Russian tsars and emperors. © Library of antiques and numismatics, review of antique market prices, old maps. Advertising
1722 - By decree of Peter I, systematic observations of the weather began in St. Petersburg.
1778 - Approved coat of arms Cherni, along with the rest of the coats of arms of the Tula governorship.
1809 - The first book of "Fables" by I.A. Krylov.
1888 - In Russia, during field tests, Emperor Alexander III fired shots from a Maxim machine gun, after which this weapon entered service with the Russian army.
1898 - In St. Petersburg, at the North skating rink on Kamennoostrovsky Prospekt, the first bandy game was held in accordance with the approved rules.
1914 - The first issue of the Rabotnitsa magazine was published.
1917 - On February 23, according to the old style, or on March 8, according to the new style, women's demonstrations of suffragettes with the slogans “Bread and Peace!” were held in Petrograd, the next day the workers of the Putilov factory joined the strike, clashes with the police began.
1921 - Established International Women's Day.
1923 - The Society of Friends of the Air Fleet (ODVF) was formed.
1924 - Established diplomatic relations between the USSR and Greece.
1929 - In Leningrad, at the Maly Opera House, a solemn meeting and a concert dedicated to International Women's Day were held. For the first time, the orchestra of "theatrical jazz" L.O. Utyosov.
1940 - The city of Perm in connection with the upcoming 50th anniversary of the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR V.M. Molotov was renamed in his honor. In 1957, the original name, which it received back in 1781, was returned to the city.
1941 - The Flight Research Institute (LII named after M.M. Gromov) was founded. Hero of the Soviet Union M.M. Gromov.
1944 - By order of I.V. Stalin began the mass deportation of the Balkars.
1945 - Established diplomatic relations between the USSR and the Dominican Republic.
1946 - The Council of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in Lvov decided to liquidate the union with the Vatican and to unite with the Russian Orthodox Church.
1963 - N.S. Khrushchev delivered a speech in the Sverdlovsk Hall of the Kremlin "The high vocation of literature and art."
1963 - China annulled the Aigun treaty with Russia of 1858, demanding land back from the USSR.
1968 - In the Pacific Ocean, during combat patrols, the Soviet diesel submarine K-129 sank. According to various sources, from 98 to 105 sailors died.
1983 - Rejecting the proposal of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the House of Representatives of the US Congress to freeze nuclear weapons together with the USSR, President R. Reagan at the national convention of evangelicals called the Soviet Union the center of evil in the modern world, a true "evil empire", arguing that peace can only be achieved with the help of strength. A few days passed, and he proposed the "Star Wars" program.
1988 - The Ovechkin family from Irkutsk hijacks a plane and tries to escape from the USSR. The storm of the plane leads to casualties.
For almost 400 years of the existence of this title, it was worn by completely different people - from adventurers and liberals to tyrants and conservatives.
Rurikovichi
Over the years, Russia (from Rurik to Putin) has changed its political system many times. At first, the rulers had a princely title. When, after a period of political fragmentation, a new Russian state was formed around Moscow, the owners of the Kremlin thought about accepting the royal title.
This was done under Ivan the Terrible (1547-1584). This one decided to marry the kingdom. And this decision was not accidental. So the Moscow monarch emphasized that he was the successor. It was they who bestowed Orthodoxy on Russia. In the 16th century, Byzantium no longer existed (it fell under the onslaught of the Ottomans), so Ivan the Terrible rightly believed that his act would have serious symbolic significance.
Such historical figures as this king had a great influence on the development of the whole country. In addition to the fact that Ivan the Terrible changed his title, he also captured the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates, starting Russian expansion to the East.
Ivan's son Fedor (1584-1598) was distinguished by his weak character and health. Nevertheless, under him the state continued to develop. The patriarchate was established. Rulers have always paid much attention to the issue of succession to the throne. This time he stood up especially sharply. Fedor had no children. When he died, the Rurik dynasty on the Moscow throne came to an end.
Time of Troubles
After Fyodor's death, Boris Godunov (1598-1605), his brother-in-law, came to power. He did not belong to the royal family, and many considered him a usurper. Under him, due to natural disasters, a colossal famine began. The tsars and presidents of Russia have always tried to keep calm in the provinces. Due to the tense situation, Godunov failed to do this. Several peasant uprisings took place in the country.
In addition, the adventurer Grishka Otrepiev called himself one of the sons of Ivan the Terrible and began a military campaign against Moscow. He really managed to capture the capital and become king. Boris Godunov did not live up to this moment - he died from health complications. His son Fyodor II was captured by the associates of False Dmitry and killed.
The impostor ruled for only a year, after which he was overthrown during the Moscow uprising, inspired by disgruntled Russian boyars who did not like that False Dmitry surrounded himself with Catholic Poles. decided to transfer the crown to Vasily Shuisky (1606-1610). During the Time of Troubles, the rulers of Russia often changed.
The princes, tsars and presidents of Russia had to carefully guard their power. Shuisky did not hold her back and was overthrown by the Polish interventionists.
