Peripheral retinal degeneration of the retina. Peripheral chorioretinal degeneration. Peripheral retinal dystrophy - an invisible danger

There can be many reasons for visual impairment. Experts call a variety of eye diseases. Retinal degeneration (dystrophy) is a very common cause of visual impairment. There are no sensory nerve endings in the retina. Because of this, the disease can proceed painlessly.

Definition

Retinal degeneration most often affects the elderly. Retinal disease in children is very rare. It manifests itself in the form of pigmented and dotted white degeneration, in the form of a yellow spot (Best's disease). These varieties of the disease are congenital and hereditary.

With age, changes occur in the retina of the eye. Various slags can be deposited between the shell of the eye and the vascular. They begin to accumulate, and as a result, yellow or white “garbage” is formed - druze.

During degeneration, the most important cells begin to die. This disease is called "yellow spot".

Treatment with folk remedies

Retinal degeneration can be similar to various other abnormalities in the body. Medical treatment should not be ignored. Traditional medicine is an auxiliary element that consolidates the treatment.

Be sure to diversify your diet. Eat more seaweed, cinnamon and honey.

1. Mix water and goat milk in equal proportions. This solution should be dripped into the eyes two to three drops a day. Apply a tight bandage over your eyes and rest for a few minutes. Do not move your eyes or open them.
2. Prepare the next drink. Coniferous needles - five tablespoons, dried rose hips - two tablespoons, onion peel - two tablespoons. Mix the whole mixture well and grind. Pour a liter of water and boil on fire for no more than 15 minutes. The broth is filtered and infused for another day. Apply for a month half an hour before meals.
3. Take five tablespoons of nettle, one tablespoon of lily of the valley. Pour one glass of water and leave for ten hours in a dark place. Then add a teaspoon of soda and make a compress for the eyes from the resulting broth.

Prevention

All forms are caused either by diseases of the organs of vision or the body as a whole. Most often, people who have myopia of medium or high degree suffer. It is impossible to prevent the disease, but it can be detected and controlled in time.

Prevention is that you need to be examined by an ophthalmologist twice a year.

It is advisable not to smoke, not to abuse alcohol and a variety of drugs. Eat right, and it is best to add more vitamins to your diet.

• Vitamin A. These are carrots, sunflower seeds, potatoes, seafood, fish liver.
• Thiamine, vitamin Bi. This includes brewer's yeast, honey, green peas, nuts, wheat.
• Vitamin C, ascorbic acid. These are leafy vegetables, sweet peppers, spinach, black currants.
• Potassium (honey and vinegar).
• Vitamin B12. Beets, blueberries, parsley, apricots, prunes, dates.

Macular retinal degeneration

There are two forms of macular degeneration:

1. Astrophic.
2. Exudative.

These two forms differ from each other in that during exudative degeneration, the cells begin to exfoliate due to the fluid coming from the vessels. Cells slough off the underlying membranes, and as a result, hemorrhage may occur. Edema may form at the site.

In the astrophic form, the "yellow spot" is affected by the pigment. There are no scars, swelling or fluid. In this case, both eyes are always affected.

signs

With macular degeneration of the retina, vision gradually deteriorates and decreases. The disease is painless, so it is very difficult to detect the disease at an early stage. But when one eye is affected, the main symptom is seeing fine lines as wavy. There are times when vision is sharply reduced, but does not lead to complete blindness.

For any distortion of straight lines, you should immediately consult a doctor. Other symptoms include blurry images and trouble reading books, newspapers, etc.

The reasons

The main reason is old age. After 50 years, the risk of developing such a disease increases several times, and by the age of 75, a third of older people suffer from retinal degeneration.

The second reason is the hereditary line. An interesting fact is that dark-skinned people suffer from the disease less often than Europeans.

The third reason is the lack (deficiency) of vitamins and microelements. For example, vitamins C, E, lutein carotenoids, zinc and antioxidants.

Diagnosis and treatment

It is impossible to independently identify the disease at an early stage. You can detect the disease only with regular visits to the ophthalmologist. The doctor will examine and identify the beginning changes. This is the only way to prevent the development of macular degeneration of the retina.

Modern medicine does not have many ways to treat this disease, but if the deviations were replaced at an early stage, then laser correction can be done. If cataract maturation occurs, then doctors replace the lens.

age-related macular degeneration

This disease is most common in the elderly. The Caucasian population is especially affected.

• The causes of AMD are as follows:
• genetic predisposition;
• smoking;
• age;
• obesity;
• cardiovascular diseases;
• anamnesis;
• hypertension;
• low intake of fatty acids and green leafy vegetables.

There are two forms of the disease. The most common is dry. Non-exudative and astrophic. Any AMD disease begins with it. The dry form affects about 85 percent of people.

In the dry form, changes occur in the pigment epithelium, where the foci appear as dark dots. The epithelium performs a very important function. It maintains the normal state and functioning of cones and rods. The accumulation of various toxins from rods and cones leads to the formation of yellow spots. In the case of advanced disease, chorioretinal atrophy occurs.

Read also: - a disease in which the central part of the retina is affected - the macula.

The second form is wet. It is neovascular and exudative. This disease develops in about 25 percent of people. With this form, a disease called choroidal neovascularization begins to develop. This is when new abnormal blood vessels develop under the retina. Hemorrhage or swelling of the optic nerve can lead to detachment of the retinal pigment epithelium. If the disease is not treated for a long time, then a disc-shaped scar forms under the macula.

