Latin 3. Translation Roman, Indian, Arabic numerals (numbers)

In the modern world, Arabic numerals are considered the universally recognized standard of calculus. The decimal sign system is used for counting and numbering in all developed countries of the world. At the same time, Roman numerals, which were used in the non-positional number system of the ancient Romans, were not completely abandoned. You can often see that they are used to number sections in books, mark centuries in historical literature, indicate blood type and many other parameters for which Roman numerals have become standard.

When working at a computer with a browser, text editors, and other applications, you may need to enter some values in Roman numerals. There is no separate number block with them on the standard input device, but there are several ways to write Roman numerals on the keyboard quickly.

Roman numerals on the keyboard in any application

Only a small part of application developers provide convenient ways to enter Roman numerals using the keyboard in their products. Most programs do not have special functionality for working with a non-positional number system, which requires the user to be smart to enter Roman numerals into them. There are two convenient ways to enter Roman numerals from the keyboard in any program.

Replacing Roman Numerals with English Letters

On any computer, one of the available languages is English by default. You can quickly switch to it using the key combination Alt + Shift or Windows + Space (in Windows 10). The English alphabet completely eliminates the need for a separate numeric keypad for entering Roman numerals, since all their counterparts can be typed using it in capital letters.

The following letters of the English alphabet replace Roman numerals:

1 - I;
5 - V;
10 - X;
50 - L;
100 - C;
500 - D;
1000-M.

Even at school, they teach how to use Roman numerals to enter various numbers. The principle is simple: Roman numerals get to the desired number as large as possible suitable in this situation.

For example:

To enter the number 33, you would need to use 10+10+10+1+1+1.

Accordingly, in the Roman variation, the number 33 will be written as follows: XXXIII.

There are also some special rules for entering Roman numerals that allow you to shorten the writing of large numbers.

Using ASCII Codes to Enter Roman Numerals

The Windows operating system supports ASCII codes for entering various characters. They can be used, among other things, to enter Roman numerals.

ASCII is an American coding table that lists the most popular printable and non-printable characters as numerical combinations. To use the characters from this table on a standard keyboard to enter Roman numerals, you must use the NUM number block - located on the right side of the keyboard.

Activate the additional digital block using the Num Lock button. After that, hold down the left ALT on the keyboard and enter combinations of Roman numerals on the right number pad. After entering each character, you need to release ALT so that the character is displayed in the input field. Then again you need to hold down ALT and you can enter the next character.

The following combinations of an additional digital block are identical to Roman numerals:

ALT + 73 - I;
ALT + 86 - V;
ALT + 88 - X;
ALT + 76 - L;
ALT + 67 - C;
ALT + 68 - D;
ALT + 77 - M.

The method of entering Roman numerals using ASCII codes cannot be called convenient, but it can be used, for example, when the English keyboard layout is disabled for one reason or another.

How to print Roman numerals in Word

Microsoft, when developing the office suite and the Word application, took into account that users who work with texts may need to enter Roman numerals. Since it is not very convenient to do this using the English layout or ASCII codes, Microsoft has introduced support for a special command in Word that automatically converts Arabic numerals to Roman.

To designate numbers in Latin, combinations of the following seven characters are accepted: I (1), V (5), X (10), L (50), C (100), D (500), M (1000).

To memorize the letter designations of numbers in descending order, a mnemonic rule was invented:

We Give Juicy Lemons, Enough for Vall Ix (respectively M, D, C, L, X, V, I).

If the sign denoting a smaller number is to the right of the sign denoting a larger number, then the smaller number should be added to the larger one, if to the left, then subtract, namely:

VI - 6, i.e. 5+1
IV - 4, i.e. 5 - 1
XI - 11, i.e. 10+1
IX - 9, i.e. 10 - 1
LX - 60, i.e. 50+10
XL - 40, i.e. 50 - 10
CX - 110, i.e. 100+10
XC - 90, i.e. 100-10
MDCCCXII - 1812, i.e. 1000 + 500 + 100 + 100 + 100 + 10 + 1 + 1.

There may be different meanings for the same number. For example, the number 80 can be denoted as LXXX (50 + 10 + 10 + 10) and as XXC (100 - 20).

To write numbers in Roman numerals, you must first write down the number of thousands, then hundreds, then tens, and finally units.

