The structure of the male reproductive system. The structure of the male reproductive organs

ENDOCRINOLOGY - EURODOCTOR.ru -2005

Testicles (testicles) These are the male sex glands. In the testes, male germ cells are formed - spermatozoa, and male sex hormones (androgens) that regulate the functions of sex in men.

testicles consist of a system of spermatogenic tubules. This is where spermatozoa are formed and transported from here.

Male steroid sex hormones are produced in the testicles by special cells called Leydig cells. Male sex hormones are synthesized from cholesterol through various chemical transformations with the help of enzymes.

Regulates functions of the male reproductive organs the hypothalamus, which is located in the brain. Gonadoliberin is produced in the nuclei of the hypothalamus. In men, the production of this hormone occurs constantly, in contrast to its cyclic secretion in women. Gonadoliberin has a stimulating effect on the pituitary gland (located in the brain), in which the production of first lutropin (luteinizing hormone), then follitropin (follicle-stimulating hormone) occurs. Under the action of lutropin in the testicles, the synthesis and release of testosterone occurs, and follitropin stimulates the formation of spermatozoa. The release of GnRH by the hypothalamus is regulated by the feedback principle. Reduce the release of this hormone into the blood: a high concentration of GnRH itself, a high concentration of follitropin and lutropin, and a high concentration of testosterone and estrogens, which are the final link in this chain.

Thus, the sex hormones themselves regulate the rate of their production. Testosterone and a certain amount of estrogen (female sex hormones) are synthesized in the testicles.

Testosterone formed in the testicles is transported throughout the body using carrier proteins. In the tissues of the body, two types of more active hormones are formed from testosterone - dihydrotestosterone and a small amount of estrogen.

Dihydrotestosterone and is the main male sex hormone, which is responsible for many secondary male sexual characteristics.

Concentration estrogen in the male body increases with age and with an increase in body weight, since estrogens are more actively produced in adipose tissue. The main functions of male sex hormones (androgens) are the formation of male sexual characteristics and the maintenance of reproductive function. By the time of birth, testosterone levels are only slightly higher in boys than in girls.

After birth, testosterone levels rise rapidly in boys, then decrease by the first year of life, and remain low until adolescence. In adolescence, the amount of testosterone rises and by the age of 17 reaches the level of adults. Starting from the age of 17, the level of testosterone in the blood of men is almost constant until the age of 60. From the age of 60, its gradual decline begins.

Under the influence of male sex hormones occurs:

• formation and growth of the epididymis, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis,
• male-type hair (mustache, beard, hair on the trunk and extremities, hair in the form of a rhombus on the pubis)
• larynx enlarges
• the vocal cords thicken (the timbre of the voice decreases in this case)
• muscle growth and growth of the whole body is accelerated.

By the end of puberty, the level of androgens reaches the level of an adult male, and sperm production is able to ensure fertilization.

The process of formation of spermatozoa in the testicles is extremely sensitive to any kind of adverse effects. Sperm production ( spermatogenesis) decreases under the action of:

• elevated temperature
• psychological stress
• while taking certain medications.

The lack of androgens in the early prenatal period leads to various anomalies in the development of the genital organs:

• microphallus.

If androgen deficiency occurs before adolescence, "eunuchoidism" is formed.

• In this case, puberty does not occur in a male child.
• The patient has poor muscle development, no or little hair on the body, and impaired bone formation.
• As a result of a violation of the formation of the bone skeleton, the span of the arms exceeds the height by several centimeters.

If androgen deficiency occurs after adolescence, when the process of puberty is completed, then most of the developed secondary sexual characteristics are preserved. The growth of a beard, for example, remains virtually unchanged. Other signs may slowly regress.

• Increasing impotence develops, spontaneous and erections caused by an adequate stimulus disappear.
• The size of the testicles decreases, muscle strength decreases.
• All this is accompanied by disturbances in the psycho-emotional sphere up to the development of depression.

A condition accompanied by insufficiency of the function of the male gonads (testicles) with a violation of the formation of sex hormones and spermatozoa is called hypogonadism.

The male reproductive system, in particular the genitals, can be divided into:

1) Internal organs, these include:

• vas deferens;
• prostate;
• testicles;
• epididymis;
• seminal vesicles.