Diagnostics

Specialists use one of the diagnostic methods:

1. Ophthalmoscopy. Allows you to identify both forms of the disease. Use the Amsler grid.
2. Color fundus photography and fluorescein angiography. If doctors assume a wet form of the disease, then these two diagnostics are carried out. Angiography reveals choroidal neovascularization and geographic atrophy.
3. Optical coherence tomography. Helps to assess the effectiveness of ongoing therapy and to identify intraretinal or subretinal fluid at an early stage.

Treatment

1. With dry AMD or one-sided wet form, special nutritional supplements are needed.
2. Anti-VEGF drugs.
3. In the wet form, laser treatment is applied.
4. Various support measures.

Peripheral degeneration

Peripheral retinal degeneration is a common disease in modern medicine. From 1991 to 2010, the number of cases increased by 19%. The probability of developing with normal vision is 4%. The disease can manifest itself at any age.

If we touch on the topic of peripheral degeneration, then this is already a more dangerous phenomenon. After all, it is asymptomatic.

Diagnosing peripheral disease can be difficult because fundus changes are not always pronounced. It is difficult to explore the area in front of the equator of the eye. This type very often leads to retinal detachment.

The reasons

Peripheral degeneration develops in people suffering from myopic or hypermetropic type of refraction. Especially at risk are people who suffer from myopia. There are also other causes of the disease:

1. Traumatic injuries. For example, a severe traumatic brain injury or damage to the bone walls of the orbit.
2. Violation of the blood supply. Changes in blood flow can lead to trophic disorders and thinning of the inner lining of the eyeball.
3. various inflammatory diseases.
4. iatrogenic effect. There are changes in the inner lining of the eye. This happens after vitreoretinal surgery or when the effect of laser photocoagulation has been exceeded.

Who is at risk?

People who suffer from myopia are most susceptible to the disease. In myopic people, thinning and tension of the retina occurs. This leads to dystrophy.

This includes the elderly, especially over 65 years of age. At this age, the main cause of a sharp decrease in vision is peripheral dystrophy.

Also included in this group are the following:

• Suffering from diabetes.
• Atherosclerosis.
• arterial hypertension.

Classification

Experts classify pathology into several types. It is trellised, frost-like and racemose. Separate variants of changes may resemble a "snail track" or "cobblestone pavement".

Forms of the disease:

1. Peripheral vitreochorioretinal (PVCRD). It is characterized by damage to the vitreous body, retina and choroid.
2. Peripheral chorioretinal (PCRD). Pathologies of the retina and choroid.

Vitreochorioretinal dystrophy is divided by localization:

1. Equatorial. The most common retinal lesion.
2. Paraoral. Dystrophic changes occur at the dentate line.
3. Mixed. The shape is associated with the greatest risk of rupture due to the presence of diffuse changes over the entire surface of the retina.

Diagnostics

During a routine examination of the fundus, the peripheral region is inaccessible. In most cases, the diagnosis of this area is possible only with the maximum possible medical expansion of the pupil; a three-mirror Goldman lens is used for examination.

In order to identify the disease and prescribe treatment, the patient can perform the following studies:

1. Ophthalmoscopy. In this case, studies of the optic disc, retina and choroid are carried out. It uses rays of light that are reflected from the structures of the fundus. There are two types of ophthalmoscopy: direct and reverse.
2. Perimetry. This method will help to identify the concentric narrowing of the visual fields. If the doctor detects the onset of the disease, then the patient will be assigned a quantitative perimetry.
3. Visometry. It is considered the easiest way to determine visual acuity. It is carried out everywhere: in various educational institutions, in the army, during examinations for ophthalmic diseases, etc.
4. Refractometry. One of the modern methods where medical equipment is used is a refractometer. At the moment, there is advanced equipment - a computer automatic refractometer. With the help of such a study, the development of refractive errors is detected, as well as diagnosing myopia, hyperopia or astigmatism.
5. . Allows you to detect pathologies at the earliest stages. Ultrasound is used to diagnose changes in the vitreous body, to assess the size of the longitudinal axis of the eye.

Treatment

Before prescribing treatment, the specialist assesses the nature of the pathology. To eliminate the disease use:

1. conservative therapy. In the treatment, medications of the groups of antiplatelet agents, angioprotectors, antihypoxants are used. Bioactive additives, vitamins C and B are also used here.
2. Surgical intervention. The treatment uses laser coagulation of blood vessels in areas of increased thinning. The operation is carried out on an outpatient basis. After the operation, conservative therapy is prescribed, including taking various drugs.

Pigmentary degeneration of the retina

Pigmentary degeneration (abiotrophy) is a hereditary disease of the inner lining of the eye. The retinal rods begin to break down. This disease is very rare. If a person falls ill and does not take any action, then blindness occurs.

The disease was described in 1857 by D. Donders and named "retinitis pigmentosa". And five years later, a hereditary disease was established.

The reasons

The most sensitive area of ​​the eye is made up of cells. These are rods and cones. They are so called because the appearance resembles such a shape. The cones are located in the central part. They are responsible for sharp and color vision. The rods occupied all the space, filling the retina. They are responsible for, as well as for visual acuity in poor lighting.

During damage to individual genes that are responsible for the nutrition and functioning of the eye, the outer layer of the retina is destroyed. It all starts in the periphery and in a few years spreads throughout the retina.