I (1) - unus (unus)
II (2) - duo (duo)
III (3) - tres (tres)
IV (4) - quattuor (quattuor)
V (5) - quinque (quinque)
VI (6) - sex (sex)
VII (7) - septera (septem)
VIII (8) - octo (octo)
IX (9) - novem (novem)
X (10) - decern (decem)
XI (11) - undecim (undecim)
XII (12) - duodecim (duodecim)
ХШ (13) - tredecim (tredecim)
XIV (14) - quattuordecim (quattuordecim)
XV (15) - quindecim (quindecim)
XVI (16) - sedecim (sedecim)
XVII (17) - septendecim (septendecim)
XVIII (18) - duodeviginti (duodeviginti)
XIX (19) - undeviginti (undeviginti)
XX (20) - viginti (viginti)
XXI (21) - unus et viginti or viginti unus
XXII (22) - duo et viginti or viginti duo, etc.
XXVIII (28) - duodetriginta (duodetriginta)
XXIX (29) - undetriginta (undetriginta)
XXX (30): triginta (triginta)
XL (40) - quadraginta (quadraginta)
L (5O) - quinquaginta (quinquaginta)
LX (60) - sexaginta (sexaginta)
LXX (70) - septuaginta (szltuaginta)
LXXX180) - octoginta (octoginta)
KS (90) - nonaginta (nonaginta)
C (100) centum (centum)
CC (200) - ducenti (ducenti)
CCC (300) - trecenti (trecenti)
CD (400) - quadrigenti (quadrigenti)
D (500) - quingenti (quingenti)
DC (600) - sescenti (sessenti) or sexonti (sekstsenti)
DCC (700) - septigenti (septigenti)
DCCC (800) - octingenti (octingenti)
CV (DCCC) (900) - nongenti (nongenti)
M (1000) - mille (mille)
MM (2000) - duo milia (duo milia)
V (5000) - quinque milla (quinque milla)
X (10,000) - decem milia (decem milia)
XX (20000) - viginti milia (viginti milia)
C (100000) - centum milia (centum milia)
XI (1000000) - decies centena milia (decies centena milia).

If suddenly an inquisitive person asks why the Latin letters V, L, C, D, M were chosen to denote the numbers 50, 100, 500 and 1000, then we will immediately say that these are not Latin letters at all, but completely different characters.

The fact is that the Western Greek alphabet served as the basis for the Latin alphabet. It is to him that the three signs L, C and M go back. Here they denoted aspirated sounds, which were not in the Latin language. When the Latin alphabet was being formed, it was they who turned out to be superfluous. They were adapted to denote numbers in the Latin script. Later, their spelling coincided with Latin letters. So, the sign C (100) became similar to the first letter of the Latin word centum (one hundred), and M (1000) - to the first letter of the word mille (thousand). As for the sign D (500), it was half of the sign F (1000), and then it became like a Latin letter. The sign V (5) was only the upper half of the sign X (10).

The Roman numbering system using letters has been common in Europe for two thousand years. Only in the late Middle Ages it was replaced by a more convenient decimal system of numbers, borrowed from the Arabs. But, until now, Roman numerals denote dates on monuments, time on clocks and (in the Anglo-American typographic tradition) pages of book prefaces. In addition, in Russian, it is customary to designate ordinal numbers with Roman numerals.

To designate numbers, 7 letters of the Latin alphabet were used: I = 1, V = 5, X = 10, L = 50, C = 100, D = 500, M = 1000. Intermediate numbers were formed by adding several letters to the right or left. First, thousands and hundreds were written, then tens and ones. Thus, the number 24 was depicted as XXIV. The horizontal line above the symbol meant multiplication by a thousand.

Natural numbers are written by repeating these digits. At the same time, if a large number is in front of a smaller one, then they are added (the principle of addition), if the smaller one is in front of the larger one, then the smaller one is subtracted from the larger one (the principle of subtraction). The last rule applies only to avoid the fourfold repetition of the same figure. For example, I, X, C are placed respectively before X, C, M to denote 9, 90, 900 or before V, L, D to denote 4, 40, 400. For example, VI \u003d 5 + 1 \u003d 6, IV \u003d 5 - 1 = 4 (instead of IIII). XIX = 10 + 10 - 1 = 19 (instead of XVIIII), XL = 50 - 10 = 40 (instead of XXXX), XXXIII = 10 + 10 + 10 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 33, etc.

Performing arithmetic operations on multi-digit numbers in this notation is very inconvenient. The system of Roman numerals is not currently used, with the exception, in some cases, of the designation of centuries (XV century, etc.), years AD. e. (MCMLXXVII etc.) and months when indicating dates (for example, 1.V.1975), ordinal numbers, and sometimes derivatives of small orders, greater than three: yIV, yV, etc.

Roman numerals
I	1	XI	11	XXX	30	CD	400
II	2	XII	12	XL	40	D	500
III	3	XIII	13	L	50	DC	600
IV	4	XIV	14	LX	60	DCC	700
V	5	XV	15	LXX	70	DCCC	800
VI	6	XVI	16	LXXX	80	CM	900
VII	7	XVII	17	XC	90	M	1000
VIII	8	XVIII	18	C	100	MM	2000
IX	9	XIX	19	CC	200	MMM	3000
X	10	XX	20	CCC	300

Roman numerals- numerals used by the ancient Romans in their non-positional number system.

