Types of intrauterine devices. Contraceptive spiral Ectopic spiral principle of action

Often, from the conversations of friends or in queues at the antenatal clinic, you can hear stories about intrauterine devices, various reviews on them and impressions about this contraceptive. But what is it and what does it do? Will this affect the hormonal background of a woman, her ability to become a mother someday and, of course, will she be able to protect her from certain diseases? Is this method reliable for preventing unwanted pregnancy and are there differences between them?

We will try to understand these issues, consider 6 popular intrauterine devices and find out what are the differences between them. Which spiral to choose?

What is an IUD (intrauterine device)?

- this is one of the effective means of contraception, which is often used by women who have given birth, most often with a permanent partner and are not currently ready for motherhood again.

Like any other type of contraception, spirals differ in their composition, type, duration of use, and other parameters.

Classification

There are 2 groups of spirals:

• hormonal;
• non-hormonal.

Both perform the same task - protection from unwanted pregnancies. But some of them have additional properties. For example, they are often used in gynecological practice as a way to treat certain diseases, and non-hormonal spirals with the addition of silver or gold have a bactericidal effect and protect the female reproductive system from unwanted infections.

There are 3 generations of spirals:

1st generation

• IUD without any metal or hormone, consisting only of medical plastic.
• Their contraceptive effect is achieved only by the mechanical impossibility of attaching the fetal egg to the endometrium.
• Often cause complications (infectious diseases, ectopic pregnancy and spiral prolapse - expulsion).

IUDs of the 1st generation are not used now, as there are more reliable and efficient coils.

2nd generation

• IUDs containing metal in their composition. That is, these are spirals, also consisting of medical plastic, but having a contraceptive effect due to additional components - copper, silver, gold.
• Metals act not only on the female body, but also on the male factor - spermatozoa, and thereby reduce the risk of an unplanned pregnancy.

3rd generation

• Hormonal spirals, which at this stage are used as therapeutic and contraceptive agents.

Intrauterine devices have different shapes:

• t-shaped;
• round or semicircular;
• in the form of an umbrella;
• in the shape of a horseshoe (semi-oval).

Each spiral has its advantages and disadvantages and is selected individually depending on the characteristics of the body of a particular woman.

All spirals have the same principle of action - protection from unwanted pregnancy.

So, how does the spiral help to avoid conception?

All coils are made of medical plastic, which rarely causes an allergic reaction in women. But such cases do occur. For this reason, you need to carefully monitor your feelings and monitor the reaction of the body after installing the spiral.

In addition to medical plastic, modern spirals include:

• metals (silver, copper, gold);
• hormones.

Hormonal spiral

This type of IUD releases a certain amount of a hormone that not only affects the female body, but also reduces sperm activity. The spiral does not affect male potency and male health! Only on spermatozoa that have already entered the female genital tract. The only tangible disadvantage that intrauterine devices can deliver to a man is the feeling of the antennae of the spiral during intercourse. This issue is easily solved: you need to come to the doctor's office, and the gynecologist will simply shorten the interfering antennae of the spiral.

The hormone in the spiral affects the maturation and release of eggs by the ovaries of a woman and does not have a destructive effect on the hormonal background as a whole.

The very presence of the spiral in the uterus prevents the attachment of the fetal egg and, accordingly, pregnancy does not occur. This is a mechanical factor of protection from pregnancy. Also, the spiral causes a local reaction that adversely affects spermatozoa, inhibiting and destroying them.

Hormonal spirals affect many female diseases (, etc.) and are recommended for use by gynecologists for the treatment of the latter.

Non-hormonal spiral

As for the IUDs, which have metals in their composition, such designs, in addition to the mechanical factor of protection against pregnancy inherent in all spirals, have a detrimental effect on the male factor in their arsenal. For example:

• Copper, oxidizing the environment, inhibits the movement of spermatozoa that have entered the uterine cavity, and damages them.
• Silver and gold increase the shelf life of coils and have a positive effect on local immunity, protecting a woman from inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs.

All types of spirals have a stimulating effect on the fallopian tubes and increase their peristalsis. While the fetal egg is rapidly moving into the uterine cavity, the endometrium does not have time to prepare for the adoption of a new life, and as a result, the embryo enters an unfavorable environment that is not suitable for further development.

Summing up, we can distinguish the links of fertilization, which are influenced by any spiral:

• On the male factor (inhibitory and spermicidal action).
• For the maturation and release of the egg from the ovaries.
• For the delivery of the egg and the fetal egg through the fallopian tubes.
• Attachment of the fertilized egg to the endometrium.
• A local reaction that causes the release of enzymes that are detrimental to spermatozoa.

