Bone skeleton of the upper wall in Latin. Pelvic bone. Pelvic bone video

Os coxae, steam room, in children consists of three separate bones: the ilium, ischium and pubis. In an adult, these three bones fuse into a single pelvic bone.

The bodies of these bones, connecting with each other, form an acetabulum on the outer surface of the pelvic bone. The ilium represents the superior part of the acetabulum, the ischium represents the posterior inferior, and the pubic bone represents the anteroinferior. In the process of development, independent ossification points appear in each of these bones, so that until the age of 16-17 years in the region of the acetabulum, the ilium, ischium and pubic bones are connected using cartilage. In the future, the cartilage ossifies and the boundaries between the bones are smoothed out.

Pelvic bone video

The acetabulum acetabulum is limited by the thickened edge of the acetabulum, limbus acetabuli, which is interrupted in the anteroinferior section by the notch of the acetabulum, incisura acetabuli.

Inward from this edge, the inner surface of the acetabulum bears a smooth
articular semilunar surface, facies lunata, which limits the fossa of the acetabulum located at the bottom of the acetabulum, fossa acetabuli.

Ischium, os ischii, consists of two parts: the body of the ischium, corpus ossis ischii, and an angled branch of the ischium, ramus ossis ischii.

The body of the bone forms the posterior part of the acetabulum. On the back surface of the body is a bony protrusion - the ischial spine, spina ischiadica. Above and behind it is a large sciatic notch, incisura ischiadica major, below it is a small sciatic notch, incisura ischiadica minor.

At the anterior edge of the branch of the ischium, in the upper section, there is a posterior obturator tubercle, tuberculum obturatorium posterius. On the posterior surface of the curved section of the branch there is a thickening with a rough surface - the ischial tubercle, tuber ischiadicum. The lower part of the branch in the anterior sections fuses with the lower branch of the pubic bone, ramus inferior ossis pubis.

Pubic bone, os pubis, consists of three parts: the body and two branches - the upper branch of the pubic bone, ramus superior ossis pubis, and the lower branch of the pubic bone, ramus inferior ossis pubis.
The body of the pubic bone, corpus ossis pubis, forms the anterior part of the acetabulum and directly passes into the superior branch, which goes forward, down and medially.

The upper edge of the upper branch is pointed and is called the crest of the pubic bone, pecten ossis pubis. Ahead, the crest ends with a pubic tubercle, tuberculum pubicum. The lower edge of the upper branch is sharp and is called the obturator crest, crista obturatoria. The anterior end of this ridge forms the anterior obturator tubercle, tuberculum obturatorium anterius. The pubic crest, crista pubica, extends medially from it, to which the rectus abdominis muscle is attached. The anterior section of the upper branch at an angle passes into the lower branch. On the medial surface of the upper branch is a rough symphysial surface, facies symphysialis.

In the region of the tarsus, tarsus, are represented by the following bones: talus, calcaneus, navicular, three cuneiform bones: medial, intermediate and lateral, and cuboid. The metatarsus, metatarsus, includes 5 metatarsal bones. Phalanxes, ... ... Atlas of human anatomy

foot bones- (ossa radis) a complex of bones that make up the supporting apparatus of the foot, there are three sections of the tarsus, metatarsus and phalanges (bones that make up the fingers) ...

Foot bones (ossa pedis)- Plantar side (view from below). A bones of the tarsus, B bones of the metatarsus, C bones of the toes (phalanges). phalanges; sesamoid bones; metatarsal bones; tuberosity of the I metatarsal bone; lateral sphenoid bone; intermediate sphenoid bone; ... ... Atlas of human anatomy

Foot bones (ossa pcdis)- Connection of the upper limbs Radius and ulna differ: at the proximal end there is a block-shaped sign, which passes into 2 processes: into the ulna and coronoid. At the lower end is the head of the articular circumference and the medial ... Atlas of human anatomy

osteochondropathy of the navicular bone of the foot- (osteochondropathia ossis scaphoidei pedis) see Koehler's disease I ... Big Medical Dictionary

Tarsal bones- (ossa tarsi) The bones of the tarsus (ossa tarsi) The bones of the foot (ossa pcdis). View from above. 1 distal (nail … Atlas of human anatomy

Metatarsal bones- (ossa metatarsi) Bones of the foot (ossa pcdis). View from above. 1 distal (nail) phalanges; 2 proximal phalanges; 3 middle phalanges; 4 metatarsals; 5 tuberosity of the V metatarsal bone; 6 cuboid bone; 7 talus; 8 lateral malleolus ... Atlas of human anatomy

Bones of the lower limb - … Atlas of human anatomy

Trunk bones - … Atlas of human anatomy

toe bones- (ossa digitorum pedis) short tubular bones that form the basis of the toes. Each finger consists of three phalanges proximal, middle and distal. The proximal and middle phalanges have a base with an articular surface, a body and a head ... Glossary of terms and concepts on human anatomy

tarsal bones- (ossa tarsi) an integral part of the supporting apparatus of the foot includes seven separate bones, arranged in two groups: the proximal, which includes the talus and calcaneus (see) and the distal, formed by the navicular bone, located ... ... Glossary of terms and concepts on human anatomy

Books

Biomechanics of ankle fractures and ankle ligament injuries, V. I. Evseev, The monograph discusses the biomechanical features of the ankle joint, which must be taken into account in the diagnosis and treatment of ankle fractures and injuries of the ligamentous apparatus. ... Category: Medicine Publisher: KnoRus, Buy for 550 rubles electronic book(fb2, fb3, epub, mobi, pdf, html, pdb, lit, doc, rtf, txt)

Tarsal bones, ossa tarsi, are located in two rows: the talus and calcaneus belong to the proximal, and the scaphoid, cuboid and three cuneiform bones belong to the distal. The bones of the tarsus articulate with the bones of the lower leg; the distal row of tarsal bones articulates with the metatarsal bones.

