Functional tests in exercise therapy. Functional tests to assess fitness. Functional trial method

FUNCTIONAL TESTS, TESTS

Comprehensive analysis of medical examination data, results of application of instrumental research methods and materials obtained during functional tests, allow an objective assessment of the readiness of an athlete's body for competitive activity.

With the help of functional tests, which are performed both in the laboratory (in the functional diagnostics room), and directly during training in sports halls and stadiums, the general and specific adaptive capabilities of the athlete's body are checked. According to the test results, it is possible to determine the functional state of the organism as a whole, its adaptive capabilities at the moment.

Testing allows you to identify the functional reserves of the body, its overall physical performance. All medical testing materials are not considered in isolation, but in a complex with all other medical criteria. Only a comprehensive assessment of the medical fitness criteria allows one to reliably judge the effectiveness of the training process for a given athlete.

Functional tests began to be used in sports medicine in the early twentieth century. Gradually, the arsenal of samples expanded due to new tests. The main tasks of functional diagnostics in sports medicine are the study of the body's adaptation to certain influences and the study of recovery processes after the cessation of exposure. It follows from this that testing in general terms is identical to the "black box" study used in cybernetics to study the functional properties of control systems. This term conditionally denotes any object whose functional properties are unknown or insufficiently known. The "black box" has a number of inputs and a number of outputs. To study the functional properties of such a “black box”, an impact is applied to its input, the nature of which is known. Under the influence of the input action, response signals appear at the output of the "black box". Comparison of input signals with output signals makes it possible to evaluate the functional state of the system under study, conventionally designated as a “black box”. With perfect adaptation, the nature of the input and output signals is identical. However, in reality, and especially in the study of biological systems, the signals transmitted through the "black box" are distorted. By the degree of signal distortion during its passage through the "black box", one can judge the functional state of the system or complex of systems under study. The greater these distortions, the worse the functional state of the system, and vice versa.

The nature of signal transmission through "black box" systems is greatly influenced by side effects, which are called "noise" in technical cybernetics. The more significant the "noise", the less effective will be the study of the functional properties of the "black box", studied by comparing the input and output signals.

Let us dwell on the characteristics of the requirements that should be presented in the process of testing an athlete to: 1) input influences, 2) output signals and 3) "noise".

The general requirement for input actions is their expression in quantitative physical quantities. So, for example, if a physical load is used as an input, then its power should be expressed in exact physical quantities (watts, kgm / min, etc.). The characteristic of the input action is less reliable if it is expressed in the number of squats, in the frequency of steps when running in place, in jumps, etc.

The assessment of the body's response to a particular input effect is carried out according to the measurement data of indicators characterizing the activity of a particular system of the human body. Usually, the most informative physiological values ​​are used as output signals (indicators), the study of which presents the least difficulty (for example, heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure). For an objective assessment of the test results, it is necessary that the output information be expressed in quantitative physiological quantities.

Less informative is the evaluation of the test results according to the data of a qualitative description of the dynamics of the output signals. This refers to the descriptive characteristics of the results of a functional test (for example, "the pulse rate is quickly restored" or "the pulse rate is slowly restored").

And, finally, about some requirements for "noise".

The “noises” during functional tests include the subjective attitude of the subject to the testing procedure. Motivation is especially important when conducting maximum tests, when the subject is required to perform work of extreme intensity or duration. So, for example, when offering an athlete to perform a load in the form of a 15-second run in place at a maximum pace, we can never be sure that the load was really performed at maximum intensity. It depends on the desire of the athlete to develop the maximum intensity of the load for himself, his mood and other factors.

Classification of functional samples

I. By the nature of the input.

There are the following types of input actions used in functional diagnostics: a) physical activity, b) change in body position in space, c) straining, d) change in the gas composition of the inhaled air, e) administration of medications, etc.

Most often, physical activity is used as an input, the forms of its implementation are diverse. This includes the simplest forms of setting physical activity that do not require special equipment: squats (Martinet test), jumps (SCIF test), running in place, etc. In some tests conducted outside the laboratories, natural running is used as a load (test with repeated loads ).

Most often, the load in the tests is set using bicycle ergometers. Bicycle ergometers are complex technical devices that provide for an arbitrary change in the resistance to pedaling. The pedaling resistance is set by the experimenter.