Both eyes are affected early on. The first signs are visible in childhood, the main thing is to consult a doctor in time. If the disease is not treated, then by the age of twenty, patients lose their ability to work.

There are other developments of the disease: only one eye is affected, a separate sector of the retina, a later disease occurs. Such people are at risk of developing glaucoma, cataracts, swelling of the central zone of the retina.

Symptoms

Hemeralopia or in other words "night blindness". Occurs due to damage to the retinal rods. People who suffer from this disease are poorly oriented in places with poor lighting. If a person notices that he can hardly navigate in the dark, then this is the first sign of the disease.

The progression of the disease begins with damage to the rods of the retina. It starts from the periphery and gradually approaches the central part. In the later stages, the patient's sharp and color vision decreases. This happens due to the fact that the cones of the central part are affected. If the disease progresses, then complete blindness may occur.

Diagnostics

It is possible to identify the disease only at the earliest stages and only at a young age. The disease can be detected if the child begins to orientate poorly at night or at dusk.

The doctor examines the visual acuity and the reaction of light. There is an examination of the fundus, since it is there that the change in the retina occurs. The diagnosis is also refined with the help of electrophysiological studies. This method will help to better assess the functioning of the retina. Doctors evaluate dark adaptation and orientation in a dark room.

If the diagnosis has been established or suspicions have been identified, then an examination of the patient's relatives should be carried out.

Treatment

To stop the progression of the disease, the patient is prescribed various vitamins and medications. They improve blood circulation and nourish the retina.

In the form of injections, drugs such as:

• Mildronate.
• Emoxylin.

In the form of drops, the following medications are prescribed:

• Taufon.
• Emoxylin.

To stop the development of pathology, doctors use physiotherapy methods. The most effective device that is used at home is Sidorenko glasses.

Science is developing, there are news about new methods of treatment. For example, this includes gene therapy. It helps repair damaged genes. In addition, there are electronic implants that help blind people move freely and navigate in space.

In some patients, the progression of the disease can be slowed down. For this, vitamin A is used weekly. People who have completely lost their sight restore their visual sensation with the help of a computer chip.

Before starting treatment, you need to consider the cost, as well as the reputation of the medical center. The most important thing is to pay attention to the work of specialists and their training. Familiarize yourself with local equipment and medical staff. All these steps will help to achieve a good result.

Conclusion

It is impossible to get rid of the disease once and for all. It is only possible to identify it in time, slow down the development and progression. The prognosis for a full recovery is not the most pleasant, so you need to block the disease in the early stages. And in order to maintain vision, you need to undergo an examination by a doctor every year and carry out preventive actions.

Retinal dystrophy is one of the most serious eye pathologies that can lead to blindness. The cause of this process are disorders in the vascular system of the eyes. The peripheral zone of the retina is hidden behind the eyeball, which makes it not visible when examining the fundus.

To determine peripheral vitreochorioretinal dystrophy (PVCRD), a special study is needed. The possibility of blindness, mild symptoms, and the need for special diagnosis make retinal PVRD a very dangerous and insidious disease.

The disease does not have symptoms that exhaustively characterize this type of pathology. With PVRD observed:

• loss of visual acuity;
• pop-up spots, flies, blots before both eyes.

Patients characterize the interference that appears and covers the field of view in different ways. The presence of such problems requires an appeal to an ophthalmologist.

The reasons

Retinal dystrophy is provoked by vascular disorders of the eye and lack of blood supply. Degeneration can push:

• eye and craniocerebral injuries;
• different forms of diabetes;
• infectious diseases;
• myopia;
• inflammatory eye diseases.

Pathological changes can occur in both eyes at the same time or affect only the left or right eye.

PVRD of the retina can affect only one eye or develop in two at once.

There are many reasons contributing to the development of peripheral vitreochorioretinal retinal dystrophy. Their action is based on the deterioration of blood circulation in the vessels of the retina, which subsequently changes the biochemical processes occurring in it, as well as in the nearby parts of the vitreous body. As a result of these disorders, adhesion of the retina and vitreous body occurs. Such processes can occur in persons with emmetropic visual acuity.

With myopia, an increase in the anteroposterior size of the eyeball occurs, as a result of which stretching of the eye structures is observed. The retina becomes thinner, angiopathy develops, blood supply is disturbed, the peripheral sections are especially affected, and if there is a vitreoretinal ligation, a rupture is possible.

Inadequate blood supply causes dystrophic thinning of the retinal layer, which can lead to rupture and loss of vision. Ruptures occur from excessive physical activity, weight lifting, climbing to heights or descents into water in places of the greatest dystrophic changes in tissues.

A serious provoking factor in the development of retinal degeneration is myopia. Myopia causes the eyeball to stretch. This leads to a change in the entire structure of the visual organ - the periphery of the retina becomes thinner, blood flow worsens.

High myopia should be the reason for regular visits to the ophthalmologist in order to timely diagnose peripheral vitreochorioretinal retinal dystrophy.

However, most ophthalmologists consider heredity to be the main factor in the development of PVRD. Eye pathologies often run in families and are transmitted from parents to children.

Heredity is one of the factors provoking PVRD.

The meaning of the difference between PCRD and PVRD

Both types of pathology - chorioretinal and vitreochorioretinal - are associated with vascular disorders of the eye, which lead to the development of retinal degeneration.

