The most powerful nvp. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: list and prices. Rational use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in rheumatology

Joint pain significantly complicates life and interferes with a full life. Pain does not go away on its own. Therefore, treatment is accompanied, first of all, by anti-inflammatory drugs. Their list is quite wide. In structure, they differ from others in the absence of steroid hormones, which allows a large group of patients to take the medicine.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used to treat large and small joints, as well as ligaments. The disease is accompanied by swelling, pain and hyperthermia. At the same time, prostaglandins are formed in the body - substances that activate the production of hormones in the blood. As a result of the influence on the vessels, the body temperature rises, and inflammatory reactions intensify, which leads to arthritis, osteochondrosis and other unpleasant diseases.

The enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX) is blocked by the non-hormonal action of NSAIDs. Swelling and redness decrease, the temperature returns to normal, inflammation subsides.

NSAIDs have a positive effect on diseases:

• relieve inflammation;
• have analgesic properties;
• effectively lower the temperature;
• have an antiaggregatory effect - eliminate the adhesion of platelets.

Do not forget that drugs - immunosuppressants, help in the treatment of rheumatism, but have a depressing effect on the immune system as a whole.

Classification of drugs

It is worth noting that COX is divided into two types. The first produces prostaglandin, which protects the lining of the stomach and intestines from damage. And the second connects prostaglandins that increase the temperature.

Therefore, drugs are usually differentiated into two parts:

• selective (they inhibit COX2);
• non-selective.

The latter, in turn, are also grouped. Some act equally on both COX, others on COX1.

The former are prescribed for acute respiratory viral infections, after operations, for injuries, infections, others save from rheumatism and diseased joints, have anti-inflammatory properties.

Indications for the use of NSAIDs for the treatment of joints

Anti-inflammatory drugs are safe for short-term use and in the absence of contraindications.

Medicines are used in chronic and acute inflammatory processes:

• migraine;
• trauma;
• arthritis, rheumatism, ankylosing spondylitis;
• toothache;
• gout;
• renal and hepatic colic;
• inflammatory diseases of the spine, muscles, musculoskeletal system, joints and bones;
• sciatica, sciatica, neuralgia;
• painful critical days;
• infections;
• metastases in cancer.

List of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin).

In practice for over a hundred years. Assign to fight SARS, relieve headaches. Together with other substances, they are used for the treatment of osteoarthritis. But in acute inflammation, aspirin is replaced by more powerful medicines.

Diclofenac.

Available in tablets, suppositories, gel and injection. The popular pain reliever is absorbed within twenty minutes and understands the fever.

Ibuprofen.

Release form - candles, tablets. It is easy to carry, has a low price tag. It is prescribed for neuralgia, bursitis, hematomas, sprains, influenza, SARS, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, Bechterew's disease, osteoarthritis, feverish conditions. Ibuprofen has many analogues in different price categories.

Nimesulide.

When using it, the temperature normalizes, the body becomes mobile as a result of anesthesia. The ointment is applied to the arthritic area. There is a slight redness, so the effect of the drug is manifested.

Indometacin is one of the strongest drugs with analgesic effect.

Produced in the form of ointments, suppositories, tablets. Although the medicine is cheap, this does not prevent it from having an incomparable effect on arthritic and arthrotic joints. Before use, a doctor's consultation is required due to the impressive list of side effects.

Meloxicam belongs to the group of NSAIDs.

Available in tablets and in solution for intramuscular injection. Pharmacological action - anti-inflammatory analgesic with antipyretic effect. Indicated for symptomatic therapy, reducing pain and inflammation. Treats osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis. It is allowed to use meloxicam under the supervision of a specialist even for several years. Long-term exposure allows you to take one tablet during the day. It is possible to purchase a substance under various names - Movalis, Melbek, Melox, Artrozan, Mesipol, Mataren, etc.

Some drugs, under the strict supervision of a doctor, are allowed to be taken by pregnant women in case of vital necessity, in no case in the third trimester.

The doctor may prescribe:

• diclofenac;
• ibuprofen;
• aspirin;
• ketorolac;
• indomethacin;
• naproxen.

It is forbidden to drink medicines on your own.

NSAIDs of a new generation for the treatment of joints

Medical technology does not stand still. Every day, hundreds of scientists are trying to develop the latest pills and modernize the time-tested. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have not been spared either. New generation drugs act more selectively and thoroughly suppress inflammation. The most important thing here is the absence of a serious effect on the gastrointestinal tract and cartilage tissue.

List of new generation non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Among the useful "drugs", Movalis with the active ingredient in the form of meloxicams became the most effective. With arthrosis, a real lifesaver. Long-term use has practically no effect on the work of the stomach and intestines. Analogues work in the same area - Melbek, Mesipol, Mirloks.

The drug Ksefokam has the ability to stretch the effect of the panacea, so that patients do not feel pain for about twelve hours. Most importantly, Ksefokam is not addictive, and the ability to relieve pain is comparable to morphine. However, the high cost does not allow everyone to purchase the drug in the first-aid kit. Produced by prescription.

The antioxidant Nimesulide blocks the action of substances that break down collagens and cartilage. Arthrosis of the joints is treatable, the pain becomes dull, the inflammation disappears. Sold in granules for solution, tablets, in the form of a gel.

Celecoxib was originally called Celebrex. Release form - capsules 200 and 100 mg. A pronounced fight against arthrosis arthritis does not affect the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, the mucous membrane remains normal.

Etoricoxib is sold under the brand name Arcoxia. Reception up to 150 mg per day does not affect the functioning of the intestines and stomach. The average dose for arthrosis is approximately 30-60 mg per day.

The cost of medicines varies. On the advice of a doctor, the patient can buy a more expensive drug or its analogue, in accordance with contraindications and side effects. Means stop unbearable pain and eliminate inflammation. After taking them, another treatment should be prescribed.

General application rules

Take on an independent guide to medicines is not worth it. Contacting a specialist will help you understand the methods and rules of treatment. To do this, you need to prepare all statements about previous or concomitant diseases and take tests so that the doctor chooses the right treatment.

Tablets are taken immediately after meals with half a glass of water or low-fat milk to assimilate and protect the gastrointestinal tract from harmful effects. In parallel, bifidobacteria should be taken.

If long-term use is planned, then start with a minimum dose, gradually increasing the amount.

Side effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

1. Allergy.
2. Bronchospasms.
3. Dyspeptic disorders.
4. Violation of renal functions (nephropathy, vessels narrow).
5. Ulcerogenic action (development of erosion or stomach ulcers).
6. Increased blood activity in the liver.
7. miscarriages.
8. In rare cases, bleeding disorders.