Who can put an intrauterine device?

• The desire of the woman herself at this stage of life not to become a mother (provided that there is already a history of childbirth).
• Frequent pregnancies with other types of contraception (if they are used incorrectly or inattentively in taking).
• Prevention of unwanted pregnancy during lactation (breastfeeding).
• In order to save money. Spirals are placed for several years, which allows a woman not to worry about other types of contraception (oral contraceptives, condoms).

Important! Coils do not protect against STIs (sexually transmitted infections)! It is recommended to install a contraceptive with an existing permanent sexual partner (low risk of transmission of sexually transmitted diseases). It should also be mentioned that coils are used in women who have given birth and are not recommended for contraception in young women who have not given birth.

Spiral setting technique

The spiral is installed both during menstruation and immediately in the first days after it, since at this time it is more likely. In addition, the cervix during this period is slightly ajar, which makes it easier for the spiral to enter the uterine cavity and cause minimal discomfort to the woman.

Before installing the spiral, the doctor conducts research on the presence of inflammatory diseases and, if necessary, prescribes anti-inflammatory therapy. This reduces the risk of complications and spiral loss in the future. The process itself takes place only in the office of a gynecologist, under aseptic conditions.

If a woman decides, then you should wait a while (about 6 weeks) for the uterus to return to its previous state. The fact is that during pregnancy, the uterus is overstretched, and after childbirth, it gradually returns to its previous size. This process is called uterine involution. In order to avoid complications after the installation of the spiral, gynecologists recommend waiting for the end of the involution.

It is not recommended to install an intrauterine device immediately after an abortion. The patient should be observed for the presence of complications and various inflammatory diseases that could provoke an abortion. As soon as the obstetrician-gynecologist is convinced of the complete health of the woman, the spiral can be placed in the uterine cavity.

In the instructions for some spirals there are marks about setting a contraceptive immediately after an abortion. This issue should be addressed individually with an experienced doctor and follow his advice in this matter.

Overview of intrauterine devices: the most popular means

There are a huge number of intrauterine contraceptives on the market, which have a different shape, composition, terms of use and, of course, the price range. All of them have their advantages and disadvantages.

So, consider the most commonly used and popular spirals:

Spiral Multiload (Multiload CU-375)

This is a T-shaped copper wire helix. It is not hormonal. The metal affects the spermatozoa, causing their death and the impossibility of further fertilization.

The shelf life of the spiral is 4 years. After this period, the spiral can not be used in any case!

Rod length - 35 mm. This is a standard length, the spiral has no other variations in size. It is suitable for women who, after measuring the size of the uterus with a probe, the length of its cavity is from 6 to 9 cm.

Of the features of the spiral, it should be noted that its use is prohibited in such situations:

• with an existing allergy to copper;
• in the first 3 months after an abortion;
• during the period of breastfeeding.

If a woman takes immunosuppressants for a long time to treat another pathology, the spiral is not suitable, and another method of contraception should be selected.

It should be noted that the presence of copper in the composition of the contraceptive will not affect the total amount of copper in the body.

The price range is in the region of 2.5-3 thousand rubles.

Spiral Copper (Copper TCu 380A)

Like the previous spiral, it incorporates copper. Spiral dimensions - vertical - 36 mm, horizontal - 32 mm. A feature of this spiral is a greater release of copper in the uterine cavity, which causes a stronger local reaction.

The term of use is 5-6 years.

Another tip: after installation, you should lie down on the couch in the doctor's office. In rare cases, after the introduction of the IUD, there is a decrease in the pulse and clouding of consciousness.

All other properties are the same as for the Multiload spiral.

The price fluctuates around 2 thousand rubles

Spiral Goldlily (Goldlily)

It contains both copper and one of the noble metals - gold. Gold coats the copper surface, protecting it from early oxidation and corrosion. By creating a potential difference, additional protection against unwanted pregnancy is created. Gold has a powerful bactericidal effect and prevents the occurrence of inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs.

Another advantage of the contraceptive is the availability of several sizes. Each woman will be able to choose exactly the option that she needs.

The term of use is 7 years.

The main downside is the price. Due to the presence of gold, the cost of an intrauterine contraceptive is about 4-5 thousand rubles.

Spiral Juno Bio-T with Silver (Ag)

Another spiral in the line of modern contraceptives. The instruction offers the following indications for the use of a spiral (except for the desire of a woman):

• Treatment and prevention of Asherman's syndrome (formation of adhesions in the uterine cavity).
• For postcoital protection (can be administered within 3-4 days after unprotected intercourse).

