Interpupillary distance. Physiognomy: the face is a mirror of your personality0 min read
Interpupillary (intercenter) distance (MR) is the distance between the centers of the pupils of the eyes, measured in millimeters. Ophthalmologists always measure this parameter in a patient when they write a prescription for glasses. On average, MR in adults is 62 millimeters, this figure varies from 54 to 74 millimeters in different people. You can measure the interpupillary distance yourself or with someone else's help, in addition, you can contact an optometrist or ophthalmologist who will measure MR professionally.
Steps
Self-measurement of interpupillary distance
- Hold the ruler above the eyeballs, parallel to the brow line.
- Keep your head straight and level for accurate measurements.
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Close your right eye to find the center of your left pupil. The easiest way is to take a measurement for each eye alternately, while closing the other eye. First close your right eye and place the zero mark of the ruler against the center of the left pupil. Try to determine the position of the zero mark as accurately as possible, as this is an important factor in determining the accuracy of the MR measurement as a whole.
Measure the distance to the center of the right pupil. Open your right eye and find the millimeter mark, which is exactly in the center of the right pupil, without moving the ruler or moving your head. Make sure you look directly into the mirror so that you can measure the distance correctly. The number (in millimeters) that corresponds to the center of your pupil (or as close to the center as you can measure) is the interpupillary distance (MR).
Your friend should now take the necessary measurements. You should try to keep your eyes still and not move your eyes while a friend measures the distance between the pupils. To do this, he needs to arrange the ruler the way you would do it yourself if you measured MP in the mirror. Your friend must compare the zero mark of the ruler with the center of one pupil and determine which mark will be opposite the center of the pupil of the other eye.
Contact your ophthalmologist to have your interpupillary distance measured.
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Make an appointment with an optometrist. To find out your interpupillary distance, you need to make an appointment with an optometrist. When you go to see your doctor, they will likely ask you to have other vision tests done to see if your previous eyeglass prescription is up to date. The doctor will check the condition of your eye muscles, visual acuity, visual fields, as well as measure refraction and examine the condition of the retina.
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Take a ruler with millimeter divisions. To measure MR at home, you will need a ruler with millimeter divisions. If you do not have a suitable ruler at home, you can find a special scale for measuring MR on the Internet on the websites of ophthalmological centers and optics salons and print it out on a printer. When you set printer options, make sure that the original scale of the ruler is not distorted when printing.
Stand in front of a mirror. If you want to measure your MR yourself, you will need a mirror. Make sure the room is well lit because you will need to position the ruler correctly and see the division scale. To correctly take the necessary measurements, stand at a distance of 20 centimeters from the mirror.
By the features of a person's face, you can determine his character. And the central place here is occupied by the eyes - the mirror of the human soul. According to the science of physiognomy, it is necessary to begin to read the character of a person by his face from the eyes.
Eye size and personality
Big eyes characterize its owner as a person with a wide open soul, open, sensitive and vulnerable. They are prone to excitement, amorous, but at the same time, courageous and often strive for leadership. People with big eyes want to be the center of attention and are very emotional. They need love and acceptance from others. They have a flexible and sharp mind and clearly express their thoughts.
If the eyes are large and bulging, then this indicates the slowness and infantilism of their owner. Such people are jealous, stubborn, envious, not distinguished by truthfulness and are wasteful. Also, their qualities are talkativeness and lack of common sense.
Eyes with large irises belong to calm, kind and conservative people.
Small irises speak of a person's dissatisfaction with his position in society. They believe that they are not appreciated enough, so such people are often grouchy and dissatisfied with everything. These are quite strong and selfish personalities.
Small eyes testify to the isolation and stubbornness of a person. They like to argue, to enter into conflicts, they are even capable of throwing a tantrum. At the same time, they are very eloquent, mobile and confidently go to their goals.
The shape and fit of the eyes
The planting of the eyes, as well as their size, is important in determining the character of a person by facial features.
Far-set eyes are a sign of a broad nature. Such people do not make hasty decisions, are tolerant, slow and know how to wait. Wide-set eyes speak of a person's tendency to take on a large number of tasks at once, for which he takes a lot of energy. These people themselves often have many talents and idealize others.
Close-set eyes indicate a lack of patience, irascibility, exactingness. People with such eyes like to put everything on the shelves, they are self-serving and know how to turn the situation in their favor. Promises made to them should be kept as soon as possible. Home and family are important to them, and they are very jealous.