Peripheral vitreochorioretinal dystrophy is a more dangerous type of disease, because degenerative changes also affect the vitreous body of the eye. Vitreo - vitreo agg - from Latin glass, vitreous.

The second type of disease - PRHD - affects only the retina itself and blood vessels.

The first type of the disease is less common, but requires increased attention from the doctor and patient, because it threatens with retinal detachment and loss of vision. Vitreoretinal adhesions of the vitreous body with the retina provoke the destruction of its layer and rupture.

Do not confuse PVRD and PCRD - these are two different pathologies.

Classification (types and types of retinal breaks)

Downstream, peripheral vitreochorioretinal dystrophy happens:

1. 1. With a benign course:
      • Cobblestone degeneration is white areas of atrophy. With it, the vessels of the choroid are visible through the affected retina against the background of the sclera. The cause of development is the occlusion of the choroidal vessels, which leads to postischemic atrophy of the pigment epithelium and the outer layers of the retina. It is found in the lower half of the fundus between the dentate line and the equator. Not complicated by ruptures or detachment.
      • Equatorial Druses. Pale formations of small size, may have pigmentation along the contour. They are located along the dentate line.
      • Pigmentary oroparallel degeneration. Age-related change, manifested by increased pigmentation along the "toothed" line.
      • Honeycomb degeneration. Appears in the elderly. It is represented by perivascular pigmentation, it can reach the equator.
   2. With poor quality:

1. 1. • "lattice" dystrophy. "Grid" at ophthalmoscopy is visible as thin stripes of white color, forming outlines similar to a lattice. Between these bands, erosions, cysts and micro-ruptures, zones of hypopigmentation or hyperpigmentation appear, there may even be diffuse pigmentation. The vitreal body above the “lattice” area is liquefied, and along the contour, on the contrary, it is compacted and soldered to its edges. As a result, vitreochorioretinal lines appear, which contribute to the formation of valvular retinal ruptures.
      • Dystrophy of the "snail track" type. Pathology develops due to vascular lesions and is manifested by the appearance of whitish inclusions consisting of microglia and astrocytes. With the presence of point erosion and perforated defects. Degenerative lesions can coalesce and form large defects. Has a high risk of developing detachment.
      • Hoarfrost degeneration is a hereditary retinal disease. Retinal manifestations are usually symmetrical and affect both eyes. Ophthalmoscopically manifests itself in the form of large formations of a yellowish-white color, similar to "snow flakes". It progresses slowly and rarely leads to complications.

PVRD is classified according to the flow and type of fracture.

According to the type of retinal break, there are the following types:

1. 1. • Perforated - part of the retina is completely torn off due to PVD. Occurs with lattice dystrophy.
      • Valved - the place of rupture is partially covered, a valve is formed. Formed in the presence of vitreoretinal adhesion.
      • According to the type of dialysis - the retina is torn along the dentate line. Dialysis develops with contusion of the eye.

The stages of the disease indicate the severity, degree and types of tears and tractions, and are from I to V. Starting from stage IV, laser coagulation is always indicated. PVRD 2I degree or stage, for example, has no absolute indications, and the decision on further treatment is made individually.

PVRD during pregnancy

According to medical organizations, by the beginning of the reproductive period, more than 25% of women have myopia, more than 7% of them have a high degree. Against the background of the normal course of pregnancy in women with myopia, narrowing of the retinal vessels is noted.

This is due to the increased load on the cardiovascular system and the need for additional blood circulation for the unborn child. Therefore, during pregnancy, patients are examined twice by an ophthalmologist with a complete examination of the fundus.

In the case of the development of PVRD during pregnancy, laser coagulation is indicated. It can be carried out for up to 32 weeks. After a successful operation, a woman can give birth herself.

The need for a caesarean section during pregnancy of a woman with retinal PVRD is clarified one month before the estimated date of delivery.

The decision on the need for a caesarean section due to dystrophic conditions of the retina is made a month before delivery. A high degree of myopia (more than 6.0 diopters) is not an indication for surgery.

Diagnostics

The initial stage of peripheral vitreochorioretinal degeneration proceeds without symptoms, weakening of vision and the appearance of interference before the eyes begins with the destruction of the layer. During a routine examination of the fundus, the peripheral areas are hidden by the eyeball.

Patients with a high degree of myopia are more likely to be examined by ophthalmologists, as they belong to the risk group. PVRD in many patients is often detected when the detachment process has already begun. Therefore, with a weak and moderate degree of myopia with an obvious and constant deterioration in visual acuity, it is worth undergoing a diagnosis.

To diagnose the disease are carried out:

1. 1. • study of the fundus with a Goldman lens using medications that dilate the pupil;
      • definition of fields of view;
      • Ultrasound, optical tomography and electrophysiological examination;
      • sclerocompression.

With the help of modern digital devices, it is possible to obtain a color image of the peripheral part of the retina and assess the extent and area of ​​the lesion.

Examination of the fundus with a Goldman lens helps to diagnose PVRD.

An ophthalmic examination includes diagnosing PVRD before conscription. Depending on the degree and nature of the disease, a delay is given for laser coagulation.

Treatment

Retinal degeneration is an irreversible process, it will not be possible to return tissue to normal. Treatment is aimed at slowing the destruction and improving vision.