Roman numerals appeared around 500 BC with the Etruscans.

Numbers

To fix the alphabetic designations of numbers in descending order, there is a mnemonic rule:

M s D arim FROM face-to-face L imony, X vatite V sem I X.

Respectively M, D, C, L, X, V, I

To correctly write large numbers in Roman numerals, you must first write down the number of thousands, then hundreds, then tens, and finally ones.

There is a "shortcut" for writing large numbers, such as 1999. It is not recommended, but is sometimes used for simplicity. The difference is that to reduce a digit, any digit can be written to the left of it:

999. Thousand (M), subtract 1 (I), get 999 (IM) instead of CMXCIX. Consequence: 1999 - MIM instead of MCMXCIX
95. One hundred (C), subtract 5 (V), get 95 (VC) instead of XCV
1950: Thousand (M), subtract 50 (L), we get 950 (LM). Consequence: 1950 - MLM instead of MCML

It was only in the 19th century that the number “four” was written universally as “IV”, before that the record “IIII” was most often used. However, the entry "IV" can be found already in the documents of the "Forme of Cury" manuscript dating back to 1390. Watch dials have traditionally used "IIII" instead of "IV" in most cases, mainly for aesthetic reasons: this spelling provides visual symmetry with the numbers "VIII" on the opposite side, and the reversed "IV" is more difficult to read than "IIII".

Application of Roman Numerals

In Russian, Roman numerals are used in the following cases:

Century or millennium number: XIX century, II millennium BC. e.
The serial number of the monarch: Charles V, Catherine II.
Volume number in a multi-volume book (sometimes numbers of book parts, sections or chapters).
In some editions - page numbers with the preface to the book, so as not to correct references inside the main text when changing the preface.
Antique watch dial markings.
Other important events or list items, such as: V postulate of Euclid, World War II, XXII Congress of the CPSU, etc.

In other languages, the scope of Roman numerals may have some peculiarities, for example, in Western countries, Roman numerals sometimes record the year number.

Roman Numerals and Unicode

The Unicode standard defines characters to represent Roman numerals as part of Numeric forms(English) Number Forms), in the area of characters with codes from U+2160 to U+2188. For example, MCMLXXXVIII can be represented in the form ⅯⅭⅯⅬⅩⅩⅩⅧ . This range includes both lowercase and uppercase digits from 1 (Ⅰ or I) to 12 (Ⅻ or XII), including combined glyphs for compound numbers such as 8 (Ⅷ or VIII), mainly for compatibility with East Asian character sets in industry standards such as JIS X 0213 where these characters are defined. Combined glyphs are used to represent numbers that were previously made up of single characters (e.g. Ⅻ instead of its representation as Ⅹ and Ⅱ). In addition, glyphs exist for archaic 1000, 5000, 10000, big reversed C (Ɔ), late 6 (ↅ, similar to the Greek stigma: Ϛ), early 50 (ↆ, similar to to the down arrow ↓⫝⊥ ), 50,000, and 100,000. It should be noted that the small back c, ↄ is not included in Roman numeral characters, but is included in the Unicode standard as the uppercase Claudian letter Ↄ .

Roman Numerals to Unicode

The code	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	A	B	C	D	E	F
Meaning	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	50	100	500	1 000
U+2160	Ⅰ 2160	Ⅱ 2161	Ⅲ 2162	Ⅳ 2163	Ⅴ 2164	Ⅵ 2165	Ⅶ 2166	Ⅷ 2167	Ⅸ 2168	Ⅹ 2169	Ⅺ 216A	Ⅻ 216B	Ⅼ 216C	Ⅽ 216D	Ⅾ 216E	Ⅿ 216F
U+2170	ⅰ 2170	ⅱ 2171	ⅲ 2172	ⅳ 2173	ⅴ 2174	ⅵ 2175	ⅶ 2176	ⅷ 2177	ⅸ 2178	ⅹ 2179	ⅺ 217A	ⅻ 217B	ⅼ 217C	ⅽ 217D	ⅾ 217E	ⅿ 217F
Meaning	1 000		5 000		10 000		-	-	6		50		50 000		100 000
U+2160! U+2180	ↀ 2180		ↁ 2181		ↂ 2182		Ↄ	ↄ	ↄ		ↄ		ↄ		ↄ

Characters in the range U+2160-217F are present only for compatibility with other standards that define those characters. In everyday life, ordinary letters of the Latin alphabet are used. The display of such characters requires software that supports the Unicode standard and a font that contains glyphs corresponding to these characters.

How is it customary to write centuries - in Roman or Arabic numerals? Is writing in Arabic allowed? Thank you.

Ages are traditionally indicated by Roman numerals. There is no direct prohibition to use Arabic numerals to designate centuries, but it is still not customary to write like that.


	Question #289130

how to write century in roman and greek numerals. Thanks