Talus, talus, is the only one of the bones of the foot that articulates with the bones of the lower leg. Its posterior section is the body of the talus, corpus tali. Anteriorly, the body passes into a narrowed area of \u200b\u200bthe bone - the neck of the talus, collum tali; the latter connects the body with the head of the talus directed forward, caput tali. The talus from above and on the sides in the form of a fork is covered by the bones of the lower leg. An ankle joint, articulatio talocruralis, is formed between the bones of the lower leg and the talus. Accordingly, the articular surfaces are: the upper surface of the talus, facies superior ossis tali, which has the shape of a block - the block of the talus, trochlea tali, and the lateral, lateral and medial, ankle surfaces, facies malleolaris lateralis et facies malleolaris medialis. The upper surface of the block is convex in the sagittal direction and concave in the transverse direction.

The lateral and medial ankle surfaces are flat. The lateral ankle surface extends to the upper surface of the lateral process of the talus, processus lateralis tali. The posterior surface of the body of the talus is crossed from top to bottom by the groove of the tendon of the long flexor of the big toe sulcus tendinis m. flexoris hallucis longi. The furrow divides the posterior edge of the bone into two tubercles: the larger medial tubercle, tuberculum mediale, and the smaller lateral tubercle, tuberculum laterale. Both tubercles, separated by a groove, form the posterior process of the talus, processus posterior tali. Lateral tubercle of the posterior process of the talus

bone sometimes, in the case of its independent ossification, is a separate triangular bone, os trigonum.

On the lower surface of the body in the posterolateral region there is a concave posterior calcaneal articular surface, facies articularis calcanea posterior. The anteromedial sections of this surface are limited by the groove of the talus, sulcus tali, passing here from behind to front and laterally. Anterior and outward from this groove is the middle calcaneal articular surface, facies articularis calcanea media. Anterior to it lies the anterior calcaneal articular surface, facies articularis calcanea anterior.

Through the articular surfaces of its lower part, the talus articulates with the calcaneus. On the anterior part of the head of the talus there is a spherical navicular articular surface, facies articularis navicularis, through which it articulates with the navicular bone.

Calcaneus, calcaneus, is located downward and posterior to the talus. Its posterior lower part is formed by a well-defined tuber of the calcaneus, tuber calcanei. The lower parts of the tubercle from the lateral and medial sides pass into the lateral process of the calcaneal tuber, processus lateralis tuberis calcanei, and into the medial process of the calcaneal tuber, processus medialis tuberis calcanei. On the lower surface of the tubercle there is a calcaneal tubercle, tuberculum calcanei, located at the anterior end of the line of attachment of the long plantar ligament, lig. plantare longum.

On the anterior surface of the calcaneus there is a saddle-shaped cuboid articular surface, facies articularis cuboidea, for articulation with the cuboid bone.

In the anterior part of the medial surface of the calcaneus is a short and thick process - the support of the talus, sustentaculum tali. On the lower surface of this process passes the groove of the tendon of the long flexor of the big toe, sulcus tendinis m. flexoris hallucis longi.

On the lateral surface of the calcaneus, in the anterior section, there is a small peroneal block, trochlea fibularis, behind which runs a groove for the tendon of the long peroneal muscle, sulcus tendinis m. peronei (fibularis) longi.

On the upper surface of the bone, in the middle section, there is an extensive posterior talar articular surface, facies articularis talaris posterior. Anterior to it lies the sulcus of the calcaneus, sulcus calcanei, which runs from back to front and laterally. Anterior to the groove, along the medial edge of the bone, two articular surfaces stand out: the middle talar articular surface, facies articularis talaris media, and in front of it is the anterior talar articular surface, facies articularis talaris anterior, corresponding to the surfaces of the same name on the talar bone. When the talus is applied to the calcaneus, the anterior sections of the sulcus of the talus and the sulcus of the calcaneus form a depression - the tarsal sinus, sinus tarsi, which is palpable as a slight depression.

Scaphoid, os naviculare, flattened in front and behind, lies in the region of the inner edge of the foot. On the back surface of the bone there is a concave articular surface, through which it articulates with the articular surface of the head of the talus. The upper surface of the bone is convex. The anterior surface of the bone bears the articular surface for articulation with the three cuneiform bones. The boundaries that define the articulation of the navicular bone with each sphenoid bone are small scallops.

On the lateral surface of the bone there is a small articular surface - the place of articulation with the cuboid bone. The lower surface of the scaphoid is concave. In its medial section is the tuberosity of the scaphoid, tuberositas ossis navicularis.

Sphenoid bones, ossa cuneiformia, in the amount of three, are located in front of the navicular bone. There are medial, intermediate and lateral sphenoid bones. The intermediate cuneiform bone is shorter than the others, so the anterior, distal, surfaces of these bones are not at the same level. They have articular surfaces for articulation with the corresponding metatarsal bones,
The base of the wedge (the wider part of the bone) in the medial sphenoid bone faces downwards, while in the intermediate and lateral bones it faces upwards.