First Romanovs
When in 1613 Moscow was liberated from foreign invaders, the question arose of who should be made sovereign. This text presents all the tsars of Russia in order (with portraits). Now it's time to tell about the ascension to the throne of the Romanov dynasty.
The first sovereign of this kind - Michael (1613-1645) - was just a young man when he was put to rule a vast country. His main goal was the struggle with Poland for the lands occupied by it during the Time of Troubles.
These were the biographies of the rulers and the dates of the reign until the middle of the 17th century. After Michael, his son Alexei (1645-1676) ruled. He annexed left-bank Ukraine and Kyiv to Russia. So, after several centuries of fragmentation and Lithuanian rule, the fraternal peoples finally began to live in one country.
Alexei had many sons. The eldest of them, Fedor III (1676-1682), died at a young age. After him came the simultaneous reign of two children - Ivan and Peter.
Peter the Great
Ivan Alekseevich was unable to govern the country. Therefore, in 1689, the sole reign of Peter the Great began. He completely rebuilt the country in a European manner. Russia - from Rurik to Putin (let's look at all the rulers in chronological order) - knows few examples of an era so full of changes.
A new army and navy appeared. To do this, Peter started a war against Sweden. The Northern War lasted 21 years. During it, the Swedish army was defeated, and the kingdom agreed to cede its southern Baltic lands. In this region, in 1703, St. Petersburg was founded - the new capital of Russia. Peter's success made him think about changing his title. In 1721 he became emperor. However, this change did not abolish the royal title - in everyday speech, monarchs continued to be called kings.
The era of palace coups
Peter's death was followed by a long period of unstable power. The monarchs succeeded each other with enviable regularity, which was facilitated. As a rule, the guards or certain courtiers were at the head of these changes. During this era, Catherine I (1725-1727), Peter II (1727-1730), Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740), Ivan VI (1740-1741), Elizabeth Petrovna (1741-1761) and Peter III (1761-1762) ruled ).
The last of them was of German origin. Under the predecessor of Peter III, Elizabeth, Russia waged a victorious war against Prussia. The new monarch renounced all conquests, returned Berlin to the king and concluded a peace treaty. With this act, he signed his own death warrant. The guards organized another palace coup, after which Peter's wife Catherine II was on the throne.
Catherine II and Paul I
Catherine II (1762-1796) had a deep state mind. On the throne, she began to pursue a policy of enlightened absolutism. The Empress organized the work of the famous statutory commission, the purpose of which was to prepare a comprehensive project of reforms in Russia. She also wrote the Order. This document contained many considerations about the transformations needed for the country. The reforms were curtailed when a peasant uprising led by Pugachev broke out in the Volga region in the 1770s.
All the tsars and presidents of Russia (in chronological order, we listed all the royal persons) took care that the country looked worthy on the foreign arena. She was no exception. She led several successful military campaigns against Turkey. As a result, Crimea and other important Black Sea regions were annexed to Russia. At the end of Catherine's reign, three partitions of Poland took place. So the Russian Empire received important acquisitions in the west.
After the death of the great empress, her son Paul I (1796-1801) came to power. This quarrelsome man was not liked by many in the St. Petersburg elite.
First half of the 19th century
In 1801 there was another and the last palace coup. A group of conspirators dealt with Pavel. His son Alexander I (1801-1825) was on the throne. His reign fell on the Patriotic War and the invasion of Napoleon. The rulers of the Russian state have not faced such a serious enemy intervention for two centuries. Despite the capture of Moscow, Bonaparte was defeated. Alexander became the most popular and famous monarch of the Old World. He was also called "the liberator of Europe".
Inside his country, Alexander in his youth tried to implement liberal reforms. Historical figures often change their policies as they age. So Alexander soon abandoned his ideas. He died in Taganrog in 1825 under mysterious circumstances.
At the beginning of the reign of his brother Nicholas I (1825-1855) there was an uprising of the Decembrists. Because of this, conservative orders triumphed in the country for thirty years.
Second half of the 19th century
Here are all the tsars of Russia in order, with portraits. Further, we will talk about the main reformer of the national statehood - Alexander II (1855-1881). He became the initiator of the manifesto on the liberation of the peasants. The destruction of serfdom allowed the development of the Russian market and capitalism. The country began to grow economically. The reforms also affected the judiciary, local self-government, administrative and conscription systems. The monarch tried to raise the country to its feet and learn the lessons that the lost started under Nicholas I presented him.
But Alexander's reforms were not enough for the radicals. Terrorists attempted several times on his life. In 1881 they were successful. Alexander II died from a bomb explosion. The news came as a shock to the whole world.
Because of what happened, the son of the deceased monarch, Alexander III (1881-1894), forever became a tough reactionary and conservative. But he is best known as a peacemaker. During his reign, Russia did not conduct a single war.
The last king
Alexander III died in 1894. Power passed into the hands of Nicholas II (1894-1917) - his son and the last Russian monarch. By that time, the old world order with the absolute power of kings and kings had already outlived itself. Russia - from Rurik to Putin - knew a lot of upheavals, but it was under Nicholas that there were more than ever many of them.