It contains copper and silver in its composition, which increases the duration of the period of use up to 7 years. Silver prevents early and rapid oxidation of copper, which gives the coil a longer-term effect.

Another useful quality of silver is its bactericidal effect. Juno protects a woman's body from inflammatory diseases and other infectious complications associated with the presence of a spiral in the uterine cavity.

Juno works on the same principle as other spirals, affecting all links in the chain to prevent unwanted pregnancy. The price of this product is also attractive - about 400-500 rubles.

Spiral Nova T (Nova T)

T-shaped helix containing copper and silver (copper wire with silver in the core). As in Juno, in the Nova T helix, silver prevents early fragmentation of copper. But the difference is the period of use - Nova T should be changed every 5 years. No specific features were identified for other mechanisms of action.

The price is about 1500-2000 rubles.

Spiral Mirena (Mirena)

One of the most common means of intrauterine contraception is the hormonal system. This drug contains a synthetic progestogen - levonorgestrel. It is released per day in a certain required amount, which is sufficient to perform two functions - contraceptive and therapeutic. That is why this spiral is often recommended for women with gynecological diseases (myoma, endometriosis, etc.).

Mirena inhibits ovulation and prevents the formation of a fetal egg, which increases its contraceptive effect. The Pearl Index of the hormonal intrauterine system is 0.1-0.5, while for conventional IUDs it reaches 3.

Important aspects:

• The spiral does not affect the hormonal background.
• Not contraindicated in women with metal allergies.
• Approved for use during breastfeeding.
• It is a 3rd generation spiral.

Mirena has a shelf life of 5 years. Further use is not recommended due to the depletion of the hormone supply in the coil and the increased possibility of developing infectious diseases of the pelvic organs.

This contraceptive has a high cost - about 10-12 thousand rubles.

Dear girls and women! Remember that for an accurate and correct selection of the spiral, you must definitely consult a doctor, because each female body is unique and unrepeatable!

In contact with

An intrauterine device (IUD) is a small T-shaped device made of elastic plastic that contains copper or hormones.

The vaginal spiral inhibits the ability of sperm to move, and ovulation may not occur at all.

Because of this, the likelihood of the onset of fertilization itself decreases. hormone-containing the spiral thickens the cervical mucus, which prevents the penetration of a fertilized egg into the uterine cavity.

The vaginal coil is today the best non-hormonal remedy protection against unwanted pregnancy.

Is it an intrauterine device?

The effect of the intrauterine device is two directions:

• mechanical impact on the epithelium of the uterus, as a result of which changes occur in the structure of the endometrium, and the fertilized egg cannot be attached
• foam, formed during inflammatory processes caused by the impact of the spiral on the epithelium, reduces the mobility and viability of spermatozoa

In addition, copper enhances the contraceptive effect, causing aseptic inflammation in the uterus.

In fact, this method of contraception is abortive. Because pregnancy as such may well occur, and the fertilized egg enters the uterine cavity, but is unable to implant into it due to violations in the endometrial layer.

The embryo dies on the 7-10th day of conception. But in most cases, the egg does not even have time to mature. The IUD expands the fallopian tubes, and it moves along them several times faster than usual. As a result, the egg remains immature and unable to conceive.

How to install an intrauterine device?

The intrauterine device is installed by an obstetrician-gynecologist in a medical institution.

We will post the video as usual.

Previously, a woman must undergo an examination and pass the following analyzes:

• for sexually transmitted infections
• HIV, hepatitis
• swab for flora
• scraping from the cervix
• general urine analysis
• Ultrasound of the pelvic organs

If there are no contraindications for the installation of an intrauterine device and the woman is not expecting a child, she makes an appointment with the local gynecologist. The doctor installs a spiral into the uterine cavity.

It should be noted that the spiral is placed mainly giving birth family women. Nulliparous persons are established hormone-containing spiral for medical reasons.

For example, Mirena reduces the amount of blood discharge during menstruation, thereby preventing the growth of fibromatous nodes on the uterus. In women who have given birth, the uterine cavity is 2 times smaller than in nulliparous women, and the cervical canal, on the contrary, is more elongated. In this regard, the IUD is more convenient to install for women who have already become mothers.

The introduction of the spiral is carried out in middle cycle. During this period, the antibacterial activity of cervical mucus is maximum, the risk of rejection and other troubles is reduced.

The surface of the cervix is ​​treated painkillers gel. In extremely rare cases, an analgesic injection may be given. But in general, a woman feels only mild pain, comparable to those that occur at the onset of menstruation.

Try not to do physical work. In the first week after installation, give up sex, sports. During this time, spotting and heaviness in the lower abdomen may be observed.