2) external organs, these include:

• scrotum;
• penis.

From a functional point of view, the genitals are directly related, directly, to the male reproductive system, as well as to sexual intercourse. In the area of ​​​​the genital organs, located outside, there are erogenous zones of a man.

external genitalia

The penis, also called the phallus, penis, is the external genital organ, which serves directly for copulation, and as a result of the delivery of seminal fluid, for further fertilization of the egg, into the woman's vagina. Also, the penis is necessary in order to remove the urine that forms in the bladder.

The member has in its structure a base, a trunk and a head. The trunk is formed from two bodies (spongy and cavernous), having a sufficient recess, which is easily filled with blood. The spongy body located on the edge of the phallus has a conical thickening and is called the head of the penis. The edge of the head covers the edges of the cavernous bodies and, growing together with them, forms a corolla around the circumference, behind which there is a furrow. The head of the penis has a rather tender skin, it is also called the foreskin, it contains a large number of glands capable of producing seminal fluid.

The head of the phallus has a lot of nerve endings, due to which it has an incredible sensitivity to touch. But, the shaft of the phallus also has a fairly high sensitivity, especially in the lower zone, which is 2 cm from the head. During the stimulation of the phallus, there is an increase in its excitation. In the uppermost region of the head of the phallus there is a slit (exit of the urethra), through which both urine and seminal fluid are excreted.

The type of phallus is very individual. A straight phallus is very rare, in most cases, it has a straight shape in a calm state, but during an erection it becomes curved.

At rest, the size of the phallus is predominantly an average of 7.5 cm. In a state of arousal, 15 cm, which corresponds to the average size of a woman's vagina. Often, during the onset of excitation, a short phallus in an unexcited state tends to increase more than a long one. A large member is considered to be, which in a state of erection reaches up to 18 cm. More than 18 cm. The excited phallus refers to the giant. The diameter is also individual, but in most cases it is from 3 to 4 cm.

At the time of birth, the average length of the phallus of an infant is an average of 3.5 cm. During puberty, at the very end, 6 cm, and then up to 17 years, the male phallus grows quite quickly, but after 25 growth activity subsides.

During arousal, the phallus becomes quite dense and larger in volume up to 8 times. Due to the contraction of special muscles (located at the root of the penis) and the maintenance of excitation, there is a reduction in venous outflow. When the excitement ends, the blood flows out, and the muscles relax significantly, because of this, it becomes much softer and reduced in size. The head during erection becomes more elastic and less elastic in comparison with its trunk, this helps to prevent injuries of the vagina during copulation.

The foreskin is in front of the phallus and creates a fold of skin that has the property of covering. The foreskin can be easily pushed back, exposing the head. On the back of the penis, the head and foreskin connect, which forms a frenulum. By the age of two, the final formation of this area takes place. Sperm accumulates in a slit-like sac. Over the years, more and more visible hairy bulbs form on the skin of the body of the phallus, from which hairs subsequently grow.

Preputial lubrication (smegma) is the secretion of the glands of the foreskin, which accumulates in the coronal sulcus of the penis. Fats and micronutrients are the main components. They stand out, being white, and then acquire yellow and greenish hues. This lubricant is designed to cover the head to reduce its friction. Active release of lubrication falls on the age of 18 - 25 years, and is often absent in old age.

Diseases associated with the male phallus can occur due to stagnation of the lubricant, and in this case, the lack of sufficient intimate hygiene. In order to avoid all kinds of diseases, it is necessary to carry out the necessary hygiene measures from early childhood, while removing smegma (lubricant) from the penis. Be sure to perform daily washing of the penis. Even in men who have undergone circumcision, there is the possibility of smegma formation on the penis.

Usually teenagers who are careless about personal hygiene are prone to a large accumulation of lubricant. Even more careless attitude of growing young men to their hygiene, removal of this lubricant with dirty hands, after it has hardened. In adolescence, due to the violation of elementary hygiene rules, most infectious diseases develop. If you take care of smegma according to the rules, then it will not bring absolutely any harm to health.

