, were recognized in the Golden Horde as the oldest in Russia. In fact, all the great princes were directly subordinate to the khans, first of the Mongol Empire, and from 1266 of the Golden Horde, they independently collected tribute in their possessions and forwarded it to the khan. From the middle of the 13th century, the title of the Grand Dukes of Chernigov was almost constantly owned by the Bryansk princes. Mikhail Yaroslavich of Tverskoy (-) was the first of the Grand Dukes of Vladimir to be called the "prince of all Russia."
In the XIV century, the great principalities of Tver and Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod were also formed in the north-east of Russia, the Smolensk princes also began to be titled great. Since 1363, the label for the great reign of Vladimir, which meant seniority within North-Eastern Russia and Novgorod, was issued only to Moscow princes, who from that time began to be titled great. In 1383, Khan Tokhtamysh recognized the Grand Duchy of Vladimir as the hereditary possession of the Moscow princes, while at the same time sanctioning the independence of the Grand Duchy of Tver. The Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod Grand Duchy was annexed to Moscow in 1392. In 1405, Lithuania captured Smolensk. Finally, all Russian lands were divided between the great principalities of Moscow and Lithuania by the end of the 15th century.
Russian state
Russian kingdom
In the XVI and XVII centuries. our ancestors called “states” those regions that were once independent political units and then became part of the Muscovite state. From this point of view, then there were "Novgorod state", "Kazan state", and "Moscow state" often meant Moscow proper with its county. If they wanted to express the concept of the entire state in our sense, then they said: "all the great states of the Russian kingdom" or simply "Russian kingdom".
Russian empire
After a special legal meeting. In fact - after the abdication of Mikhail Alexandrovich, brother of Nicholas II from March 3, 1917
Russian Democratic Federative Republic
Formed by the unification of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and the ZSFSR.
Also until the adoption of the new constitution in 1993, a new coat of arms was in development. De facto, on the territory of the Russian Federation in the first half of the 1990s, letterheads and seals of institutions with the old coat of arms and the name of the state of the RSFSR were still used, although they were supposed to be replaced during 1992.
The use of the name "Russian Federation" before the collapse of the USSR
- 1918 - in paragraph e) of Article 49 of the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918 (as a variant of the name).
- 1966 - in the title of the book "Chistyakov O.I., Formation of the Russian Federation (1917-1922), M., 1966".
- 1978 - in the preamble to the 1978 Constitution of the RSFSR.
In modern Russia, some documents are still in force in which the old name "RSFSR" remains:
- Law of the RSFSR of December 15, 1978 (as amended on June 25, 2002) "On the protection and use of historical and cultural monuments"
- Law of the RSFSR dated 07/08/1981 (as amended on 05/07/2009) "On the judiciary of the RSFSR"
- Declaration of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR of June 12, 1990 N 22-1 "On State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"
- Law of the RSFSR of October 24, 1990 N 263-1 "On the operation of acts of the bodies of the Union of the SSR on the territory of the RSFSR"
- Law of the RSFSR of October 31, 1990 N 293-1 "On ensuring the economic basis of the sovereignty of the RSFSR"
- Law of the RSFSR of March 22, 1991 N 948-1 (as amended on July 26, 2006) “On Competition and Restriction of Monopoly Activities in Commodity Markets” (only Article 4 applies)
- Law of the RSFSR of 04/26/1991 N 1107-1 (as amended on 07/01/1993) "On the rehabilitation of repressed peoples"
- Law of the RSFSR dated 06/26/1991 N 1488-1 (as amended on 12/30/2008) "On investment activity in the RSFSR"
- Law of the RSFSR dated 06/26/1991 N 1490-1 (as amended on 02/02/2006) "On the priority provision of the agro-industrial complex with material and technical resources"
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR of 11/15/1991 N 211 (as amended on 06/26/1992) "On increasing the wages of employees of budgetary organizations and institutions"
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR of November 21, 1991 N 228 "On the organization of the Russian Academy of Sciences"
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR of November 25, 1991 N 232 (as amended on October 21, 2002) "On the commercialization of the activities of trade enterprises in the RSFSR"
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR of November 28, 1991 N 240 (as amended on October 21, 2002) "On the commercialization of the activities of public service enterprises in the RSFSR"
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR of December 3, 1991 N 255 "On priority measures for organizing the work of the industry of the RSFSR"
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR of December 3, 1991 N 256 "On measures to stabilize the work of the industrial complex of the RSFSR in the context of economic reform"
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR of December 3, 1991 N 297 (as amended on February 28, 1995) "On measures to liberalize prices"
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR of December 12, 1991 N 269 (as amended on October 21, 2002) "On the Common Economic Space of the RSFSR"
- Law of the RSFSR of December 25, 1991 N 2094-1 "On changing the name of the state of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" (renaming the state to the Russian Federation)
- Decree of the Government of the RSFSR of December 24, 1991 N 62 (as amended on November 13, 2010) "On approval of the lists of federal roads in the RSFSR" (valid until January 1, 2018)
see also
Notes
- Ipatiev Chronicle
- Florya BN On some features of the development of the ethnic self-consciousness of the Eastern Slavs in the Middle Ages - Early Modern Times.
- BDT, volume "Russia", p.278
- Marat Salikov "National federalism of Russia", materials of the round table "The influence of national relations on the development of the federal state system and on the socio-political realities of the Russian Federation"
- Resolution of the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets "On Federal Institutions of the Russian Republic"
- The name of Soviet Russia in documents in the first year of its existence:
Decree of the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets on land October 26 (November 8), 1917- Russian state
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Republic of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies
- Soviet Russian Republic
- Soviet Workers' and Peasants' Republic
- workers' and peasants' state
- federation of soviet republics of russia
- socialist republic of soviets
- Soviet republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- federation of soviet republics
- Russian Republic
- Russian Federation of Soviets
- Russian Federative Republic
- Russian Soviet Republic
- "(delegation) of the Russian socialist revolution"
- Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
- Russian Federative Soviet Republic(occurs 21 times)
- Russian Republic
- (Treaty between the Russian and Finnish Socialist Republics)
- Russian Soviet Federative Republic
- Russian Soviet Federative Republic
- Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
- Russian Soviet Federative Republic
- Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic(3 times)
- Soviet Republic
- Russian Socialist Soviet Republic
- Russian Soviet Federative Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Soviet Republic(2 times)
- Russian Soviet Federative Republic(1 time)
- Soviet Republic
- Soviet Republic
- Russian Soviet Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
- Russian Federative Soviet Republic
- Soviet Republic
- Russian Socialist Soviet Federative Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Soviet Socialist Republic
- Russian Soviet Socialist Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
- Russian Federative Soviet Republic
- Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
- Russian Soviet government
- Russian government
- Russian government
- Russian Soviet Federative Republic
- Russian Socialist Federative Republic
- Russian Federative Soviet Republic
- Russian Federative Soviet Republic
- Russian Soviet Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Federative Soviet Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Federative Socialist Soviet Republic
- Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
- Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic(2 times)
- Russian Republic
- Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
- Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
- Russian Federative Republic
- Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