Deep-set eyes speak of the great patience of their owner. These people are quickly distracted and do not always finish what they started. By nature, they are very vulnerable, but carefully hide their feelings. They are very contradictory and do not know how to fight for their own.
Those whose eyes are the same distance from a vertical line drawn through the nose (symmetrically set) have extensive knowledge in various fields and a developed intellect. They do not like to shift their responsibilities to others, they are fair and sincere in dealing with people.
Eyes, the outer and inner corners of which are located on the same horizontal line, speak of the balance of their owner.
Eyes, the outer corners of which are directed upwards, can tell about the decisive nature of men and the windiness of women. They perceive the world around them critically. They are prone to mood swings and tactlessness. Such people are very active, active and quickly excitable. They easily make contact, but they quickly get tired of communicating with the same people and begin to look for new acquaintances.
Eyes with lowered outer corners indicate the presence of analytical abilities, and also characterize a person as a lover of criticism. They do not strive to move up the career ladder and are always ready to help those who need it. Such people are just a godsend for experienced manipulators.
Almond-shaped eyes belong to refined natures.
Rice. 4.5. Eyes with drooping eyelids
A large lower eyelid (Fig. 4.6) is often found in dissolute people, and too sagging (Fig. 4.7) indicates an inability to control one's own actions.
Rice. 4.6. Eyes with large lower eyelids
Rice. 4.7. Eyes with sagging lower lids
Such people should beware. But wrinkles in the outer corners of the eyes speak of intuition and experience; it is not without reason that such eyes are often called insightful.
Note
According to legend, Hippocrates used physiognomy for medical diagnostics (until now in medicine they use the concept of "Hippocrates' mask", which means a characteristic facial expression of a patient with peritonitis). If the eyes are bright and clear, then there is no reason to worry. But when they are dull, without shine, their movements are slow, the pupils are constantly constricted or dilated, and the eyelids are heavy - all this indicates any disturbances in the body.
eye types
In addition to the fit of the eyes, their shape, etc., they have other features, which we will discuss in this section.
Bulging eyes
So, what about people whose eyes seem to be about to pop out of their sockets (Figure 4.8)? It sounds, of course, not very beautiful, nevertheless, such eyes are not always a sign of a person having Graves' disease. In childhood, children with similar eyes are often teased, but still they always have many friends. On the one hand, this is due to innocence, on the other - an open character.
Rice. 4.8. Bulging eyes
Growing up, such children acquire excellent grasp, they are able to assess people on the move, and in general they are players by nature. Realistically assessing their own strengths, they are, nevertheless, determined and ambitious. Unfortunately, people with such eyes sometimes do not look into their inner world, do not try to develop spiritually, which often leads to ridiculous recklessness. We can say that they often provoke certain situations that seem crazy from the outside. And only after a certain time it becomes clear how correct such a decision was, even despite the huge risk.
Note
From an aesthetic point of view, it is extremely important that the bulging eyes are balanced on the face by other features (eyebrows, lips or nose) - this will indicate success in areas where risk is part of the game.
In addition to being reckless and able to take risks, such people are very sexy, sex is as important to them as air and water. They do not deny themselves pleasures and indulge any sexual whims. People around notice this very well, so do not be surprised that there are always a lot of fans and lovers of experiments around them.
Having connected their lives with a quiet, balanced person who is not prone to adventure, people with bulging eyes, as a rule, make a mistake. Because how can you count on a quiet family union when one of the partners is a gentle stream, and the other is a stormy hurricane? A hurricane will simply knock the stream out of its bed, splashing its gentle waters all over the earth. Having settled down for a while, they will soon begin to change their own lives again, as well as the lives of loved ones. Being self-confident, they will not at all think that those whose well-being is somehow connected with their position will feel extremely uncomfortable.
Downturned eyes
The first impression from looking at the faces of such people is that they are saddened by something. Paradoxically, it is precisely such opinions of others that form the detached, secretive nature of people with similar eyes. So, for example, your friend has downturned eyes (Figure 4.9). What can be said about him? Firstly, this is a person immersed in himself. With a large number of people, he is shy and therefore tries to stay away, without drawing attention to himself.
The lowered corners actually determine the attitude of others towards such a person: everyone strives to pity him, to show participation. Most often, this is completely unnecessary, but constant empathy gives rise to the suspicion that something is really wrong in life, and problems that seemed easy to solve grow to the size of insoluble ones.
