A series of tripartite: the properties of medicinal herbs and applications. Distribution of fruits and seeds in plants, about methods

Sin .: scrofulous grass, succession, goat horns, trailer, swamp arrow, bident, dog lover, coven, dog turnips.

A herbaceous weed that has long been used for skin diseases in both adults and children.

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In medicine

An infusion of the herb of the series is used orally for colds; externally - with exudative diathesis, pyoderma, atopic dermatitis, eczema with various etiologies.

Grass of succession is a component of the Elakosept ® collection.

children

A succession is one of the most popular medicinal plants that is used for bathing children. An infusion of string is often used to treat various childhood allergic diseases: diathesis, accompanied by urticaria, pruritus, seborrhea of ​​the head. In the bath with the infusion of the string, you can bathe babies from birth.

In cosmetology

A series is an affordable and popular remedy that is widely used in cosmetology. A decoction of the string helps to care for oily skin, eliminates wounds and cracks on the skin, acne, oily sheen. If you freeze a decoction from a string in special molds, then it can be used for cryomassage. This procedure tones the skin, keeps it young, invigorates and refreshes. Fresh leaves of the string are used to prepare nourishing, whitening masks, and the infusion of the string is used to rinse the head with seborrhea and hair loss. At home, you can prepare a hand cream. To do this, one teaspoon of herb tincture is mixed with 50 g of butter and one teaspoon of honey. The prepared cream is stored in the refrigerator.

Healing baths with an infusion of string - a source of health and beauty, an excellent tool for increasing the body's defenses, its resistance to adverse effects. With sweating of the feet, fatigue of the legs, peeling, redness of the skin, foot baths from the grass of the series are effective.

Classification

The tripartite sequence (lat. Bidens tripartita L.) belongs to the Aster family (lat. Asteraceae). The genus of succession includes over 200 species of plants growing in temperate and tropical regions of the globe.

Botanical description

A series of tripartite is an annual herbaceous plant 30-100 cm high. The roots are taproot, highly branched. Stems solitary with opposite branching. The leaves are short-petiolate, opposite, mostly tripartite, dark green. The flowers are yellow tubular, collected in single inflorescences of the basket. Each basket is surrounded by a double wrap. When flowering and the formation of fruits, the baskets darken and turn brown. The fruits are wedge-shaped compressed achenes with one longitudinal rib, obovate, with points at the top. The achenes are planted with cloves facing down; there are also cloves on the ribs of the achenes. The length of the achene is 5-8 mm, the width is 2-3 mm. The plant blooms from late June to September, bears fruit from late September.

Spreading

The succession grows in almost all regions of the European part of Russia (except the Far North), as well as in Western Siberia, Central Asia, the Far East and the North Caucasus. Distributed in Belarus, Ukraine. It grows like a weed in damp places, in floodplains, near streams and swamps.

Distribution regions on the map of Russia.

Procurement of raw materials

As a medicinal raw material, a series of grass (Bidentis herba) is used. The grass is harvested in the phase of budding and the beginning of flowering. For this, leafy tops 10-15 cm long are cut off. The grass is dried in attics, in the shade under a canopy with good ventilation or in dryers at a temperature of 40-45 ° C.

Chemical composition

Grass string contains carotene, essential oil, bitterness, vitamin C, tannins, mucus, lactones, amines, macro- and microelements. Flavonoids isolated from the plant: luteolin, isocoreopsin, cynaroside, butein, sulphuretin, sulphurein, umbelliferone, scopoletin and esculetin.

Pharmacological properties

The herb has many medicinal properties. The anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties of the plant are attributed to the polyphenolic compounds that make up the tannins.

Oily extracts of herb succession, containing significant amounts of carotene, highly soluble in fats, also have anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties.

Medicinal properties of preparations of a series to a certain extent depend on ascorbic acid and manganese, which are important in physiological processes. Manganese ions in the composition of enzyme systems affect the processes of hematopoiesis, blood clotting, and the activity of the endocrine glands.

The effectiveness of the use of preparations of a series in the treatment of patients with allergic skin diseases is also associated with the choleretic effect of the plant. The substances contained in the tripartite series are true choleretics (Isakova, 1980). Flavonoids and polysaccharides of the plant acting together affect the choleretic function of the liver.

The tincture of the sequence when administered intravenously has sedative properties, lowers blood pressure, increases the amplitude of heart contractions, and somewhat enhances the contraction of smooth muscle organs.

As a diaphoretic, diuretic, vitamin and anti-allergic agent, the herb is taken orally for colds.

Since the plant improves metabolism, it is currently used for various diatheses accompanied by urticaria, scrofula, neurodermatitis and seborrheic lesions of the scalp. Outwardly, the infusion of the plant is used for the preparation of herbal baths, herbal applications for patients with skin diseases. At the same time, the series dries the wound surface and promotes faster healing of the affected areas of the skin.

In a clinical study of an alcohol extract and an ointment from a string, anti-inflammatory properties were noted, as well as the ability of string preparations to stimulate the function of the adrenal cortex. Alcohol extract and ointment from the series were used in patients with psoriasis for 12-15 days. At the same time, by the end of the 1st week of treatment, the peeling of the skin decreased in patients, flattening and blanching of psoriatic plaques were observed. By the end of the 2nd week, the extract of the string was stopped taking orally and only ointment therapy was continued. Thus, as a result of treatment, 96% of patients achieved a complete cure or improvement, and only 4% of patients were unsuccessful in therapy. It should be noted that during the course of treatment, the patients did not have any complaints about the preparations of the series.