The posterior surfaces of the sphenoid bones have articular areas for articulation with the navicular bone.
The medial sphenoid bone, os cuneiforme mediale, on its concave lateral side bears two articular surfaces for articulation with the intermediate sphenoid bone, os cuneiforme intermedium, and with the II metatarsal bone.

The intermediate sphenoid bone, os cuneiforme intermedium, has articular sites: on the medial surface - for articulation with the medial sphenoid bone, os cuneiforme mediale, on the lateral side - for articulation with the lateral sphenoid bone, os cuneiforme laterale.

The lateral sphenoid bone, os cuneiforme laterale, also has two articular surfaces: on the medial side for articulation with the intermediate sphenoid bone, os cuneiforme intermedium, and the base of the second metatarsal bone, os metatarsale II, and on the lateral side with the cuboid bone, os cuboideum.

Cuboid, os cuboideum, is located outward from the lateral sphenoid bone, in front of the calcaneus and behind the base of the IV and V metatarsal bones.

The upper surface of the bone is rough, on the medial there are articular areas for articulation with the lateral sphenoid bone, os cuneiforme laterale, and the navicular bone, os naviculare. On the lateral edge of the bone there is a downwardly directed tuberosity of the cuboid bone, tuberositas ossis cuboidei. Anterior to it begins the groove of the tendon of the long peroneal muscle, sulcus tendinis m. peronei longi, which passes to the lower surface of the bone and crosses it obliquely behind and outside, anteriorly and medially, respectively, according to the course of the tendon of the same muscle.

The posterior surface of the bone has a saddle-shaped articular surface for
Articulations with the same articular surface of the calcaneus. The protrusion of the lower medial section of the cuboid bone, bordering the edge of this articular surface, is called the calcaneal process, processus calcaneus. It provides support for the anterior end of the calcaneus.
The anterior surface of the cuboid bone has an articular surface divided by a crest for articulation with the IV and V metatarsal bones, os metatarsale IV et os metatarsale V.

metatarsal bones
The metatarsal bones, ossa metatarsalia, are represented by five (I-V) thin long bones located in front of the tarsus. In each metatarsal bone, a body, corpus, and two epiphyses are distinguished: the proximal one is the base, basis, and the distal one is the head, caput.
The bones are counted from the side of the medial edge of the foot (from the big toe to the little toe). Of the 5 metatarsal bones, bone I is shorter but thicker than the others, bone II is the longest. The bodies of the metatarsal bones are trihedral. The upper, dorsal, surface of the body is somewhat convex, the other two, the lower (plantar) surfaces, converge at the bottom, forming a pointed comb.
The bases of the metatarsal bones represent their most massive part. They have the shape of a wedge, which, with its expanded part, is directed upwards in the I-IV metatarsal bones, and in the medial side in the V metatarsal bone. The lateral surfaces of the bases have articular areas, through which adjacent metatarsal bones articulate with each other.
On the posterior surfaces of the bases there are articular surfaces for articulation with the bones of the tarsus. On the lower surface of the base of the I metatarsal bone is the tuberosity of the I metatarsal bone, tuberositas ossis metatarsalis primi. At
V metatarsal bone in the lateral part of the base also has tuberosity
V metatarsal bone, tuberositas ossis metatarsalis quinti, which is well palpable. The anterior ends, or heads, of the metatarsal bones are laterally compressed. The peripheral part of the heads has spherical articular surfaces that articulate with the phalanges of the fingers. On the lower surface of the head of the I metatarsal bone, on the sides, there are two small smooth areas, to which the sesamoid bones, ossa sesamoidea, of the big toe adjoin. The head of the I metatarsal bone is well palpable.
In addition to these sesamoid bones in the area of the metatarsophalangeal articulation of the thumb, there is one sesamoid bone in the interphalangeal articulation of the same finger, as well as non-permanent sesamoid bones in the thickness of the tendon of the long peroneal muscle, in the area of the plantar surface of the cuboid bone.
Between the bones of the metatarsus there are 4 interosseous spaces, spatia interossea metatarsi, which are filled with interosseous muscles.

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Front view.

1-sacrum

3-superior branch of the pubic bone ( ramus superior ossis pubis)
4-symphysial surface of the pubis
5-inferior branch of the pubic bone ( ramus inferior ossis pubis)
6-branch of the ischium ( ramus ossia ischii)
7-sciatic tuberosity
8-body of the ischium ( corpus ossis ischii)
9-medial epicondyle of the femur
10-medial condyle of the tibia
11-tibial tuberosity ( tuberositas tibiae)
12-body of tibia
13-medial malleolus
14-phalanges of fingers
15th metatarsal bones
16-tarsal bones
17-lateral malleolus
18-fibula
19-cutting edge
20-head of fibula
21-lateral condyle of the tibia
22-lateral epicondyle of the femur
23-patella ( patella)
24-femur
25-greater trochanter of the femur ( trochanter major ossis femoris)
26-cheek of the femur
27-femoral head ( caput ossis femoris)
28-wing of the ilium
29-iliac feben.

