Frequent runny nose in a child: causes, what to do? Causes of runny nose in children

Young parents are often in a panic, not knowing what to do with a runny nose. In babies, nasal discharge can be permanent, and even therapies do not have a therapeutic effect. Drops, sprays, folk methods may not be effective. What to do in this case, which doctor to contact? Effective treatment of the common cold in children always requires an integrated approach.

Causes of a constant runny nose

Most often, the main reason is an inflammatory process in the mucous membrane, nasal sinuses, and nasopharynx. From birth to three years old, babies develop immunity and a way to respond to external threats to the immune system. Therefore, it is at this age that frequent runny nose in children becomes problem No. 1.

The problem usually worsens when the child starts attending kindergarten. There are many kids in the nursery group from one to three. Everyone has an unformed immunity. Therefore, a cold in such a team develops instantly - as soon as one gets sick, other children immediately suffer. You can mitigate this process by taking special drugs - immunomodulators and interferons. An immunologist can prescribe the optimal drug. But this is a double-edged sword: if at such an early age to intervene in the child's immunity, reinforcing it pharmacologically, it will not get stronger enough. As a result, the child will be more prone to colds than peers.

A separate place is occupied by allergic reactions: this is also a common cause of frequent runny nose in a child. A special analysis should be carried out - tests for an allergen. In the conditions of modern laboratories, it is practically painless and does not take much time.

in children

Pediatrics distinguishes between two types of rhinitis in a child: acute and chronic. The first type can pass by itself and is most often the cause of either a cold or temporary intoxication with some allergen. With chronic rhinitis, everything is more difficult. There are five varieties of this pathology.

1. Catarrhal rhinitis in a child occurs due to inflammation of the nasal mucosa and nasopharynx. In some cases, problems with the larynx can cause this form of pathology. Partially, vasoconstrictor drops help to solve the problem. But they are forbidden to use on an ongoing basis due to the development of addiction. The best way to treat catarrhal rhinitis in a child is folk methods of treatment and drugs that restore local immunity.
2. Hypertrophic rhinitis is a serious pathology in which the nasal sinuses are palpable. Most often, this process is accompanied by pain. You should definitely contact an otolaryngologist and do not self-medicate.
3. The atrophic type of rhinitis in a child is characterized by thinning of the mucosa. In some cases, this is a consequence of the catarrhal form in the absence of treatment. pain in the bridge of the nose, migraine - all these are symptoms of an atrophic type of pathology. You should definitely show the baby to the otolaryngologist. Independent use of vasoconstrictor drops in most cases only exacerbates the pathology.
4. The allergic type of rhinitis in a child is provoked by exposure to antigens and is subject to treatment with antihistamines of general and local action.
5. The vasomotor type is in no way associated with the inflammatory process of the nasopharynx, mucosa or sinuses. This is an injury to the ENT organs or a mechanical obstruction to normal breathing. Vasomotor runny nose usually occurs due to objects that the child imperceptibly puts into his nostrils. Parents should carefully monitor their child and prevent such incidents.

Symptoms of a constant runny nose

Frequent runny nose in children is accompanied not only by discharge from the nostrils, but also by the following symptoms:

• subfebrile temperature;
• poor sleep - heavy falling asleep and frequent awakenings in the middle of the night;
• pain in the nose;
• migraines with and without classic aura;
• sore throat;
• hoarseness of voice;
• violations of diction;
• pain when swallowing;
• tearing.

Depending on the characteristics of chronic rhinitis, these symptoms may vary. For example, if the cause of the problem is inflammation of the nasopharynx, pain in the throat and swallowing should be expected. If the cause is problems with the mucosa (its moisture and microflora), migraines, pain in the bridge of the nose and temples, dizziness are possible.

Consequences of an untreated runny nose in a child

Young parents are often worried about the question: the child But experienced mothers often treat this problem carelessly: somehow it will pass by itself. Chronic runny nose is a rather serious symptom that indicates a possible ill health and immunity.

Possible consequences of untreated rhinitis in children:

• sinusitis and rhinitis;
• deterioration of the sense of smell;
• adenoids;
• decreased attention;
• tonsillitis, pharyngitis;
• swelling in the Eustachian tubes;
• sinusitis, sinusitis.

Stages of a runny nose in a child

Depending on the degree of the problem, the methods of therapy will also differ:

1. Reflex stage, the most initial. For a child under ten years old, it can take only a few hours. The blood vessels of the mucous membrane of the nose and nasopharynx narrow and expand, microdamages are formed. At this stage, measures to increase local and general immunity are effective. The goal is to prevent possible viruses and infections from joining microtraumas and mucosal lesions.
2. It lasts for a child on average for a maximum of a week. The most common cause is the influence of viruses and infections, in some cases allergens. The child cannot breathe through the nose, the nature of the discharge is thick, in some cases with blood and ichor (if the capillaries are weak and burst). At this stage, all the usual remedies for the common cold are effective - inhalations, drops, sprays, and so on.
3. Bacterial inflammation develops. Rhinitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, sinusitis - all these serious diseases develop already in the third stage. For the treatment of a child, there are few usual remedies for a cold. Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory therapy is required. An otolaryngologist can prescribe the exact course of treatment.

Medicines

How to treat a prolonged runny nose in a child, so as not to provoke complications? The following medicines are used:

• vasoconstrictor sprays and drops;
• moisturizers;
• homeopathic remedies;
• antibacterial and antiviral are the most effective.

If the cause of a child's frequent runny nose is an allergy, then a prescription for the optimal antihistamine should be obtained from the treating allergist or immunologist. This is a separate group of medications, and the medicine should be selected carefully: side effects are frequent.

"Protargol" for children

This is one of the most popular remedies for a runny nose in a child (it lasts a week or more - drops will help at any time). "Protargol" is a silver proteinate. It has a pronounced antimicrobial local activity. It is a solid tablet, which must be dissolved in distilled water, in a special bottle, which is also supplied in the package with the drug.

Some parents avoid using this remedy as it has many side effects and can be addictive. However, if you skip the first and second in a child, Protargol is almost the only remedy that can quickly and effectively help.

"Polydex": instructions for use for children

A popular remedy, not inferior in effectiveness to Protargol. Instructions for use "Polydex" (for children it is often prescribed) reports that the main active ingredient of the drug is neomycin sulfate. The composition also includes auxiliary components: thiomersal, lithium chloride, dexamethasone methylsulfobenzoate, polymyxin sulfate.

"Polydex" can be used not only for the nose, but also for the ears. It has a local anti-inflammatory effect, slightly reduces pain, has a beneficial effect on the mucous membrane.

Vasoconstrictor drops for the treatment of rhinitis in children

This is the most common treatment for a runny nose in children. Few parents know that they cannot be used on an ongoing basis. The vessels get used to the effects of the drug, and without it they simply refuse to function normally. This is how addiction develops.

Any vasoconstrictor drops, sprays, ointments for the child's nose ("Nafthyzin", "Otrivin", "Nazivin", etc.) should be taken no longer than four to five days. If a longer exposure is required, an otolaryngologist should be consulted about the appropriateness of therapy.

Flushing the nose with saline

Alternative treatment of the common cold in children is often more effective than pharmacological agents. In particular, regularly washing the nose and nasopharynx with a weak saline solution will help prevent the runny nose from moving into the third stage.

The weakest solution should be prepared - half a teaspoon of fine salt in a glass of clean distilled water. The child should draw it in through the nostrils and spit it out. This method is suitable only for older children, preferably from seven years. Toddlers may not understand the principle of flushing, and the solution will go into the lungs.

Using aloe to treat a cold

Aloe juice has an excellent moisturizing and anti-inflammatory effect. It is necessary to collect the juice of the fleshy leaves, dial into a pipette and drip two or three drops into each nostril.