In 1904-1905. the country experienced a humiliating war with Japan. It was followed by the first revolution. Although the unrest was suppressed, the king had to make concessions to public opinion. He agreed to establish a constitutional monarchy and a parliament.
The tsars and presidents of Russia at all times faced a certain opposition within the state. Now people could elect deputies who expressed these sentiments.
In 1914 the First World War began. No one then suspected that it would end with the fall of several empires at once, including the Russian one. In 1917, the February Revolution broke out, and the last tsar had to abdicate. Nicholas II, together with his family, was shot by the Bolsheviks in the basement of the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg.
Although each of us studied the history of Russia at school, not everyone knows who was the first tsar in Russia. This high-profile title in 1547 began to be called Ivan IV Vasilyevich, nicknamed Terrible for his difficult character, cruelty and tough temper. Before him, all the rulers in the Russian lands were grand dukes. After Ivan the Terrible became tsar, our state began to be called the Russian kingdom instead of the Moscow principality.
Grand Duke and Tsar: what's the difference?
Having dealt with the one who was first named the king of all Russia, you should find out why a new title became necessary. By the middle of the 16th century, the lands of the Moscow principality occupied 2.8 thousand square kilometers. It was a huge state, stretching from the Smolensk region in the west to the Ryazan and Nizhny Novgorod districts in the east, from the Kaluga lands in the south to the Arctic Ocean and the Gulf of Finland in the north. About 9 million people lived on such a vast territory. Muscovite Rus (that is how the principality was called) was a centralized state in which all regions were subordinate to the Grand Duke, that is, Ivan IV.
By the 16th century, the Byzantine Empire had ceased to exist. Grozny hatched the idea of becoming the patron of the entire Orthodox world, and for this he needed to strengthen the authority of his state at the international level. The change of title in this matter played an important role. In the countries of Western Europe, the word “king” was translated as “emperor” or left untouched, while “prince” was associated with a duke or prince, which was one level lower.
The childhood of the sovereign
Knowing who became the first tsar in Russia, it will be interesting to get acquainted with the biography of this person. Ivan the Terrible was born in 1530. His parents were Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily III and Princess Elena Glinskaya. The future ruler of the Russian lands was orphaned early. When he was 3 years old, his father died. Since Ivan was the only heir to the throne (his younger brother Yuri was born mentally retarded and could not lead the Moscow principality), the rule of the Russian lands passed to him. It happened in 1533. The actual ruler with a young son for some time was his mother, but in 1538 she also died (according to rumors, she was poisoned). Completely orphaned by the age of eight, the future first tsar in Russia grew up among the boyar guardians Belsky and Shuisky, who were not interested in anything but power. Growing up in an atmosphere of hypocrisy and meanness, from childhood he did not trust others and expected a dirty trick from everyone.
Adoption of a new title and marriage
At the beginning of 1547, Grozny announced his intention to marry the king. On January 16 of the same year, he was given the title of Tsar of all Russia. The crown was placed on the head of the ruler by Metropolitan Macarius of Moscow, a man who enjoys authority in society and has a special influence on young Ivan. The solemn wedding took place in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin.
Being a 17-year-old boy, the newly-made king decided to marry. In search of a bride, dignitaries traveled all over the Russian lands. Ivan the Terrible selected his wife from one and a half thousand applicants. Most of all, he liked the young Anastasia Zakharyina-Yuryeva. She conquered Ivan not only with her beauty, but also with her intelligence, chastity, piety, and calm character. Metropolitan Macarius, who crowned Grozny to the kingdom, approved the choice and married the newlyweds. Subsequently, the king had other spouses, but Anastasia was the most beloved of all of them for him.
Moscow uprising
In the summer of 1547, a strong fire broke out in the capital, which could not be extinguished for 2 days. About 4 thousand people became its victims. Rumors spread throughout the city that the relatives of the Tsar Glinsky had set fire to the capital. An angry crowd of people went to the Kremlin. The houses of the Glinsky princes were plundered. The result of popular unrest was the murder of one of the members of this noble family - Yuri. After that, the rebels came to the village of Vorobyovo, where the young tsar was hiding from them, and demanded that all the Glinskys be handed over to them. The rebels were hardly managed to calm down and send back to Moscow. After the uprising waned, Ivan the Terrible ordered the execution of its organizers.
The beginning of the reform of the state
The Moscow uprising spread to other Russian cities. Before Ivan IV, it became necessary to carry out reforms aimed at restoring order in the country and strengthening his autocracy. For these purposes, in 1549, the tsar created the Elected Rada - a new government group, which included people loyal to him (Metropolitan Macarius, priest Sylvester, A. Adashev, A. Kurbsky and others).
This period includes the beginning of the active reformatory activity of Ivan the Terrible, aimed at centralizing his power. To manage various branches of state life, the first tsar in Russia created numerous orders and huts. Thus, the foreign policy of the Russian state was led by the Ambassadorial Order, headed by I. Viskovity for two decades. The petition hut, which was under the control of A. Adashev, was obliged to accept applications, petitions and complaints from ordinary people, as well as conduct investigations on them. The fight against crime was assigned to the Rogue Order. He performed the functions of the modern police. Metropolitan life was regulated by the Zemsky order.