An even more complex technical device is the "treadmill", or treadmill. With this device, the natural running of an athlete is simulated. Different intensity of muscular work on treadmills is set in two ways. The first of these is to change the speed of the "treadmill". The higher the speed, expressed in meters per second, the higher the intensity of the exercise. However, on portable treadmills, an increase in the intensity of the load is achieved not so much by changing the speed of the “treadmill”, but by increasing its angle of inclination with respect to the horizontal plane. In the latter case, running uphill is simulated. Accurate quantitative accounting of the load is less universal; it is required to indicate not only the speed of the "treadmill", but also its angle of inclination with respect to the horizontal plane. Both considered devices can be used in carrying out various functional tests.

When testing, non-specific and specific forms of exposure to the body can be used.

It is generally accepted that various types of muscular work, given in the laboratory, belong to non-specific forms of exposure. The specific forms of influence include those that are characteristic of locomotion in this particular sport: shadow boxing for a boxer, effigy throws for wrestlers, etc. However, such a subdivision is largely arbitrary, so that the reaction of the visceral systems of the body to physical activity is determined mainly by its intensity, and not by its form. Specific tests are useful for evaluating the effectiveness of skills acquired during training.

Changing the position of the body in space is one of the important disturbing influences used in orthoclinostatic tests. The reaction developing under the influence of orthostatic influences is studied in response to both active and passive changes in the position of the body in space. It assumes that the subject moves from a horizontal position to a vertical position, i.e. stands up.

This variant of the orthostatic test is not valid enough, since along with the change in the body in space, the subject performs certain muscular work associated with the standing up procedure. However, the advantage of the test is its simplicity.

Passive orthostatic test is carried out using a turntable. The plane of this table can be changed at any angle to the horizontal plane by the experimenter. The subject does not perform any muscular work. In this test, we are dealing with a “pure form” of the impact on the body of a change in body position in space.

Straining can be used as an input to determine the functional state of the organism. This procedure is performed in two versions. In the first, the straining procedure is not quantified (Valsalva test). The second option involves dosed straining. It is provided with the help of manometers, into which the subject exhales. The readings of such a manometer practically correspond to the value of intrathoracic pressure. The amount of pressure developed with such controlled straining is dosed by the doctor.

Changing the gas composition of the inhaled air in sports medicine most often consists in reducing the oxygen tension in the inhaled air. These are the so-called hypoxemic tests. The degree of reduction in oxygen tension is dosed by the doctor in accordance with the objectives of the study. Hypoxemic tests in sports medicine are most often used to study resistance to hypoxia, which can be observed during competitions and training in the middle and high mountains.

The introduction of medicinal substances as a functional test is used in sports medicine, as a rule, for the purpose of differential diagnosis. So, for example, for an objective assessment of the mechanism of occurrence of systolic murmur, the subject is asked to inhale vapors of amyl nitrite. Under the influence of such an impact, the mode of operation of the cardiovascular system changes and the nature of the noise changes. Assessing these changes, the doctor can talk about the functional or organic nature of the systolic murmur in athletes.

II. By type of output signal.

First of all, samples can be divided depending on which system of the human body is used to assess the response to a particular type of input. Most often, functional tests used in sports medicine examine certain indicators of the cardiovascular system. This is due to the fact that the cardiovascular system reacts very subtly to a wide variety of types of effects on the human body.

The external respiration system is the second most frequently used in functional diagnostics in sports. The reasons for choosing this system are the same as those given above for the cardiovascular system. Somewhat less often, as indicators of the functional state of the body, its other systems are studied: the nervous, neuromuscular apparatus, the blood system, etc.

III. By the time of the study.

Functional trials can be divided depending on when the body's responses to various stimuli are examined - either immediately during the exposure, or immediately after the cessation of exposure. So, for example, using an electrocardiograph, you can record heart rate throughout the entire time during which the subject performs physical activity.

The development of modern medical technology makes it possible to directly study the reaction of the body to a particular effect. And this serves as important information about the diagnosis of performance and fitness.

There are more than 100 functional tests, however, a very limited, most informative range of sports medical tests is currently used. Let's consider some of them.