If the juice is not quite liquid, but clotted (this often happens in young aloe plants), you can do without a pipette. Collect thick mucus from a leaf into a small spoon and place in the nostril, very quickly (within a couple of minutes) the juice will dissolve completely or partially. If any clots from the aloe leaf remain in the nostril, you can throw them away, since in two or three minutes the beneficial substances will have time to have a healing effect.

Nebulizer for a cold in children

A nebulizer (inhaler) is a device that converts a drug into an aerosol. Thus, the metabolites of the active substance enter areas of the respiratory tract that are inaccessible to conventional drugs.

Such a device costs about a thousand rubles. There are also more expensive ones, but they are equipped with many unnecessary features. For example, a timer or audio tracks. The inhaler can be compression, ultrasonic or membrane. The cost of the device also depends on the principle of operation.

Solutions for inhalation for a child can be used in a variety of ways:

• mucolytics;
• bronchodilators;
• antibiotics, anti-inflammatory;
• antiallergic.

How to treat a prolonged runny nose in a child with a nebulizer? Usually enough daily procedures for one week in order to get rid of the symptoms of chronic rhinitis.

Therapy of a runny nose provoked by allergies

Allergy in a child is a complex condition, for the treatment of which it is necessary first of all to determine the antigen. What exactly causes a runny nose in a child? It can be plant pollen, poplar fluff, chemical flavoring, any food product. You can accurately determine the allergen after conducting special tests in the laboratory.

Therapy is most often carried out with the help of antihistamines. If for one reason or another the child cannot take them, you can get rid of local manifestations of allergies (lacrimation, runny nose) with the help of vasoconstrictor drops. Alas, it is impossible to use them on an ongoing basis due to possible addiction.

Prevention of the common cold in children

Most parents try in the first place to minimize the contact of the child with peers. This is a common mistake. The sooner the baby develops local immunity, the better. If a child constantly catches a cold in kindergarten, it makes sense to visit an immunologist.

The basic principles for the prevention of a runny nose in a child are to protect him from hypothermia (especially his legs, head, neck, lower back), monitor nutrition and the amount of vitamins in the diet, and protect him from excessively long stays in the cold. If a runny nose nevertheless began, it is worth resorting to the methods of alternative or pharmacological therapy as soon as possible so that the pathology does not take on the form of a chronic one.

Runny nose is rarely an independent pathology. It is usually a symptom of a viral or bacterial infection. At first glance, this is a very harmless disease, which is not entirely true. A runny nose has many consequences for the body, including chronic rhinitis, sinusitis, and otitis media ( inflammation of the middle ear). In turn, these complications are dangerous because they occur most often in children of the first year of life. The reason for this is the peculiarities of the anatomical structure of the nasal passages and the auditory tube.

Anatomy and function of the nasal cavity

Anatomy of the nasal cavity

The nasal mucosa consists of a special ciliated ( or ciliated) epithelium. It is called so because it consists of numerous cilia densely located on the mucosa. Moreover, there are microvilli on the apical surface of the cilia themselves. They, in turn, branch and elongate, increasing the area of ​​the mucosa several times. So, on average, ciliated cells have 200 - 300 cilia, the length of which is 7 microns. Moving, microvilli promote the movement of mucus from the nasal cavity into the oropharynx, and out of the bronchi. Thus, they perform the function of drainage of the respiratory system. It should be noted that the volume of nasal mucus per day can vary from 200 milliliters to one liter. Together with mucus, dust particles, allergens and pathogenic microorganisms come out of the respiratory tract. The functionality of the mucous membrane is most optimal at a temperature of 28 - 33 degrees and a pH of 5.5 - 6.5. The slightest deviation from these parameters leads to a change in its composition. So, loss of moisture, temperature drop to 7 - 10 degrees, increase in pH over 6.5 and other fluctuations cause the cilia to stop fluctuating. At the same time, the composition of the mucosa changes, and the level of its protection decreases.

The mucous membrane of the nose is abundantly supplied with nerve endings that are associated with various organs and systems. That is why the child's body reacts negatively to even the most minor violations of the physiological functions of the nose. Even with the slightest runny nose, children become capricious, irritable, and begin to sleep poorly. The main factor contributing to the development of a runny nose is hypothermia. A decrease in temperature leads to a violation of the protective mechanisms of the body and the activation of opportunistic microflora in the nasal cavity, nasopharynx and oral cavity. The development of the common cold is also facilitated by a decrease in the body's resistance due to chronic diseases.

Functions of the nasal cavity

The main functions of the nasal cavity are:

• filtration of inhaled air;
• protective function;
• function of warming the inhaled air.

Protective function
The work of the cilia of the epithelium is also aimed at eliminating ( breeding) from the respiratory tract of foreign objects. It can be poplar fluff, wool particles and other objects. Getting into the nasal passages, they irritate the receptors embedded in the mucous membrane. Irritation of the receptors leads to muscle contraction, as a result of which an unconditioned protective reflex is realized - sneezing. Thanks to sneezing, all pathological elements are removed from the upper respiratory tract.

Inhalation air warming function
The nasal cavity also warms the inhaled air, which is especially important during the cold seasons. This feature of the nose prevents the lower airways from becoming cold. Once in the nasal cavity, the air passes into the nasopharynx, and from it into the larynx and bronchi. Passing all this way, the air warms up and at the moment when it reaches the lungs, it does not lead to hypothermia of the mucosa.

Causes of a runny nose in children

Infectious causes of the common cold in children

• acute respiratory diseases ( ORZ);
• viral infections - adenoviruses, rhinoviruses, coronaviruses;
• Infectious mononucleosis ;
• bacteria;

Further, viruses or bacteria can migrate from the upper respiratory tract ( i.e. nasal cavity) into the lower respiratory tract. With a runny nose, the mucous membrane of the paranasal sinuses and middle ear can also be affected. This explains the fact that the common cold is most often accompanied by inflammation of the paranasal sinuses ( sinusitis, frontal sinusitis) and middle ear ( otitis media).

As a rule, a runny nose in children is recorded during a period of sharp temperature fluctuations. This is due, first of all, to a change in the virulent properties ( contagious ability) microbes, as well as with the hypothermia factor. A pronounced inflammatory reaction in the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity is observed when the feet are cooled. This is due to the presence of reflex connections between the feet and the nose.

Non-infectious causes of the common cold in children

Non-infectious causes of a runny nose in children include:

• environmental factors - dust, smoke, strongly smelling substances;
• allergenic factors - fluff, wool;
• trauma;
• foreign bodies.

Allergic rhinitis in children

Symptoms of allergic rhinitis in children are:

• nasal congestion;
• rhinorrhea ( discharge of liquid contents from the nasal cavity);
• sneezing
• itching in the nasal cavity.

Given the time period of contact with the allergen, doctors distinguish between seasonal, year-round and occupational allergic rhinitis. The first two are typical for both children and adults, the last one is only for adults. The main cause of allergic rhinitis is plant pollen, which is a powerful allergen. Significant allergens include pollen from trees, grasses and weeds. Based on this, there are three main peaks of exacerbation of seasonal allergic rhinitis.

The periods of the year, which account for the peak incidence of allergic rhinitis, include:

• April May- due to pollination of trees such as birch, alder, hazel;
• June July- associated with the pollination of such cereal grasses as timothy and fescue;
• Aug. Sept- due to pollination of such weeds as wormwood, quinoa and plantain.

Stages of development of the common cold

The stages of development of the common cold are:

• reflex stage;
• catarrhal stage;
• the stage of recovery or accession of infection.

Catarrhal stage of development of the common cold
The second stage of the development of the common cold lasts from 2 to 3 days. During this stage, vasodilation occurs, which provokes swelling of the turbinates. Children complain of a feeling of nasal congestion, difficulty in nasal breathing. If the cause of a runny nose is a viral infection, then abundant clear watery discharge from the nose is noted ( rhinorrhea). There are also symptoms such as decreased sense of smell, lacrimation, stuffy ears and a nasal tone of voice. Also, this stage is accompanied by an increase in body temperature to subfebrile numbers ( 37.2 - 37.5 degrees). The mucous membrane of the nose at this stage becomes bright red and swells greatly, making it difficult to breathe. This, in turn, leads to the disappearance of the sense of smell and the deterioration of the perception of taste ( This is explained by the fact that olfactory receptors are laid in the nasal mucosa.). Sometimes lacrimation, congestion and tinnitus also join.