Medicinal methods

With PVRD at the initial stage, conservative methods of treatment are used - taking medications. Shown:

1. 1. • Multivitamins and microelements, nourishing the tissues, stop the processes of degeneration. A healthy diet should be followed, giving preference to nuts, fish, vegetables and fruits.
      • Drugs that stop the development of blood clots in the vessels (Aspirin, Ticlopidin).
      • Vasodilators (No-shpa, Askorutin).
      • Eye drops that improve metabolism.
      • Eye injections to improve microcirculation.

These funds help stop the process of tissue destruction. Complex administration of drugs is carried out twice a year.

Askorutin is prescribed as a vasodilator.

Physiotherapy

Procedures contribute to the suspension of tissue degeneration. Assign electrophoresis, electrical or photostimulation of the retina, laser. Treatment is carried out in courses.

laser procedure

To prevent retinal detachment, laser coagulation is used, this is the most effective method that has proven its effectiveness. The laser beam glues the retina in places of stretching with the vascular bottom of the visual organ, preventing detachment.

Barrier laser coagulation (BLC) is performed under local anesthesia, the procedure takes 10-20 minutes. The patient is allowed to go home immediately after the procedure. In modern medicine, this is the best remedy for preventing the severe consequences of PVRD and angiopathy.

Surgery

Operations for peripheral vitreochorioretinal dystrophy are performed in severe cases, when neither drug treatment nor laser coagulation has an effect.

The operation is performed only if other methods of treatment do not work.

Prevention

When a disease is detected, prevention is aimed at preventing the further development of the pathological process and preventing retinal rupture.
Patients with PVRD should remember that only a careful attitude to health, strict adherence to preventive measures and doctor's prescriptions will help to avoid terrible complications.

It is necessary to avoid physical exertion, lead a healthy lifestyle, visit an ophthalmologist twice a year and conduct treatment courses.

People who fall into risk groups should be careful and undergo medical examinations on time. You need to give up excessive passion for the computer, do gymnastics for the eyes, take vitamins.

Proper nutrition, rejection of bad habits will help minimize the risk of hereditary factors of the disease and avoid PVRD.

Nov 28, 2017 Anastasia Tabalina

Peripheral retinal dystrophy is one of the rare but rather dangerous diseases. When an ailment appears, the lack of timely medical care can lead to disastrous consequences, but proper treatment will help preserve vision. In addition, the problem can be difficult to diagnose and its analysis, as a rule, takes a lot of time.

Disease Definition

Peripheral retinal dystrophy is usually understood as an eye disease (most often of a hereditary nature), the development of which is accompanied by processes of tissue destruction with subsequent deterioration of vision. In the advanced stages, a complete loss of vision is likely without the possibility of recovery (the same outcome is possible with a long ignore).

According to official statistics, up to forty percent of people with farsightedness and up to eight percent of myopia suffer from the disease.

People with diseases of the organs of vision are recommended prevention and periodic examination for the possibility of acquiring retinal dystrophy.

There are the following forms of the disease:

• Trellised. It is characterized by the appearance of white stripes, deterioration of blood circulation in the blood vessels of the eye and the formation of cysts. Often occurs against the background of retinal detachment.
• Retinoschisis. It is characterized by stratification of the retina, most often observed with the development of myopia. In most cases, it is hereditary.
• Hoarfrost. It is characterized by the appearance of frost-like white inclusions on the anterior surface of the eye. It is inherited.
• With changes in the form of a snail track. When the disease occurs, the appearance of perforated pathologies resembling a snail track is observed. Often accompanied by tissue ruptures.
• With changes in the form of a cobblestone pavement. With the disease, pathologies are observed in the form of oblong rings, it is possible to separate pieces of pigment. Often diagnosed with myopia.
• Small cystic. It is characterized by the appearance of a large number of red small cysts.

Causes

The disease can occur in people of any age and category. Among the most common causes of its occurrence are:

• Heredity (if relatives suffered from a problem of this type);
• Traumatic brain injury, eye damage;
• (less often - myopia);
• Damage associated with excessive physical activity;
• Diabetes;
• Atherosclerosis;
• Cardiovascular diseases;
• chronic diseases;
• Diabetes;
• Violation of the blood supply to the organs of vision;
• body intoxication.

Also, the accumulated decay products in the body can serve as the cause of the problem. Rarely, the disease develops during pregnancy.

Symptoms

In the early stages of the disease, most often there are no signs of its development. Most of the symptoms (with the exception of visible ones) are the same for each type of retinal dystrophy:

• (not always symmetrical);
• Veil, fog before the eyes;
• Wrong perception of the forms of objects of the surrounding reality;
• Rapid fatigue, constant eye fatigue.

Sometimes symptoms can occur simultaneously, or they can occur separately or in turn.

If abnormal fatigue of the organs of vision occurs, it is recommended to contact an ophthalmologist for diagnostics for the development of retinal dystrophy.

Possible Complications

In the case of timely diagnosis of the disease, its progression is stopped with the help of treatment. The quality of the results of the intervention depends on the stage of development of dystrophy. In the absence of proper treatment, it is possible to destroy important tissues of the eye, complete or partial loss of vision (as happens during which we will consider next time) without the possibility of recovery. Retinal detachment is also possible.

Treatment

Currently, there are several methods. Their choice depends on the type and stage of the problem.

In a medical way

Treatment of the disease with medicines gives positive results only in the early stages and in the case of combination with other methods. Among the main drugs for procedures are:

• Vasoconstrictor;
• Angioprotectors;
• Means for strengthening blood vessels;
• Vitamin complexes.