Letunov's test. Letunov's test is used as the main stress test in many medical and physical education dispensaries. Letunov's test, as conceived by the authors, was intended to assess the adaptation of the athlete's body to high-speed work and endurance work.

During the test, the subject performs three loads in succession. In the first, 20 squats are done, performed in 30 seconds. The second load is performed 3 minutes after the first. It consists of a 15-second run in place, performed at a maximum pace. And finally, after 4 minutes, the third load is performed - a three-minute run in place at a pace of 180 steps in 1 minute. After the end of each load, the subject recorded the recovery of heart rate and blood pressure. Registration of these data is carried out throughout the entire period of rest between loads: 3 minutes after the third load; 4 min after the second load; 5 minutes after the third load. The pulse is counted in 10-second intervals.

Harvard step test. The test was developed at Harvard University in the USA in 1942. Using the Harvard step test, recovery processes are quantitatively evaluated after dosed muscle work. Thus, the general idea of ​​the Harvard step test does not differ from S.P. Letunov.

With the Harvard step test, physical activity is given in the form of climbing a step. For adult men, the height of the step is assumed to be 50 cm, for adult women - 43 cm. The subject is asked to climb the step for 5 minutes with a frequency of 30 times in 1 minute. Each ascent and descent consists of 4 motor components: 1 - lifting one leg onto the step, 2 - the subject stands on the step with both legs, assuming a vertical position, 3 - lowers the leg with which he started the ascent to the floor, and 4 - lowers the other leg on floor. For strictly dosing the frequency of ascents to the step and descent from it, a metronome is used, the frequency of which is set equal to 120 beats / min. In this case, each movement will correspond to one beat of the metronome.

PWC170 test. This test was developed at Karolinska University in Stockholm by Sjestrand in the 1950s. The test is designed to determine the physical performance of athletes. The name PWC comes from the first letters of the English term for physical performance (Physikal Working Capacity).

Physical performance in the PWC170 test is expressed in terms of the power of physical activity at which the heart rate reaches 170 beats/min. The choice of this particular frequency is based on the following two assumptions. The first is that the zone of optimal functioning of the cardiorespiratory system is limited by the pulse range from 170 to 200 beats / min. Thus, with the help of this test, it is possible to establish the intensity of physical activity that “brings” the activity of the cardiovascular system, and with it the entire cardiorespiratory system, to the area of ​​​​optimal functioning. The second position is based on the fact that the relationship between heart rate and the power of physical activity performed is linear in most athletes, up to a pulse of 170 bpm. At a higher heart rate, the linear nature between heart rate and exercise power is broken.

Bicycle test. To determine the value of PWC170, Shestrand asked the subjects on a bicycle ergometer a step-like, increasing in power physical load, up to a heart rate of 170 beats/min. With this form of testing, the subject performed 5 or 6 loads of different power. However, this testing procedure was very burdensome for the subject. It took a lot of time, since each load was performed within 6 minutes. All this did not contribute to the wide distribution of the test.

In the 60s, the PWC170 value began to be determined in a simpler way, using two or three loads of moderate power for this.

The PWC170 test is used to examine highly qualified athletes. At the same time, it can be used to study individual performance in beginners and young athletes.

Variants of the PWC170 sample with specific loads. Great opportunities are presented by the variants of the PWC170 test, in which bicycle ergometric loads are replaced by other types of muscular work, in terms of their motor structure, similar loads used in natural conditions of sports activity.

Running test based on the use of track and field athletics as a load. The advantages of the test are methodical simplicity, the possibility of obtaining data on the level of physical performance with the help of quite specific loads for representatives of many sports - running. The test does not require maximum effort from the athlete, it can be carried out in any conditions in which a smooth athletics run is possible (for example, running in a stadium).

Bicycle test is carried out in the natural conditions of training cyclists on a track or highway. Two rides on a bicycle at a moderate speed are used as physical activity.

Swim test also methodologically simple. It allows you to evaluate physical performance with the help of specific loads for swimmers, pentathletes and water polo players - swimming.

Cross-country skiing test suitable for the study of skiers, biathletes and combined athletes. The test is carried out on a flat area protected from the wind by a forest or shrub. Running is best done on a pre-laid track - a vicious circle 200-300 m long, which allows you to adjust the speed of the athlete.