This is not scary, but if the pain is strong and does not stop, then you need to see a doctor to remove the spiral.

How to remove a spiral?

The intrauterine device is shaped like a letter "T" with antennae underneath.

For them, the spiral itself will stretch. The process of removing it in most cases painless, but the woman most often experiences discomfort.

If there are no complications such as uterine perforation, the removal of the intrauterine device is carried out in a polyclinic.

The woman lies down on the gynecological chair, the doctor inserts a dilator into the vagina to see the cervix. It is treated with an antiseptic. Then, with the help of forceps and other auxiliary tools, the gynecologist will try to “grab” the antennae and pull the spiral out of the uterine cavity.

If for some reason this cannot be done, the removal will be carried out using a hysteroscope.

During the removal, the woman will feel cramps and aching pain inside the abdomen, bleeding is possible, but all this goes away pretty quickly.

Reliability as a means of contraception

This method of contraception is considered the most reliable of all available, and its effectiveness is equal to 99,9%.

From 100 women who received a spiral during the year, pregnancy occurred only in one.

At the same time, the woman simply did not notice that the spiral fell out of her. And it falls out in those who have just given birth to a child, and in a nulliparous woman due to a wider passage of the cervical canal.

But do not forget that the intrauterine device does not protect against infections sexually transmitted, so do not forget about the condom in the absence of a permanent sexual partner.

The combination of these two methods of protection increases the inability to conceive up to 100%.

If the spiral is installed correctly, then after its removal, a woman can become pregnant within a year. In addition, many women noted a positive psychological effect of the intrauterine device.

Without fear of an unplanned pregnancy, a woman becomes more self-confident, liberated and temperamental.

Unlike oral contraceptives, the spiral does not require any restrictions and daily monitoring. She also doesn't feel like a man at all. Intrauterine device + silver not only protects against unwanted pregnancy, but also reduces the risk of inflammatory processes in the pelvis.

Side effects

Despite all the charms of the intrauterine device and its effectiveness, do not forget that this is, first of all, medical remedy, and it has its own side effects. Among them:

• increases the risk of infections into the uterine cavity
• amount of bleeding during menstruation increases
• with improper installation of the uterus, a woman may experience pain lower abdomen
• non-hormonal the spiral does not protect against ectopic pregnancy
• after removal of the IUD, it is necessary to use a condom for the first 3-4 months, because there is a risk of ectopic pregnancy
• the spiral does not protect against sexually transmitted infections, therefore it is not suitable for women who do not have a permanent partner

Intrauterine device, reviews

• some women are afraid that if you put a hormonal coil, you will start get fat, the mood will deteriorate and the chest will hurt. In fact, some changes will be observed during the first 1-1.5 months, while the body gets used to it. If they continue further, the spiral must be removed.
• after the installation of the IUD are strengthened blood loss during menstruation. This must be kept in mind. If a woman has them already abundant, she should opt for hormonal IUDs. On the contrary, they reduce blood flow.
• There are concerns that the Navy may fall out. Yes, this happens, so you need to come to the gynecologist for an examination a month after installation, and then be observed every six months.
• women are afraid to install a spiral after childbirth. Will it affect breastfeeding in any way? In fact, if the IUD is not hormonal, then the spiral remains almost the only possible method of protection during lactation. It is much more dangerous to use oral contraceptives.

Pros and cons of using an intrauterine device

pros

• the intrauterine device is the most effective means of contraception
• the spiral does not interfere with the walls of the vagina absorb includes hormones and enzymes contained in male sperm
• no need to take pills at the same time every day and worry if they are not taken on time
• spiral has long validity
• if spiral non-hormonal, it does not cause physiological changes in the body of a woman
• a man does not feel discomfort during intercourse, unlike a condom or a ring
• installation of an intrauterine device does not require large financial investments
• when removing the spiral, a woman can get pregnant pretty fast

Minuses

• there are contraindications for the installation of the IUD
• not suitable for nulliparous women
• does not protect against diseases, sexually transmitted, therefore not suitable for unmarried women and those who do not have a permanent partner
• when wearing a spiral can come ectopic pregnancy
• intensify bleeding during menstruation
• if installed incorrectly, the coil may grow in into the uterus

Intrauterine device, price

If a woman is found myoma, she usually has an intrauterine device removed. However, in this case, she can be given a hormone-containing coil. It will reduce blood loss during menstruation, and fibroids will stop growing. If you leave the usual spiral, it can provoke the growth of a fibromatous node.

12-44% of cycles end with undiagnosed pregnancy and spontaneous miscarriage for a period of 10-14 days. A woman herself may not know about it, she just has more intense periods, during which she loses an embryo.