Contraindications to the use of NSAIDs

Any, even the most harmless drug, has contraindications. NSAIDs have several of them:

• pregnancy;
• individual intolerance;
• disorders in the work of the kidneys and liver;
• peptic ulcers of the gastrointestinal tract and duodenum;
• thrombo- and leukopenia.

NSAIDs are widely used by physicians in the treatment of diseases that occur with inflammation, fever and pain. They are effective, but cause a number of side effects. Today there are many NSAIDs that are better tolerated by the body.

New generation non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: what is it

NSAIDs are a category of drugs that affect the disease symptomatically. They are used for chronic and acute pathologies. The action is based on a decrease in the production of cyclooxygenase enzymes that trigger inflammation, fever and pain. New generation drugs rarely cause side effects.

How they help

The principle of action is based on a decrease in the permeability of capillary and arterial walls, the production of inflammatory mediators. This leads to minimization of irritation of pain nerve receptors. A person has inflammation and pain. NSAIDs of a new generation affect the centers of thermoregulation of the brain, lowering body temperature.

Classification

New generation medicines are divided into:

1. acids(pyrazolone, salicylates, derivatives of phenylacetic and isonicotinic acids, oxicams, propionic, anthranilic acids)
2. Non-acid derivatives(sulfonamides).

According to the mechanism of action, NSAIDs are divided into:

• Selective, suppressing COX-2.
• Non-selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase enzymes.
• Selective, suppressing COX-1.

According to the effect of relieving inflammation, NSAIDs are divided into:

1. Strong - Flurbiprofen, Indomethacin.
2. Weak - Aspirin, Amidopyrine.

According to the strength of the analgesic effect, NSAIDs are classified into:

• Strong - Ketoprofen, Ketorolac.
• Weak - Aspirin, Naproxen.

Effective new generation NSAIDs

The pharmaceutical industry offers a wide range of NSAIDs in tablets, drops, suppositories, ointments, gels, injection solutions.

Sold in tablets. Main component - etoricoxib. Relieves pain and inflammation, fever. Suppresses the action of COX-2. It is forbidden to use Arcoxia in violation of hemostasis, stomach ulcers, pathologies of the heart, pregnancy, liver (kidney) dysfunction.

It is produced in the form of a gel, tablets, suppositories, injections. Rofecoxib has a medicinal effect. Acts as a COX-2 inhibitor. Relieves swelling, inflammation, itching, fever and pain. Well tolerated by most patients. It is forbidden to take with cancer, asthma, pregnancy. May provoke hallucinations, intestinal upset.

Produced in tablets and solution for injection. Contains lornoxicam. Suppresses the activity of cyclooxygenase enzymes, the release of free radicals. Does not affect the opioid receptors of the central nervous system, the respiratory system. It is forbidden to take with severe pathologies of the heart, liver dysfunction, dehydration. Frequent side effects - blurred vision, increased pressure.

Available in injection solution, tablets, suppositories, suspensions. Treats due to the presence of meloxicam. Effectively removes fever, inflammation and pain. Has a prolonged action. Does not affect the hemostasis system. It is forbidden for bleeding in the esophagus, kidney dysfunction. Sometimes causes migraine, colitis and gastropathy.

Sold in the form of tablets, gel, suspension. Suppresses COX-2, reduces the production of prostaglandins. It has a pronounced anti-febrile, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect. It is forbidden for pregnant women and children. Of the side effects, it provokes hematuria, oliguria, dyspepsia.

Produced in the form of an ointment. Formulated with methyl salicylate & bee venom. Relieves inflammation and pain. It is used for myalgia, arthralgia, sprain, neuritis. It is forbidden for acute arthritis, skin pathologies. May cause local allergies.

Produced in the form of ointment and balm. Contains methyl salicylate and menthol. Expands blood vessels and removes irritation, relieves pain and spasm, restores mobility. It is forbidden for dermatological problems and pregnancy. May cause hives.

Produced in the form of an ointment. Based on nonivamide, camphor and dimethyl sulfoxide. Relieves irritation and pain, warms and improves blood circulation. Valid for 6 hours. Prohibited for use by children and pregnant women. Side effects include local allergic reactions.

Available in the form of cream and tablets. Contains meloxicam and pepper tincture. Has a warming effect. Effective for sprains, injuries, articular and vertebral pathologies. Used from 12 years of age. May cause itching and rash.

This is an ointment consisting of nicoboxyl and nonivamide. It contains nicoboxyl and nonivamide. It has an analgesic, vasodilating and hyperemic effect. Improves enzymatic reactions. Helps a few minutes after application.

Available in injection solution and capsules. Contains meloxicam. Helps with musculoskeletal pathologies. Not used for severe hepatic and renal diseases, gastric ulcer. May increase blood pressure and reduce visual acuity.

Produced in capsules. The composition contains tenoxicam. Eliminates pain in muscles, joints and spine. Removes stiffness after waking up. Normalizes the condition in a week of use. Not applicable for lactation, kidney dysfunction and pregnancy.

Available in the form of a gel, injection solution and tablets. The therapeutic effect is based on the presence of meloxicam in Amelotex. It is used for degenerative and dystrophic changes in the bones. Approved for use from 18 years old. May cause a local allergic reaction.

Produced in the form of a suspension, tablets and gel. Contains nimesulide. Relieves pain and inflammation in sprains, injuries, muscle and joint pathologies. Not used for epidermal, hepatic and renal diseases. Prohibited for pregnant and lactating women, children under 7 years of age.

Produced in the form of a gel, suspension, tablets. Contains nimesulide. Well tolerated, has minimal toxicity. Effective in pathologies of soft tissues and spine. Contraindicated in pregnant women, children, allergy sufferers.

Available in the form of capsules, gel, suspension. Therapeutic action is based on nimesulide. Used for a long course. Does not cause pronounced side effects. It is forbidden for damage to the dermis, hypersensitivity.

Sold in injections and tablets. Solution for injection into the muscle. Characterized by speed. Relieves inflammation, fever and pain. Used in the acute stage of the disease. It is forbidden for children, in the presence of serious problems with the kidneys, pregnant women.

Available in solution, suppositories, tablets. Contains meloxicam. It is used for degenerative changes in the bones. injected into the muscle. Contraindicated in inflammation of the intestines, insufficiency in the work of the heart, ulcerative bleeding.

It is sold in the form of eye drops. It contains bromfenac. Eye drops are used after surgery for cataract extraction. The effect persists for a day. The remedy is prohibited for pregnant women, persons under 18 years of age, with a tendency to bleeding.