Rowing test proposed in 1974 by V.S. Farfel with employees. Physical performance is assessed in natural conditions when rowing on academic courts, rowing in a kayak or canoe (depending on the athlete's narrow specialization) using telepulsometry.

Ice skating test for figure skaters, it is carried out directly on a regular training ground. The athlete is invited to perform the "eight" (on a standard rink, the full "eight" is 176 m) - the element is the simplest and most characteristic for skaters.

Determination of maximum oxygen consumption. Estimation of maximum aerobic power is carried out by determining the maximum oxygen consumption (MOC). This value is calculated using various tests in which the maximum oxygen transport is achieved individually (direct determination of the MIC). Along with this, the value of the IPC is judged on the basis of indirect calculations, which are based on data obtained in the process of performing unlimited loads by an athlete (indirect determination of the IPC).

The value of the IPC is one of the most important parameters of the athlete's body, with the help of which the value of the overall physical performance of an athlete can be most accurately characterized. The study of this indicator is especially important for assessing the functional state of the body of athletes training for endurance, or athletes in whom endurance training is of great importance. For these types of athletes, observing changes in BMD can be of great help in assessing the level of fitness.

At present, in accordance with the recommendations of the World Health Organization, a method for determining the IPC has been adopted, which consists in the fact that the subject performs a step-like physical load increasing in power until the moment when he is unable to continue muscle work. The load is set either using a bicycle ergometer or on a treadmill. The absolute criterion for the achievement of the oxygen "ceiling" by the test subject is the presence of a plateau on the graph of the dependence of the oxygen consumption on the power of physical activity. Quite convincing is also the fixation of a slowdown in the growth of oxygen consumption with a continued increase in the power of physical activity.

Along with the unconditional criterion, there are indirect criteria for achieving the IPC. These include an increase in the content of lactate in the blood over 70-80 mg%. In this case, the heart rate reaches 185 - 200 beats / min, the respiratory coefficient exceeds 1.

Straining tests. Straining as a diagnostic method has been known for a very long time. Suffice it to point to the straining test proposed by the Italian physician Valsalva back in 1704. In 1921, Flack studied the effect of straining on the body by measuring heart rate. For dosing the straining force, any manometric systems are used, connected to the mouthpiece, into which the subject exhales. As a manometer, you can use, for example, a device for measuring blood pressure, to the manometer of which a mouthpiece is attached with a rubber hose. The test is as follows: the athlete is asked to take a deep breath, and then exhalation is simulated to maintain the pressure in the pressure gauge equal to 40 mm Hg. The subject must continue dosed straining "to failure". During this procedure, the pulse is recorded at 5-second intervals. The time during which the subject was able to perform the work is also recorded.

Under normal conditions, the increase in heart rate compared to the initial data lasts about 15 seconds, then the heart rate stabilizes. With insufficient quality of regulation of cardiac activity in athletes with increased reactivity, heart rate may increase throughout the test. In well-trained athletes, adapted to straining, the reaction to an increase in intrathoracic pressure is slightly expressed.

orthostatic test. The idea to use a change in the position of the body in space as an input for the study of the functional state, apparently belongs to Schellong. This test allows you to get important information in all those sports in which an element of sports activity is a change in body position in space. This includes artistic gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics, acrobatics, trampolining, diving, high and pole vault, etc. In all these types of orthostatic stability is a necessary condition for sports performance. Orthostatic stability usually increases under the influence of systematic training.

Orthostatic test according to Schellong applies to active samples. During the test, the subject actively stands up when moving from a horizontal to a vertical position. The reaction to standing up is studied by recording heart rate and blood pressure values. Conducting an active orthostatic test is as follows: the subject is in a horizontal position, while his pulse is repeatedly counted and blood pressure is measured. Based on the data obtained, the average initial values ​​are determined. Then the athlete gets up and is in a vertical position for 10 minutes in a relaxed position. Immediately after the transition to a vertical position, heart rate and blood pressure are again recorded. The same values ​​are then recorded every minute. The reaction to the orthostatic test is an increase in heart rate. Due to this, the minute volume of blood flow is slightly reduced. In well-trained athletes, the increase in heart rate is relatively small and ranges from 5 to 15 beats / min. Systolic blood pressure either remains unchanged or decreases slightly (by 2–6 mm Hg). Diastolic blood pressure increases by 10 - 15% in relation to its value when the subject is in a horizontal position. If during the 10-minute study, systolic blood pressure approaches the initial values, then diastolic blood pressure remains elevated.