Stage of recovery or accession of infection
The third stage of the development of the common cold can go in 2 ways - recovery or the addition of bacterial inflammation. In the first case, the general condition improves, the function of the epithelium is restored. Nasal breathing begins to become freer, mucus secretion normalizes, and the sense of smell is restored. In the case of a secondary bacterial infection, the general condition of the child also initially improves. However, nasal discharge becomes greenish and thicker. Further development of the disease depends on how much the infection has descended. If pathogenic microorganisms have reached the bronchi, then the likelihood of developing bronchitis is high.

The duration of the common cold in children
On average, a runny nose of an infectious nature lasts from 7 to 10 days. With good immunity and quickly started treatment, recovery can occur as early as 2-3 days. With weakened body defenses and inadequate treatment, a runny nose drags on for up to 3-4 weeks. In this case, it can also become chronic or lead to the development of complications.

Symptoms of a runny nose in a child

The classic symptoms of a runny nose are nasal congestion, discharge, and sneezing. Depending on the nature of the underlying disease, one or another symptom can be expressed as much as possible. For example, with a viral infection, a runny nose is characterized by profuse discharge from the nose, and with allergies, persistent itching and sneezing. The development of a runny nose, as a rule, is sharp and sudden - it begins quickly with a general deterioration in the child's condition. In children, body temperature rises, a headache appears, nasal breathing worsens, and the sense of smell decreases.

Since young children cannot express their complaints, they mostly cry. The smaller the child, the more restless he becomes. In infants, it is not the manifestations of the common cold that come first, but signs of general intoxication.

Further, a liquid discharge from the nasal cavity appears very quickly. The production of mucous contents occurs due to the enhancement of the function of the goblet glands, which are embedded in the epithelium. Pathological nasal secretion has an irritating effect on the skin. This is especially noticeable in the area of ​​​​the vestibule of the nose and upper lip, which manifests itself in the form of redness and painful cracks.

Symptoms of a runny nose in children are:

• feeling of nasal congestion;
• rhinorrhea;
• sneezing
• lacrimation.

Lachrymation is a very characteristic symptom of the common cold. It is caused by irritation of the reflexogenic zones of the nasal mucosa. Lachrymation is almost always accompanied by sneezing, the nature of which is similar. Sneezing is the result of irritation of sensory fibers that are located in the mucous membrane.

The total duration of this disease varies from 8 to 14 days. If the general and local immunity of the child is not violated, then the runny nose stops after a couple of days. In weakened, often ill, runny nose most often has a protracted character - up to 3 - 4 weeks. In general, the child's condition depends on the underlying disease and the form of rhinitis.

Forms of rhinitis ( runny nose) are:

• acute rhinitis;
• chronic rhinitis;
• atrophic rhinitis;
• vasomotor rhinitis.

Chronic rhinitis
This type of runny nose is characterized by a violation of nasal breathing with alternate congestion in one or the other half of the nose. In chronic rhinitis, the nature of the discharge from the nose can be serous, mucous or purulent. Chronic hypertrophic rhinitis is characterized by a long course. Nasal congestion is characterized by a more permanent character, and most importantly, this symptom does not go away after the use of vasoconstrictor drops. In addition to difficult nasal breathing, sick children are worried about headaches and poor sleep. The nasal mucosa is usually pale pink, reddish or bluish in color.

Atrophic rhinitis
In chronic atrophic rhinitis, the main symptom is a feeling of dryness in the nose. Also, patients complain of the formation of crusts, a feeling of pressure in the nasal cavity and headaches. The contents of the nose are always of a thick consistency and yellow-greenish hue. As a rule, the volume of pathological mucus in atrophic rhinitis is small. However, if pus is present in large quantities, then this can lead to the spread of a chronic process to the mucous membrane of the pharynx and larynx.

Vasomotor rhinitis

This form of rhinitis is characterized by such manifestations as sneezing, nasal congestion, copious liquid discharge. The development of vasomotor rhinitis is based on neurovegetative disorders, which cause a sharp spasm of the nasal vessels.

Cough and runny nose in a child

The appearance in the clinical picture of such a symptom as a cough depends on how far the infection has penetrated. If the body's defenses are weakened, and the child is young, then the risk of developing bronchitis or pneumonia is very high. Premature and weakened children in 9 cases out of 10 develop pneumonia and bronchiolitis. The nature of the cough depends on the level of infection. If the inflammatory process is localized at the level of the nasopharynx, larynx or trachea, then the cough is mostly dry. The reason for this is a dry and inflamed mucous membrane, which irritates the nerve endings and provokes a cough. If the infection goes down and affects the bronchopulmonary department, then the cough becomes productive, that is, wet. The amount of secretion depends on how well the bronchi drain and how much fluid the child consumes. As a rule, the cough is initially accompanied by scanty and viscous sputum. Subsequently, when taking bronchodilators, sputum liquefies, and its volume increases. The color and specific smell of sputum also depends on the source of infection. With pyogenic flora, sputum has a fetid odor and is greenish in color.

Temperature and runny nose in a child

Temperature options depending on the etiology of the common cold

Runny nose without fever in a child

Runny nose in infants

Very rarely, a runny nose can occur in isolation. As a rule, in infants, it occurs in the form of nasopharyngitis. At the same time, both the nasal cavity and the pharyngeal cavity are involved in the pathological process. This feature of the clinical picture is due to the inability of the child to independently clear the nasal cavity of mucus ( i.e. spit out). This leads to the fact that the pathological contents flow down the back of the pharynx, causing its irritation and inflammation. Thus, the pharynx is also involved in the inflammatory process, as a result, not rhinitis develops, but nasopharyngitis. Moreover, the inflammatory process in infants more often than in adults extends to the larynx, trachea, and bronchi. The consequence of this is the frequent development of tracheitis, bronchitis and even pneumonia.

Another feature of the common cold is the rapid development of such complications as otitis media ( inflammation of the middle ear). The reason for this is also the anatomical features of the structure of the ear cavity. So, the auditory tube in children is much wider and shorter than in adults, which leads to the rapid penetration of infection from the nose into the ear. At the same time, the constant horizontal position of children and the lack of coughing skills lead to the flow of mucus from the nasal passages into the short auditory tube, and from it into the middle ear. Thus, a runny nose is quickly complicated by an inflammatory process in the middle ear, which is very difficult in young children. The development of such a complication as otitis media is accompanied by dramatic changes in the behavior of the child. Due to the appearance of severe pain, the intensity of which is rapidly increasing, the child is deprived of rest. He starts crying, screaming, shaking his head. Such a rapid change in the behavior of the child should alert parents even before the appearance of pus from the ear cavity. The last symptom indicates the presence of a ruptured eardrum.

Complications of the common cold in children

The consequences of a runny nose in children are:

• rapid fatigue;
• sleep disturbance;
• memory loss;
• development of chronic rhinitis and sinusitis;
• stop in the physical development of the child;
• deformation of the facial skeleton and chest bones;
• violation of metabolic processes;
• disruption of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems;
• development of allergic reactions.

Treatment of the common cold in children

• The room in which the child is located must be well ventilated.
• Humidity in the room should not be less than 50 - 60 percent.
• If a runny nose is accompanied by a temperature, then the child needs to provide an adequate water regime - often, but little by little, give boiled water at room temperature.
• During a cold, it is not recommended to force-feed a child.
• It is necessary to regularly remove the accumulated mucus from the nasal passages.
• To relieve symptoms ( but not to eliminate the very causes of a runny nose) you can use vasoconstrictor drugs, which, in turn, are selected based on age.
• It is important to know that the maximum time of using any vasoconstrictor should not exceed 5 to 7 days.