Seminal fluid, also called semen, is a mixture that is excreted from the testicles, prostate, urethra, and adnexa at the time of ejaculation. Seminal fluid consists of seminal plasma, which tends to be produced in the secretion of the prostate gland and spermatozoa (fermental elements).

The seminal fluid contains:

Sperm is a mucus-like and extraordinary liquid that has an opaque hue with an odor that has a characteristic hue. The taste of seminal fluid is sweet-salty and slightly bitter or sour. In the case of frequent ejaculation, the taste of seminal fluid becomes less and less sweet, and in most cases even bitter. After half an hour, the seminal fluid liquefies, after which it has a more uniform consistency, while becoming quite viscous with an acquired grayish tint. The amount of seminal fluid when released from the urethra is a purely individual quality of the physiology of each man, but the average is 10 ml. Age and lifestyle are directly related to the amount of sperm excretion. And also, directly, the frequency of sperm eruptions. The more often a man realizes sexual intercourse or masturbation, the less sperm is released each time. Also, if there was an ejaculation and the amount of sperm is large enough, this does not indicate its good ability to fertilize. If ejaculation occurs 1 time in 3 days. That is the approximate statistical volume of semen - 4 ml.

Sperm, and in particular its ability to fertilize, is affected by the number of living cells in it. Normal number in 1 ml. need to be an average of 100 million spermatozoa. An important condition is their mobility, which should be about 70% (minimum - 20 million)

The scrotum is a musculocutaneous organ. It contains the appendages. Also in the scrotum are the testicles and the actual initial section of the spermatic cord, which is separated by a septum that looks from the outside, often like a seam. The visibility or invisibility of the seam depends on individual characteristics and this feature has absolutely no effect on the state of health.

The skin located in the area of ​​the scrotum is covered with hairs and is quite pigmented. It also contains sebaceous and sweat glands. Discharge from these glands has a rather special smell. Due to the fact that the testicles have their location in the scrotum, this significantly allows you to create a lower temperature for them, depending on the overall body temperature. For them, an acceptable temperature is about 34.3 degrees. The temperature is maintained due to the fact that during the onset of cold temperatures, the scrotum, directly, is pulled closer to the body, and during warm temperatures, on the contrary, it falls. The scrotum also belongs to the erogenous zone.

Internal sex organs

The testes, also called the testicles. They are a paired male sex gland. The main function of the testicles can be attributed to the production of spermatozoa and the excretion of testosterone (male hormone) into the blood. The location of the testicles occurs in the middle of the scrotum, in most cases, at a different level. The left testicle is slightly lower than the right, and there may also be a difference in size. The average size of the testicles can be attributed to the length - 5 cm, and the width is -3 cm.

Close attention in the hygiene of intimate organs should be given to the testicles. Acceptable for them is the temperature, which is approximately 4 degrees lower than body temperature. This is due to the fact that a sufficiently high temperature significantly impairs their ability to produce living cells. Even once immersed in a sufficiently hot water temperature, it is possible to significantly disrupt their function in the next 6 months. Men who predominantly work in a sitting position must get up and walk a little, this is necessary so that the testicles move away from the significantly hot body temperature for a while.

The vas deferens are the ducts that carry sperm out of the testicles. They refer to the extension of the canals of the epididymis. Such channels pass mainly through the channel located in the groin area, and after that, when connected, they create a single flow of sperm ejection. The flow follows through the prostate, and then tends to open an opening in the posterior region of the urethra. The passage of sperm occurs in a wave-like contraction. During the period of orgasm, the formed sperm flows through the vas deferens into the urethra and then out.

The seminal canthus is also, like the testicles, a paired organ that goes from the appendages to the area with the duct of the seminal vesicle. And the function of this organ is to supply blood to the testicles, as well as to remove seminal fluid into the vas deferens.

The prostate, also called, is the prostate gland and is a single organ with the main function of producing the secret that is included in the contents of the semen. The urethra passes directly through the prostate.

The size of the prostate directly depends on the age of the man. In the period of 17 years, the prostate is fully developed. Externally, the prostate has a connective capsular tissue coating. Glandular tissue is formed from glands that open part of the urination canal with excretory ducts. Thanks to smooth muscles, secretions are removed from the prostate. A large excretion of such a secret is observed during the period of ejaculation.