Produced in injections, tablets, suppositories, gel. Active element - diclofenac sodium. It is a powerful analgesic and anti-inflammatory. Used to inhibit miosis, treat cystic macular edema. Prohibited in the elderly and children, impaired hemostasis, pregnancy.

How to Protect Your Stomach When Taking Nonsteroidal Drugs

NSAIDs have a bad effect on the digestive tract, in particular on the stomach. To minimize the negative impact of the drug on the body, a person should undergo diagnostics and treatment before starting therapy.

It is better to choose a selective group of drugs. Non-selective anti-inflammatory non-steroidal drugs are used for up to five days. In the presence of erosive and ulcerative changes, people over the age of 60 should use NSAIDs simultaneously with Omeprazole.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are drugs whose name indicates their composition, purpose and function.

Nonsteroidal- not containing in its composition the core of cyclopentanperhydrophenanthrene, which is part of hormones and biologically active substances.

Anti-inflammatory- have a pronounced effect on inflammatory processes in a living organism, interrupting the chemical process of inflammation.

History of drugs from the NSAID group

The anti-inflammatory properties of willow have been known since the fifth century BC. In 1827, 30 grams of salicin was isolated from the bark of this plant. In 1869, on the basis of salicin, the active substance, salicylic acid, was obtained.

The anti-inflammatory properties of salicylic acid have been known for a long time, but a pronounced ulcerogenic effect limited its use in medicine. Attachment to the molecule of the acetyl group greatly reduced the risk of ulceration of the digestive tract.

The first medical drug from the NSAID group was synthesized in 1897 by Bayer. It was obtained by acetylation of salicylic acid. He received a proprietary name - "Aspirin". Aspirin has the right to be called only the drug of this pharmacological company.

Until 1950, aspirin was the only non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Then, active work began on the creation of more effective means.

However, the importance of acetylsalicylic acid in medicine is still great.

Mechanism of action of NSAIDs

The main point of application of NSAIDs are biologically active substances - prostaglandins. The first of them were found in the secretion of the prostate gland, hence their name. Two main types have been more studied:

• Cyclooxygenase of the first type (COX-1), which is responsible for the synthesis of protective factors of the gastrointestinal tract and the processes of thrombosis.
• Cyclooxygenase type 2 (COX-2), which is involved in the main mechanisms of the inflammatory process.

By blocking enzymes, the effects of reducing pain, reducing inflammation and lowering body temperature are achieved.

There are selective and non-selective drugs. Selective agents block the COX-2 enzyme to a greater extent. Reduce inflammation without affecting the processes in the digestive tract.

The action of cyclooxygenase of the second type is directed:

• to increase vascular permeability;
• release of inflammatory mediators in the damaged area;
• increased swelling in the area of ​​inflammation;
• migration of phagocytes, mast cells, fibroblasts;
• an increase in the overall temperature of the body, through the centers of thermoregulation in the central nervous system.

Inflammation

The process of inflammation is a universal response of the body to any damaging effect and has several stages:

• alteration stage develops in the first minutes of exposure to a damaging factor. Damage causing agents can be physical, chemical or biological. Biologically active substances are released from the destroyed cells, triggering the subsequent stages;
• exudation (impregnation), is characterized by the effect on mast cells of substances from dead cells. Activated basophils release histamine and serotonin into the site of damage, causing an increase in vascular permeability for the liquid part of the blood and macrophages. Edema occurs, the local temperature rises. Enzymes are released into the blood, attracting even more immunocompetent cells, triggering a cascade of biochemical and protective processes. The reaction becomes overbearing. There is pain. It is at this stage that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are effective;
• proliferation stage, occurs at the moment of resolution of the second stage. The main cells are fibroblasts, which form a connective tissue matrix to restore the destroyed structure.

Stages do not have a clear time frame and are often included in combination. With a pronounced stage of exudation occurring with a hyperergic component, the proliferation stage is delayed. The appointment of NSAID drugs contributes to the speedy recovery and facilitates the general condition of the patient.

The main groups of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

There are many classifications. The most popular are based on the chemical structure and biological effects of substances.

Salicylates

The most studied substance is acetylsalicylic acid. The analgesic effect is very moderate. It is used as a drug to reduce temperature in febrile conditions and as a means of improving microcirculation in cardiology (in small doses it reduces blood viscosity by blocking type 1 cyclooxygenase).

Propionates

Salts of propionic acid have an average analgesic and pronounced antipyretic effect. The best known is ibuprofen. Due to low toxicity and high bioavailability, it is widely used in pediatric practice.

Acetates

Derivatives of acetic acid are well known and widely used in medicine. They have a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect and a strong analgesic effect. Due to the large effect on type 1 cyclooxygenase, they are used with caution in peptic ulcer disease and the risk of bleeding. The most famous representatives: Diclofenac, Ketorolac, Indomethacin.

Selective COX-2 inhibitors

The most modern selective drugs today are considered Celecoxib and Rofecoxib. They are registered on the Russian market.

Other drugs

Paracetamol, nimesulide, meloxicam. Predominantly act on COX-2. They have a pronounced analgesic and antipyretic effect of central action.

The most popular NSAID drugs and their cost

• Acetylsalicylic acid.

An effective and inexpensive drug. Available in dosages of 500 milligrams and 100 mg. The average price on the market is 8-10 rubles for 10 tablets. Included in the list of vital.

• Ibuprofen.

Safe and inexpensive drug. The price depends on the form of release and the manufacturer. It has a pronounced antipyretic effect. Widely used in pediatrics.

Tablets 400 milligrams, coated, Russian-made, have a cost of 50-100 rubles for 30 tablets.

• Paracetamol.

A popular drug all over the world. Available in European countries without a doctor's prescription. The most popular forms are 500 milligram tablets and syrup.

Included in the combined preparations, as an anesthetic and antipyretic component. It has a central mechanism of action, without affecting the hematopoiesis and the gastrointestinal tract.

The price depends on the brand. Russian-made tablets cost about 10 rubles.

• Citramon P.

Combined drug containing anti-inflammatory and psychostimulant components. Caffeine increases the sensitivity of paracetamol receptors in the brain, enhancing the effect of the anti-inflammatory component.

Available in tablets of 500 milligrams. The average price is 10-20 rubles.

• Diclofenac.

It is produced in various dosage forms, but is most in demand in the form of injections and local forms (ointments and patches).

The cost for a package of three ampoules is from 50 to 100 rubles.

• Nimesulide.

A selective drug that has a blocking effect on type 2 cyclooxygenase. It has a good analgesic and antipyretic effect. Widely used in dentistry and postoperative period.