Drops and sprays from the common cold in children

Drops and sprays used in the treatment of the common cold in children

Inhalation with a cold in children

Inhalation procedures are carried out using nebulizers or steam inhalers. Various household appliances such as pots or kettles can also be used. Regardless of the method of inhalation in the treatment of rhinitis, inhalation is carried out through the nose, and exhalation through the mouth. The choice of the drug, the duration of the session, contraindications and other points of the procedure depend on which device is used in inhalation therapy.

Nebulizers
A nebulizer is a device in which the medicine breaks into small drops and turns into a mist, inhaled by the child's nose through a special tube. The temperature of the drug does not increase, since its transformation occurs under the influence of ultrasound, a membrane or a compressor. It is possible to carry out inhalation with the help of such equipment at all stages of the common cold and at any age of the child.

The rules for using a nebulizer for children's rhinitis are as follows:

• inhalation procedures with a nebulizer are carried out 2-4 times a day;
• it is necessary to continue the session for 5 - 8 minutes;
• before inhalation, the child should rinse the nasal and oral cavity;
• after the procedure, you should refrain from eating and drinking for 1-2 hours;
• the medicine is poured into a special chamber using a pipette or syringe ( most often come with the device);
• solutions used for inhalation should be at room temperature;
• before and after the session, parts that come into contact with the medicine or the nasal cavity of the child should be disinfected.

Drugs that are used for nebulizer therapy for children's rhinitis are:

• antiseptics ( miramistin, furatsilin);
• restorative ( tonsilgon, rotokan);
• anti-inflammatory ( budesonide);
• antibiotics ( dioxidine, gentamicin).

Steam inhalers
A steam inhaler is a device in which medication is heated and converted into vapor through a tube. Since such inhalations involve exposure to high temperatures on the mucous membrane, these procedures have a sufficient number of contraindications.
Steam inhalations are excluded at temperatures above 37 degrees, because hot steam will worsen the child's condition. Steam inhalations are not carried out for heart disease, bronchial asthma and a tendency to spasms in the bronchi. The age of the child from which the steam inhaler is allowed is 6 years.

The rules for steam inhalation are as follows:

• one hour before and after the procedure, all physical activity should be excluded;
• after the end of the session, you can not go out into the open air for 2-3 hours;
• you can eat and drink after 1 - 2 hours;
• session duration varies from 10 to 15 minutes;
• the number of procedures per day - from 3 to 6;
• steam temperature ( installed on the device) - from 50 to 60 degrees.

Plants from which solutions for steam inhalation are prepared are:

• plantain;

Treatment of the common cold in children with folk remedies

The methods of treatment that traditional medicine offers for children's rhinitis are:

• nasal lavage;
• nasal instillation;
• plentiful drink;
• heat compresses.

Washing the nose with a runny nose in children

How to rinse your nose?
There are 2 ways to wash the nose. The first method is relevant in the initial stages of the common cold, when there are no symptoms of the disease from other organs. To wash, the child needs to draw the solution into the right palm, and pinch one nostril with the fingers of the left hand. Then you should tilt your head down and use your free nostrils to draw in the liquid. After this, the solution must be spit out and the manipulation of the other nostril repeated.

The second way ( deep) rinsing the nose is appropriate for the progression of the common cold. Also, this method can be used to treat the common cold in young children, because its main actions are carried out by adults. The procedure is carried out in several stages.

The stages of deep washing of the nose with a runny nose are as follows:

• To rinse the nose, the child should lower his head down, and one of the parents should inject the solution into the nasal cavity using a special device. To inject the solution, you can use a medical syringe, a small syringe, or a flush kit ( sold in pharmacies).
• The solution is injected without strong pressure into the right nostril. At the same time, the child's mouth should be open, and the tongue should stick out forward. An adult should definitely control this moment, otherwise the child may choke on the liquid.
• The manipulation should be continued until the liquid poured into the nose reaches the oral cavity. After that, the child should spit out the solution and blow his nose.
• Then you should repeat the manipulation for the left nostril.

• Rinse the nose as mucus accumulates. Be sure to carry out the procedure before bedtime, so that the child falls asleep better.
• The child should be fed before washing, as this will eliminate food particles that have settled on the mucous membrane of the throat, which can aggravate the inflammatory process. After the session, you should refrain from eating for 1-2 hours.
• The best effect is the alternation of different solutions, since each agent has a special effect. If it's time to rinse your nose, but there is no ready-made solution, you can rinse the mucous membrane with clean water.
• Washing water ( both for use in pure form and for the preparation of solutions) it is better to use distilled. In the absence of such, it can be replaced with filtered or boiled water.
• The temperature of the solution should be approximately 37 degrees. Hotter liquids can cause a burn, and colder ones can reduce local immunity.
• Do not prepare formulations for washing for future use. Each time it is necessary to use a fresh, freshly prepared solution.
• The total duration of one procedure should be at least 5 minutes, during which 50 - 100 milliliters of solution should be used.
• When washing, you should not strain your muscles too much, make sudden head movements, or sniff the solution too vigorously with your nose. The pressure of the liquid must be moderate, otherwise it can penetrate into the middle ear or paranasal sinuses.

For the preparation of decoctions for washing, the most commonly used:

• Calendula. A solution of calendula has a bactericidal effect, and also reduces inflammation in the tissues of the nose.
• Sage. Disinfects the mucosa and makes the mucous contents looser, as a result of which it is excreted faster.
• Coltsfoot. Stimulates local immunity, which contributes to faster tissue repair.
• St. John's wort. Suppresses the activity of harmful microorganisms and increases the barrier function of the nasal mucosa.
• Chamomile. Stops the inflammatory process, and also reduces pain, as it has an analgesic effect.
• Oak bark. Due to the enveloping and astringent action, it produces an anesthetic ( anesthetic) Effect.

Products from which you can prepare a solution for washing are:

• Salt ( cookery or sea). Use 2 teaspoons of salt per 250 milliliters of water. Salt solution removes fluid from the tissues, resulting in reduced swelling.
• Soda ( food). A teaspoon in a glass of water. Soda solution contributes to the formation of an alkaline environment, which is unfavorable for pathogenic microorganisms.
• Honey ( natural). The solution is prepared from a teaspoon of honey and a glass of water. Softens the mucous membrane and acts as an antimicrobial agent. When using honey, you should be careful, as this product often provokes allergies.
• lemon juice ( fresh juice). Due to the large amount of vitamin C, it increases the resistance of tissues to the action of microbes. A solution is prepared from 2 parts of juice and 3 parts of water.

Instillation of the nose with a cold in children

Drinking regimen rules
In order for drinking to bring maximum benefits, certain rules should be followed when preparing and drinking tea.

The rules for the drinking regimen for a runny nose in a child are as follows:

• the daily rate of fluid for a child is determined at the rate of 100 milliliters per 1 kilogram of weight;
• in order not to create a burden on the kidneys, the entire volume of fluid should be evenly distributed throughout the day;
• the drink should not have a pronounced sour or sweet taste;
• the temperature of the drink should be 40 - 45 degrees.

Rules for preparing a single portion ( 250 milliliters) of the drink are as follows:

• To prepare a remedy from medicinal herbs, a teaspoon of raw materials should be poured with water, the temperature of which is not higher than 80 degrees. You need to use tea after 15 - 20 minutes, after it has been infused and cooled.
• If the drink is prepared from fresh fruits or berries, they must be mashed to a pulp and poured with water not hotter than 50 degrees. A tablespoon of fruit or berry mass is taken in a glass of water.
• If juice is indicated in the recipe as the main component, it should be mixed with water in a 1: 1 ratio.

Heat compresses for colds in children

Compress rules
A compress should be made in accordance with a number of rules, non-compliance with which can significantly worsen the condition of the child.