Functional tests used in sports medicine can be used in medical and pedagogical observations to analyze the training microcycle. Samples are taken daily at the same time, preferably in the morning, before training. In this case, one can judge the degree of recovery after the training sessions of the previous day. For this purpose, it is recommended to conduct an ortho test in the morning, counting the pulse in the supine position (even before getting out of bed), and then standing. If it is necessary to evaluate the training day, the orthostatic test is performed in the morning and in the evening.

standards, anthropometric indices, nomograms, functional samples, exercise, tests to assess physical development and ... standards, anthropometric indices, nomograms, functional samples, exercise, tests to assess physical development and...

Research and functional state assessment systems and organs is carried out by using functional tests. They can be one-stage, two-stage or combined.

Tests are carried out in order to assess the body's response to the load due to the fact that the data obtained at rest do not always reflect the reserve capabilities of the functional system.

The assessment of the functional state of the body systems is carried out according to the following indicators:

• quality of physical activity;
• the percentage of increased heart rate, respiratory rate;
• time to return to the initial state;
• maximum and minimum blood pressure;
• time to return blood pressure to baseline;
• type of reaction (normotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic, asthenic, dystonic) according to the nature of the curves of the pulse, respiratory rate and blood pressure.

When determining the functional capabilities of the organism, it is necessary to take into account all the data as a whole, and not individual indicators (for example, respiration, pulse). Functional tests with physical activity should be selected and applied depending on the individual state of health and physical fitness.

The use of functional tests allows you to fairly accurately assess the functional state of the body, fitness and the possibility of using optimal physical activity.

Indicators of the functional state of the central nervous system are very important in determining the reserve capabilities of those involved. Since the technique for studying the higher nervous system using electroencephalography is complex, time-consuming, requiring appropriate equipment, the search for new methodological techniques is quite justified. For this purpose, for example, proven motor tests can be used.

Tapping test

The functional state of the neuromuscular system can be determined using a simple technique - identifying the maximum frequency of hand movements (tapping test). To do this, a sheet of paper is divided into 4 squares 6x10 cm in size. Sitting at the table for 10 s with a maximum frequency, put dots in one square with a pencil. After a pause of 20 seconds, the hand is transferred to the next square, continuing to perform movements with maximum frequency. After filling all the squares, work stops. When counting points, in order not to make a mistake, the pencil is drawn from point to point, without lifting it from the paper. The normal maximum frequency of hand movements in trained young people is approximately 70 points per 10 s, which indicates the functional lability (mobility) of the nervous system, a good functional state of the CNS motor centers. Gradually decreasing frequency of hand movements indicates insufficient functional stability of the neuromuscular apparatus.

Romberg test

An indicator of the functional state of the neuromuscular system can be static stability, which is detected using the Romberg test. It consists in the fact that a person stands in the main stance: the feet are shifted, the eyes are closed, the arms are extended forward, the fingers are spread apart (a complicated version - the feet are on the same line). The maximum stability time and the presence of hand tremor are determined. The stability time increases as the functional state of the neuromuscular system improves.

In the process of training, changes in the nature of breathing occur. An objective indicator of the functional state of the respiratory system is the respiratory rate. The respiratory rate is determined by the number of breaths in 60 s. To determine it, you need to put your hand on the chest and count the number of breaths in 10 s, and then recalculate to the number of breaths in 60 s. At rest, the respiratory rate in an untrained young person is 10-18 breaths / min. In a trained athlete, this indicator decreases to 6-10 breaths / min.

During muscular activity, both the frequency and depth of breathing increase. The reserve capacity of the respiratory system is evidenced by the fact that if at rest the amount of air passing through the lungs per minute is 5-6 liters, then when performing such sports loads as running, skiing, swimming, it rises to 120-140 liters.