If the pregnancy did occur with the vaginal coil installed, doctors will recommend have an abortion because the helix affects the ability of the embryo to implant. You can give birth to a premature baby.

If the worst happened perforation of the uterus, the spiral is surgically removed by means of a strip operation.

Like any medical device, intrauterine device has its drawbacks and disadvantages. But the main thing is that this method of contraception, with all its shortcomings, is still much better than surgical or medical abortion.

Thanks

Many women are interested in the technical issues of implantation intrauterine device. For many, reliability in the methods of diagnosis and identification of contraindications for this type is important. contraception. Important, as well, information about the possible side effects of this type of contraception, issues of restoring fertility. We will try to provide you with the most complete and reliable information.

What examinations need to be done before inserting the uterine coil?

Bacteriological analysis of smears from the vagina and cervix.

Thorough screening for sexually transmitted infections: syphilis, HIV, hepatitis B and C.

Colposcopy (instrumental examination of the vaginal cavity and cervical mucosa).

Ultrasound of the pelvic organs.

When and how is the spiral inserted?

The coil can be inserted immediately after or within 4 days after an abortion or miscarriage (spontaneous abortion) provided there are no signs of inflammation or bleeding. If during this period the implantation of the IUD is not performed, then its introduction must be carried out at the onset of the next menstruation.

One-stage termination of pregnancy and implantation of the IUD into the uterine cavity is practiced. The introduction of the IUD immediately after childbirth or in the postpartum period (within 48 hours after childbirth) greatly increases the risk of expulsion (falling out) of the contraceptive. If the IUD is not inserted during the specified period, then the procedure can be performed 4-6 weeks after childbirth.

Stages of introducing an intrauterine contraceptive

Before the introduction is mandatory vaginal examination and probing of the uterine cavity.

The IUD is installed in a special room under aseptic conditions. As a rule, the insertion of an IUD is painless and does not require anesthesia.

The introduction of a spiral is possible only with I and II degrees of purity of the vagina. In the event that an infectious-inflammatory disease of the internal genital organs is detected or the purity of the vagina corresponds to the III or IV degree, then an in-depth gynecological examination is necessary, followed by antimicrobial treatment. Upon completion of treatment, a control examination of its effectiveness is necessary. After an effective antimicrobial treatment of an infectious-inflammatory disease of the pelvic organs, subject to complete recovery, a 6-10-month break is necessary to fully recover and exclude the transition of the disease to a chronic form, before the introduction of the IUD.

Is it necessary to monitor patients using intrauterine contraceptives?

The first control examination should be carried out by a gynecologist in 7-10 days. When examining a doctor, they are interested in the presence of threads in the vaginal cavity - this is necessary to make sure that the IUD is installed correctly. Now - after the first gynecological examination, sexual life is allowed without the use of an additional method of contraception. An ultrasound of the pelvic organs is also performed in order to clarify the location of the IUD in the uterine cavity.

The next examination is carried out after one month, during the first year - at least once every 6 months, then - annually with a bacterioscopic examination of the discharge of the cervix. Ultrasound is recommended to produce according to indications.

It is necessary to train a woman after each menstruation to palpate the presence of spiral threads in order to detect the prolapse of the spiral in time. In the absence of threads in the vaginal cavity, a gynecological examination and ultrasound of the pelvic organs are necessary to clarify the location of the spiral.

Possible adverse reactions and complications when using intrauterine contraceptives

Cervical injury

Uterine bleeding

Damage to the uterus. This complication occurs rarely, as a rule, due to incorrect technique for inserting the IUD or insertion contrary to contraindications.

Complications arising in the process of contraception:

Pain syndrome - more often expressed in minor pains in the lower abdomen, which may appear immediately after the introduction of the IUD, but they stop after a few hours or after treatment. Pain during the period during menstruation is observed in 9.6-11% of cases.

IUD prolapse more often observed in young nulliparous women - this is due to increased contractility and excitability of the uterus. The frequency of loss depends on the type of IUD and is 3-16%. With age, an increase in the number of births and abortions, their frequency of this phenomenon decreases. Expulsion (falling out) often occurs during the first days or 1-3 months after the introduction of the IUD.

In identifying the causes of pain, the main role is played by such studies as ultrasound and hysteroscopy, which allow you to accurately determine the position of the IUD in the uterine cavity or outside it.