Inner surface. 1-iliac crest ( Crista Iliaca)
2nd wing of the ilium (iliac fossa)
3-border line (arc line)
4-ear surface ( facies auricularis)
5-iliac buffiness
6 superior posterior iliac spine
7-inferior posterior iliac spine ( )
8-large ischial notch ( incisura ischiadica major)
9 ischial spine ( spina ischiadica)
10-sciatic notch ( incisura ischiadica minor)
11-body of the ischium ( corpus ossis ischii)
12-sciatic tuberosity
13-branch of the ischium ( ramus ossia ischii)
ramus inferior ossis pubis)
15-obturator foramen ( foramen obturatium)
16-symphysial surface ( facies symphysialis)
17-pubic feben
18-inferior anterior iliac spine
19-superior anterior iliac spine.

1-iliac feben
2-inner lip of the iliac crest
3-intermediate line ( linea intermedia)
4-outer lip ( labium externum)
5-anterior gluteal line
)
7-lower gluteal line
8-inferior anterior iliac spine ( )
9-lunate surface of the acetabulum
10-fossa of the acetabulum
11-ridge of the pubic bone
12-obturator sulcus ( sulcus obturatorius)
13-pubic tubercle ( tuberculum pubicum)
14-inferior branch of the pubic bone ( ramus inferior ossis pubis)
15-cutting of the acetabulum ( incisura acetabuli)
16-obturator foramen ( foramen obturatium)
17-branch of the ischium ( ramus ossia ischii)
18-body of the ischium ( corpus ossis ischii)
19-sciatic tuberosity
20-sciatic notch ( incisura ischiadica minor)
21-sciatic spine
22-large ischial notch ( incisura ischiadica major)
23-inferior posterior iliac spine ( spina iliaca posterior inferior)
24-superior posterior iliac spine ( )
25-posterior gluteal line.

1-base of the sacrum ( basis ossis sacri)

3-sacral-iliac joint
4-feben of the ilium
5-wing of the ilium
6-superior anterior iliac spine ( spina iliaca anterior superior)
7-inferior anterior iliac spine ( spina iliaca anterior inferior)
8-border line
9-acetabulum ( acetabulum)
10th pubic bone
11-obturator foramen ( foramen obturatium)
12-pubic tubercle ( tuberculum pubicum)
13-subpubic angle
14-inferior branch of the pubic bone ( ramus inferior ossis pubis)
15-branch of the ischium ( ramus ossia ischii)
16 ischial tuberosity ( tuber ischiadicum)
17-body of the ischium ( corpus ossis ischii)
18 ischial spine ( spina ischiadica)
19-superior pubic ligament
20-body of ilium
21-anterior (gas) surface of the sacrum

1-posterior (dorsal) surface of the sacrum
2-superior articular process of the sacrum
3rd iliac crest
4-superior posterior iliac spine ( spina iliaca posterior superior)
5-wing of the ilium
6-inferior posterior iliac spine ( spina iliaca posterior inferior)
7-body of ilium
8-pubic bone ( os pubis)
9-body of the ischium ( corpus ossis ischii)
10-obturator foramen ( foramen obturatium)
11-ischial tuberosity ( tuber ischiadicum)
12-branch of the ischium ( ramus ossia ischii)
13-coccyx
14 ischial spine ( spina ischiadica)
15-large ischial notch ( incisura ischiadica major)
16-dorsal sacral foramen

View from above.

1-cape
2-sacral-iliac joint
3-wing of the ilium
4-oblique diameter - 13 cm
5-transverse diameter - 12 cm
6-straight diameter (true conjugate) - 11 cm
7-pubic symphysis ( symphysis pubica)
8 ischial spine

1-cape
2-sacrum
3-outer diameter (outer conjugate)
4-straight pelvic cavity diameter
5-distance between the lower edge of the symphysis and the apex of the sacrum
6-straight diameter of the exit from the pelvic cavity
7-diameter of the entrance to the small pelvis
8-true (gynecological) conjugate
9-diagonal conjugate

A front surface
B-back surface ( facies posterior)
B-patella. A: 1-big skewer ( trochanter major)
2-trochanteric fossa
3-head of femur ( caput ossis femoris)
4-neck of the femur ( collum ossis femoris)
5-intertrochanteric line ( linea intertrochanterica)
6-small skewer ( trochanter minor)
7-body of the femur ( corpus femoris)
8-medial epicondyle
9-medial condyle ( condylus medialis)
10-patellar surface
11-lateral condyle ( condylus lateralis)
12-lateral epicondyle. B: 1-fossa of the femoral head
2-head of femur ( caput ossis femoris)
3-neck of the femur ( collum ossis femoris)
4-big skewer ( trochanter major)
5-gluteal tuberosity
6-lateral lip of rough line
7-body of the femur ( corpus femoris)
8-popliteal surface ( facies poplitea)
9-lateral epicondyle ( epicondylus lateralis)
10-lateral condyle ( condylus lateralis)
11-intermuscular fossa
12-medial condyle ( condylus medialis)
13-medial epicondyle
14-adductor tubercle
15-medial lip of the rough line
16 comb line ( linea pectinia)
17-small skewer ( trochanter minor)
18-intertrochanteric crest. AT
1-base of the patella
2-front surface. 3-apex of the patella.