Below are a test for assessing the functional performance of the respiratory system: Stange and Gench tests. It should be borne in mind that when performing these tests, the volitional factor plays an important role. material from the site

Stange test

A simple way to assess the performance of the respiratory system is the Stange test - holding the breath while inhaling. Well-trained athletes hold their breath for 60-120 seconds. Breath holding is sharply reduced with inadequate loads, overtraining, overwork.

Gencha test

For the same purposes, you can use holding your breath on exhalation - the Gench test. As you train, the time to hold your breath increases. Holding the breath on exhalation for 60-90 s is an indicator of good fitness of the body. When overworked, this figure decreases sharply.

By the nature of the impact

1. Functional tests with dosed physical activity.

These tests allow obtaining objective data on the functional state of the cardiovascular system and are useful in practical terms: they characterize the recovery processes, which provides information for assessing the functional readiness of an athlete. In addition, shifts in heart rate (CCC), blood pressure (BP) can indirectly judge the nature of the reaction to the load and even identify early performance disorders. Dynamic studies using samples allow you to monitor fitness, as well as study the nature of CVS adaptation to changing environmental conditions, which allows the coach to dose the load individually for each athlete.

Functional tests with a dosed load are divided into one-stage, two-stage and three-stage.

Simultaneous tests include:

• - Martinet-Kushelevsky test
• - Kotov-Deshin test
• - Rufier's test
• - Harvard step - test

One-time samples are usually used in mass studies of people involved in physical culture and sports. The choice of load is determined by the degree of preparedness of the subject.

Two-stage functional tests consist of two loads and are performed with a short rest interval. For example, the PWC 170 test or 15 second run at the maximum pace twice with a rest interval of 3 minutes, used for sprinters, boxers.

The three-moment combined test of S.P. Letunov allows a comprehensive study of the functional ability of the cardiovascular system in athletes.

• 2. Samples with a change in environmental conditions:
  • - hypoxic tests (Stange, Genchi tests);
  • - air inhalation test with different content of oxygen and carbon dioxide;
  • - samples under conditions of changed ambient temperature (in a thermal chamber) or atmospheric pressure (in a pressure chamber);
  • - samples under the influence of linear or angular acceleration on the body (in a centrifuge).
• 3. Tests with a change in body position in space:
  • - orthostatic tests (simple orthostatic test, Schellong active orthostatic test, modified Stoide orthostatic test, passive orthostatic test);
  • - clinostatic test.
• 4. Samples using pharmacological and food products.

Used for the purpose of differential diagnosis between the norm and pathology. According to the principle of pharmacological testing, these tests are usually divided into load tests and shutdown tests.

Load tests include those tests in which the pharmacological drug used has a stimulating effect on the studied physiological or pathophysiological mechanism.

Shut-off trials are based on the inhibitory (blocking) effects of a number of drugs.

• 5. Tests with straining:
  • - Fleck test;
  • - Burger's test;
  • - test of Valsalva - Burger;
  • - test with maximum straining.
• 6. Specific tests imitating sports activities.

They are used when conducting medical and pedagogical observations using repeated loads.

According to the sample evaluation criterion

• 1. Quantitative - the load and evaluation of the sample is expressed in any value;
• 2. Qualitative - evaluation of the sample is carried out by determining the type of reaction of the cardiovascular system to the load.

By the nature of physical activity

• 1. Aerobic - allowing to judge the parameters of the oxygen transport system;
• 2. Anaerobic - allowing to evaluate the body's ability to function under conditions of motor hypoxia that occurs during intense muscular work.

Depending on the time of registration of indicators

• 1. Working - indicators are recorded at rest and directly during the execution of the load;
• 2. Post-work - indicators are recorded at rest and after the termination of the load during the recovery period.

According to the intensity of applied loads

• 1. Light load;
• 2. With medium load;
• 3. Heavy load:
  • - submaximal;
  • - maximum.

Functional test is the general name of methods for evaluating the activity of an organ or organ system based on the use of functional loads.

Big Medical Dictionary. 2000 .