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) . Against the background of copper-containing IUDs, inflammatory reactions occur in 3.8-14.3% of cases and can manifest as cervicitis (inflammation of the cervix), endometritis (inflammation of the uterine mucosa), pelvioperitonitis (inflammation of the mucosa covering the pelvic organs) or pelvic abscess (limited capsule accumulation of purulent exudate). As a rule, the inflammatory process is associated with an exacerbation of an existing chronic infectious and inflammatory disease of the genital organs. In the event that the inflammatory process occurs within 20 days after the introduction of the spiral, then it can be associated with the introduction of a contraceptive. The issue of removing the spiral and conducting antibiotic therapy is decided by the gynecologist individually for each woman.

Menometrorrhagia (uterine bleeding) . After the introduction of the IUD, the first 5-10 days in women, as a rule, there are slight or moderate bleeding or clear discharge that does not require treatment; only in some cases (2.1-3.8%) there is a need for drug treatment. Perhaps the appearance of intermenstrual spotting (in 1.5-24% of cases), which often occur in women with menstrual irregularities, as well as in the presence of induced abortions in the past. The issue of prescribing treatment is decided by the gynecologist individually. In the event that heavy bleeding during menstruation is accompanied by pain and does not stop on the background of drug treatment, this is an indication for the removal of the spiral.

The onset of pregnancy . Intrauterine contraceptives are recognized as highly effective contraceptives, but in 0.5-2% of cases an unwanted pregnancy can still occur. At the same time, the frequency of spontaneous abortions increases significantly, even if the woman wants to keep the pregnancy and medication is used to maintain the pregnancy. Approximately in 1/3 of cases, the onset of pregnancy is associated with complete or partial prolapse of the IUD.

Complications arising after the removal of an intrauterine contraceptive.

Chronic inflammation of the pelvic organs

The intrauterine device is one of the most reliable and modern methods of contraception, which is confirmed by clinical studies and millions of women around the world. Today, there are different types of intrauterine devices (IUDs), and in order to make the right choice, you need to know the features and characteristics of different types.

What is an intrauterine device?

An IUD is a small device that can be made from plastic, copper, silver, or gold.

The principle of its action is as follows: a spiral inserted into the uterus does not allow the cavity to close and prevents the fetal egg from fixing. In addition, there are hormonal spirals of complex action, which not only prevent the onset of pregnancy mechanically, but also affect the hormonal background. As a result, the thickness of the endometrium, which lines the uterine cavity, decreases, and thick mucus is produced in the cervix, which prevents spermatozoa from penetrating inside. Such contraceptives work for about 5 years.

It should be noted that after the pregnancy spiral is removed from the uterine cavity, the body quickly restores the ability to bear children, due to which this method of contraception is considered one of the safest for women's health.

How effective are intrauterine devices?

According to studies, the effectiveness of the IUD is about 98-99%, which can be considered just an excellent indicator: for example, when using condoms, the statistics of accidental pregnancies is 12%, and when taking oral contraceptives - about 3%.

Service life of intrauterine devices

The validity of the IUD varies from 3.5 to 7 years depending on the material of manufacture, manufacturing company and other factors. It is important to note that after the specified period, the spiral must be removed, as this is fraught with adverse health effects.

Video - "Intrauterine device"

Types of intrauterine devices

To understand which intrauterine device is best placed in a particular case, a woman needs to learn about the advantages, disadvantages and features of spirals from different manufacturers. The most popular contraceptives are Nova T, Juno Bio, Mirena and Multiload.

Nova T

Intrauterine spiral t (in the shape of the letter T) is made of elastic plastic and copper braid. Flexible ends ensure a safe installation of the system, and copper, which is part of it, has a toxic effect on spermatozoa.

The disadvantages of the spiral include the possibility of allergic reactions, the risk of infection of the urinary tract, as well as the development of iron deficiency anemia.

Juno Bio

Juno Biot spirals can be of several types.

IUD Juno Bio T is made of plastic, copper wire and a special monofilament thread, which allows you to control the location of the structure in the uterus and remove it if necessary.

Juno Bio T Super is made in a similar way, but at the same time it is processed with antimicrobials and propolis, that is, it additionally protects the woman from infections.

Spiral Juno Bio with silver has a base made of flexible plastic, wrapped copper-silver thread, due to which its validity period is increased up to 7 years.

Finally, the ring-shaped IUD is a ring-shaped device with copper-silver a rod that helps control insertion.

The validity period of such spirals varies from 3.5 to 7 years.

Multiload

IUD Multiload is a contraceptive coil in the form of a semi-oval, equipped with soft spikes that help it to cling well to the wall of the uterine cavity, which significantly reduces the risk of spontaneous excretion. Validity - 5 years.

Mirena

Spiral in the form of a T-shaped rod, equipped with flexible shoulders and a ring for easy extraction. The rod also contains a container with the drug levonorgestrel with a special shell, which ensures a uniform release of the drug into the uterine cavity.