On the other hand, such an amount of "participation" of others makes a person a kind of debtor. This is often the reason that he lends a helping hand too quickly, without trying to figure out whether they really need it. Such mistakes give rise to uncertainty and, as a result, even greater immersion in oneself, isolation.
Rice. 4.9. Downturned eyes
It may seem that the lowered corners of the eyes are a sentence for their owner. It is not, and now you will find out why.
It is difficult to meet more pleasant and inviting people. They are sincere, responsive and able to support in difficult times like no one else. It seems that it was about them that K. Vonnegut once said: "The meaning of human life - no matter who controls a person - is only to love those who are next to you, who need your love ...".
The best area for people with downturned corners is one that requires kindness, patience, ability to listen and understand: teaching, caring for children and the sick, social services, resolving disputes and complaints, working with people with disabilities, etc.
In personal relationships, the desire to patronize others will play a positive role, because it will make it possible to feel care and attention and fully enjoy the reverent attitude of loved ones. There can be no doubt that it will return to them a hundredfold.
Deep set eyes
People with deep-set eyes (Fig. 4.10) tend to be daydreamers, they are more romantic than passionate natures, and they are more intellectual than physical. Nevertheless, they are well versed in money matters.
The owners of such eyes are by nature thinkers, rarely impulsive, rather adhere to conservative views and prefer to check, evaluate and weigh everything properly, rather than act at random and take risks, hoping for luck.
Rice. 4.10. Deep set eyes
At the same time, it should be noted: if you have a person with deep-set eyes, you can most likely trust him, but this should not be abused. They can be trusted, but they also demand the same from their friends and partners, so weigh the pros and cons before deceiving or betraying (however, this applies to all people, not just those described in this section) .
The disadvantage of such people can be called their intermittent detachment, which can offend other people and even repel them. And judging squinting because of the size of the eyes is often perceived as a cynical and negative attitude, and therefore can offend.
slanted eyes
A person with such eyes is very cheerful and endows others with a good mood.
Optimism, courage, a passion for adventure - such is the nature of people with slanted eyes (Fig. 4.11). However, excessive determination and confidence often lead to short temper and inability to compromise. Fortunately, anger passes as quickly as it begins, leaving no painful consequences.
The owners of slanting eyes, as a rule, are excellent and valuable workers: they have a lively mind, quickly and easily learn, inspire confidence in the successful completion of projects they have begun, and generate new ideas. As leaders, they instill optimism and energy in their subordinates, which is very good for the performance of employees in particular and the prosperity of the organization as a whole.
At the same time, those who work alongside or manage such people should know that valuable colleagues with slanted eyes should not be pressured and entrusted with routine work. Only activities where you need to make decisions quickly, where everything is in full swing and people are in constant motion, only risky and lightning-fast projects!
Interpupillary (intercenter) distance is the distance between the centers of the pupils, which ensures the correct centering of the lenses in front of the eyes. When measuring the interpupillary distance, a ruler or special distance meters are used - pupillometers.
Anatomical distance- the distance between the plane of symmetry of the face and each sight line (right and left eye).
sight line- the axis that passes through the fixation point and through the center of the pupil.
Full anatomical distance is the distance between the two sight lines of each eye, i.e. the distance between the centers of the pupils of the patient's eyes.
MP is denoted by a single integer. For example, 63 mm. Recording MR in a certain range (for example, 61-62 mm, and even more so 62-64 mm), as well as the same center-to-center distance for different distances (except in special cases!), Should be considered a mistake. You should not write even five tenths after whole numbers (this is not a monocular MR, it's MMR!), because it is not clear to the master optician where to "attach" them. Therefore, most likely, he will round the MR: add 0.5 mm to the MR for distance or subtract 0.5 mm from the MR for near.
With concomitant strabismus, the prescription indicates the distance that the patient would have with orthotropia. The measurement is made when the eyeballs are brought to the middle (primary) position in the palpebral fissures. This allows the leading eyes in case of monolateral strabismus or in turn to each eye in case of alternating strabismus in manufactured glasses to look through the central zones of the lenses. And also use spectacle frames corresponding to the proportions of the face, which is especially important for adult patients with converging strabismus.
If it is necessary to have separate glasses for near vision in patients with strabismus, the MR in those will be the same as in glasses for the distance, and in progressive glasses, the inset will be zero. The same MR far and near is also indicated with a monoculus or residual vision in one of the eyes.