Available in the form of tablets, gels and suspensions. The average cost on the market is from 100-200 rubles for 20 tablets.

• Ketorolac.

The drug, characterized by a pronounced analgesic effect, comparable to the action of non-narcotic analgesics. It has a strong ulcerogenic effect on the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. Applied with caution.

Must be dispensed strictly by prescription. Release forms are varied. Tablets of 10 milligrams cost from one hundred rubles per pack.

The main indications for the use of NSAIDs

The most common reasons for taking this class of substances are diseases accompanied by inflammation, pain and fever. It should be remembered that drugs are rarely used for monotherapy. Treatment must be comprehensive.

Important. Use the data in this paragraph only if an emergency situation prevents you from contacting a qualified specialist in the near future. Coordinate all treatment issues with your doctor.

Arthrosis

A disease that causes a change in the anatomical structure of the articular surface. Active movements are extremely painful due to swelling of the joint and increased effusion of synovial fluid.

In severe cases, treatment is reduced to joint prosthetics.

NSAIDs are indicated for moderate or moderate severity of the process. With pain syndrome, 100-200 milligrams of nimesulide is prescribed. No more than 500 mg per day. It is taken in 2-3 doses. Drink a small amount of water.

Rheumatoid arthritis

- inflammatory process of autoimmune etiology. There are multiple inflammatory processes in various tissues. Joints and endocardial tissues are predominantly affected. NSAIDs are the drugs of choice in combination with steroid therapy. The defeat of the endocardium always leads to the deposition of blood clots on the surface of the valves and chambers of the heart. Taking acetylsalicylic acid at 500 milligrams per day reduces the risk of thrombosis by 5 times.

Pain in soft tissue injuries

Associated with edema at the point of application of the traumatic factor and surrounding tissues. As a result of exudation, compression of small venous vessels and nerve endings occurs.

There is a stagnation of venous blood in the damaged organ, which further enhances metabolic disorders. There is a vicious circle that worsens the conditions for regeneration.

With an average pain syndrome, it is possible to use local forms of Diclofenac.

Apply to the area of ​​injury or sprain three times a day. The damaged organ needs rest and immobilization for several days.

Osteochondrosis

With this pathological process, compression of the roots of the spinal nerves occurs between the upper and lower vertebrae, which form the exit channels of the spinal nerves.

With a decrease in the lumen of the canal, the nerve roots that innervate organs and muscles experience compression. This leads to the development of inflammatory processes and swelling of the nerves themselves, which further disrupts trophic processes.

To break the vicious circle, local ointments and gels containing Diclofenac are used in combination with injectable forms of the drug. Three milliliters of Diclofenac solution is administered intramuscularly once a day.

The course of treatment is at least 5 days. Given the high ulcerogenicity of the drug, proton pump blockers and antacids should be taken (Omeprazole 2 capsules twice a day and Almagel one to two scoops three times a day).

Pain in the lumbar region

With this localization, it is most often affected. The pain is quite intense. is formed from the spinal roots emerging in the intervertebral foramina of the sacrum, leaving in a limited area in the shallow tissues of the gluteal region. This predisposes to its inflammation, with hypothermia.

NSAID ointments containing Diclofenac or Nimesulide are used. With severe pain, a blockade of the nerve exit site is performed with an anesthetic drug. Local dry heat is applied. It is important to avoid hypothermia.

Headache

It is caused by various pathological processes. The most common cause is the brain. The brain itself has no pain receptors. Pain sensations are transmitted from its membranes and receptors in the vessels.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have a direct effect on prostaglandins that regulate pain in the center of the thalamus. Pain causes vasospasm, metabolic processes decrease, and pain sensations intensify. NSAIDs, relieving pain, relieve spasm, interrupting the pathological process. The most effective drugs are Ibuprofen at a dose of 400 milligrams..

Migraine

It is caused by a local spasm of the vessels of the brain. More often the head hurts on one side. There is an extensive neurological focal symptomatology. As experience shows, non-steroidal analgesics in combination with antispasmodics are the most effective.

fifty percent Metamizole sodium solution (analgin) in the amount of two milliliters and two milliliters Drotaverine in one syringe intramuscularly or intravenously. After the injection, vomiting occurs. After a while, the pain is completely stopped.

Acute attack of gout

The disease is caused by a violation of the metabolism of uric acid. Its salts are deposited in various organs and tissues of the body, causing widespread pain. NSAIDs help to stop. Ibuprofen preparations are used at a dosage of 400-800 milligrams.

Complex. Includes a diet low in purine and pyrimidine bases. In the acute period, animal products, broths, alcohol, coffee and chocolate are completely excluded.

Showing products of plant origin, except for mushrooms, and large volumes of water (up to three to four liters per day). When the condition improves, low-fat cottage cheese can be added to food.

Dysmenorrhea

Painful periods or pain in the lower abdomen in front of them are common in women of childbearing age. Caused by spasms in the smooth muscles of the uterus with rejection of the mucosa. The duration of pain and their intensity is individual.

For relief, Ibuprofen preparations at a dose of 400-800 milligrams or selective NSAIDs (Nimesulide, Meloxicam) are suitable.

Treatment of painful periods may include the use of biphasic estrogenic drugs that normalize the hormonal background of the body.

Fever

An increase in body temperature is a nonspecific pathological process that accompanies many disease states. Normal body temperature is between 35 and 37 degrees Celsius. With hyperthermia above 41 degrees, protein denaturation occurs and death can occur.

At normal body temperature, most of the biochemical processes in the body proceed. The mechanisms of thermoregulation in higher organisms are of a neurohumoral nature. In maintaining temperature homeostasis, the main role is played by a small section of the hypothalamus, called the infundibulum.

Anatomically, it connects the hypothalamus and thalamus at the junction of the optic nerves.

Substances - pyrogens - are responsible for the activation of the hyperthermic reaction. One of the pyrogens is prostaglandin, which is produced by immune cells.

Its synthesis is regulated by cyclooxygenase. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can affect the synthesis of prostaglandin, indirectly reducing body temperature. Paracetamol acts on COX-1 in the center of thermoregulation, providing a quick, but short-lived antipyretic effect.

With fever, Ibuprofen exhibits the greatest antipyretic activity, acting indirectly. To reduce fever at home, a regimen with both drugs is justified.

500 milligrams paracetamol and 800 milligrams ibuprofen. The first quickly reduces the temperature to acceptable values, the second slowly and for a long time maintains the effect.