The secret of the prostate is a rather turbid whitish liquid. This secret takes part in the dissolution of the seminal fluid, due to which, the movement of living cells through the channels occurs. In the formation of orgasm, he largely takes part.

The seminal vesicles are sufficiently glandular formations that produce a secret. This secret is found in the seminal fluid, and it consists of a white liquid with a sufficient content of fructose, which is the basis of energy for living cells and gives them great resistance.

Male Specific Features:

1. Sexual 2. Generative (reproductive). 3. Secretory.

The genital organs of a man are anatomically divided into:

A. External: penis, scrotum.

B. Internal: testicles, epididymis, vas deferens, bulbourethral glands, prostate gland, seminal vesicles.

In functional terms, the genital organs of a man are divided into gonads, additional sexual formations, genital tract, organs of copulation.

● External genitalia:

Ø PENIS(penis): serves to perform copulation, conduct ejaculate (sperm) into the vagina, urination.

Length 6-10 cm, circumference 6 cm. There are: the head, the trunk (body), the root of the penis (base). The trunk consists of 2 cavernous bodies and a spongy body, which is located between them. The cavernous bodies are the main structures involved in penile erection. The cavernous tissue is lined from the inside with endothelial cells, from below in the groove between the cavernous bodies there is a spongy body with the urethra passing through its thickness. The skin of the penis is thin, easily displaced, tucked at the top of the head and forms a free fold - foreskin. The sebaceous glands are located on the inner sheet of the flesh, the secret of which is part of the prepuce lubricant, which is collected in the coronal sulcus.

Ø SCROTUM: unpaired musculoskeletal receptacle, divided by a vertical septum into right and left halves, each of which contains a testicle with an appendage and a scrotal section of the spermatic cord. The left half falls below the right. The scrotum is located in front of the perineum and behind the root of the penis, attached to the pubic-inguinal region. Her skin passes into the skin of the penis, pubis and perineum and thighs. The skin is pigmented, covered with sparse hair, contains a significant amount of sweat and sebaceous glands, the secret of which has a specific smell. The thin skin of the scrotum is closely connected with the next layer - the fleshy membrane, with its contraction, the cavity of the scrotum decreases, the skin acquires transverse folding.

● Internal sex organs:

Ø TESTICULAR: (testis, testis): a paired glandular organ, with external and internal secretion, produces spermatozoa, external secretion, male and female sex hormones. The testicles are located in the scrotum, covered with a common skin and fleshy membrane of the scrotum.

The testicle is an oval body, in size: length 4-5 cm, width - 2.5-3 cm, thickness 3-3.5 cm, weight 20-30 g. It distinguishes 2 surfaces: internal and external. The testicle is suspended from the lower edge of the spermatic cord, along the posterior edge an appendage adjoins it. The testicular tissue is covered with a dense albuginea, which forms a wedge-shaped thickening along the posterior edge - the maxillary body, mediastinum testis. Fibrous septa radiate from it, which, connecting with the inner surface of the albuginea, divide the parenchyma of the testicle into 250-300 lobules. Each such lobule contains 2-3 or more convoluted seminiferous tubules. Approaching the mediastinum of the testis, the convoluted tubules, connecting with each other, pass into straight tubules, which form a network of passages - a galley network. 12-15 efferent tubules emerge from the network of the testis, then they merge to form a single canal of the epididymis. The place of formation of spermatozoa is the convoluted tubules, the own membrane of which is lined with Sertoli cells and germinal epithelium, from which spermatozoa develop. The direct tubules and tubules of the testicular network already belong to the excretory tracts. Between the convoluted tubules of the testicles are located connective tissue elements, vessels, nerves, Leydig cells, which perform an endocrine function, produce sex hormones.

Ø EDIDA: this is a paired oblong organ, closely associated with the testicle, is part of the vas deferens, is located on the posterior surface of the testicle, 5-6 cm long, it has a head, body, tail. 12-15 efferent tubules of the testis open into the head of the epididymis, which form a common convoluted duct in the epididymis, passing into the body and tail.