The rules for performing compresses for a cold are as follows:

• The procedure cannot be carried out if the body temperature exceeds 36.6 degrees. Also, you should not make a compress if a runny nose is a symptom of purulent tonsillitis.
• The application should be applied to the area of ​​the bridge of the nose and maxillary sinuses. Also, with a cold, with the help of thermal compresses, the feet are warmed up.
• Compresses are not recommended for children under the age of 2 years.

The types and methods of preparing compresses for a cold in children are as follows:

• Potato. Several potatoes need to be boiled, then mashed from them, to which you should add 2 tablespoons of vegetable oil and 2 - 3 drops of iodine.
• Curd. Fresh granular cottage cheese should be put under a press so that all the liquid is glassed. After that, the cottage cheese must be heated, placed in gauze, formed into a cake and used for a compress.
• Rye. A homogeneous mass should be prepared from rye flour and honey and heated in a water bath. From the resulting dough, you need to form cakes and use to warm the feet and nose.

Reading time: 10 minutes

A runny nose in a child needs mandatory treatment, because the presence of snot in the nasal cavity can lead to very unpleasant consequences. Rhinitis not only causes discomfort to the baby, but also causes many serious complications. Every mom and dad should know about how a runny nose manifests itself in children and why it occurs. It is equally important to have information about what methods of treatment for this disease exist.

Symptoms of a runny nose in a child

Nasal congestion or mucus flow from it is one of the most common manifestations of viral, allergic, bacterial diseases. Frequent runny nose leads to the fact that the baby's immunity decreases, the infection penetrates into the lower respiratory tract, spreads throughout the body. How can parents recognize that a child is sick, especially if he still does not know how to talk about his own condition? There are several classic manifestations:

1. Nasal congestion. Occurs due to swelling of the mucous membrane.
2. Sneezing. One of the most characteristic symptoms of allergic rhinitis in children.
3. Flow of mucus from the nose. It is more common in viral infections. Allocations differ in color, consistency.

Not only direct, but also indirect symptoms may indicate that your baby has a runny nose. There are a number of manifestations of the disease that should alert:

• deterioration in general condition;
• headache;
• lacrimation;
• temperature rise;
• deterioration of nasal breathing;
• decreased sense of smell;
• tearfulness;
• capriciousness;
• irritability;
• irritation of the skin with pathological secretions (integument under the nose, in the area of ​​​​the upper lip turns red, the skin becomes covered with crusts, cracks).

Temperature and runny nose

The course of the disease with such symptoms is carried out in several ways, depending on the cause:

1. Rhinovirus infection. Abundant discharge, nasal congestion, sneezing. The temperature does not rise above 37.5 degrees.
2. adenovirus infection. Nasal congestion, some mucus. The temperature fluctuates between 38-39 degrees.
3. Rotavirus infection. The temperature jumps sharply to 39 degrees. Severe rhinitis and other manifestations of SARS are accompanied by symptoms of an intestinal disorder: diarrhea, vomiting.
4. Respiratory syncytial infection. Rhinitis, accompanied by a moderate temperature of 37.2-37.3 degrees. Bronchiolitis or pneumonia sets in quickly.

Cough

This symptom of a runny nose is usually accompanied by a viral infection. The nature of the cough depends on which level of organs is affected. If the inflammation is localized in the nasopharynx, trachea or larynx, it will be dry. When the infection penetrates lower into the bronchi and lungs, the cough becomes wet. The sputum is viscous at first, but with proper treatment it liquefies. Its shade and smell depend on the source of the infection.

The reasons

To establish the disease that provoked a runny nose, you need to analyze its nature and additional symptoms - then all manifestations of a bacterial or viral infection will pass. An assessment of the type of discharge from the nose, their color and consistency will be very informative. There are several reasons that do not speak of any disease:

• too dusty air in the room where the child spends time;
• teething;
• the mechanism for cleaning the nasal cavities has not yet been fully formed (in infants up to 3 months, a runny nose is called physiological);
• The baby has been crying a lot.

Trying to establish the cause of a runny nose, it is necessary to pay attention to the nature of nasal secretions. The value in the diagnosis is their color, density. What disease is indicated by different types of nasal discharge:

1. Snot is transparent, mucous. Such a runny nose in a child is characteristic of teething, excessive hypothermia or overheating of the child. Usually, no treatment is needed.
2. Snot thick, white. A characteristic symptom for the initial stage of infectious, inflammatory processes. Sometimes white discharge is accompanied by an allergic rhinitis or ARVI that has not been brought to full recovery.
3. Thick green discharge. Symptom of the respiratory tract: rhinitis, bronchitis, pneumonia. If the snot emit an unpleasant odor, then you need to check for sinusitis, adenoids. Green discharge from the nose is often accompanied by a cough.
4. Thick yellow snot. A signal that the disease has penetrated into the deep sinuses of the nose, and pus has accumulated there. Such discharge appears if the disease is running or the treatment is chosen incorrectly.
5. The snot is thick, there are bloody patches. Appear with increased pressure or mechanical damage to the nose.

Frequent runny nose

There are two types of this phenomenon. Infectious common cold is caused by viruses, bacteria, it can be acute or chronic. The most common cause is a weakened immune system. Non-infectious rhinitis can also be frequent and begins with prolonged exposure to an allergic or neuro-reflex stimulus. The occurrence of non-infectious rhinitis can be facilitated by: hypothermia, deviated nasal septum, being in a dusty room.

severe runny nose

The reasons depend on the age of the children. Sometimes they are completely natural and should not cause concern, but there are cases in which the baby needs immediate help. Severe runny nose occurs due to:

• teething;
• infections, SARS;
• colds;
• germination of lymphoid tissue in the nasopharyngeal tonsil;
• allergies.

Runny nose without fever

If you notice that the baby has snot or a stuffy nose, but there are no other deteriorations in the condition, this may signal one of the following infectious diseases:

• flu
• laryngitis;
• nasopharyngitis;
• tonsillitis;
• adenoids;
• intestinal dysbiosis.

Stages of a runny nose in children

There are several stages in the course of the disease. The total duration is one to two weeks. Disease stages:

1. Reflex. This step takes only a few hours. The vessels narrow reflexively, the mucous membrane turns pale. The production of mucus by the epithelium stops. Dryness, burning of the nasal cavity, sneezing appear. The kid becomes lethargic, may complain of a headache and a sore throat.
2. Catarrhal. Lasts 2-3 days. The vessels dilate, so the turbinates swell. Congestion appears, it becomes difficult to breathe. With a viral infection, rhinorrhea begins (the flow of transparent watery snot). The voice becomes nasal, lacrimation begins. Depending on the cause of rhinitis, it may be accompanied by fever. The mucous membrane of the nose becomes bright red and swells even more.
3. Recovery or accession of infection. In the first case, the baby becomes easier, the functions of the nose gradually return. If bacterial inflammation has joined, then the condition first improves. Then the discharge from the nose changes color, becomes thicker. The further course of the disease depends on the type of infection.

How to cure

The problem needs to be solved and quickly, because by itself it will not disappear anywhere and can lead to serious complications. There are many ways to treat a runny nose in children: medications, both local and for internal use, folk remedies. Whatever method of therapy you choose, there are a few general rules that must be followed.:

1. For the duration of the illness, provide the baby with individual dishes and hygiene items.
2. Temporarily replace bathing with rubdowns.
3. Regularly ventilate the rooms in which the child spends his time.
4. In the room for the baby you need to do high-quality wet cleaning. If possible, put a humidifier in the room.
5. Clean your nose carefully. If the baby is older than 3-4 years, then make sure that he regularly does this on his own.
6. Provide plenty of warm fluids.