In 1550, Ivan IV published a new Code of Laws, in which all legislative acts existing in the Russian kingdom were systematized and edited. When compiling it, the changes that have taken place in the life of the state over the past half century were taken into account. The document for the first time introduced punishment for bribery. Prior to this, Muscovite Russia lived according to the Sudebnik of 1497, the laws of which by the middle of the 16th century were noticeably outdated.
Church and military policy
Under Ivan the Terrible, the influence of the Orthodox Church increased significantly, and the life of the clergy improved. This was facilitated by the Stoglavy Cathedral convened in 1551. The provisions adopted on it contributed to the centralization of church power.
In 1555-1556, the first tsar in Russia, Ivan the Terrible, together with the Chosen Rada, developed the "Code of Service", which contributed to an increase in the size of the Russian army. In accordance with this document, each feudal lord was obliged to field a certain number of soldiers with horses and weapons from their lands. If the landowner supplied the tsar with soldiers in excess of the norm, he was encouraged with a monetary reward. In the event that the feudal lord could not provide the required number of soldiers, he paid a fine. The Code of Service helped to improve the combat capability of the army, which was important in the context of Ivan the Terrible's active foreign policy.
Territory expansion
During the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the conquest of neighboring lands was actively carried out. In 1552, the Kazan Khanate was added to the Russian state, and in 1556, the Astrakhan Khanate. In addition to this, the king's possessions expanded due to the conquest of the Volga region and the western part of the Urals. The dependence on the Russian lands was recognized by the Kabardian and Nogai rulers. Under the first Russian tsar, an active annexation of Western Siberia began.
During 1558-1583, Ivan IV waged the Livonian War for Russia's access to the shores of the Baltic Sea. The beginning of hostilities was successful for the king. In 1560, Russian troops managed to completely defeat the Livonian Order. However, the successfully launched war dragged on for many years, led to a deterioration in the situation inside the country and ended in complete defeat for Russia. The king began to look for those responsible for his failures, which led to massive disgraces and executions.
Break with the Chosen Rada, oprichnina
Adashev, Sylvester and other figures of the Chosen Rada did not support the aggressive policy of Ivan the Terrible. In 1560, they opposed the conduct of the Livonian War by Russia, for which they aroused the wrath of the ruler. The first tsar in Russia dispersed the Rada. Its members were persecuted. Ivan the Terrible, who does not tolerate dissent, thought about establishing a dictatorship on the lands subject to him. To do this, from 1565 he began to pursue a policy of oprichnina. Its essence was the confiscation and redistribution of boyar and princely lands in favor of the state. This policy was accompanied by mass arrests and executions. Its result was the weakening of the local nobility and the strengthening of the power of the king against this background. Oprichnina lasted until 1572 and was terminated after the devastating invasion of Moscow by the Crimean troops led by Khan Devlet Giray.
The policy pursued by the first tsar in Russia led to a strong weakening of the country's economy, the devastation of lands, and the ruin of estates. By the end of his reign, Ivan the Terrible abandoned execution as a way to punish the guilty. In his will of 1579, he repented of his cruelty towards his subjects.
Wives and children of the king
Ivan the Terrible married 7 times. In total, he had 8 children, 6 of whom died in childhood. The first wife, Anastasia Zakharyina-Yuryeva, presented the tsar with 6 heirs, of which only two survived to adulthood - Ivan and Fedor. The son of Vasily was born to the sovereign by the second wife Maria Temryukovna. He died at 2 months old. The last child (Dmitry) to Ivan the Terrible was born by his seventh wife, Maria Nagaya. The boy was destined to live only 8 years.
The first Russian tsar in Russia killed the adult son of Ivan Ivanovich in 1582 in a fit of anger, so Fedor turned out to be the only heir to the throne. It was he who headed the throne after the death of his father.
Death
Ivan the Terrible ruled the Russian state until 1584. In the last years of his life, osteophytes made it difficult for him to walk independently. Lack of movement, nervousness, unhealthy lifestyle led to the fact that at 50 the ruler looked like an old man. In early 1584, his body began to swell and give off a foul odor. Doctors called the sovereign's illness "blood corruption" and predicted his quick death. Grozny died on March 18, 1584, while playing chess with Boris Godunov. Thus ended the life of the one who was the first tsar in Russia. Rumors persisted in Moscow that Ivan IV had been poisoned by Godunov and his accomplices. After the death of the king, the throne went to his son Fedor. In fact, Boris Godunov became the ruler of the country.
Alexey Mikhailovich(1629-1676), tsar since 1645. Son of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, the central government was strengthened and serfdom took shape (Sobornoe ukaz 1649); reunited with the Russian state Ukraine (1654); returned Smolensk, Seversk land, etc.; uprisings in Moscow, Novgorod, Pskov (1648, 1650, 1662) and a peasant war under the leadership of Stepan Razin were suppressed; There was a split in the Russian Church.