Teething fever in children

It is a consequence of the destruction of bone tissue during the rapid growth of the tooth. From the destroyed cells, biologically active substances are released that have a direct effect on the centers of the hypothalamus. Macrophages contribute to the inflammation process.

The most effective drug that eliminates inflammation and reduces temperature is Nimesulide at a dose of 25-30 milligrams, taken once or twice, completely stops the phenomena in 90-95 percent of cases.

Risks when using NSAIDs

Studies have shown that long-term use of non-selective drugs adversely affects the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines. Ulcerogenic effect of acetylsalicylic acid is confirmed. Long-term use of non-selective agents is recommended to be carried out in conjunction with proton pump blockers (omeprazole).

Selective NSAIDs tenfold increase the risk of coronary heart disease and long-term use. Aspirin is the only exception to this list. The antiplatelet properties of acetylsalicylic acid are used to prevent thrombosis, preventing blockage of the main vessels.

Cardiologists warn that patients who have recently experienced a heart attack should stop taking NSAIDs. According to research data, Naproxen is considered the least dangerous from this point of view.

Studies have been published that long-term use of NSAIDs can cause erectile dysfunction. However, these studies were largely based on the feelings of the patients themselves. No objective data were provided on testosterone levels, seminal fluid studies, or physical examination methods.

Conclusion

A hundred years ago, the world's population was just over a billion people. Over the past twentieth century, mankind has made a huge breakthrough in all branches of its activity. Medicine has become an evidence-based, effective and progressive science.

There are over seven billion of us today. The three main discoveries that influenced the survival of the human race are called:

• vaccines;
• antibiotics;
• non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

There is something to think about and something to strive for.

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Interesting

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which are briefly called NSAIDs or NSAIDs (means) are widely used throughout the world. In the United States, where statistics cover all branches of life, it was estimated that every year American doctors write more than 70 million prescriptions for NSAIDs. Americans drink, inject, and smear more than 30 billion doses of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs a year. It is unlikely that our compatriots are lagging behind them.

Despite their popularity, most NSAIDs are distinguished by high safety and extremely low toxicity. Even when used in high doses, complications are extremely unlikely. What are these miraculous remedies?

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are a large group of drugs that have three effects at once:

• painkillers;
• antipyretic;
• anti-inflammatory.

The term "non-steroidal" distinguishes these drugs from steroids, i.e. hormonal drugs, which also have anti-inflammatory effects.

The property that favorably distinguishes NSAIDs from other analgesics is the absence of addiction with prolonged use.

Excursion into history

The "roots" of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs go back to the distant past. Hippocrates, who lived in 460-377. BC, reported the use of willow bark for pain relief. A little later, in the 30s BC. Celsius confirmed his words and stated that willow bark perfectly softens the signs of inflammation.

The next mention of the analgesic cortex is found only in 1763. And only in 1827, chemists were able to isolate from the willow extract the very substance that became famous in the time of Hippocrates. The active ingredient in willow bark turned out to be the glycoside salicin, a precursor to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. From 1.5 kg of bark, scientists received 30 g of purified salicin.

In 1869, for the first time, a more effective derivative of salicin, salicylic acid, was obtained. It soon became clear that it damages the gastric mucosa, and scientists began an active search for new substances. In 1897, the German chemist Felix Hoffmann and the Bayer company ushered in a new era in pharmacology by converting the toxic salicylic acid into acetylsalicylic acid, which was named Aspirin.

For a long time, aspirin remained the first and only representative of the NSAID group. Since 1950, pharmacologists began to synthesize more and more new drugs, each of which was more effective and safer than the previous one.

How do NSAIDs work?

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs block the production of substances called prostaglandins. They are directly involved in the development of pain, inflammation, fever, muscle cramps. Most NSAIDs non-selectively (non-selectively) block two different enzymes that are required for prostaglandin production. They are called cyclooxygenase - COX-1 and COX-2.

The anti-inflammatory effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is largely due to:

• a decrease in vascular permeability and an improvement in microcirculation in them;
• a decrease in the release from cells of special substances that stimulate inflammation - inflammatory mediators.

In addition, NSAIDs block energy processes in the focus of inflammation, thereby depriving it of "fuel". Analgesic (pain-relieving) action develops as a result of a decrease in the inflammatory process.

Serious disadvantage

It's time to talk about one of the most serious disadvantages of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The fact is that COX-1, in addition to participating in the production of harmful prostaglandins, also plays a positive role. It is involved in the synthesis of prostaglandin, which prevents the destruction of the gastric mucosa under the action of its own hydrochloric acid. When non-selective COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors begin to work, they completely block prostaglandins - both "harmful" ones that cause inflammation and "beneficial" ones that protect the stomach. So non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs provoke the development of gastric and duodenal ulcers, as well as internal bleeding.

But there are special drugs among the NSAID family. These are the most modern tablets that can selectively block COX-2. Cyclooxygenase type 2 is an enzyme that is involved only in inflammation and does not carry any additional load. Therefore, blocking it is not fraught with unpleasant consequences. Selective COX-2 blockers do not cause gastrointestinal problems and are safer than their predecessors.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and fever

NSAIDs have a completely unique property that sets them apart from other drugs. They have an antipyretic effect and can be used to treat fever. To understand how they work in this capacity, you should remember why the body temperature rises.

Fever develops due to an increase in the level of prostaglandin E2, which changes the so-called firing rate of neurons (activity) within the hypothalamus. Namely, the hypothalamus - a small area in the diencephalon - controls thermoregulation.

Antipyretic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, also called antipyretics, inhibit the COX enzyme. This leads to inhibition of prostaglandin production, which as a result contributes to the inhibition of neuronal activity in the hypothalamus.

By the way, it was found that ibuprofen has the most pronounced antipyretic properties. It outperformed its closest competitor, paracetamol, in this respect.

Classification of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

And now let's try to figure out what kind of drugs belong to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Today, several dozen drugs of this group are known, but far from all of them are registered and used in Russia. We will consider only those medicines that can be bought in domestic pharmacies. NSAIDs are classified according to their chemical structure and mechanism of action. In order not to frighten the reader with complex terms, we present a simplified version of the classification, in which we present only the most famous names.

So, the entire list of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is divided into several subgroups.

Salicylates

The most experienced group, with which the history of NSAIDs began. The only salicylate that is still used today is acetylsalicylic acid, or Aspirin.

Propionic acid derivatives

These include some of the most popular non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, in particular drugs:

• ibuprofen;
• naproxen;
• ketoprofen and some other medicines.

Acetic acid derivatives

Acetic acid derivatives are no less famous: indomethacin, ketorolac, diclofenac, aceclofenac and others.