1-head of fibula
2-lateral tibial condyle ( condylus lateralis tibiae)
3-intermuscular eminence
4-medial mouse
5-tibial tuberosity ( tuberositas tibiae)
6-interosseous edge
7-lateral surface
8-cutting edge
9-medial surface
10-joint surface of the ankle
11-medial malleolus
12-lateral malleolus (fibula)
13-articular surface of the ankle (lateral)
14-body of fibula
15-medial (interosseous) edge
16-medial surface, 17-anterior edge
18-lateral edge ( margo lateralis)
19-lateral surface

1-medial condyle ( condylus medialis)
2-upper articular surface
3-intercondylar eminence
4-posterior intercondylar field
5-lateral condyle ( condylus lateralis)
6-apex of the head of the peroneal bone
7-head of fibula
8-body of fibula
9-medial (interosseous) edge
10-articular surface of the ankle (fibula)
11-fossa of the lateral malleolus
12-groove of the lateral malleolus
13-articular surface of the medial malleolus
14-medial malleolus
15-ankle sulcus (sulcus of the medial malleolus)
16-medial edge of the tibia
17-body of tibia
18-lateral (interosseous) edge of the tibia
19-line soleus muscle

1-distal (nail) phalanges
2 proximal phalanges
3-middle phalanges
4-metatarsals ( ossa metatarsi)
5-bufiness of the V metatarsal bone
6-cuboid bone ( os cuboideum)
7-talus ( talus)
8-lateral malleolus surface ( facies malleolaris lateralis)
9-heel bone ( calcaneus)
10-lateral process of the calcaneus puff
11-hill of the calcaneus
12-posterior process of the talus ( processus posterior tali)
13-block of the talus ( trochlea-tali)
14-support of the talus, 15-neck of the talus
16-navicular bone ( os scaphoideum)
17-latsral sphenoid bone
18-intermediate cuneiform bone ( os cuneiforme intermedium)
19-medial cuneiform bone ( os cuneiforme mediale)
20-sesamoid bone

A - bones of the tarsus, B - bones of the metatarsus, B - bones of the toes (phalanges). 1-phalanx ( phalanges)
2-sesamoid bones
3-metatarsals ( ossa metatarsi)
4-tuberosity of the I metatarsal bone
5-lateral cuneiform bone ( os cuneiforme laterale)
6-intermediate cuneiform bone ( os cuneiforme intermedium)
7-medial cuneiform bone ( os cuneiforme mediale)
8-tuberosity of the V metatarsal bone
9-groove of the tendon of the long peroneal muscle ( sulcus tendinis musculi peronei longi)
10-navicular bone ( os scaphoideum)
11-cuboid bone ( os cuboideum)
12-head of the talus ( caput tali)
13-support of the talus ( sustentaculum tali)
14-heel bone ( calcaneus)
15-hill of the calcaneus

bones of the lower limb, ossa membri inferioris, divided into bones that form the girdle of the lower limb, cingulum membri inferioris(pelvic bones, ossa coxae), skeleton of the free lower limb, skeleton membri inferioris liberi, which in the thigh area is represented by the femur, Femur, in the shin area - the tibia, tibia, and fibula, fibula, and in the foot area - with the bones of the tarsus, ossa tarsi (tarsalia), metatarsal bones, ossa metatarsi (metatarsalia), and the bones of the fingers, ossa digitorum.

Pelvic bone

Pelvic bone, os coxae, steam room, in children consists of three separate bones: ilium, ischium and pubis. In an adult, these three bones fuse into a single pelvic bone.

acetabulum, acetabulum, limited by the thickened edge of the acetabulum, limbus acetabuli, which in the anteroinferior section is interrupted by the notch of the acetabulum, incisura acetabuli.

Inward from this edge, the inner surface of the acetabulum bears a smooth articular semilunar surface, facies lunata, which limits the acetabular fossa located at the bottom of the acetabulum, Fossa Acetabuli.

Femur

Femur, os femoris, the longest and thickest of all the long bones of the human skeleton. It distinguishes the body and two epiphyses - proximal and distal.

body of the femur, corpus ossis femoris, cylindrical in shape, somewhat twisted along the axis and curved anteriorly. The anterior surface of the body is smooth. There is a rough line on the back surface, linea aspera, which is the place of both the beginning and attachment of muscles. It is divided into two parts: lateral and medial lips. lateral lip, labium laterale, in the lower third of the bone deviates to the side, heading towards the lateral condyle, condylus lateralis, and in the upper third passes into the gluteal tuberosity, tuberositas glutea, the upper section of which protrudes somewhat and is called the third trochanter, trochanter tertius. medial lip, labium mediale, in the lower third of the thigh deviates towards the medial condyle, condylus medialis, limiting here, together with the lateral triangular lip, the popliteal surface, facies poplitea. This surface is limited along the edges by vertically unsharply pronounced medial supracondylar line, linea supracondylaris medialis, and lateral supracondylar line, linea supracondylaris lateralis. The latter, as it were, are a continuation of the distal sections of the medial and lateral lips and reach the corresponding epicondyles. In the upper part, the medial lip continues into the comb line, linea pectinea. Approximately in the middle section of the body of the femur, on the side of the rough line, there is a nutrient hole, foramen nutricium, is the entrance to the proximally directed nutrient canal, canalis nutricius.