Surgically

As a rule, surgical operations are indicated to improve blood circulation and metabolism. However, the following procedures are most often carried out: Folk methods will help prevent the irreversible consequences of the course of peripheral dystrophy and improve the condition of the organs of vision in general. However, it is recommended to use them only after consulting an ophthalmologist and as an addition to medical methods.

As such an additional remedy, an infusion of Japanese sophora is used. Five grams of Sophora is mixed with half a liter of vodka and insisted for three months. Apply the remedy one teaspoon three times a day, after mixing with a small amount of water.

Prevention

The main preventive method for peripheral retinal dystrophy is a periodic examination by an ophthalmologist. For those who have vision problems and frequent diseases of the organs of vision, constant monitoring by a doctor is especially important. In addition, a healthy lifestyle, immune support and the adoption of vitamin complexes are useful.

Video

conclusions

Peripheral is a rare, but dangerous to health and vision disease. It is difficult to diagnose and not always treatable with complete recovery. However, its development can be easily prevented by seeking medical help as soon as the first symptoms appear, and its development can be stopped, thereby increasing the chances of preserving vision.

Peripheral vision and dark adaptation deteriorate. This means that they see poorly in dark rooms and have difficulty distinguishing objects located to their side. With the development of complications in patients, more obvious and dangerous symptoms may appear.

Kinds

Depending on the nature of pathological changes in the retina, there are several types of peripheral degeneration. Only an ophthalmologist can distinguish them after an ophthalmoscopy - examination of the fundus. During the examination, the doctor can see the retina, which lines the inside of the eyeball.

lattice

It occurs in about 65% of cases and has the most unfavorable prognosis. According to statistics, it is lattice dystrophy that most often leads to retinal detachment and loss of vision. Fortunately, the disease has a sluggish course and slowly progresses throughout life.

Lattice degeneration is characterized by the appearance on the fundus of narrow white stripes that look like a lattice. They are empty and hyaline-filled retinal vessels. Between the white strands, areas of thinned retina are visible, having a pinkish or red tint.

By type of snail track

This type of peripheral retinal degeneration most often develops in people with high myopia. The pathology is characterized by the appearance on the retina of peculiar perforated defects, outwardly resembling the trace of a snail on asphalt. The disease leads to ruptures of the retina with its subsequent detachment.

Hoarfrost

It is a hereditary disease that affects men and women. For frost-like peripheral dystrophy, the appearance of whitish deposits on the retina of the eye, outwardly resembling snow flakes, is characteristic.

By type of cobblestone pavement

Refers to the least dangerous retinal PVRD. It occurs more often in older people and people with. The disease is almost asymptomatic and has a relatively favorable course. It rarely leads to breaks or.

With dystrophy of the type of cobblestone pavement, multiple foci of degeneration are visible in the fundus. They have a white color, an elongated shape and an uneven surface. As a rule, all foci are located in a circle, on the very periphery of the fundus.

Retinoschisis

The disease is hereditary. It leads to stratification of the retina and the formation of huge cysts filled with fluid. Retinoschisis is asymptomatic. In some cases, it is accompanied by local loss of vision at the location of the cyst. But since the pathological foci are on the periphery, this goes unnoticed.

Small cystic

Pathology is also called Blessin-Ivanov disease. Small cystic PCRD of the retina is accompanied by the formation of many small cysts on the periphery of the fundus. Usually the disease has a slow course and a favorable prognosis. However, in rare cases, cysts can rupture with the formation of tears and detachments of the retina.

The reasons

A large part of peripheral chorioretinal dystrophies of the retina refers to hereditary diseases. In 30-40% of cases, the development of the disease provokes high degrees of myopia, in 8% -. Retinal damage can also result from systemic or ophthalmic diseases.

Possible reasons for the development of peripheral degenerations:

• hereditary predisposition, the presence of PVRD in close relatives;
• myopia (nearsightedness) of any degree;
• inflammatory eye diseases (endophthalmitis, iridocyclitis, etc.);
• previous injuries and surgical interventions;
• diabetes mellitus and other diseases of the endocrine system;
• intoxication and viral infections;
• atherosclerosis and diseases of the cardiovascular system;
• frequent and prolonged exposure to the sun without sunglasses;
• lack of vitamins and minerals that are necessary for the normal functioning of the retina of the eye.

In young people, acquired retinal degeneration most often develops against the background of high myopia. In older people, pathology occurs due to a violation of normal blood circulation and metabolism in the tissues of the eyeball.

Symptoms

At first, peripheral retinal dystrophy does not manifest itself in any way. Occasionally, it can make itself felt with bright flashes or flashing flies before the eyes. If the patient has impaired peripheral vision, he does not notice this for a long time. As the disease progresses, the person realizes that they need brighter light when reading. Over time, he may develop other visual impairments.

The most common symptoms of PVRD are:

• Narrowing of fields of vision. The patient does not see well objects located on the periphery. To see them, he has to turn his head. In the most severe cases, people develop what is known as tunnel vision.
• The appearance of cattle. Defects in the field of view may be invisible or appear as black or colored spots. In the first case, they can be identified using additional research methods - perimetry and campimetry.
• Nyctalopia. Peripheral retinal degeneration leads to damage to the rods, the light-sensitive elements responsible for night vision. For this reason, the pathology is often accompanied by night blindness (poor vision at dusk).
• Metamorphopsia. The symptom is manifested by a distortion of the contours and sizes of visible objects.
• Blurred vision. It may seem to a person that he is looking at the world through fog or a thick layer of water.