Ø PROSTATE: unpaired glandular-muscular organ, resembles a truncated cone in shape, in which the apex, base, anterior and posterior surfaces are distinguished. The gland covers the initial part of the urethra and is closely adjacent to the bottom of the bladder. Seminal vesicles are adjacent to it behind and above it, and more medially are the vas deferens.

The gland consists of 30-50 tubular-alveolar glands, between which there is a connective tissue, the glands open into the prostatic part of the urethra around the seminal hillock. 20-30 excretory ducts.

1. Androgen-dependent organ, contains 25-35% of sperm plasma.

2. Produces a slightly alkaline secret.

3. The secret of the gland contains spermine, which gives the ejaculate a characteristic odor.

4. Citric acid is formed, which normally serves as an indicator of the functional state and an indicator of the endocrine function of the testicles.

Ø SEED BUCKLE:(KHOLMIK): an elevation of an oblong shape, located on the back wall of the prostate part of the urethra, 2 cm long.

In the center there is a hole, the male uterus, where the excretory ducts of the seminiferous tubules open. The mound consists of cavernous tissue rich in elastic fibers.

1. Participates actively in the act of ejaculation.

2. Around it, the excretory ducts of most of the sex glands and nerve endings associated with the center of ejaculation are concentrated.

Ø SEED VISILLE: a paired glandular organ, has a fusiform shape, up to 5 cm long, is a strongly convoluted tube with multiple protrusions and a bumpy surface. The upper expanded, rounded end of the bubble is called the base, which passes into the body, and narrows down. It ends with the excretory duct, which, connecting with the vas deferens, forms the vas deferens, penetrating through the prostate gland and opening with a common opening on each side of the seminal tubercle.

Functions:

1. The secret of the bubbles consists of 50-60% of seminal fluid.

2. Secretes fructose - an indicator of androgenic saturation of the body, a source of energy, metabolism and maintenance of sperm motility. (normal fructose in semen is 13-15 mmol/l).

3. With non-arylized sexual arousal, sperm enter the seminal vesicles, where they are absorbed by spermophage cells.

Ø VEDIA DUCT: an organ that serves to conduct sperm from the tail of the epididymis to the ampulla of the vas deferens, where they accumulate. The contents of the vas deferens are pushed during ejaculation towards the urethra due to the shortening of the entire epididymis as a result of muscle contraction.

Ø bulbous-urethral glands ( Cooper's glands): a paired glandular organ located under the bulb of the spongy body of the penis., are analogues of the large glands of the vestibule of the vagina in women, 0.5 cm long, the secret has an alkaline environment, which increases sperm motility. Mucous secret, serves to moisturize the urethra and glans penis, facilitates sexual intercourse.

7. MALE SEX HORMONES (ANDROGENES), THEIR BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS ON THE ORGANISM (TESTOSTERONE AND ANDROSTERONE):

● stimulate the growth and development of the sexual apparatus, male sexual characteristics and the appearance of sexual reflexes;

● necessary for the normal maturation of male germ cells - spermatozoa, in the absence of hormones, mobile mature spermatozoa are not formed.

● necessary for the manifestation of the sexual instinct and the implementation of related behavioral reactions.

●have a great influence on the body's metabolism: increase the formation of protein in various tissues, especially in muscles, reduce body fat, increase basal metabolism.

● influence the functional state of the central nervous system.

8. SPERMATOGENESIS: begins already in embryos under the influence of the hormonal activity of the testes, with the formation of stem cells that do not develop for a long time, remaining in the form of resting type A spermatogonia.

The process of spermatogenesis is completed within 64 days. The biological reliability of the reproduction of offspring in men is ensured by the cyclic function of the regulatory centers of the gonads, reproducing several million spermatozoa every day, with a development cycle of 72 days for each mature germ cell.

Inside the seminiferous tubules there are 2 types of cells: germinal (spermatogonia) and somatic.

Spermatids - partially differentiated germ cells enter the process of spermatogenesis, as a result of which motile cells are formed - mature sperm, they are transferred to the testicular network, and then to the epididymis and seminal vesicles, in the sperm appendages from immobile, non-fertile cells, turn into active, mobile , fertile spermatozoa.

Additional glands - seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral glands - also enhance the fertile properties of seminal fluid.