Selective COX-2 inhibitors

The safest non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs include seven new drugs of the latest generation, but only two of them are registered in Russia. Remember their international names are celecoxib and rofecoxib.

Other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory

Separate subgroups include piroxicam, meloxicam, mefenamic acid, nimesulide.

Paracetamol has very weak anti-inflammatory activity. It mainly blocks COX-2 in the central nervous system and has an analgesic, as well as a moderate antipyretic effect.

When are NSAIDs used?

Typically, NSAIDs are used to treat acute or chronic inflammation accompanied by pain.

We list the diseases in which non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used:

• arthrosis;
• moderate pain due to inflammation or soft tissue injury;
• osteochondrosis;
• lower back pain;
• headache;
• acute gout;
• dysmenorrhea (menstrual pain);
• bone pain caused by metastases;
• postoperative pain;
• pain in Parkinson's disease;
• fever (increased body temperature);
• intestinal obstruction;
• renal colic.

In addition, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used to treat children whose ductus arteriosus does not close within 24 hours of birth.

This amazing aspirin!

Aspirin can be safely attributed to the drugs that surprised the whole world. The most common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory pills that have been used to reduce fever and treat migraine have shown an unusual side effect. It turned out that by blocking COX-1, aspirin at the same time inhibits the synthesis of thromboxane A2, a substance that increases blood clotting. Some scientists suggest that there are other mechanisms for the effect of aspirin on blood viscosity. However, for millions of patients with hypertension, angina pectoris, coronary heart disease and other cardiovascular diseases, this is not so significant. For them, it is much more important that aspirin in low doses helps prevent cardiovascular disasters - heart attack and stroke.

Most experts recommend taking low-dose cardiac aspirin to prevent myocardial infarction and stroke in men aged 45–79 and women aged 55–79. The dose of aspirin is usually prescribed by a doctor: as a rule, it ranges from 100 to 300 mg per day.

A few years ago, scientists discovered that aspirin reduces the overall risk of developing cancer and mortality from them. This effect is especially true for rectal cancer. American doctors recommend that their patients take aspirin specifically to prevent the development of colorectal cancer. In their opinion, the risk of side effects due to long-term treatment with aspirin is still lower than oncological. By the way, let's take a closer look at the side effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Cardiac risks of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Aspirin, with its antiplatelet effect, stands out from the orderly row of fellows in the group. The vast majority of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including modern COX-2 inhibitors, increase the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. Cardiologists warn that patients who have recently experienced a heart attack should stop taking NSAIDs. According to statistics, the use of these drugs almost 10 times increases the likelihood of developing unstable angina. According to research data, naproxen is considered the least dangerous from this point of view.

On July 9, 2015, the FDA, the most authoritative American drug quality control organization, issued an official warning. It talks about an increased risk of stroke and heart attack in patients using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Of course, aspirin is a happy exception to this axiom.

The effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the stomach

Another known side effect of NSAIDs is gastrointestinal. We have already said that it is closely related to the pharmacological action of all non-selective inhibitors of COX-1 and COX-2. However, NSAIDs not only reduce prostaglandin levels and thereby deprive the gastric mucosa of protection. Drug molecules themselves behave aggressively towards the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract.

Against the background of treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia, diarrhea, stomach ulcers, including those accompanied by bleeding, may occur. Gastrointestinal side effects of NSAIDs develop regardless of how the drug enters the body: oral in the form of tablets, injections in the form of injections or rectal suppositories.

The longer the treatment lasts and the higher the dosage of NSAIDs, the higher the risk of developing peptic ulcer. To minimize the likelihood of it occurring, it makes sense to take the lowest effective dose for the shortest period.

Recent studies show that more than 50% of people taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, the lining of the small intestine is still damaged.

Scientists note that drugs of the NSAID group affect the gastric mucosa in different ways. So, the most dangerous drugs for the stomach and intestines are indomethacin, ketoprofen and piroxicam. And among the most harmless in this regard are ibuprofen and diclofenac.

Separately, I would like to say about enteric coatings that cover non-steroidal anti-inflammatory tablets. Manufacturers claim that this coating helps to reduce or completely eliminate the risk of gastrointestinal complications of NSAIDs. However, research and clinical practice show that such protection does not actually work. Much more effectively, the likelihood of damage to the gastric mucosa reduces the simultaneous use of drugs that block the production of hydrochloric acid. Proton pump inhibitors - omeprazole, lansoprazole, esomeprazole and others - can somewhat mitigate the damaging effect of drugs from the group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Say a word about citramone ...

Citramon is the product of a brainstorming session of Soviet pharmacologists. In ancient times, when the assortment of our pharmacies did not number in the thousands of drugs, pharmacists came up with an excellent formula for analgesic-antipyretic. They combined "in one bottle" a complex of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, an antipyretic and seasoned the combination with caffeine.

The invention turned out to be very successful. Each active ingredient enhanced the effect of each other. Modern pharmacists have somewhat modified the traditional prescription, replacing the antipyretic phenacetin with safer paracetamol. In addition, cocoa and citric acid, which, in fact, gave the name to citramone, were removed from the old version of citramone. The preparation of the XXI century contains aspirin 0.24 g, paracetamol 0.18 g and caffeine 0.03 g. And despite a slightly modified composition, it still helps with pain.

However, despite the extremely affordable price and very high efficiency, Citramon has its own huge skeleton in the closet. Doctors have long found out and fully proved that it seriously damages the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. So seriously that the term "citramone ulcer" even appeared in the literature.

The reason for this apparent aggression is simple: the damaging effect of Aspirin is enhanced by the activity of caffeine, which stimulates the production of hydrochloric acid. As a result, the gastric mucosa, already left without protection of prostaglandins, is exposed to the action of an additional amount of hydrochloric acid. Moreover, it is produced not only in response to food intake, as it should be, but also immediately after the absorption of Citramon into the blood.

We add that "citramone", or as they are sometimes called, "aspirin ulcers" are large. Sometimes they do not "grow" to gigantic, but they take in quantity, settling in whole groups in different parts of the stomach.

The moral of this digression is simple: don't go overboard with Citramon despite all its benefits. The consequences can be too severe.

NSAIDs and… sex

In 2005, in the piggy bank of unpleasant side effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs arrived. Finnish scientists conducted a study that showed that long-term use of NSAIDs (over 3 months) increases the risk of erectile dysfunction. Recall that under this term, doctors mean erectile dysfunction, popularly called impotence. Then urologists and andrologists were consoled by the not very high quality of this experiment: the effect of drugs on sexual function was evaluated only on the basis of the man's personal feelings and was not verified by specialists.