The Mirena intrauterine device is considered one of the most expensive, but at the same time the most effective contraceptives, as it acts both as an IUD and as an oral contraceptive. Validity - 5 years.

One of the most significant drawbacks of this spiral is amenorrhea, that is, the complete disappearance of menstruation, which is observed in about 20% of women, and is associated with the suppression of endometrial growth with small doses of hormones.

Which of the spirals is considered the best? It is impossible to answer this question, since there is simply no universal IUD that suits every woman.

The choice of a particular spiral should be carried out on an individual basis, based on the characteristics of the woman's body.

Video - "Intrauterine contraceptive" Mirena "

Side effects and possible complications

Every woman who decides to put a spiral must be aware of the possible side effects and complications that the use of this method of contraception may entail.

IUD side effects include:

• increase in the duration of the menstrual cycle and the amount of discharge;
• the appearance of "daub" between menstruation;
• cramps and discomfort in the pelvic area during menstruation;
• the risk of an ectopic pregnancy;
• the appearance of an unpleasant odor from the genital tract;
• a decrease in the thickness of the endometrium, which can make it difficult to carry a pregnancy in the future, as well as increase the risk of miscarriage.

In some cases, with the wrong selection of a spiral or insufficient qualifications gynecologist the following complications may occur:

• infection of the pelvic organs or the development of inflammation, which may be the result of insufficient hygiene or a disease that the woman suffered from was not detected in time;
• perforation of the uterine wall is a rather rare phenomenon, which manifests itself after a while with pulling pains and bleeding;
• spontaneous helix.

Video - “Intrauterine spiral. Harm to health."

What you need to know about the IUD before installation?

In order for the spiral to perform its functions to the full, it is necessary not only to correctly select the system, but also to know some of the features of its functioning.

So, the vast majority of spirals do not protect against sexual infections, so sexual intercourse with an unverified partner still requires additional protection against STDs.

In addition, they cannot guarantee 100% protection against unwanted pregnancy, so in 1-2% of cases it can occur.

Finally, self-installation or removal of the device is strictly prohibited - only an experienced and qualified gynecologist can know exactly how the spiral is inserted and how it is removed.

When should you see a doctor?

Another important point when using the IUD is to understand in time that there are problems with the contraceptive.

What signs might indicate this? First of all, constant monitoring of the length of the threads in the vagina is necessary - if it has changed, this may indicate that the spiral has moved, gone deep into the uterine cavity or has fallen out.

In addition, you should definitely consult a doctor in the following situations:

• an increase in temperature of unknown etiology a few days after the installation of the spiral;
• severe pain or discomfort in the pelvic area;
• discharge from the vagina of an unusual color or smell;
• loss or displacement of the spiral;
• delay in menstruation by 3-4 weeks.

Contraindications to the installation of an intrauterine device

Absolute contraindications to the installation of the IUD are:

• chronic inflammatory diseases of the genital organs;
• congenital or acquired pathologies of the uterus (fibromatosis, bicornuity, etc.);
• pregnancy (suspected or confirmed);
• uterine bleeding of unknown etiology;
• the presence of malignant tumors in the body.

In addition, women who use the IUD as contraception need to visit a doctor about every six months and take tests, as the coil leaves the cervix open, as a result of which infections can enter its cavity.

Video - "Intrauterine contraceptives"

Modern women are less likely to have large families, so they try to protect themselves from unwanted pregnancies. The field of pharmacology, which produces a large number of various contraceptives, helps in every possible way.

One of the most popular, along with hormonal pills, is a spiral.

How does an intrauterine contraceptive device work?

This kind of device does not allow a fertilized egg to gain a foothold in the uterine cavity, so pregnancy cannot occur.

It should also be noted that in the production of one of the types of spirals, copper is used, which contributes to the production of a liquid that has a spermicidal effect. As a result, there is a detrimental effect on spermatozoa, so sometimes the fertilization of the egg itself is also impossible.

Hormonal agents have a complex effect:

• Reduce the thickness of the endometrial layer, as a result, the egg cannot be strengthened on the uterine mucosa;
• A viscous and thick mucus is formed in the neck, which prevents the penetration of spermatozoa;
• Penetrated spermatozoa are damaged and lose their ability to be fertilized.

This action allows you to effectively protect yourself from unwanted pregnancy.

The duration of hormonal coils is on average 5 years, copper coils - 10 years.