Wives: Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya (1625-1669), among her children is Princess Sophia, the future tsars Fedor and Ivan V; Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina (1651-1694) - Peter's mother
Fedor Alekseevich(1661-1682), tsar since 1676. Son of Alexei Mikhailovich from his first marriage with M.I. Miloslavskaya. Under him, various groups of boyars ruled. Household taxation was introduced, localism was abolished in 1682; the unification of Left-bank Ukraine with Russia was finally fixed.
Ivan V Alekseevich (1666-1696), tsar since 1682. Son of Alexei Mikhailovich from his first marriage to M.I. Miloslavskaya. Sickly and incapable of state activity, he was proclaimed tsar together with his younger brother Peter I; until 1689, sister Sophia ruled for them, after her overthrow - Peter I.
Peter I Alekseevich (Great) (1672-1725), tsar from 1682 (ruled from 1689), the first Russian emperor (from 1721). The youngest son of Alexei Mikhailovich - from his second marriage with N.K. Naryshkina. He carried out public administration reforms (the Senate, boards, bodies of higher state control and political investigation were created; the church was subordinate to the state; the country was divided into provinces; a new capital, St. Petersburg, was built). He pursued a policy of mercantileism in the field of industry and trade (the creation of manufactories, metallurgical, mining and other plants, shipyards, marinas, canals). He led the army in the Azov campaigns of 1695-1696, the Northern War of 1700-1721, the Prut campaign of 1711, the Persian campaign of 1722-1723, etc.; he commanded troops during the capture of Noteburg (1702), in battles at Lesnaya (1708) and near Poltava (1709). He supervised the construction of the fleet and the creation of a regular army. Contributed to the strengthening of the economic and political position of the nobility. At the initiative of Peter I, many educational institutions, the Academy of Sciences were opened, a civil alphabet was adopted, etc. The reforms of Peter I were carried out by cruel means, by extreme exertion of material and human forces, oppression of the masses (head tax, etc.), which entailed uprisings (Streletskoye 1698, Astrakhan 1705-1706, Bulavinskoye 1707-1709, etc.), mercilessly suppressed by the government. Being the creator of a powerful absolutist state, he achieved recognition for Russia by the countries of Western Europe of the authority of a great power.
Wives: Evdokia Fedorovna Lopukhina, mother of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich;
Marta Skavronskaya, later Catherine I Alekseevna
Catherine I Alekseevna (Marta Skavronskaya) (1684-1727), empress from 1725. The second wife of Peter I. She was enthroned by the guards, headed by A.D. Menshikov, who became the de facto ruler of the state. Under it, the Supreme Privy Council was created.
Peter II Alekseevich (1715-1730), Emperor from 1727. Son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich. In fact, A.D. Menshikov, then the Dolgorukovs, ruled the state under him. He announced the cancellation of a number of reforms carried out by Peter I.
Anna Ivanovna(1693-1740), Empress from 1730. Daughter of Ivan V Alekseevich, Duchess of Courland from 1710. She was enthroned by the Supreme Privy Council. In fact, E.I. Biron was the ruler under her.
Ivan VI Antonovich (1740-1764), emperor in 1740-1741. Great-grandson of Ivan V Alekseevich, son of Prince Anton Ulrich of Brunswick. E.I. Biron ruled for the baby, then mother Anna Leopoldovna. Overthrown by the guard, imprisoned; killed when V.Ya.Mirovich tried to free him.
Elizaveta Petrovna(1709-1761/62), empress since 1741. Daughter of Peter I from marriage with Catherine I. Enthroned by the guards. She contributed to the elimination of the dominance of foreigners in the government, nominated talented and energetic representatives from among the Russian nobility to government posts. The actual leader of domestic policy under Elizabeth Petrovna was P.I. Shuvalov, whose activities are associated with the abolition of internal customs and the organization of foreign trade; rearmament of the army, improvement of its organizational structure and management system. During the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna, the orders and bodies created under Peter I were restored. The rise of Russian science and culture was facilitated by the establishment, on the initiative of M.V. Lomonosov, of Moscow University (1755) and the Academy of Arts (1757). The privileges of the nobility were strengthened and expanded at the expense of the serfs (distribution of land and serfs, a decree of 1760 on the right to exile peasants to Siberia, etc.). Peasant protests against serfdom were brutally suppressed. The foreign policy of Elizabeth Petrovna, skillfully directed by Chancellor A.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, was subordinated to the task of fighting against the aggressive aspirations of the Prussian king Frederick II.
Peter III Fedorovich (1728-1762), Russian emperor since 1761. German prince Karl Peter Ulrich, son of the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp Karl Friedrich and Anna, the eldest daughter of Peter I and Catherine I. From 1742 in Russia. In 1761 he made peace with Prussia, which nullified the results of the victories of Russian troops in the Seven Years' War. Introduced German orders in the army. Overthrown in a coup organized by his wife Catherine, killed.