However, in 2011, another study was published in the authoritative Journal of Urology. It also showed an association between treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and erectile dysfunction. However, doctors argue that it is too early to draw final conclusions regarding the effect of NSAIDs on sexual function. In the meantime, scientists are looking for evidence, it is still better for men to refrain from long-term treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Other side effects of NSAIDs

With the serious troubles that threaten treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, we figured it out. Let's move on to less common adverse events.

Impaired kidney function

The use of NSAIDs is also associated with a relatively high level of renal side effects. Prostaglandins are involved in the expansion of blood vessels in the renal glomeruli, which allows you to maintain normal filtration in the kidneys. When the level of prostaglandins falls - and it is on this effect that the action of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is based - the work of the kidneys may be disturbed.

People with kidney disease are, of course, most at risk for kidney side effects.

photosensitivity

Quite often, long-term treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is accompanied by increased photosensitivity. It is noted that piroxicam and diclofenac are more involved in this side effect.

People taking anti-inflammatory drugs may react to the sun's rays with skin redness, rashes, or other skin reactions.

Hypersensitivity reactions

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are also "famous" for allergic reactions. They can manifest as a rash, photosensitivity, itching, Quincke's edema, and even anaphylactic shock. True, the latter effect is among the extremely rare and therefore should not frighten potential patients.

In addition, taking NSAIDs may be accompanied by headache, dizziness, drowsiness, bronchospasm. Rarely, ibuprofen causes irritable bowel syndrome.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory during pregnancy

Quite often, pregnant women face the issue of anesthesia. Can expectant mothers use NSAIDs? Unfortunately no.

Despite the fact that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs do not have a teratogenic effect, that is, they do not cause gross malformations in a child, they can still do harm.

So, there is evidence that suggests a possible premature closure of the ductus arteriosus in the fetus if his mother took NSAIDs during pregnancy. In addition, some studies show an association between NSAID use and preterm birth.

Nevertheless, selected drugs are still used during pregnancy. For example, Aspirin is often given with heparin to women who have antiphospholipid antibodies during pregnancy. Recently, the old and rather rarely used Indomethacin has gained particular fame as a medicine for the treatment of pregnancy pathologies. It began to be used in obstetrics for polyhydramnios and the threat of premature birth. However, in France, the Ministry of Health issued an official order banning the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including aspirin, after the sixth month of pregnancy.

NSAIDs: accept or refuse?

When do NSAIDs become a necessity, and when should they be abandoned outright? Let's look at all possible situations.

NSAIDs in faces

We already know the strengths and weaknesses of NSAIDs. And now let's figure out which anti-inflammatory drugs are best used for pain, which ones for inflammation, and which ones for fever and colds.

Acetylsalicylic acid

The first NSAID to be released, acetylsalicylic acid, is still widely used today. As a rule, it is used:

• to lower body temperature.

  Please note that acetylsalicylic acid is not prescribed to children under the age of 15 years. This is due to the fact that with childhood fever against the background of viral diseases, the drug significantly increases the risk of developing Reye's syndrome, a rare liver disease that poses a threat to life.

  The adult dosage of acetylsalicylic acid as an antipyretic is 500 mg. Tablets are taken only when the temperature rises.

• as an antiplatelet agent for the prevention of cardiovascular accidents. The dose of cardioaspirin can range from 75 mg to 300 mg per day.

In an antipyretic dosage, acetylsalicylic acid can be bought under the names Aspirin (manufacturer and trademark owner of the German corporation Bayer). Domestic enterprises produce very inexpensive tablets, which are called Acetylsalicylic acid. In addition, the French company Bristol Myers produces Upsarin Upsa effervescent tablets.

Cardioaspirin has many names and formulations, including Aspirin Cardio, Aspinat, Aspicor, CardiASK, Thrombo ACC, and others.

Ibuprofen

Ibuprofen combines relative safety and the ability to effectively reduce fever and pain, so preparations based on it are sold without a prescription. As an antipyretic, ibuprofen is also used for newborns. It has been proven to reduce fever better than other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

In addition, ibuprofen is one of the most popular over-the-counter analgesics. As an anti-inflammatory agent, it is not prescribed so often, however, the drug is quite popular in rheumatology: it is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and other joint diseases.

The most popular brand names for ibuprofen include Ibuprom, Nurofen, MIG 200 and MIG 400.

Naproxen

Naproxen is prohibited for use in children and adolescents under 16 years of age, as well as in adults suffering from severe heart failure. Most often, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs naproxen are used as painkillers for headache, dental, periodic, joint and other types of pain.

In Russian pharmacies, naproxen is sold under the names Nalgezin, Naprobene, Pronaxen, Sanaprox and others.

Ketoprofen

Ketoprofen preparations are distinguished by anti-inflammatory activity. It is widely used to relieve pain and reduce inflammation in rheumatic diseases. Ketoprofen is available in the form of tablets, ointments, suppositories and injections. Popular drugs include the Ketonal line manufactured by the Slovak company Lek. German joint gel Fastum is also famous.

Indomethacin

One of the outdated non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Indomethacin is losing ground every day. It has modest analgesic properties and moderate anti-inflammatory activity. In recent years, the name "indomethacin" has been heard more and more often in obstetrics - its ability to relax the muscles of the uterus has been proven.

Ketorolac

A unique non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with a pronounced analgesic effect. The analgesic abilities of ketorolac are comparable to those of some weak narcotic analgesics. The negative side of the drug is its insecurity: it can cause stomach bleeding, provoke stomach ulcers, and liver failure. Therefore, you can use ketorolac for a limited period of time.

In pharmacies, Ketorolac is sold under the names Ketanov, Ketalgin, Ketorol, Toradol and others.

Diclofenac

Diclofenac is the most popular non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the "gold standard" in the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatism and other joint pathologies. It has excellent anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties and is therefore widely used in rheumatology.

Diclofenac has many forms of release: tablets, capsules, ointments, gels, suppositories, ampoules. In addition, diclofenac patches have been developed to provide a long-lasting effect.

There are a lot of analogues of diclofenac, and we will list only the most famous of them:

• Voltaren is the original drug of the Swiss company Novartis. Differs in high quality and the same high price;
• Diklak - a line of German drugs from Heksal, combining both reasonable cost and decent quality;
• Dicloberl made in Germany, Berlin Chemie company;
• Naklofen - Slovak drugs from KRKA.

In addition, the domestic industry produces many inexpensive non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with diclofenac in the form of tablets, ointments and injections.