Method for measuring interpupillary distance
Ruler
When performing a measurement, it is proposed to measure the interpupillary distance between the outer limbus of the left eye and the inner limbus of the right eye.
- for near , the doctor is located at a distance of 33 cm from the patient and invites him to look at his bridge of the nose. With the left eye, the doctor looks at the outer limbus of the cornea of the patient's right eye, puts a ruler on the bridge of his nose and visually fixes the zero division of the ruler relative to the outer limbus of the right eye. At the same time, the right eye of the doctor is closed. Next, the doctor’s left eye is closed, and with the right one, the doctor finds the division of the ruler projected onto the inner limb of the patient’s left eye - the value of the division of the ruler will correspond to the distance between the centers of the pupils of the patient’s eyes - the distance for near.
- For measuring interpupillary distance into the distance it is necessary to repeat the whole procedure, but the patient must look into the distance, at a distance of more than 5 meters. That is, the patient looks at some distant object, over the head of the researcher. Since the pupils of the eyes are placed in the middle of the iris, then, obviously, the distance between the edges of the corneas will correspond to the distance between the centers of the pupils. This method does not always give accurate measurements, because, firstly, there is no certainty that the visual axes of the eyes are parallel when looking over the doctor’s head (the patient may involuntarily shift his gaze to a more closely located object), and, secondly, if the patient is not seated correctly doctor in front of the patient may experience a measurement error due to parallax.
The method described above provides distance and near total interpupillary distance data, but it does not provide monocular distance data. Accounting for asymmetry in the location of the eyes is impossible. The error of this measurement is 1 mm. In young children, the distance between the inner and outer commissures of the eyes, respectively, can be measured with an error of up to 2 mm.
In the absence of a pupillometer, instead of measuring the near MR (usually 40 cm) with a ruler, it is better to use one of the empirical calculation rules. The simplest is the following: when MR for distance is 60 mm or less, MR for near is reduced by 3 mm; with MR for distance more than 60 mm - MR for near is reduced by 4 mm.
Also exists another technique at which it is possible to measure either the anatomical interpupillary distance or the physical interpupillary distance. Typically, the physical distance is approximately 0.25-0.5 mm less than the anatomical distance.
The anatomical distance is measured using a measuring ruler (Quiz method). When performing the measurement, the method of paired eye overlap is used. When determining interpupillary distance for distance, the specialist sits opposite the patient, closes his right eye and asks the patient to look with his right eye at his open left eye. In this position, the distance from the middle of the bridge of the nose to the center of the pupil of the right eye is measured. Without changing the position of the head, the specialist closes his left eye and asks the patient to look with his left eye into his open right eye, taking measurements from the middle of the bridge of the nose to the center of the pupil of the left eye. This measurement principle makes it possible to achieve parallel axes of the patient's eyes, which is a condition for distance vision. To check the data, it is necessary to measure the total interpupillary distance, which should be equal to the sum of the two previous measurements. Measurements will only be valid if the following conditions are met:
- The patient sits in a natural position
- The interpupillary distance of the patient and specialist should be approximately equal
- The specialist sits directly in front of his patient
- The specialist holds the ruler on an outstretched hand as far as possible to reduce the measurement error.
When measuring interpupillary distance for near by the Quiz method, the specialist is at a working distance from the patient (usually this distance is 40 cm). The specialist places his dominant eye at the center of symmetry of the patient's face (the center of the bridge of the nose) and asks the patient to look into it. He closes his other eye. The leading eye of the specialist plays the role of a near fixation point. In this position, the distances from the center of the bridge of the nose to the centers of the pupils of the eyes and the total interpupillary distance for near are measured.
When using a pupillometer, asymmetry in the location of the eyes can be detected and the total interpupillary distance can be measured. The device allows you to get the results of measuring the interpupillary distance for any working distance.
The principle of operation of the device is based on the corneal reflex, i.e. reflection of the light mark from the cornea. Before starting work, set the required working distance with the handle (from 30 cm to infinity). During measurements, the device is placed on the bridge of the patient's nose, the stop should touch the forehead.
The patient fixes his gaze on a luminous mark, which is located in the back focus of the lens. The observer will see the patient's eyes and the reflection of the light mark on the pupils. With the help of the sliders, the observer sets the vertical arrow along the corneal reflex (overlapping the brand image). The countdown is taken on the digital display.