Catherine II Alekseevna (Great) (1729-1796), Russian Empress from 1762. German Princess Sophia Frederick Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst. She came to power, overthrowing with the help of the guards Peter III, her husband. She formalized the class privileges of the nobles. Under Catherine II, the Russian absolutist state significantly strengthened, the oppression of the peasants intensified, and a peasant war took place under the leadership of Emelyan Pugachev (1773-1775). The Northern Black Sea region, Crimea, the North Caucasus, Western Ukrainian, Belarusian and Lithuanian lands (in three sections of the Commonwealth) were annexed. She pursued a policy of enlightened absolutism. From the late 80's - early 90's. actively participated in the struggle against the French Revolution; pursued freethinking in Russia.
Pavel I Petrovich (1754-1801), Russian emperor from 1796. Son of Peter III and Catherine II. Introduced a military-police regime in the state, Prussian orders in the army; restricted the privileges of the nobility. He opposed revolutionary France, but in 1800 he made an alliance with Bonaparte. Killed by conspiring nobles.
Alexander I Pavlovich (1777-1825), emperor since 1801. The eldest son of Paul I. At the beginning of his reign, he carried out moderate-liberal reforms developed by the Unofficial Committee and M.M. Speransky. In foreign policy, he maneuvered between Great Britain and France. In 1805-1807 he participated in anti-French coalitions. In 1807-1812 he temporarily became close to France. He led successful wars with Turkey (1806-1812) and Sweden (1808-1809). Under Alexander I, East Georgia (1801), Finland (1809), Bessarabia (1812), Azerbaijan (1813), and the former Duchy of Warsaw (1815) were annexed to Russia. After the Patriotic War of 1812, he headed the anti-French coalition of European powers in 1813-1814. He was one of the leaders of the Vienna Congress of 1814-1815 and the organizers of the Holy Alliance.
Nicholas I Pavlovich (1796-1855), Russian emperor since 1825. Third son of Emperor Paul I. Honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1826). Ascended the throne after the sudden death of Alexander I. Suppressed the Decembrist uprising. Under Nicholas I, the centralization of the bureaucratic apparatus was strengthened, the Third Department was created, the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire was drawn up, and new censorship charters were introduced (1826, 1828). The theory of official nationality gained currency. The Polish uprising of 1830-1831 and the revolution in Hungary of 1848-1849 were suppressed. An important aspect of foreign policy was the return to the principles of the Holy Alliance. During the reign of Nicholas I, Russia participated in the Caucasian War of 1817-1864, the Russo-Persian War of 1826-1828, the Russo-Turkish War of 1828-1829, and the Crimean War of 1853-1856.
Alexander II Nikolayevich (1818-1881), emperor since 1855. The eldest son of Nicholas I. He carried out the abolition of serfdom and then carried out a number of other bourgeois reforms (zemstvo, judicial, military, etc.) that contributed to the development of capitalism. After the Polish uprising of 1863-1864, he switched to a reactionary internal political course. Since the late 1970s, repressions against revolutionaries have intensified. In the reign of Alexander II, the accession to Russia of the Caucasus (1864), Kazakhstan (1865), most of Central Asia (1865-1881) was completed. A number of attempts were made on the life of Alexander II (1866, 1867, 1879, 1880); killed by the people.
Alexander III Alexandrovich (1845-1894), Russian emperor since 1881. Second son of Alexander II. In the first half of the 1980s, in the conditions of the growth of capitalist relations, he abolished the poll tax and lowered redemption payments. Since the 2nd half of the 80s. carried out counter-reforms. Suppressed the revolutionary-democratic and workers' movement, strengthened the role of the police and administrative arbitrariness. In the reign of Alexander III, the annexation of Central Asia to Russia (1885) was basically completed, the Russian-French alliance was concluded (1891-1893).
Nicholas II Aleksandrovich (1868-1918), the last Russian emperor (1894-1917). Eldest son of Alexander III. His reign coincided with the rapid development of capitalism. Under Nicholas II, Russia was defeated in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, which was one of the reasons for the revolution of 1905-1907, during which the Manifesto was adopted on October 17, 1905, which allowed the creation of political parties and established the State Duma; Stolypin agrarian reform began to be carried out. In 1907 Russia became a member of the Entente, in which it entered World War I. From August 1915 he was commander in chief. During the February Revolution of 1917 he abdicated. Shot with his family in Yekaterinburg
The history of the Russian state is already much more than a millennium, and to be completely honest, even before the onset of awareness and the establishment of statehood, a colossal number of the most diverse tribes lived on vast territories. The final period of ten centuries, and a little more, can be called the most interesting, saturated with the most diverse personalities and rulers significant for the fate of the whole country. Yes, and the chronology of the rulers of Russia, from Rurik to Putin, is so long and confusing that it would not be bad to figure out in more detail how we managed to overcome this long journey in several centuries, who stood at the head of the people at every hour of his life and for what he be remembered by posterity, leaving for centuries its shame and glory, disappointment and pride. Be that as it may, they all left their mark, were worthy daughters and sons of their time, providing their descendants with a great future.