See what a "functional test" is in other dictionaries:

FUNCTIONAL TEST- study of the functional state of an organ, organ system or organism as a whole in the conditions of their activity when performing a certain dosed work (load) ... Psychomotor: Dictionary Reference

functional test- A diagnostic procedure during which a standard task is performed with preliminary and subsequent registration of the level of functional changes in one or a group of systems in order to determine the state of the organism or the corresponding system. ... ... Adaptive physical culture. Concise Encyclopedic Dictionary

functional test to detect latent coronary insufficiency

lung function test- rus functional test (g) of the lungs eng respiratory function test, pulmonary function test fra épreuve (f) fonctionnelle respiratoire, exploration (f) fonctionnelle respiratoire deu Atemfunktionsprüfung (f), Lungenfunktionsprüfung (f) spa prueba… … Occupational safety and health. Translation into English, French, German, Spanish

liver function test- rus functional test (g) of the liver, study (c) of liver function eng hepatic function test fra examen (m) de fonctions hépatiques, épreuve (f) fonctionnelle hépatique deu Leberfunktionsprobe (f) spa prueba (f) funcional hepática, examen (m )… … Occupational safety and health. Translation into English, French, German, Spanish

- (E. Herbst) a complex of certain movements of the tongue, lips, mouth opening, chewing and swallowing movements performed by patients to obtain a full impression from the upper or lower jaw during dental prosthetics ... Big Medical Dictionary

master's test- rus step test (g), test (g) of the Master; functional test (g) to detect latent coronary insufficiency; two-step test (w) eng stepping test fra test (m) de l escabeau, épreuve (f) de l escabeau deu Stufentest (m) spa… … Occupational safety and health. Translation into English, French, German, Spanish

functional- test - the general name of methods for assessing the functions of organs using standard loads ... Glossary of terms for the physiology of farm animals

- (syn. Gencha test) a functional test for assessing the state of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, which consists in determining the maximum duration of arbitrary breath holding after inhalation (Stange test) or after exhalation (test ... ... Big Medical Dictionary

two-step test- rus step test (g), test (g) of the Master; functional test (g) to detect latent coronary insufficiency; two-step test (w) eng stepping test fra test (m) de l escabeau, épreuve (f) de l escabeau deu Stufentest (m) spa… … Occupational safety and health. Translation into English, French, German, Spanish

To determine the functional state of the body, functional tests are very important. We can recommend the simplest of them, which a middle-aged and older student can do on their own.

Orthostatic test- after a 3-5-minute rest, a transition from a lying position to a standing position is made with the calculation of heart rate while lying down and after getting up. Normally, the pulse in this case increases by 6-12 beats / min, in children with increased excitability more. A large degree of frequency characterizes a decrease in the function of the cardiovascular system.

Test with dosed physical activity- 20 sit-ups for 30 seconds, running in place at a pace of 180 steps per minute for 3 minutes for middle and older schoolchildren and 2 minutes for younger ones. In this case, the heart rate is calculated before the load, immediately after its completion and every minute for 3-5 minutes of the recovery period in 10-second segments with a conversion to a minute. A normal response to 20 squats is an increase in heart rate by 50-80% compared to the initial one, but with recovery within 3-4 minutes. After running - no more than 80-100% with recovery after 4-6 minutes.

With the growth of fitness, the reaction becomes more economical, recovery is accelerated. Samples are best done in the morning on the day of class and, if possible, the next day.

You can use and Rufier breakdown - stay in the supine position for 5 minutes, then calculate the heart rate for 15 seconds (P 1), then perform 30 sit-ups for 45 seconds and determine the heart rate for 15 seconds, for the first 15 seconds (P 2) and for the last 15 seconds of the first minutes of recovery (P 3). Evaluation of working capacity is carried out according to the so-called Rufier index (IR) according to the Formula

IR \u003d (P 1 + P 2 + P 3 - 200) / 10

The reaction is considered good when the index is from 0 to 2.9, average - from 3 to 6, satisfactory - from 6 to 8 and poor - above 8.

As a test with physical activity, you can also use the ascent to the 4-5th floor at an average pace. The less the increase in heart rate and respiration and the faster the recovery, the better. The use of more complex samples (Letunov's test, step test, bicycle ergometry) is possible only with a medical examination.