With the appearance of complications (rupture or detachment of the retina), the patient has sparks, lightning, bright flashes before his eyes. In the future, a dark veil is formed in the field of view, which interferes with normal vision. These symptoms are extremely dangerous, so if they occur, you should immediately consult a doctor.

At-risk groups

Peripheral chorioretinal dystrophy of the retina most often affects people with a high degree of myopia. This is due to the fact that with myopia, the eyeball grows in length. Consequently, this leads to a strong stretching and thinning of the retina. As a result, she becomes extremely prone to dystrophic processes.

The risk group also includes people over 65 years of age and patients with diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, and hypertension. In all these people, the retina of the eye, for various reasons, suffers from a lack of oxygen and nutrients. All this is a powerful impetus to the development of dystrophy.

Which doctor treats peripheral retinal dystrophy

A retinologist deals with the treatment of PCRD of the retina. He specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the posterior segment of the eyeball (vitreous body, retina and choroid).

In the event of complications, the patient may need the help of an ophthalmic surgeon or a laser ophthalmologist. These specialists perform complex operations to cure retinal tear and detachment. In difficult situations, their help allows you to save and even restore partially lost vision.

Diagnostics

Methods that are used to diagnose peripheral degenerations.

Treatment

To date, there are no methods that can completely cure peripheral vitreochorioretinal retinal dystrophy. You can stop the development of the disease with the help of medication, physiotherapy, laser and surgical treatment. The correct approach to the fight against the disease allows you to save vision and avoid dangerous complications.

Drugs that help slow the progression of dystrophy:

• Antiplatelet agents (Acetylsalicylic acid, Ticlopidin, Clopidogrel). Useful for hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. They thin the blood and inhibit thrombosis, thereby protecting the retina from hypoxia.
• Vasodilators and angioprotectors (Actovegin, Vinpocetine, Pentoxifylline). They relieve spasm of retinal vessels and protect the vascular walls from damage. Improve blood circulation in the retina, preventing its destruction.
• Vitamin-mineral complexes (Okyuwait-Lutein, Blueberry-Forte). Saturate the retina with nutrients, vitamins and minerals. Slow down the course of degenerative processes.
• Biological regulators (Retinolamine). Restore the permeability of retinal vessels and normalize the work of photoreceptors. Stimulate reparative processes, that is, accelerate the restoration of the retina.

Strengthening the retina and preventing its detachment is possible with the help of laser treatment. During the procedure, the specialist solders the retina to the vascular, which is located under it. This allows you to limit the foci of degeneration.

Prevention

Specific prevention of the disease does not exist today. You can reduce the risk of developing dystrophy with the help of gymnastics for the eyes and proper nutrition. Dietary supplements containing zinc, vitamins E, A, group B are very useful in this regard. Protecting the eyes from ultraviolet radiation with sunglasses also helps to avoid the disease.

Peripheral retinal dystrophies often develop in older people and in people with high myopia. The reason for this is the stretching of the retina or a violation of blood circulation and metabolism in it.

To combat degeneration, medical, physiotherapeutic, laser and surgical techniques are used. Laser coagulation of the retina is today considered the most effective method for treating pathology. With its help, it is possible to limit dystrophic foci and prevent the spread of the pathological process.

Useful video about peripheral retinal dystrophy

Peripheral dystrophy (PD) of the retina is a pathological condition in which gradual destruction of the tissues of the eyeball.

The disease is accompanied by a decrease in vision up to its complete loss. For a long time, the pathological process can develop in an asymptomatic form.

With a standard ophthalmological examination, the initial stages of retinal dystrophy are not always possible to identify. The disease can cause irreversible processes. Therefore, treatment must be started as early as possible.

Peripheral eye dystrophy in humans: what is it, causes and symptoms

Numerous internal and external factors can provoke the disease. eye PD occurs regardless of gender or age patients.

Some of its forms are among the congenital pathological processes.

In most cases, peripheral dystrophy develops against the background of the progression of existing diseases organs of vision (for example, with myopathy) or pathologies associated with impaired blood circulation in the eyeball.

Causes of the disease:

• genetic predisposition;
• strong intoxication of the body;
• inflammatory diseases eye;
• progression myopia;
• complications diabetes;
• frequent stressful situations;
• injuries of the organs of vision;
• disorders in the circulatory system;
• impact critical loads on the body;
• acute lack of vitamins and beneficial macronutrients;
• progression chronic diseases;
• complications infectious lesions organism;
• effects traumatic brain injury.

Reference! Provoke PD can not only pathological processes in the body, but also prolonged abuse of bad habits, serious errors in nutrition, uncontrolled intake of potent drugs with side effects extending to the organs of vision.

Intensity symptoms The PD of the eyes directly depends on the stage of development of the pathology.

In its initial stages, the patient may notice minor deviations, for example, in the form of "flies" before the eyes.

Gradually symptoms enhanced and complemented by other features.

In the presence of complications, the patient has a manifestation of a set of characteristic signs of eye dystrophy.