Drops

Treatment of the common cold in children is quickly and effectively carried out with the help of nasal preparations of different groups. The table below shows the classification of drops:

Inhalations

Very effective way to deal with the common cold. There are many drugs that can be used for inhalation with a nebulizer or for performing the procedure in the usual way:

1. Dioxin. Dilute the drug with saline to a concentration of 0.25%. Spend inhalations with your child for 10 minutes twice a day.
2. Sinupret solution. Homeopathic remedy. For babies from 2 to 6 years old, the medicine is diluted with saline in a ratio of 1: 3, from 6 to 16 - in a ratio of 1: 2. The inhalation session lasts 10 minutes and is repeated 3 times a day.
3. Chlorophyllipt. The concentrated solution is diluted with saline in a ratio of 1:10 and used for 10-minute inhalations 2 times a day.
4. Fluimucil. The solution for injection is diluted with saline in a ratio of 1:4 for children 2-5 years old, and 1:3 for children 5-12 years old.

Folk remedies

There are a lot of different recipes for drops, rinses, compresses. Folk remedies for the common cold in children:

1. Brew 1.5 tbsp. l. pharmaceutical chamomile 0.5 l of boiling water. Hold on the steam bath for 10 minutes, then cool and strain. Use to wash the nose 2-3 times a day.
2. Pour 4 tbsp. l. dried peppermint with a liter of boiling water. Insist an hour, strain. Let the baby drink 100 ml of this decoction twice a day. To improve the taste, you can add a little lime honey.
3. In a liter of boiled water, dilute 9 grams of table or sea salt. Rinse your nose with this saline solution twice a day.
4. Mix dried yarrow leaves and calendula petals. 1 tsp of this collection pour 250 ml of boiling water. Boil in a water bath for 20 minutes. Cool, strain. Bury the baby 2-4 drops of the solution (depending on age) in each nostril 2 times a day.
5. Stir in 1 tbsp. l. beetroot juice and boiled water. Bury 1-2 drops in each nasal passage 2 times a day.
6. Mix equal amounts of dried marigold flowers, psyllium leaves, sage and coltsfoot. Pour a tablespoon of the collection with a glass of boiling water. Hold in a water bath for 5 minutes, then leave for half an hour and then strain. Bury in each nostril 2-3 drops of the solution 3 times a day.
7. Stir 1 tsp. mint essential oil with the same amount of linden honey. Insist a quarter of an hour. Moisten a gauze bandage in the resulting mixture, apply to the nose for a quarter of an hour. Rinse off the rest of the ointment with warm water. Repeat in the morning and evening.

Is it possible to walk with a child with a cold

Doctors recommend that you take the baby out into the fresh air, if he feels well, he does not have aggravating symptoms: temperature, weakness. If the runny nose is allergic, then the benefits of walking are determined by what irritant it is caused by.. For example, if the baby does not tolerate some plant pollen, then it is better to be at home, and if the reaction occurs to household dust, then being outside, on the contrary, is preferable. There are several rules for walking with an illness:

1. Limit your baby's contact with other children. It can not only infect healthy people, but also pick up other infections, viruses.
2. Don't put on "a hundred clothes". If the baby sweats, it will only delay recovery.
3. Make sure he doesn't get tired. It is better to limit yourself to calm walks, the duration of which will not exceed 40 minutes in the warm season and 20 minutes in the cold.
4. Do not take your baby out for a walk if there is strong wind or rain outside.
5. Clean your child's nose thoroughly before walking.

Complications

Treatment of a runny nose in a child is mandatory, because in most cases this problem will not disappear on its own and can lead to very unpleasant consequences:

• chronic rhinitis (catarrhal, hypertrophic, atrophic);
• rapid fatigue;
• increased predisposition to allergies;
• sleep disorders;
• improper functioning of the respiratory system, cardiovascular system;
• sinusitis;
• violation of metabolic processes;
• problems with the physical development of the child;
• deformities of the facial skeleton;
• frequent infections of ENT organs;
• pharyngitis;
• tonsillitis;
• otitis;
• bronchitis;
• pneumonia.

Prevention

To reduce the risk of a runny nose in children, parents should adhere to a number of rules that will help maintain health. They are very simple but effective. What to do to minimize the risk of a runny nose in a child:

• arrange regular walks in the fresh air for the baby;
• do wet cleaning in the children's room and ventilate it more often;
• dress the child according to the weather - both hypothermia and overheating are equally unfavorable for him;
• organize a summer vacation at the sea, in the mountains, in the forest or any other area with clean air;
• start practicing hardening from an early age;
• introduce immunostimulating foods into the diet: echinacea, ginger, ginseng, onion, honey, garlic;
• instill in your baby the habit of moving a lot, playing sports and being physically active.

Video

A persistent runny nose in children is called inflammation of the nasal mucosa lasting more than 10 days. This, of course, is not the norm and requires a mandatory clarification of the cause and, if necessary, treatment. Prolonged rhinitis can be both physiological and pathological, so it is important to distinguish between these conditions. Also, pathological rhinitis includes several varieties, the therapy of which has significant differences.

Most often, persistent snot in a child is caused by the following processes:

• adenoiditis - inflammation of the pharyngeal tonsil;
• otitis media - inflammation of the middle ear, from which pathological secretions can easily enter the pharynx and nasal cavity;
• sinusitis - a bacterial lesion of the maxillary paranasal sinuses (this process practically does not occur in children under 3 years old, since the sinuses are not yet developed);
• chronic inflammatory diseases of the laryngopharynx;
• frequent colds and weakened immunity;
• prolonged and uncontrolled use of vasoconstrictor nasal drops;
• curvature of the nasal septum or congenital anomalies in the structure of the sinuses;
• passive smoking - if the child is constantly forced to breathe cigarette smoke.

Depending on the nature of the origin of the common cold, it can be:

• viral;
• bacterial;
• allergic.

In some cases, inflammation of the mucous membranes in the nose can provoke traumatic tissue damage, for example, when small toys get into the nose, unsuccessful brushing, sticking fingers and sharp objects into the nasal cavity.

Symptoms of a viral cold

Ordinary acute rhinitis develops as a result of viruses entering the mucous membranes, which invade the epithelial cells and begin to multiply actively there. Often in children, acute rhinitis occurs in parallel with inflammation of the pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids), tonsillitis, pharyngitis.

Viral rhinitis is characterized by nasal congestion, abundant clear mucous discharge, reddening of the skin around the vestibule of the nasal cavity, impaired breathing due to swelling of the tissues.

Runny nose of bacterial origin

Bacterial rhinitis is a consequence of complicated or untreated acute rhinitis and is characterized by the addition of a secondary bacterial infection and the development of a sluggish inflammatory process, both in the nasal cavity itself and in the nearby paranasal sinuses.

In this case, the discharge acquires a thick consistency, or becomes mucopurulent or purulent, and may have an unpleasant odor.

Breathing through the nose is disturbed, the child constantly has snot, in a dream he can snore and cough because of.

The inflammatory process alternates with periods of improvement (when the immune system grows stronger and is able to restrain further reproduction of microorganisms) and relapses (when, under the influence of external factors, such as hypothermia or too dry air, the defenses are weakened and bacteria begin to multiply again).

Allergic reaction

Allergic persistent rhinitis in a child can have both intermittent and chronic, depending on the nature of its origin. For example, if rhinitis is caused by the flowering of ragweed or poplars, then a runny nose will appear in the summer and continue until autumn.

Humidification of the atmosphere

In addition, you should carefully monitor the level of humidity in the room, a special hygrometer will help you with this. It is optimal if the humidity in the room where the small patient is located is 60-65% - this will help prevent the mucus from drying out and the formation of crusts in the nose.

During the heating season, it is difficult to maintain the required air humidity, so use special humidifiers and ionizers or simply hang wet terry sheets over the radiators.

The air temperature in the room where the child with a runny nose is located should not be higher than 18-20 degrees, if it is cool, then it is better to put on a blouse for him.

Regular through ventilation prevents the reproduction of viruses in the air, it is recommended to arrange them 2-3 times a day, after removing the child to another room so that it is not blown out.

Drinking regime

Pay attention to the drinking regime, as in the acute form of the inflammatory process, the body loses a lot of fluid and mineral salts with discharge from the nose and then at a temperature.

This is a prerequisite for a quick recovery, especially with a prolonged runny nose.