Ø INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON SPERMATOGENESIS, POTENTITY (ABILITY TO PERFORM SEXUAL ACT), FERTILITY:

● sexually transmitted diseases (gonorrhea, viral infection, chlamydia);

● psychogenic factors (stress);

● autoimmune diseases (diabetes, etc.);

● bad habits.

LECTURE #3 (4 hours)

TOPIC: « FERTILIZATION. DEVELOPMENT OF THE FETAL AND FETUS.

Women produce about 500,000 eggs during their lifetime. Spermatozoa make up about 10% of seminal fluid.

Male reproductive organs (organa genitalia masculina) are divided into internal (testis, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, prostate and bulbourethral glands) and external (penis, scrotum).

Testicle (testis- lat.;orchis, didymis- Greek)- a paired organ that produces spermatozoa and male sex hormones; located in the scrotum. It has an ovoid shape, somewhat flattened in diameter; they distinguish the upper and lower ends, the outer and inner surfaces, the anterior and posterior edges, along the latter, the epididymis is adjacent to the testicle. From the surface it is covered with a protein membrane formed by connective tissue, from which an ingrowth into the organ is formed along the posterior edge - the mediastinum of the testis. From the mediastinum to the surface, thin connective tissue septa diverge, which divide the testicular parenchyma into 250-300 lobules. Each lobule contains 2-3 convoluted seminiferous tubules

80-120 cm, formed by spermatogenic epithelium. Heading to the top of the lobule, the convoluted tubules pass into short straight seminiferous tubules, which open into the testicular network located in the mediastinum of the organ. From the network of the testicle, 12-15 efferent tubules of the testicle begin, heading to the epididymis, where they flow into the duct of the epididymis.

vas deferens (ductusdeferens) - a paired tubular organ having an outer diameter of 3 mm, an inner diameter of about 0.5 mm and a length 50 cm. From the tail of the epididymis it rises up behind the testicle, as part of the spermatic cord rises to the superficial ring of the inguinal canal, passes through the inguinal canal to its deep ring, leaving the latter, descends along the side wall of the small pelvis down and backwards until it merges with the excretory duct of the seminal vesicle . The terminal section is expanded and forms the ampulla of the vas deferens.

Prostate (prostate) - an unpaired muscular-glandular organ that secretes a secret that is part of the sperm and is involved in the exchange of male sex hormones. It is located at the bottom of the small pelvis under the bladder, to which the expanded part of the gland is adjacent - the base. The lateral parts of the gland (lobes) are connected by an isthmus through which the urethra passes. Outside, the gland is covered with a capsule, its substance is formed by smooth muscle tissue and glandular parenchyma, which form the prostatic glands, the excretory ducts of which open into the prostatic part of the urethra.

bulbourethral gland (glandulabulbourethralis) - a paired secretory organ of a rounded shape with a diameter of 3-8 mm; produces a viscous fluid that protects the mucous membrane of the male urethra. It is located behind the membranous part of the urethra in the thickness of the deep transverse muscle of the perineum. The gland duct opens into the spongy part of the urethra.

penis (penis- lat.,phallus- Greek)- consists of the back part of the root, which is attached to the pubic bones, and the front free part - the body, which ends in the head. It is formed by two cavernous bodies adjacent to each other, under which the spongy body is located. The posterior ends of the cavernous bodies form the legs of the penis, attached to the lower branches of the pubic bones, the anterior cylindrical sections are fused with each other and surrounded by a common protein membrane. The spongy body in the posterior part forms an extension (bulb), and in the anterior part - the head of the penis, is surrounded by a protein membrane and is pierced throughout by the urethra. From the albumen membrane of the spongy and cavernous bodies, partitions extend inward, dividing their cavity into numerous cavities, lined from the inside with endothelium and filled with blood.

Spongy and cavernous bodies are surrounded by common fascia. The body of the penis is covered with thin movable skin, forming a double fold around the head - the foreskin; on the inner surface of the latter, the glands of the foreskin open, producing a sebaceous secret - lubrication of the foreskin (smegma).