Superior, proximal, epiphysis of the femur, epiphysis proximalis femoris, on the border with the body has two rough processes - a large and small skewers. big spit, trochanter major, directed up and back; it occupies the lateral part of the proximal epiphysis of the bone. Its outer surface is well palpable through the skin, and on the inner surface there is a trochanteric fossa, fossa trochanterica. On the anterior surface of the femur, from the top of the greater trochanter, the intertrochanteric line is directed down and medially, linea intertrochanterica, passing into the comb line. On the posterior surface of the proximal epiphysis of the femur, the intertrochanteric ridge runs in the same direction, crista intertrochanterica, which ends at the lesser trochanter, trochanter minor located on the posteromedial surface of the upper end of the bone. The rest of the proximal epiphysis of the bone is directed upward and medially and is called the femoral neck, collum ossis femoris, which ends with a spherical head, caput ossis femoris. The femoral neck is somewhat compressed in the frontal plane. With the long axis of the thigh, it forms an angle that in women approaches a straight line, and in men it is more obtuse. On the surface of the femoral head there is a small rough fossa of the femoral head, fovea capitis ossis femoris(trace of attachment of the ligament of the femoral head).

Inferior, distal, epiphysis of the femur, epiphysis distalis femoris, thickened and expanded in the transverse direction and ends with two condyles: medial, condylus medialis, and lateral, condylus lateralis. The medial femoral condyle is larger than the lateral one. On the outer surface of the lateral condyle and the inner surface of the medial condyle are the lateral and medial epicondyles, respectively, epicondylus lateralis and epicondylus medialis. Slightly above the medial epicondyle is a small adductor tubercle, tuberculum adductorium, - the place of attachment of the large adductor muscle. The surfaces of the condyles, facing one another, are delimited by the intercondylar fossa, fossa intercondylaris, which is separated from the popliteal surface by an intercondylar line at the top, linea intercondylaris. The surface of each condyle is smooth. The anterior surfaces of the condyles pass one into the other, forming the patella surface, facies patellaris, - the place of articulation of the patella with the femur.

Tibia

Tibia, tibia, long. It distinguishes the body and two epiphyses - the upper and lower.

body of the tibia, corpus tibiae, trihedral shape. It has three edges: anterior, interosseous (outer) and medial - and three surfaces: medial lateral and posterior. Front edge, margo anterior, the bone is pointed and looks like a comb. In the upper part of the bone, it passes into the tuberosity of the tibia, tuberositas tibiae. interosseous edge, margo interosseus, pointed in the form of a scallop and directed towards the corresponding edge of the fibula. medial edge, margo medialis, rounded.

medial surface, facies medialis or anterointernal, somewhat convex. She and the front edge of the body of the tibia, which limits it in front, are well palpated through the skin.

lateral surface, facies lateralis or anterolateral, slightly concave.

back surface, facies posterior, flat. It distinguishes the line of the soleus muscle, linea m. solei, which goes from the lateral condyle down and medially. Below it is a nutrient foramen, which leads to a distally directed nutrient canal.

Superior, proximal, tibial epiphysis, epiphysis proximalis tibiae, expanded. Its lateral sections are the medial condyle, condylus medialis, and the lateral condyle, condylus lateralis. On the outer surface of the lateral condyle is a flat peroneal articular surface, facies articularis fibularis. On the proximal surface of the proximal epiphysis of the bone in the middle section there is an intercondylar eminence, eminentia intercondylaris. Two tubercles are distinguished in it: the internal medial intercondylar tubercle, tuberculum intercondylare mediale, posterior to which is the posterior intercondylar field, area intercondylaris posterior, and the outer lateral intercondylar tubercle, tuberculum intercondylare laterale. In front of it is the anterior intercondylar field, area intercondylaris anterior; both fields serve as the site of attachment of the cruciate ligaments of the knee. On the sides of the intercondylar eminence, the upper set surface, facies articularis superior, carries concave articular surfaces, respectively, for each condyle - medial and lateral. The latter are limited along the periphery by the edge of the tibia.

Inferior, distal, tibial epiphysis, epiphysis distalis tibiae, rectangular shape. On its lateral surface there is a peroneal notch, incisura fibularis, which is adjacent to the lower epiphysis of the fibula. Ankle groove runs along the posterior surface, sulcus malleolaris. Anterior to this groove, the medial edge of the lower epiphysis of the tibia passes into a downward process - the medial malleolus, malleolus medialis which can be easily felt through the skin. The lateral surface of the ankle is occupied by the articular surface of the ankle, facies articularis malleoli. The latter passes to the lower surface of the bone, where it continues into the concave lower articular surface of the tibia, facies articularis inferior tibiae.

Fibula

Fibula, fibula, is a long and thin bone. It has a body and two epiphyses - upper and lower.

body of the fibula, corpus fibulae, trihedral, prismatic shape. It is twisted around the longitudinal axis and curved backwards. Three surfaces of the fibula: lateral surface, facies lateralis, medial surface, facies medialis, and the back surface, facies posterior, - are separated from one another by three edges, or ridges. Front edge, margo anterior, in the form of the sharpest ridge separates the lateral surface from the medial; medial crest, crista medialis, is located between the posterior and medial surfaces of the bone, and the posterior edge passes between the posterior and lateral surfaces, margo posterior. On the back of the body there is a nutrient hole, foramen nutricium, leading to a distally directed nutrient canal, canalis nutricius. On the medial surface of the bone is the interosseous margin, margo interosseus.

Superior, proximal, epiphysis of the fibula, epiphysis proximalis fibulae, forms the head of the fibula, caput fibulae, which has an articular surface, facies articularis capitis fibulae, for articulation with the tibia. The upper section of the head is pointed - this is the top of the head, apex capitis fibulae. The head is separated from the body by the neck of the fibula. collum fibulae.