Suitable warm alkaline drinks (mineral water without gas), compotes, fruit drinks, tea with lemon, raspberries, linden, honey, rosehip broth - they contribute to the accelerated removal of toxins from the body, respectively, reduce the duration of the disease.

walks

As for walks, you should not refuse them with a cold, if the child feels well and his body temperature is normal. Many parents make the mistake of not letting the patient go anywhere until the rhinitis has passed, which leads to drying of the mucus in the nose, the addition of a bacterial infection and a longer course of the disease. Dress your baby according to the weather and walk outdoors as much as possible.

Drug treatment of bacterial rhinitis

Among medicinal solutions for the treatment of rhinitis, preparations of general (systemic) and local action are distinguished. For symptomatic therapy and relief of nasal breathing, vasoconstrictor nasal drops are used:

• Otrivin;
• Rinazolin;
• Farmazolin;
• Naphthyzin;
• Nazivin.

It is recommended to use nasal drops with a vasoconstrictive effect no longer than 3-5 days and no more than 2 times a day, since the drugs are quickly addictive, which requires a constant increase in the allowable dose and increases the risk of overdose and side effects.

Detailed information on this group of drugs by age,.

Among the drops for the nose with a therapeutic, rather than symptomatic effect, there are:

• Evkazolin - a drug with menthol, eucalyptus and peppermint in the composition, promotes rapid regeneration (healing) of the mucous membranes, creates an invisible protective film on the surface, reduces the risk of infection spreading to the larynx and trachea;
• Pinosol - similar in composition and action to Evkazolin, can be used to treat children from 3 years old;
• Protargol - a preparation based on colloidal silver, is used to treat the common cold of a bacterial nature;
• Kollargol - an analogue of Protargol, is used to treat rhinitis and adenoiditis in children as part of complex therapy;
• Polydex with phenylephrine- this is a complex therapeutic drug that simultaneously relieves swelling of the mucous membranes, facilitating nasal breathing, and destroys bacteria (suitable for the treatment of rhinitis of bacterial origin and complicated forms of the common cold with the addition of secondary bacterial flora);
• Isofra is a drug for local use in otolaryngology from the group of aminoglycosides, the main active ingredient of which is the antibiotic framycitin. the medicine is effective for rhinitis of bacterial origin, sinusitis, sinusitis.

Before using any drops and sprays, it is advisable to rinse the nasal cavity with a saline solution from those described above, or with your own preparation at the rate of 1 teaspoon of salt per 0.5 liter of warm water.

The procedure is especially necessary in the presence of abundant thick or dry snot, otherwise the medicine will not get on the mucous membranes and will not bring a positive effect. A complete guide to all types of baby drops,.

If the child has a stuffy nose, you first need to use vasoconstrictors, and then medicines. When the patient is too small to blow his nose, the nasal mucus must be sucked out mechanically. How to do it right - read in.

Treatment of rhinitis of viral etiology

If a runny nose of a viral nature does not pass, the child is prescribed antiviral drugs for topical use in the form of drops (Grippferon - a solution for intranasal instillation, IRS-19 spray, can be used from birth, Groprinosin from 3 years old, Tsitovir 3 syrup from 1 year old) and for rectal application in the form of suppositories of general action (Viferon, Laferobion, Interferon).

These drugs not only fight hard against a viral infection in the body, but also stimulate the immune system to produce its own interferon, which significantly increases the body's resistance and reduces the risk of complications.

Therapy of the allergic form

Treatment of allergic rhinitis is significantly different from viral or bacterial, since these drugs are not used. An exception is vasoconstrictor drops in the nose, which help to ease breathing and slightly relieve swelling of the tissues.

The basis of therapy are sprays for intranasal use, which include hormonal components. These are dosed topical preparations that are almost not absorbed into the general bloodstream, so the risk of side effects is minimal if the dosage and rules of use are observed.

Effective and common in pediatric practice drugs are:

• Avamis;
• Baconase;
• Flixonase.

Hormonal preparations for the treatment of allergic rhinitis can only be used as directed by a doctor, if this is really necessary. Self-medication often leads to severe side effects in the form of atrophy of the nasal mucosa, nosebleeds, fragility of blood vessels.

In the treatment of a persistent runny nose in children of an allergic nature, it is important not only to suppress the symptoms with hormonal drugs, but to establish the cause of the development of rhinitis and, if possible, exclude the baby from contact with an irritating component.

Physiotherapy treatment of persistent cold

In combination with drug treatment methods, physiotherapy procedures are used to eliminate chronic rhinitis. They are prescribed only by a doctor and are an effective help in therapy, and in some cases they replace it:

• Laser therapy - under the influence of a laser beam, modified and thickened blood vessels are destroyed, which can intertwine with each other and interfere with full nasal breathing. In the process of regeneration of the mucous membranes (healing), new vessels are formed, through which blood circulates better, thereby reducing the severity of swelling of the epithelium of the nasal cavity.
• Ultrasound treatment- when using ultrasound of a certain frequency, it reduces the volume of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity, due to which edema is removed and full breathing is restored.
• Tube-quartz - ultraviolet irradiation of the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity and pharynx. This procedure contributes to the destruction of the bacterial flora, relieves tissue swelling, and reduces the severity of the inflammatory process.

Physiotherapy treatment is carried out for children only after the acute inflammatory process subsides, otherwise the risk of complications and adverse effects of the procedure increases.

Treatment of a persistent runny nose for children also implies a complex effect on the body of hardening procedures, breathing exercises, exercise therapy, a rational balanced diet - all this helps to increase protective forces and strengthen immunity.

[Pediatrician's consultation] Chronic runny nose in children

Causes and treatment of persistent runny nose with snot in children

In contact with

A runny nose so often appears in children of any age that sometimes it seems to be an obligatory accessory of preschool childhood. Perhaps it is this circumstance that makes many parents underestimate the importance of frequent rhinitis in children older than a year.

If a runny nose in an infant should be treated immediately after it occurs, because the baby cannot fully eat and sleep due to a stuffy nose, then rhinitis in children older than a year requires accurate diagnosis and a balanced approach. A common cold, left to chance, can cause.

Runny nose is a disease?

Rhinitis, or runny nose, is an inflammation of the nasal cavities in an acute or chronic form, expressed in a violation of free breathing. The main purpose of the nasal mucosa is to protect the respiratory organs from the penetration of bacteria, viruses and other pathogenic organisms.

Normally, they remain in the mucus of the nasal passages, and then are removed using the ciliated epithelium. If a child has a runny nose, then the protection is weakened by the following factors:

• Hypothermia of the body;
• Irritation by strong odors;
• Dusty or dry air;
• Exposure to cold air.

Having overcome the protective barrier, the virus penetrates the cells of the nasal mucosa, matures and multiplies inside them, and subsequently destroys it. When the bacterial flora joins the contents of the nasal passages, the runny nose moves to the next round of its development.

If it is not possible to quickly get rid of the common cold, it becomes chronic. At the same time, infiltrates appear on the mucosa, it hypertrophies or partially atrophies.

Such an ENT pathology is almost never diagnosed as a separate disease. Most often, chronic or acute rhinitis in children is a symptom of a viral, bacterial infection or allergy.

According to medical statistics, each child of preschool or primary school age suffers from 4 to 9 cases of the common cold per year.

Do not underestimate the possible consequences of protracted rhinitis:

• Slowing down the pace of physical and mental development of the child;
• Decreased academic performance in schoolchildren;
• Sinusitis;
• Pneumonia;
• Bronchial asthma;
• Otitis media.

Diagnosis and treatment of a runny nose in children is carried out by a pediatrician or a pediatric otorhinolaryngologist. For an in-depth examination and specific treatment, it may be necessary to consult an allergist or pulmonologist.

Causes of a runny nose

Most often, rhinitis in children is caused by rhino- and adenoviruses, influenza viruses, streptococci and staphylococci, pathogens of respiratory infections. Rarely, a runny nose can be caused by fungi and bacteria that provoke the appearance of tuberculosis, gonorrhea, as well as chlamydia, mycoplasma.