The device provides the possibility of making a monocular measurement. This is true for patients with one eye or with impaired binocular vision. This is achieved by moving the lever to the right or left; middle position - binocular measurement.
It should be noted that some designs of pupillometers make it possible to measure the vertex distance in ready-made glasses, while the device is installed on the side of the patient, the handle is set to infinity, and the operating mode is changed with the button. The observer will see the patient's eye and spectacle lens. The distance from the anterior surface of the lens to the cornea is measured, the thickness of the lens along the axis, which is determined using a thickness gauge, is subtracted from this distance, and the vertex distance is calculated.
Measuring the interpupillary distance with a pupillometer is very convenient, but there are conditions under which this is impossible:
- The patient is a small child
- The patient has a deviated nose
- The patient has poor visual acuity and does not see the luminous brand of the device
- The patient has torticollis (torticollis - neck deformity caused by unilateral tension of the muscles and soft tissues of the neck or curvature of the cervical spine; accompanied by an incorrect head position).
Method for determining the position of the pupil in the opening of the rim
To accurately set the lenses relative to the center of the pupil of the eye, it is necessary to know its coordinates in the opening of the rim. The easiest way is to mark the position of the pupil with a special marker on a false template (demo lens) of the frame worn by the patient.
When marking, it is necessary that the patient looks straight at the natural position of the head. The optician should position himself so that his eyes are at the same level as the patient's eyes. The measurement is made at a distance of 40 cm in a comfortable position; it is unacceptable to change the position during the marking process. The patient is asked to look with the left eye into the researcher's right eye and the center of the pupil of the left eye is marked on the false template (with the patient's right eye covered). Without changing the position, the patient is asked to look with the right eye into the left eye of the researcher (the left eye is covered) and markup is performed.
The optician and the patient may have different interpupillary distances, with a significant difference in these distances, a slight horizontal shift of the optics is allowed during marking to compensate for this difference. But, at the same time, it is necessary to remain with the patient at the same vertical level.
Sometimes situations arise when it is impossible to make markup on a false template. For example, if the patient covers his eyes when the marker approaches, or if there are no false templates. The horizontal coordinate of centering, in this case, is calculated based on the value of the interpupillary distance. The vertical centering coordinate can be obtained using special measuring plates and fixtures.
When using a plate, it is installed in the opening of the rim of the frame in the facet groove. The patient is asked to look into the distance with the natural position of the head. The central vertical base risk mark of the plate should coincide with the center of the pupil of the eye. The reading is taken from the lower edge of the rim to the center of the pupil (only the vertical offset is determined).
Instead of a plate, you can use a simple measuring ruler. Having attached it to the frame, it is necessary to measure the distance from the lower edge of the rim to the center of the pupil.
The plates and fixture are primarily used to determine if bifocals and multifocals can fit into a frame that is matched. So, for example, in the case of receiving an order for glasses with bifocal lenses, it is necessary to determine the vertical coordinate of the lens centering in order to assess the correct setting of the near zone. On a false template (demo lens), the position of the pupil is marked and the border of the lower eyelid is marked with a horizontal line. In correctly made glasses, the upper edge of the segment should pass along the border of the lower eyelid.
Since the eyes are the main organ for the perception of light, it is not surprising that they are called the windows or mirror of the soul. Our eyes reflect our worldview, our psychological attitudes, the degree of our openness. They can give us away when we filter or reject information. The shape of the eyes, their depth, relative size, angle of location - all this speaks of our attitude to life. The distance between the eyes is an indicator of our foresight and our attention to detail. The average distance between the eyes is equal to the width of one eye, and from a physiognomic point of view, only very noticeable deviations from this average value are of importance. If you can't tell for sure if the subject's eyes are very wide or very close, just ignore this feature.
The main physiological features of the eyes, and they, as you know, are the "mirror of the soul", are their size and color. Big eyes - sensitivity, courage, the makings of a leader; numerous folds on the eyelids - the desire for power. Too wide ("round eyes") - daydreaming, laziness, maybe deceit. Relatively small eyes - people are constant, closed, stubborn, less often - self-satisfied. Small dark eyes - lively, inquisitive, eloquent people, and round and running around - cynics, deceivers. Oblong eyes - mind. Squinted, sunken - insight, distrust, greed, envy, cunning: a sign of life's failures.