Celecoxib

A modern non-steroidal inflammatory drug that selectively blocks COX-2. It has a high safety profile and pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. It is used for rheumatoid arthritis and other joint diseases.

The original celecoxib is sold under the name Celebrex (Pfizer). In addition, pharmacies have more affordable Dilaxa, Coxib and Celecoxib.

Meloxicam

A popular NSAID used in rheumatology. It has a rather mild effect on the digestive tract, so it is often preferred for the treatment of patients with a history of diseases of the stomach or intestines.

Assign meloxicam in tablets or injections. Meloxicam preparations Melbek, Melox, Meloflam, Movalis, Exen-Sanovel and others.

Nimesulide

Most often, nimesulide is used as a mild analgesic, and sometimes as an antipyretic. Until recently, pharmacies sold a children's form of nimesulide, which was used to reduce fever, but today it is strictly prohibited for children under 12 years of age.

Trade names of nimesulide: Aponil, Nise, Nimesil (German original drug in the form of a powder for preparing a solution for internal use) and others.

Finally, we will devote a couple of lines to Mefenamic acid. It is sometimes used as an antipyretic, but it is significantly inferior in effectiveness to other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

The world of NSAIDs is truly amazing in its diversity. And despite the side effects, these drugs are rightfully among the most important and necessary, which can neither be replaced nor bypassed. It remains only to give praise to the tireless pharmacists who continue to create new formulas, and to be treated with ever safer NSAIDs.

Anti-inflammatory for colds are used if the disease has developed, and traditional remedies no longer help. What exactly are the drugs, read on.

"Nurofen"

"Nurofen" refers to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, antipyretic drugs.

The action of the drug is to block the formation of substances that support inflammatory reactions in the body. Able to influence the immune system, increase the level of protection of the body. It is one of the best anti-inflammatory drugs.

The drug has such an effect due to ibuprofen, which reduces vascular permeability, improves microcirculation, reduces the release of inflammatory mediators from cells, and suppresses the energy supply of inflammatory processes.

Nurofen is taken orally. It is recommended to use a short period and small doses. The duration of use is determined by the attending physician.

"Nurofen" should not be given to children who do not tolerate ibuprofen, as well as other excipients that are part of the drug. It is not recommended to prescribe to patients who have stomach ulcers, gastrointestinal bleeding, as well as to patients with problems with the heart, liver and kidneys.

"Aspirin"

"Aspirin" is a non-steroidal agent that is used as an antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic for colds when the temperature is elevated. Also to relieve pain in muscles and joints.

The active substance in Aspirin is acetylsalicylic acid. When this substance comes into contact with inflammation, they are neutralized.

"Aspirin" drink in tablets. For anti-inflammatory action, the dose of application is prescribed more. All dosages of the drug are prescribed by the attending physician. The tool can not be used for erosive and ulcerative exacerbations, bronchial asthma.

"Analgin"

"Analgin" is a drug that is widely used for the treatment of various infectious and inflammatory diseases. Rapidly absorbed into the blood. It has a moderate anti-inflammatory effect.

The active substance in the product is metamizole sodium.

The agent is used orally in tablets, intravenously and intramuscularly in the form of a solution or rectally in the form of capsules. Doses for intravenous or intramuscular use are prescribed by the attending physician. For rectal use, there are separate suppositories for adults and children. The dosage of the medicine depends on the nature of the disease.

Contraindicated if the patient has hypersensitivity, aspirin asthma, impaired kidney and liver function, as well as hematopoiesis.

"Paracetamol"

"Paracetamol" is a drug that has an antiseptic and slight anti-inflammatory effect. Affects the centers of pain and thermoregulation.

The tool is available in tablets, capsules, soluble tablets, in the form of syrup and rectal suppositories. It is applied with plenty of water 1-2 hours after eating. Adults drink 4 times a day. The maximum daily dosage of the drug is 4 g. The duration of treatment is from 5 to 7 days. In patients with impaired liver and kidney function, the dose of the drug should be reduced.

Do not use in patients who are sensitive to paracetamol. It is forbidden to give to patients suffering from hepatic and renal insufficiency. It is contraindicated to use the suppository rectally if the patient has inflammation of the intestinal mucosa.

"Amixin"

"Amiksin" - a drug that has an antiviral effect, effectively destroys the bacteria and viruses that caused the common cold. Stimulates the growth of stem cells. Surpasses other means on safety and the received effect.

The drug is used after a meal. The duration of drug treatment depends on the nature and complexity of the disease.

The remedy is contraindicated for pregnant and lactating women, children under 7 years of age, patients who have hypersensitivity to the ingredients of the drug.

"Kagocel"

"Kagocel" is an antiviral drug that has an immunostimulating effect. Most often, the remedy is used to treat influenza. Stimulates the production of its own proteins in the body, which have a strong antiviral effect.

"Kagocel" is taken orally, swallowed with plenty of liquid. Tablets are recommended not to be chewed, not crushed.

Do not use in patients with hypersensitivity to the drug, hereditary intolerance to galactose. Patients with malabsorption of glucose-galactose. Contraindicated in women during pregnancy and lactation. Do not give to children under 6 years of age.

"Cycloferon"

"Cycloferon" is an antiviral, immunostimulating agent. Effective against acute respiratory diseases.

Active substances suppress pathogenic bacteria and viruses.

"Cycloferon" is taken 1 time per day half an hour before meals with water. The tablet is not chewed or crushed. For taking the drug, patients with hepatitis or HIV use other dosages and schedules. The number of tablets that are taken at a time is specified by the attending physician.

"Cycloferon" should not be taken by patients who have an allergic reaction to this drug. Also contraindicated in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and women during pregnancy and lactation.

"Amizon"

"Amizon" refers to non-steroidal, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory drugs. Has an immunomodulatory effect. "Amizon" normalizes metabolism in the focus of inflammation and weakens vascular reactions. Strengthens the body's immunity, which allows you to better fight colds. It is prescribed to fight the flu, other colds. It is also used in the treatment of infectious and diseases that patients have been suffering from for a long period.

The drug is used after meals, without chewing. Treatment lasts an average of 5 to 7 days. Dosages are determined by the attending physician.

Contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to iodine, children under 6 years of age and women in the first trimester of pregnancy.

"Arbidol"

"Arbidol" is an antiviral drug that increases the body's resistance to viruses, strengthening the immune system. It is used to treat flu and colds in mild forms. Reduces the risk of complications of viral infections and exacerbation of chronic bacterial diseases. When applied, it reduces intoxication and the duration of the disease.

The drug is produced in tablets and capsules.

Must be taken orally before meals. The dosage varies depending on age, weight and disease.