Inferior, distal, epiphysis of the fibula, epiphysis distalis fibulae, forms the lateral malleolus, malleolus lateralis. The outer surface of the ankle is well palpable through the skin. On the medial surface of the ankle there is an articular surface of the ankle, facies articularis malleoli, through which the fibula connects to the outer surface of the talus, and the rough surface located above - to the fibula notch of the tibia.

On the posterior surface of the lateral malleolus there is a shallow malleolus groove, sulcus malleolaris, - trace of the tendon of the long peroneal muscle.

Foot bones

The bones of the foot in the region of the tarsus, tarsus, are represented by the following bones: talus, calcaneus, scaphoid, three cuneiform bones: medial, intermediate and lateral, and cuboid. The bones of the tarsus, ossa tarsi, are arranged in two rows: the proximal are the talus and calcaneus, the distal are the navicular, cuboid and three cuneiform bones. The bones of the tarsus articulate with the bones of the lower leg; the distal row of tarsal bones articulates with the metatarsal bones.

Talus, talus, is the only one of the bones of the foot that articulates with the bones of the lower leg. Its posterior part is the body of the talus, corpus tali. In front, the body passes into a narrowed area of \u200b\u200bthe bone - the neck of the talus, collum tali; the latter connects the body with the head of the talus directed forward, caput tali. The talus from above and on the sides in the form of a fork is covered by the bones of the lower leg. An ankle joint is formed between the bones of the lower leg and the talus, articulatio talocruralis. Accordingly, the articular surfaces are: the upper surface of the talus, facies superior ossis tali, having the shape of a block - a block of the talus, trochlea-tali, and lateral, lateral and medial, ankle surfaces, facies malleolaris lateralis et facies malleolaris medialis. The upper surface of the block is convex in the sagittal direction and concave in the transverse direction.

The lateral and medial ankle surfaces are flat. The lateral malleolus surface extends to the superior surface of the lateral process of the talus, processus lateralis tali. The posterior surface of the body of the talus is crossed from top to bottom by the groove of the tendon of the long flexor of the big toe sulcus tendinis m. flexoris hallucis longi. The furrow divides the posterior margin of the bone into two tubercles: the greater medial tubercle, tuberculum mediale, and the lesser lateral tubercle, tuberculum laterale. Both tubercles, separated by a groove, form the posterior process of the talus, processus posterior tali. The lateral tubercle of the posterior process of the talus sometimes, in the case of its independent ossification, is a separate triangular bone, os trigonum.

On the lower surface of the body in the posterolateral region there is a concave posterior calcaneal articular surface, facies articularis calcanea posterior. The anteromedial sections of this surface are limited by the groove of the talus passing here from behind to front and laterally, sulcus tali. Anterior and outward from this groove is the middle calcaneal articular surface, facies articularis calcanea media. Anterior calcaneal articular surface does not lie in front of facies articularis calcanea anterior.

Through the articular surfaces of its lower part, the talus articulates with the calcaneus. On the anterior part of the head of the talus there is a spherical navicular articular surface, facies articularis navicularis through which it articulates with the navicular bone.

calcaneus, calcaneus, is located downward and posterior to the talus. Its posterior part is formed by a well-defined tubercle of the calcaneus, tuber calcanei. The lower parts of the tubercle from the lateral and medial sides pass into the lateral process of the calcaneal tubercle, processus lateralis tuberis calcanei, and into the medial process of the calcaneal tuber, processus medialis tuberis calcanei. On the lower surface of the tubercle there is a calcaneal tubercle, tuberculum calcanei, located at the anterior end of the line of attachment of the long plantar ligament, lig. plantare longum.

On the anterior surface of the calcaneus there is a saddle-shaped cuboid articular surface, facies articularis cuboidea, for articulation with the cuboid bone.

In the anterior part of the medial surface of the calcaneus there is a short and thick process - the support of the talus, sustentaculum tali. On the lower surface of this process passes the groove of the tendon of the long flexor of the big toe, sulcus tendinis m. flexoris hallucis longi.

On the lateral surface of the calcaneus, in the anterior section, there is a small fibular block, trochlea fibularis, behind which passes the groove of the tendon of the long peroneal muscle, sulcus tendinis m. peronei (fibularis) longi.

On the upper surface of the bone, in the middle section, there is an extensive posterior talar articular surface, facies articularis talaris posterior. Anterior to it lies the groove of the calcaneus, sulcus calcanei passing from back to front and laterally. Anterior to the groove, along the medial edge of the bone, two articular surfaces stand out: the middle talar articular surface, facses articularis talaris media, and in front of it - the anterior talar articular surface, facies articularis talaris anterior corresponding to the surfaces of the same name on the talus. When the talus is applied to the calcaneus, the anterior sections of the sulcus of the talus and the sulcus of the calcaneus form a depression - the tarsal sinus, sinus tarsi, which is palpable as a small depression.

Scaphoid, os naviculare, flattened in front and behind, lies in the region of the inner edge of the foot. On the back surface of the bone there is a concave articular surface, through which it articulates with the articular surface of the head of the talus. The upper surface of the bone is convex. The anterior surface of the bone bears the articular surface for articulation with the three cuneiform bones. The boundaries that define the articulation of the navicular bone with each sphenoid bone are small scallops.