Test with arbitrary breath holding on inhalation and exhalation. An adult can hold his breath while inhaling for 60-120 seconds or more, without discomfort. Boys 9-10 years old hold their breath on inspiration for 20-30 seconds, 11-13 years old - 50-60, 14-15 - 60-80 seconds (girls are 5-15 seconds less). With the growth of fitness, the breath holding time increases by 10-20 s.

As simple samples for evaluation functional state of the central nervous system and coordination of movement, the following can be advised:

Pushing your heels and toes together, stand for 30 seconds without swaying or losing your balance;

Put your feet on the same level, stretch your arms forward, stand for 30 seconds with your eyes closed;

Hands to the sides, close your eyes. Standing on one leg, put the heel of one leg to the knee of the other, stand for 30 seconds, without swinging or losing balance;

Stand with your eyes closed, arms along the torso. The more time a person is idle, the higher the functional state of his nervous system is estimated.

From the large arsenal of the tests listed above, each student should, after consulting with a doctor or physical education teacher, choose the most suitable ones for themselves (preferably one with physical activity, one respiratory and one for assessing the nervous system) and conduct them regularly, at least once a month in the same conditions.

In order to self-control, you must also monitor the function gastrointestinal tract (regular stool without mucus or blood) and kidney (clear straw yellow or slightly reddish urine). In case of abdominal pain, constipation, cloudy urine, the appearance of blood and other disorders, you should consult a doctor.

Students should also take care of their posture , since this largely determines the beauty of the figure, attractiveness, the normal activity of the body, the ability to hold on easily. Posture is due to the relative position of the head, shoulders, arms, torso. With correct posture, the axes of the head and torso are located on the same vertical, the shoulders are lowered and slightly laid back, the natural curves of the back are well expressed, and the bulge of the chest and abdomen is normal. Attention should be paid to the development of correct posture from a young age and throughout schooling. The way to check the correct posture is very simple - stand with your back to the wall, touching it with the back of your head, shoulder blades, pelvis and heels. Try to keep on like this, moving away from the wall (keep your posture).

To the listed indicators girls should add special control over the course of the ovarian-menstrual cycle. The female body and the process of its formation are different from the male. Women have a lighter skeleton, less height, body length and muscle strength, more mobility in the joints and spine, elasticity of the ligamentous apparatus, more body fat (muscle mass in relation to total body weight is 30-33% versus 40-45% in men, fat mass - 28-30% versus 18-20% in men), narrower shoulders, wider pelvis, lower center of gravity. Less functionality of blood circulation (less weight and size of the heart, lower blood pressure, more frequent pulse) and respiration (less than all respiratory volumes). The physical performance of women is 10-25% lower than that of men, as well as less strength and endurance, the ability to withstand prolonged static stress. For the body of women, exercises with concussion of internal organs (during falls, collisions) are more dangerous; exercises for dexterity, flexibility, coordination of movements, balance are well tolerated. And although with an increase in fitness, the body of female athletes approaches the male body in a number of parameters, significant differences between them remain. Boys up to 7-10 years old are ahead of girls in growth and development, then girls are ahead of them up to 12-14 years old, their puberty begins earlier. By the age of 15-16, in terms of growth and physical development, young men come forward again. A distinctive feature of the female body is the processes associated with the ovarian-menstrual cycle - menstruation occurs at the age of 12-13, rarely earlier, occurs every 27-30 days and lasts 3-6 days. At this time, excitability increases, the pulse quickens, blood pressure rises. The highest performance is usually in the postmenstrual period and very rarely (in 3-5% of athletes) during menstruation. It is necessary to take care of yourself at this time and note in the diary the nature of menstruation, well-being, and performance. The time of the appearance of the first menstruation and the establishment of a constant cycle are also noted. Many schoolgirls during menstruation try to avoid physical activity. It is not right! The load mode at this time is selected individually, depending on the state of health and the course of the cycle in a normal state, without discomfort, classes should be continued with some limitation of speed, strength exercises, straining. If the state of health worsens, with heavy, painful menstruation in the first 1-2 days, you can limit yourself to light exercises and walks, then work out like girls with a normal course of the process. Particular attention to your condition is necessary in the period from the first menstruation to the establishment of the cycle. In athletes, puberty (including menstruation) often occurs later, but this does not pose any danger in the future.