Male urethra (uretramasculina) - has the form of a tube with a diameter of 0.5-0.7 cm, a length of 16-22 cm. Prostatic, membranous and spongy parts are isolated in the urethra. In the prostate on the back wall there is a ridge with a seminal mound, on which openings of the ejaculatory ducts open. The membranous part is narrowed, passes through the urogenital diaphragm, has a convex downward bend, is surrounded by circular bundles of skeletal muscles that form the urethral sphincter; the spongy part ends at the head of the penis with a relatively narrowed external opening of the urethra.

The female genital organs are divided into internal (ovary, uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina) and external (pubis, large and small labia, clitoris, vaginal vestibule, large and small glands of the vestibule).

ovary (ovarium- lat.,oophoron- Greek)- steam female sex gland that produces eggs and female sex hormones; is located in the peritoneal cavity of the small pelvis. It has a flattened ovoid shape, outer and inner surfaces, two edges: free and mesenteric, with which the ovary is attached to the posterior leaf of the broad ligament of the uterus, and two ends: the uterine, from which the ovarian ligament extends to the uterus, and the tubal, adjacent to the funnel of the fallopian tube. edge are the gates of the ovary with the vessels and nerves lying in them.

The surface of the ovary is covered with germinal epithelium and underlying albuginea. In the parenchyma, the cortex and medulla are isolated; primary and vesicular ovarian follicles are located in the cortex. In the first phase of the menstrual cycle, one of the primary follicles develops into a mature follicle (Graafian vesicle) containing a maturing egg and producing estrogen hormones. A mature ovarian follicle reaches a diameter of 1 cm, has a connective tissue sheath (theca) of the follicle, in which the outer and inner shells are distinguished. A granular layer is adjacent to the inner shell, forming an egg-bearing mound in which the ovum lies. The cavity within the mature follicle contains follicular fluid. The rupture of a mature follicle leads to its transformation into a corpus luteum, which produces progesterone, and the release of the egg into the peritoneal cavity (ovulation); then the egg enters the funnel of the fallopian tube. If fertilization of the egg does not occur, then the corpus luteum has a diameter of up to 1.0-1.5 cm and functions for 12-14 days (menstrual corpus luteum), after which it is replaced by connective tissue and turns into a whitish body; when pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum becomes large (1.5 - 2.0 cm) and persists throughout pregnancy (corpus luteum of pregnancy).

Uterus (uterus- lat.;meters, hystera- Greek)- a hollow muscular organ in which the embryo and fetus develop; the uterus is involved in endocrine regulation and the implementation of menstrual function. It is located in the pelvic cavity between the bladder and the rectum. It has a pear-shaped body, flattened in front - backwards with a convex upper part - the bottom, along the edges at the border of the bottom and the body, the fallopian tubes flow into the uterus. allocate supravaginal and vaginal parts; the latter has an opening of the uterus, limited by the anterior and posterior lips.

The uterine cavity is slit-like, has a triangular shape in the frontal section, in the upper lateral corners there are openings of the fallopian tubes, in the lower corner the uterine cavity passes into the cervical canal. The wall consists of three layers: the superficial one is formed by the peritoneum (perimetry), the middle one - the muscular membrane (myometrium) has a large thickness; the inner layer - the mucous membrane (endometrium) is covered with a single-layer cylindrical epithelium and has numerous glands. In the endometrium, a functional layer periodically rejected during menstruation and a basal layer are isolated, from which the endometrium is regenerated in the first phase of the cycle. The longitudinal axes of the body and cervix usually form an angle open anteriorly, with the correct position, the bottom of the uterus faces forward and somewhat upward. Fixation of the uterus is carried out by paired ligaments: round, wide, main (cardinal), sacro-uterine, vesico-uterine.

Oviduct (tubauterina- lat.,salpinx- Greek)(fallopian tube) - a paired tubular organ that serves to carry sperm to the egg and actively carry the egg or embryo into the uterine cavity. It is located in the cavity of the small pelvis, lying in the upper edge of the broad ligament of the uterus, the peritoneum of which surrounds the tubes from all sides (intraperitoneally). The lumen of the fallopian tube medially opens into the uterine cavity, the part of the tube within the wall of the uterus is called the uterine tube; leaving the uterus, according to its angles, the fallopian tubes are directed to the sides, then backwards. The isthmus departs from the corner of the uterus, then the tube expands, forming an ampulla; the ampulla ends with a funnel, the lumen of which opens into the peritoneal cavity near the tubal end of the ovary. The edge of the funnel forms fringes, the longest of which is fixed to the ovary. The egg, upon leaving the ovary, is close to the fimbriae, which direct its advancement into the lumen of the funnel and ampulla of the fallopian tube, where, usually, fertilization by sperm takes place.