Main stages: rulers of Russia in chronological order, table
Not every Russian, no matter how sad it may be, is well versed in history, and he can hardly list the list of rulers of Russia in chronological order for at least the last hundred years. And for a historian, this is far from such a simple task, especially if you also need to briefly talk about the contribution of each of them to the history of their native country. That is why historians decided to conditionally divide all this into main historical stages, linking them according to some specific feature, for example, according to the social system, foreign and domestic policy, and so on.
Russian rulers: chronology of stages of development
It is worth saying that the chronology of the rulers of Russia can tell a lot even to the person who does not have special abilities, and knowledge in historical terms. The historical, as well as personal characteristics of each of them largely depended on the conditions of the very era when they happened to lead the country in that particular period of time.
Among other things, over the entire historical period, not only the rulers of Russia from Rurik to Putin (the table below will definitely be of interest to you) were replaced by one another, but the historical and political center of the country itself changed its place of deployment, and often this did not depend at all on from the people, who, however, did not suffer much from this. For example, until the forty-seventh year of the sixteenth century, the princes ruled the country, and only after that came the monarchization, which ended in November 1917 with the Great October Revolution very tragically.
Further more, and almost the entire twentieth century can be attributed to the stage of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and subsequently the formation of new, almost completely independent states on the territories previously belonging to Russia. Thus, all the rulers of Russia, from Rurik to Putin, will help to better understand which road we have been moving up to this point, point out the advantages and disadvantages, sort out priorities and clearly weed out historical mistakes so as not to repeat them again and again.
Russian rulers in chronological order: Novgorod and Kyiv - where did az come from
Historical materials, which have no reason to doubt, for this period, which begins in 862 and ends with the end of the reign of the Kyiv princes, are in fact quite scarce. However, they allow you to understand the chronology of the rulers of Russia at that time, although at that time such a state simply did not exist.
Interesting
The chronicle of the twelfth century "The Tale of Bygone Years" makes it clear that in 862 the great warrior and strategist, famous for his enormous mental strength, the Varangian Rurik, taking his brothers, went at the invitation of local tribes to reign in the capital city of Novgorod. In fact, it was then that the turning point in the history of Russia came, called the "calling of the Varangians", which ultimately helped to unite the Novgorod principalities with the Kyiv ones.
Varyag from the people of Rus Rurik succeeded Prince Gostomysl, and came to power in 862. He ruled until 872, then he died, leaving his young son Igor, who could not be his only offspring, in the care of a distant relative Oleg.
Since 872, regent Prophetic Oleg, left to look after Igor, decided not to limit himself to the Novgorod principality, captured Kyiv and moved his capital there. It was rumored that he did not die from an accidental snake bite in 882 or 912, but it is no longer possible to figure it out thoroughly.
After the death of the regent in 912, the son of Rurik came to power, Igor, which is the first of the Russian rulers, can be clearly seen both in Western and Byzantine sources. In the fall, Igor decided to collect tribute from the Drevlyans in a larger amount than it was supposed to, for which they treacherously killed him.
Prince Igor's wife Duchess Olga she ascended the throne after the death of her husband in 945, and managed to convert to Christianity even before the final decision on the baptism of Russia was made.
Formally, after Igor, his son ascended the throne, Svyatoslav Igorevich. However, since at that time he was three years old, his mother Olga became regent, whom he successfully moved after 956, until he was killed by the Pechenegs in 972.
In 972, the eldest son of Svyatoslav and his wife Predslava came to power - Yaropolk Svyatoslavovich. However, he had to sit on the throne for only two years. Then he simply fell into the millstones of civil strife, was killed and ground into the "torment of time."
In 970, the son of Svyatoslav Igorevich ascended the throne of Novgorod from his own housekeeper Malusha, Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich, who later received the nickname for the adoption of Christianity Great and Baptist. Eight years later, he ascended the throne of Kyiv, seizing it, and also moving his capital there. It is he who is considered the prototype of that very epic character fanned over the centuries with glory and a certain mystical aura, Vladimir the Red Sun.
Grand Duke Yaroslav Vladimirovich the Wise sat on the Kyiv throne in 1016, which he managed to capture under the guise of unrest, which arose after the death of his father Vladimir, and after him his brother Svyatopolk.
From 1054, the son of Yaroslav and his wife, the Swedish princess Ingigerda (Irina), named Izyaslav, began to rule in Kyiv, until he died heroically in the midst of a battle against his own uncles in 1068. buried Izyaslav Yaroslavich in the iconic Hagia Sophia in Kyiv.
Starting from this period, that is, in 1068, some personalities ascended the throne who did not leave any serious trace in historical terms.
Grand Duke, by name Svyatopolk Izyaslavovich rose to the throne already in 1093 and ruled until 1113.
It was at this moment in 1113 that one of the greatest Russian princes of his time came to power. Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh who left the throne after only twelve years.
The next seven years, until 1132, the son of Monomakh sat on the throne, named Mstislav Vladimirovich.
Beginning in 1132, and again for exactly seven years, the throne was taken by Yaropolk Vladimirovich, also the son of the great Monomakh.