Advantages

It is no coincidence that this method of contraception is in great demand, because it really works and has proven its effectiveness:

• Prevents conception. When properly installed by a doctor, the efficiency is up to 99%;
• The specialist will easily perform the procedure. The injection time is a few minutes;
• Wide range of prices;
• Possibility of operation from three to ten years;
• Non-hormonal agents can be given to women who, for whatever reason, are contraindicated in using hormonal methods of contraception;
• Do not cause edema, weight gain;
• Do not contribute to the formation of blood clots;
• Do not affect libido;
• They begin to act immediately after installation;
• You do not need to constantly be under the supervision of a doctor. Enough preventive scheduled examinations, which are carried out twice a year;
• Reproductive function is immediately restored after extraction.

If a woman is faced with the question: a spiral or hormonal contraceptive pills, then, of course, preference is given to the first remedy. This is especially true for scattered ladies. They no longer need to think about the need for protection.

Many choose this method also for the simple reason that earlier hormonal contraceptive pills had a negative effect on the figure. Although modern pharmacology has come a long way, this prejudice still exists.

In addition, you can forget to take pills, and you can’t take condoms with you on a date, but there will always be a spiral.

How to make a choice

Since the invention of this contraceptive, its form has constantly changed. Modern spirals look like the letter "T". They are made from thin copper wire that is wrapped around an elastic rod.

When it is inserted into the vagina, the tips are bent and pressed against the base, and when it reaches the uterine cavity, they straighten and thus are fixed in it. At the bottom end is a nylon thread. Its ends remain in the vagina and when extracting the remedy, the doctor uses them.

In addition to the T-shaped, there are also other types, but this one is the most popular due to its structure. However, many women prefer a different shape - a semi-oval with small protrusions.

Such a spiral is no less securely attached to the uterine cavity. Most often, this form is used by women who cannot use the T-coil due to the shape of the uterus.

It cannot be said that any of the types of these contraceptives is universal. Some ladies prefer spirals with silver, which is known to have an anti-inflammatory effect, others - traditional copper, and others - with the addition of gold.

Before purchasing any of them, you need to consult a doctor who will select the best option, taking into account the characteristics of a particular female body.

Contraindications to the use of the contraceptive spiral

Unfortunately, not everyone can use such a contraceptive.

First of all, the remedy is intended for women who have already given birth, who have regular sex life with a regular partner:

• Both types of coils (both copper-containing and hormonal) are by no means placed when inflammation of the pelvic organs is detected. It is also worth noting that the doctor will not put the spiral immediately at the first request of the patient. First, it is necessary to pass a series of tests, as well as to cure the detected infectious diseases (gonorrhea, chlamydia, etc.). They are also engaged in the elimination of those pathologies that arose as a result of childbirth or abortion;
• Cervical cancer is a contraindication for use. The same applies to benign tumors, such as uterine fibroids, which are widespread among women;
• Pregnancy;
• A number of chronic diseases (tuberculosis of the pelvic organs, severe diseases of the cardiovascular system);
• Mastopathy, breast cancer are a contraindication for the use of hormonal contraceptives, traditional copper means are used;
• Ectopic pregnancy in history;
• Violation of the function of blood coagulability of various etiologies.

Installation

How to insert and remove the tool can only be a specialist, that is, a doctor. A few days before the expected date of installation, it is necessary to give up sexual activity. You should not douche, use intimate hygiene products, vaginal suppositories, tablets or sprays (unless prescribed by a doctor).

The optimal time for installation is during or before menstruation. This is due to the fact that the cervix these days becomes softer, so the spiral is placed easier. Manipulations are performed on an outpatient basis. Time - no more than 10 minutes. The procedure may be accompanied by dull pains in the lower abdomen, but they disappear throughout the day, but can continue for a week.

After the contraceptive coil is installed, you should not have sex for about 5 more days. Do not use vaginal tampons, as well as medicines with acetylsalicylic acid.

For several days it is necessary to refuse to visit the bath, sauna, you can not stay in the open sun for too long. During this period, physical activity is contraindicated. A week after the installation, you must visit the doctor again. If the spiral does not cause inconvenience, then it is worth coming only for preventive examinations every 6 months.

Adverse reactions

The spiral cannot protect against unwanted pregnancy by 100% and when using this method, like many others, side effects are possible:

• perforation of the uterus;
• Endometritis (inflammation of the uterine mucosa, often leading to infertility);
• Spontaneous loss of a spiral. It is recommended to periodically feel the threads that remain in the vagina. If they become shorter or longer, then you need to see a doctor;
• Menstruation may become more abundant, and their duration will also increase;
• Painful sensations during menstruation, spasms;
• Small spotting between periods;
• Discharge with an unpleasant odor;
• The disappearance of menstruation.