Symptoms of the disease:

• color perception disorder the surrounding environment;
• a sharp deterioration in visual acuity at dusk and at night;
• blurred vision in one or both eyes;
• excessive eye fatigue;
• image distortion surrounding objects (blurred boundaries);
• regular the appearance of "fog" before the eyes;
• periodic the occurrence of outbreaks or "flies" before your eyes.

Important! The disease can be triggered by complications after surgery. The cause of PD is doctors' mistakes or individual characteristics the patient's body.

Division of retinal degeneration of the retina according to the degree of damage

Damage to the tissues of the eyeball occurs in different ways. Depending on the degree of damage and morphological changes that occur with the progression of pathology, peripheral retinal degeneration divided into two main types.

Identification of a specific type of disease is necessary to make a prognosis and prescribe the most effective course of therapy for the patient.

Classification of the disease depending on morphological changes in tissues:

• peripheral chorioretinal dystrophy of the retina (PCRD)- with its development, damage to the choroid and retinal cells occurs;
• peripheral vitreochorioretinal retinal dystrophy (PVCRD)- provokes complete damage to the vitreous body of the eye, largely affects the retina and its choroid.

Description, symptoms and pathogenesis of common types of disease

Classification of types of peripheral retinal dystrophy is carried out depending on the type of morphological changes, the degree of retinal detachment and other factors. Exists several types of pathological process, the most common in medical practice, each of which has its own characteristics of symptoms and prognosis for the patient.

lattice

On the fundus, a specific pattern is formed in the form of a grid formed from atrophied vessels, to which blood has ceased to flow. Can cause pathology retinal detachment. Its danger lies in the risk of the formation of cysts that have the ability to rupture. At risk are male patients. The disease progresses at a slow pace.

Photo 1. Lattice dystrophy of the retina leads to the formation of cysts, which subsequently rupture.

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Snail track disease

Pathology got its name because of the similarities of dystrophic changes with the trace that the snail leaves behind. Well visible in the fundus peculiar perforated defects merging into ribbons of different widths and lengths. The pathological process provokes extensive gaps. The disease develops due to myopia or lattice-like complications retinal dystrophy.

Hoarfrost Degeneration

Hoarfrost dystrophy is one of the pathologies that can transmitted at the genetic level. The development of the disease provokes the appearance on the retina specific formations resembling snow flakes. The inclusions rise above its surface and are clearly visible with the help of ophthalmic equipment. Dystrophy is bilateral and develops in symmetrical form.

By the type of "cobblestone pavement"

Pathology in most cases is diagnosed in patients with myopathy. This type of dystrophy is characterized the formation of white ring defects.

The oblong shape of the formations and their large number visually resembles a cobblestone pavement, thanks to which the disease got its name.

Small cystic

Small cystic dystrophy is accompanied by the formation small cysts with the ability merge with each other. At the place of their connection in case of rupture, deep perforated defects. Cysts have rounded shape and characteristic Red color.

Pigmentary

Pigmentary dystrophy is characterized by a violation in the central and color vision. Its first manifestation impaired ability to see objects clearly at dusk. A complication of this pathology can be the loss of not only vision, but also hearing.

Congenital and acquired retinoschisis

In most cases, pathology is inherited and is congenital. The acquired form develops predominantly in patients old age or on the background of progression myopathies. When retinoschisis occurs bundle retinas of the eye.

Methods of medical diagnostics

Diagnosis of PD is complicated by the ability of the disease to develop asymptomatic for a long time.

Identification of the disease can occur when diagnosing other diseases or in the presence of complications in the form of ruptures in the tissues of the retina (the patient turns to the ophthalmologist with complaints of “flashes”, “flies” or “fog” before the eyes).

When diagnosing PD, the following methods are used:

• scleropression(displacement of the retina for its full study);
• dilatation of the pupils with special drugs;
• procedure optical coherence tomography;
• Ultrasound of the organs of vision;
• examination with a three-mirror Goldman lens;
• electrophysiology.

Methods of treatment of different types

Some types of PD not amenable to treatment. This feature of the pathology is due to the degree of degenerative changes that entail the progression of the disease. The goal of therapy is maximum recovery of vision and prevention of its further decline.

General principles for the treatment of peripheral dystrophy are the same for all its forms. The complex of therapy includes the use medicines, laser therapy and surgery.

Treatment options for different types of PD:

• The use of vitamin drops to improve the process of tissue regeneration of the eyeball ( Taufon, Emoksipin).

Photo 2. Eye drops Taufon 40 mg / ml, 10 ml, from the manufacturer "Farmak".

• Conservative drug treatment that reduce the risk of blood clots in the vessels ( Ticlopidin, Aspirin). The method is applied regardless of the form of pathology.
• Treatment firming and vasodilating means ( Askorutin, Papaverine). The method belongs to the mandatory stages of general therapy.
• In the presence of hemorrhages or hematomas are used special absorbable drugs ( Heparin, Triamcinolone, Aminocaproic acid).
• Laser coagulation. The procedure is used in the treatment of all types of PD of the retina, the operation is aimed at separating the affected area with a laser, in some cases laser coagulation is prescribed for prophylactic purposes.
• Physiotherapy procedures(In most cases magnetic stimulation and electrical stimulation tissues). Used in the treatment of pigmentary dystrophy. The maximum effectiveness of the procedures is achieved only when they are used in the early stages of pathology.
• Revascularization(the operation is performed using drugs Alloplant and Retinalamin). The procedure not only normalizes blood circulation in the eye, but also significantly improves the patient's vision for several years.