Fragmentation and civil strife in ancient Russia: the rulers of Russia in order and randomly
It must be said that the Russian rulers, whose chronology of leadership is offered to you for general education and increasing knowledge of their own historical basis, have always cared for the statehood and prosperity of their own peoples, one way or another. They consolidated their positions in the European arena as best they could, however, their calculation and aspirations were not always justified, but you can’t judge the ancestors too harshly, you can always find several weighty or not very arguments in favor of one or another decision.
In the period when Russia was a deeply feudal land, fragmented into the smallest principalities, the faces on the throne of Kyiv were replaced at a catastrophic speed, without even having time to accomplish anything more or less significant. Around the middle of the thirteenth century, Kyiv generally fell into complete decline, leaving only a few names about that period in the memory of descendants.
Great Russian Rulers: Chronology of Vladimir Principality
The beginning of the twelfth century for Russia was marked by the formation of late feudalism, the weakening of the principality of Kyiv, as well as the emergence of several other centers, from which strong pressure was observed from large feudal lords. The largest such centers were Galich and Vladimir. It is worth dwelling in more detail on the princes of that era, although they did not leave a significant mark in the history of modern Russia, and perhaps their role was simply not yet appreciated by their descendants.
Rulers of Russia: a list of the times of the Moscow principality
After it was decided to transfer the capital to Moscow from the former capital of Vladimir, the feudal fragmentation of the Russian lands began to slowly decline, and the main center, of course, began to gradually and unobtrusively increase its own political influence. Yes, and the rulers of that time became much more lucky, they managed to hold out on the throne longer than the miserable Vladimir princes.
Starting from the year 48 of the sixteenth century, hard times came in Russia. The ruling dynasty of princes actually collapsed and ceased to exist. This period is usually called timelessness, when real power was in the hands of the boyar families.
Monarchical rulers of Russia: chronology before and after Peter I
Historians are accustomed to distinguish three periods of the formation and development of Russian monarchical rule: the pre-Petrine period, the reign of Peter, and the post-Petrine period.
After difficult, troubled times, came to power, glorified by Bulgakov, Ivan Vasilievich the Terrible(from 1548 to 1574).
After the father of Ivan the Terrible, his son was blessed to reign Fedor, nicknamed the Blessed(from 1584 to 1598).
It is worth knowing that Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich was the last of the Rurik dynasty, but he could not leave an heir. Among the people, he was considered inferior, both in terms of health and mental abilities. Beginning in the year 98 of the sixteenth century, times of unrest began, which lasted until the year 12 of the next century. The rulers changed like pictures in a silent movie, each pulling in their own direction, little thinking about the welfare of the state. In 1612, a new royal dynasty, the Romanovs, came to power.
The first representative of the royal dynasty was Michael, he spent time on the throne from 1613 to 1645.
Son of Alexei Fedor took the throne in 76 and spent exactly 6 years on it.
Sofia Alekseevna, his blood sister was engaged in government from 1682 until 1689.
Peter I ascended the throne as a young man in 1689, and stayed on it until 1725. It was the greatest period of national history, the country finally gained stability, the economy rushed uphill, and the new king began to call himself emperor.
In 1725, she took the throne Ekaterina Skavronskaya, and left it in 1727.
In the year 30, she sat on the throne queen Anna, and ruled for exactly 10 years.
Ivan Antonovich He stayed on the throne for only a year, from 1740 to 1741.
Ekaterina Petrovna ruled from 41 to 61 years.
In the year 62, the throne was taken Catherine the Great, where she stayed until the 96th.
Pavel Petrovich(from 1796 to 1801).
Following Paul came and Alexander I (1081-1825).
Nicholas I came to power in 1825 and left it in 1855.
Tyrant and slob, but very responsible Alexander II had the ability to bite his family on the legs, lying on the floor from 1855 to 1881.
The last of the Russian tsars Nicholas II, ruled the country until 1917, after which the dynasty was completely and unconditionally interrupted. Moreover, it was then that a completely new political system was formed, called the republic.
Soviet rulers of Russia: in order from the revolution to the present day
The first Russian ruler after the revolution was Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, who formally ruled the huge colossus of workers and peasants until 1924. In fact, by the time of his death, he was no longer able to decide anything, and in his place it was necessary to nominate a strong personality with an iron hand, which happened.
Dzhugashvili (Stalin) Joseph Vissarionovich(from 1924 to 1953).
corn lover Nikita Khrushchev became the very "first" First Secretary until 1964.
Leonid Brezhnev took Khrushchev's place in 1964 and died in 1982.
After Brezhnev, the so-called "thaw" came, when he ruled Yuri Andropov(1982-1984).
Konstantin Chernenko took over as general secretary in 1984 and left a year later.
Mikhail Gorbachev decided to introduce the notorious "perestroika", and as a result became the first, and at the same time the only president of the USSR (1985-1991).
Boris Yeltsin, named the leader of an independent Russia from anyone (1991-1999).
The present head of state today, Vladimir Putin has been the President of Russia since the Millennium, that is, 2000. There was a break in his reign for a period of 4 years, when the country was quite successfully led by Dmitry Medvedev.