On the lateral surface of the bone there is a small articular surface - the place of articulation with the cuboid bone. The lower surface of the scaphoid is concave. In its medial part is the tuberosity of the navicular bone, tuberositas ossis navicularis.

cuneiform bones, ossa cuneiformia, in the amount of three, are located in front of the navicular bone. There are medial, intermediate and lateral sphenoid bones. The intermediate cuneiform bone is shorter than the others, so the anterior, distal, surfaces of these bones are not at the same level. They have articular surfaces for articulation with the corresponding metatarsal bones.

The base of the wedge (the wider part of the bone) of the medial sphenoid bone faces downwards, while that of the intermediate and lateral faces upwards.

The posterior surfaces of the sphenoid bones have articular areas for articulation with the navicular bone.

medial cuneiform bone, os cuneiforme mediale, on its concave lateral side, bears two articular surfaces for articulation with the intermediate sphenoid bone, os cuneiforme intermedium, and with the II metatarsal bone, os metatarsale II.

Intermediate cuneiform bone, os cuneiforme intermedium, has articular platforms: on the medial surface - for articulation with the medial sphenoid bone, os cuneiforme mediale, on the lateral side - for articulation with the lateral sphenoid bone, os cuneiforme laterale.

lateral sphenoid bone, os cuneiforme laterale, also has two articular surfaces: on the medial side for articulation with the intermediate sphenoid bone, os cuneiforme intermedium, and the base of the II metatarsal bone, os metatarsale II, and with the lateral - with cuboid bone, os cuboideum.

Cuboid, os cuboideum, is located outward from the lateral sphenoid bone, in front of the calcaneus and behind the base of the IV and V metatarsal bones.

The upper surface of the bone is rough, on the medial there are articular areas for articulation with the lateral sphenoid bone, os cuneiforme laterale, and the navicular bone, os naviculare. On the lateral edge of the bone there is a downward tuberosity of the cuboid bone, tuberositas ossis cuboidei. Anterior to it begins the groove of the tendon of the long peroneal muscle, sulcus tendinis m. peronei longi, which passes to the lower surface of the bone and crosses it obliquely behind and outside, anteriorly and inwardly, respectively, according to the course of the tendon of the same muscle.

The posterior surface of the bone has a saddle-shaped articular surface for articulation with the same articular surface of the calcaneus. The protrusion of the lower medial section of the cuboid bone, bordering the edge of this articular surface, is called the calcaneal process, processus calcaneus. It provides support for the anterior end of the calcaneus.

The anterior surface of the cuboid bone has an articular surface divided by a comb for articulation with the IV and V metatarsal bones, os metatarsale IV and os metatarsale V.

The metatarsus, metatarsus, includes 5 metatarsal bones.

metatarsal bones, ossa metatarsalia, are represented by five (I-V) thin long bones located in front of the tarsus. In each metatarsal bone, a body is distinguished, corpus, and two epiphyses: proximal - base, basis, and distal - head, saput.

The bones are counted from the side of the medial edge of the foot (from the big toe to the little toe). Of the 5 metatarsal bones, bone I is shorter but thicker than the others, bone II is the longest. The bodies of the metatarsal bones are trihedral. The upper, dorsal, surface of the body is somewhat convex, the other two, the lower (plantar) surfaces, converge at the bottom, forming a pointed comb.

The bases of the metatarsal bones represent their most massive part. They have the shape of a wedge, which, with its expanded part, is directed upwards in the I-IV metatarsal bones, and in the medial side in the V metatarsal bone. The lateral surfaces of the bases have articular areas, through which adjacent metatarsal bones articulate with each other.

On the posterior surfaces of the bases there are articular surfaces for articulation with the bones of the tarsus. On the lower surface of the base of the I metatarsal bone is the tuberosity of the I metatarsal bone, tuberositas ossis metatarsalis primi. The 5th metatarsal bone also has a tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal bone in the lateral part of the base, tuberositas ossis metatarsalis quinti which is well palpable. The anterior ends, or heads, of the metatarsal bones are laterally compressed. The peripheral part of the heads has spherical articular surfaces that articulate with the phalanges of the fingers. On the lower surface of the head of the I metatarsal bone, on the sides, there are two small smooth areas, to which the sesamoid bones adjoin, ossa sesamoidea, big toe. The head of the I metatarsal bone is well palpable.

In addition to these sesamoid bones in the area of the metatarsophalangeal articulation of the thumb, there is one sesamoid bone in the interphalangeal articulation of the same finger, as well as non-permanent sesamoid bones in the thickness of the tendon of the long peroneal muscle, in the area of the plantar surface of the cuboid bone.

Between the bones of the metatarsus there are 4 interosseous spaces, spatia interossea metatarsi which are filled with interosseous muscles.

phalanges, phalanges, toes:

finger bones, ossa digitorum, represented by phalanges, phalanges. In form, number and relationship, they correspond to the phalanges of the fingers. In each phalanx, a body is distinguished, corpus phalangis, and two epiphyses: posterior, proximal, epiphysis - the base of the phalanx, basis phalangis, and the anterior, distal, epiphysis - the head of the phalanx, caput phalangis. Surfaces of the heads of the proximal and middle phalanges, phalanx proximalis and phalanx medialis, have the form of a block.

At the distal end of each distal phalanx, phalanx distalis, the tubercle of the distal phalanx is located, tuberositas phalangis distalis.