The main causes of children's runny nose:

• Infection of a child with influenza, adenovirus infection, diphtheria, scarlet fever, whooping cough, meningitis, measles;
• Decrease in the protective function of the nasal mucosa due to tonsillitis, sinusitis, inflammation of the adenoids;
• Side effect of vaccination;
• catarrhal diathesis;
• Exposure to allergens (plant pollen, house dust, animal dander, food);
• Anatomical features (polyps of the nasal cavity, curvature of the nasal septum);
• Disorder of neurovegetative regulation of blood supply to the nasal cavity due to prolonged use of vasoconstrictor drugs;
• Vascular neurosis.

The causes of possible complications of rhinitis are associated with age-related features of the anatomy of the upper respiratory tract. If a one-year-old child has no maxillary sinuses, then in children of early preschool age they are just beginning to form.

At the age of 5-8 years, their size is minimal, the maxillary sinuses reach their optimal size by the age of 16. As a result, improper treatment of rhinitis in children under 7 years of age is complicated by otitis media, and in adolescents by sinusitis.

Classification of rhinitis and its symptoms

If we classify rhinitis in children according to the form of the course, acute and chronic are distinguished. The division of cases of rhinitis according to the course of pathology is seasonal, paroxysmal and permanent.

In an acute form, the pathological process develops rapidly. A burning sensation, itching appears in the nose, the nasal passages are blocked, abundant mucus flows from them.

The child begins to sneeze, tears flow from the eyes, a headache appears. The continuous flow of mucus with a prolonged runny nose leads to irritation of the wings of the nose and the skin of the upper lip.

Since the natural drainage of the nasal cavity is impaired, and the ciliated epithelium does not perform its functions, the bacterial flora actively develops in the nasal passages. This can be judged by the changed color of the mucous secretions - it acquires a yellow-green color, becomes cloudy.

After a few days, acute symptoms subside, the volume of mucus decreases, nasal breathing improves. If it is possible to prevent a runny nose at an early stage, on the 6-7th day the symptoms of rhinitis subside, the acute form ends with recovery.

A cough and a hoarse voice in a child against the background of the above symptoms indicate that the infection has penetrated the pharynx, larynx, trachea, or lower - into the bronchopulmonary region. Such complications are common in weakened children with reduced immunity.

The main types of rhinitis in children - classification by etiology:

Simple catarrhal rhinitis.

Symptoms are less pronounced - nasal breathing is disturbed, alternately one or the other nostril is blocked, mucopurulent discharge is constantly present. When the mucus flows into the nasopharynx, the child snores in his sleep, begins to cough, he may vomit.

Hypertrophic rhinitis.

Nasal breathing is difficult all the time, there is a headache, impaired hearing, voice and smell. Hypertrophic protracted runny nose in a child of school age leads to increased fatigue and reduced academic performance.

Vasomotor rhinitis.

It is diagnosed in younger schoolchildren and adolescents due to impaired regulation of the blood supply to the nasal cavities. Symptoms - copious flow of mucus, frequent sneezing, periodic obstruction of the nasal passages, tachycardia, sweating, headache attacks.

Attacks of vasomotor rhinitis occur after stressful situations, due to temperature changes, sudden changes in the external environment.

(ozena), or offensive coryza.

Nasal breathing is disturbed, viscous mucus and coarse crusts with an unpleasant odor accumulate in the nose. With atrophy of the bone walls, the nose can be deformed.

It occurs as a reaction to the introduction of an allergen into the body - more often pollen of plants, trees and cereals, less often - house dust and mold fungi. The child often sneezes, itches in the nose, copious nasal discharge appears, sleep and appetite are disturbed.

The pathological process is not limited to the nasal cavity, it captures the maxillary sinuses, so the more accurate name for such a runny nose is rhinosinusitis.

Approximately 40% of all cases of the common cold in children are caused by the action of allergens. Therefore, wondering why a child does not have a runny nose for a long time, it is worth seeking advice from an allergist.

How to treat a child's runny nose?

Since rhinitis is most often a symptom of some kind of pathology, the main attention is paid to the treatment of this disease. With a runny nose caused by a cold, Grippferon in the form of drops or spray has an excellent antiviral and immunomodulatory effect.

The choice of treatment regimen for the common cold depends on the age of the child, on the anatomical features of the respiratory system of preschoolers, younger students and adolescents.

Treatment of the common cold in preschool children (from one to 7 years)

If rhinitis is caused by viruses, the most effective remedy for viral rhinitis for preschool children is expectant management. It is worth being patient and waiting for 4-5 days for the child's immunity to independently suppress the viral infection.

Refusal of drugs in this case will enable the immune system to get stronger and subsequently avoid frequent relapses of rhinitis.

How to make breathing easier with a runny nose in children 1-7 years old:

• Ventilate the child's room more often;
• Maintain a stable humidity of 50-60% in it;
• Do not force-feed the baby if he has no appetite;
• Remove excess mucus;
• Provide your child with plenty of warm fluids.

If after 5 days the symptoms of rhinitis do not subside, drug treatment is used. At this age, washing the nose with a runny nose should be avoided, since the drug, injected under pressure into the nasal passages, together with the infected mucus, easily penetrates the middle ear and causes otitis media.

For symptomatic treatment, vasoconstrictor baby drops with anti-inflammatory and anti-edematous effects are used. It is important to remember that drugs of this type are not used for longer than 5 days in order to avoid addiction.

Effective cold drops for children from one to seven years old:

• Vibrocil;
• Brizolin;
• Otrivin baby;
• Nazol baby.

If rhinitis is caused by excessive dryness in the room, saline solutions will help ease the child's breathing at night and during the day ( Aqua Maris, Physiomer). It is important to use this children's remedy for a runny nose in the form of a nasal shower - do not wash them, but just irrigate the nose.

Steam inhalations are very effective if a runny nose does not go away for a long time in a child 3-7 years old and older. For inhalations, infusions of medicinal herbs (sage, chamomile, coltsfoot, eucalyptus, licorice) are used.

Popular methods of treating children's rhinitis are widely used, such as instillation into the nose of the following remedies:

• Sea buckthorn oil, black cumin, rosehip oil;
• Carrot juice with olive oil;

When using a folk remedy for acute or chronic rhinitis in children, you should make sure that the baby is not allergic. If a child snores after a runny nose, he develops a cough or sore throat, rubbing with Doctor Mom (from 3 years old) is used, orally Erespal in the form of syrup or tablets.

Treatment of allergic rhinitis begins with the elimination of the allergen, the removal of prohibited foods from the menu, and the termination of contact with animals.

Therapy for this condition includes the use of antihistamines in the form of tablets (Desloratadine, Clarotadine, Fenistil), glucocorticosteroids (Nasonex), Vibrocil drops with antiallergic action.

Treatment of the common cold in children 8-16 years old

How to treat a starting runny nose in a teenager and in a child of primary school age? To remove mucus and to prevent sinusitis in children of this age, the nose is washed with an isotonic solution. For the same purposes, the nasal cavity is irrigated with antiseptics (Protargol) and vasoconstrictors based on oxymetazoline.

For washing the nose, use:

• Salt solution (1 tsp per 1 liter of water);
• Decoctions of medicinal herbs (calendula, St. John's wort, coltsfoot, chamomile), oak bark.

Otherwise, the treatment of rhinitis does not differ from similar therapy in young children.

Uncontrolled treatment of a protracted runny nose in children causes atrophy of nasal tissues, allergies, and drug-induced rhinitis. To prevent relapse, infections should be treated in a timely manner, the child should be hardened, and harmful factors should be excluded.

If a kindergarten or school begins to vaccinate, then be sure to check with your doctor. In almost all cases, vaccination is contraindicated.

Good nutrition, gymnastics, the optimal microclimate in the rooms where the children are, will significantly reduce the likelihood of relapse.