The wall of the fallopian tube is covered on the outside with a serous membrane, inside there is a muscular membrane, consisting of an outer longitudinal and an inner circular layer. Internal - the mucous membrane forms longitudinal folds, has mucous glands, its surface is covered with ciliated epithelium, the movement of the cilia of which ensures the flow of fluid towards the uterus. /

Vagina (vagina- lat.,colpos- Greek)- a tubular organ located in the pelvic cavity from the cervix to the vestibule of the vagina, where it opens with a hole; on the border of the vagina and the vestibule of the vagina is the hymen (hymen). The vagina has an anterior and a posterior wall; at the top, at the point of transition to the cervix, they form a vaginal vault around it, the posterior part of which is deeper. The vaginal wall has three shells: the outer one is adventitious, the middle one is muscular, in which longitudinal bundles predominate, and the inner one is the mucous membrane, directly fused with the muscular one, formed by a stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium, which forms numerous transverse vaginal folds.

female urethra (urethrafeminina) - a short tubular organ that begins with an internal opening from the bladder and ends with an external opening anteriorly and above the opening of the vagina. It forms an arc, convex posteriorly, at the point of passage through the urogenital diaphragm, it is surrounded by circular bundles of skeletal muscle fibers that form an arbitrary sphincter.

The male reproductive organs work together to produce, store and deliver male gametes (sperms) during intercourse to fertilize an egg in the female reproductive system. In addition, the testicles produce the hormone testosterone, which provides all the male secondary sexual characteristics expressed in adult men. Testosterone, in turn, promotes the growth and development of the male sex organs necessary for sperm production… [Read below]

• Lower torso

[Beginning at the top] … The external sex organs of the male reproductive system include the penis and scrotum. The penis is a leathery organ covered with erectile tissue that is located in the pubic region below the navel. Erectile tissue surrounds the urethra and provides an outlet for urine and ejaculate. It fills with blood during sexual arousal, enlarges the penis. This phenomenon allows the penis to enter the vagina during intercourse to deliver semen to the female reproductive tract. Below the penis is the scrotum, sacs covered with skin and muscles that are reservoirs for the testes. The muscles of the scrotum maintain the correct temperature for spermatogenesis and, depending on conditions, lift the testicles closer to the body to warm or relax to allow them to cool down if they get too hot.

Inside the protective sac of the scrotum are the testicles, a pair of oblong glands that produce sperm, male sex cells, and the hormone testosterone. The testes produce billions of sperm throughout their lives from stem cells in their inner walls. The mature sperm travel through tiny tubules in the testes before entering the adnexa, a crescent-shaped organ found at the back of the testes. The epididymis contains many convoluted tubules that play a vital role in the maintenance and maturation of spermatozoa. When the sperm leaves the epididymis and passes into the vas deferens, it is ready to swim through the female reproductive organs and fertilize the egg.

The vas deferens carries sperm outside the scrotum and into the pelvic cavity, where it reaches the prostate gland. The prostate gland is a dense glandular organ at the base of the bladder. About the size of a golf ball, it surrounds the urethra, which exits the bladder. Together with the seminal vesicles, the vas deferens from each testicle communicates with the prostate to form the ejaculatory duct. During ejaculation, semen from the vas deferens mixes with fluids produced by the prostate and seminal vesicles in the form of semen, which is then expelled by smooth muscle contraction into the urethra.

The urethra is a muscular tube that carries both urine from the bladder and semen from the genital tract out of the body through the penis. Smooth muscles in the lining of the urethra help to expel sperm from the body during ejaculation by producing powerful waves known as peristalsis. The urethra exits the body at the tip of the penis, allowing sperm to be delivered to the female reproductive tract to stimulate fertilization.