Various preparations are prepared from the herb of the string: infusions, tinctures, composition for baths, ointments with plant extract.

Application in traditional medicine

The medicinal properties of the series have long been used in folk medicine in various countries.

In folk medicine in Russia, the series is used as a diuretic and diaphoretic, for respiratory diseases, scrofula and metabolic disorders, scurvy, for blood diseases, for scabies, lichen, sluggish digestion, toothache, as an antiallergic, antidiathetic agent. Grass string in the form of an infusion is sometimes used as a vitamin remedy for lung diseases, ulcerative processes on the skin and ulcerative colitis.

An infusion of herb string is used orally for salt deposition, rheumatism, bleeding, hypertension, nervous disorders, to improve appetite, with urticaria, pruritus.

A decoction of the string is washed to make the skin soft, with acne and pimples, used for bathing children, as well as for lotions for skin diseases.

Tea from a string is a fairly common home remedy for scrofula, scrofula and diathesis in children. A mixture of string grass and lingonberry leaves is prescribed as a collection that improves metabolism in furunculosis, eczema.

Oil extracts of herb succession are used to treat difficult-to-heal wounds and ulcers. Pounded leaves of the series are applied to the bites of poisonous insects.

In Tibetan medicine, the plant is used for anemia, atherosclerosis, anthrax; in Chinese medicine - in the form of an infusion inside as an antipyretic and for tuberculosis, atopic dermatitis, seborrheic, microbial eczema; in Japan - as an antipyretic.

History reference

Among the people, the tripartite sequence has many names: scrofulous grass, goat horns, swamp Chernobrivets, dog burdock, bident. The popularity of the plant in Russia was so great that it was harvested in 29 provinces. For a long time, the series was used only within the country; in the west, its medicinal properties were not recognized. But Chinese and Tibetan folk medicine recommended it for dysentery, eczema, joint disease.

In the Russian herbal medicine of 1893, it is written that the series is "useful for coughing ... for diluting thick sputum, green grass applied to the wound from poisonous snakes soon heals it." The three-part series is described in the first three editions of the Russian Pharmacopoeia (1866-1880). Then the plant was undeservedly excluded from the pharmacopoeia for more than a hundred years and appeared only in the 1990 edition.

Literature

1. State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR. Eleventh edition. Issue 1 (1987), issue 2 (1990).

2. State Register of Medicines. Moscow 2004.

3. Medicinal plants of the State Pharmacopoeia. Pharmacognosy. (Edited by I.A. Samylina, V.A. Severtsev). - M., "AMNI", 1999.

4. Mashkovsky M.D. "Medications". In 2 volumes - M., New Wave Publishing House LLC, 2000.

5. "Phytotherapy with the basics of clinical pharmacology", ed. V.G. Kukes. - M.: Medicine, 1999.

6. P.S. Chikov. "Medicinal plants" M.: Medicine, 2002.

7. Turova A.D. "Medicinal plants of the USSR and their application". Moscow. "The medicine". 1974.

8. Sokolov S.Ya., Zamotaev I.P. Handbook of medicinal plants (phytotherapy). - M.: VITA, 1993.

9. A.P. Efremov, I.A. Schroeter, T.P. Osadchaya "Secret pantries of nature". - M.O. Publishing house "Overlay", 2001. - 160 p.

10. Medicinal plants: A reference guide. / N.I. Grinkevich, I.A. Balandina, V.A. Ermakova and others; Ed. N.I. Grinkevich - M.: Higher School, 1991. - 398 p.

11. Lesiovskaya E.E., Pastushenkov L.V. "Pharmacotherapy with the basics of herbal medicine." Tutorial. - M.: GEOTAR-MED, 2003.

12. Nikolaichuk L.V., Bazhenova L.A. "Herbal Secrets". - Minsk: Urajay, 1998.

13. Nosov A. M. Medicinal plants. - M.: EKSMO-Press, 2000. - 350 p.

14. Phytotherapy of allergic skin diseases / V.F. Korsun, A.A. Kubanova, S. Ya. Sokolov and others - Mn .: "Polymya", 1998. - 426 p.

15. Forest cosmetics: Reference manual / L. M. Molodozhnikova, O. S. Rozhdestvenskaya, V. F. Sotnik. - M.: Ecology, 1991. - 336 p.

16. Healthy skin and herbal remedies / Ed.-comp.: I. Pustyrsky, V. Prokhorov. - M. Machaon; Minsk: Book House, 200. - 192 p.

Fruits and seeds are often very far from the plants on which they ripened. This is due to the fact that some fruits and seeds are carried by the wind, others are spread by animals, man, water, and some by self-scattering, like acacia and wild cucumber.

The wind spread seeds of poplar and some other plants.

Poplar seeds, covered with white fluffy hairs, ripen in May. Falling from the branches, they are carried by the wind, accumulate on the ground, resembling snow flakes. Thanks to fluffy hairs, the wind carries poplar seeds over long distances. Dandelion fruits are also distributed.

Rice. 9.: 1 - dandelion; 2 - rowan; 3 - burdock; 4 - a series.

Maple fruits have two winged outgrowths. Falling from the branches, the fruits quickly spin in the air. Therefore, they do not fall to the ground for a long time and are carried far away from the tree. The wind easily breaks off some dried steppe plants at the root, carries them along the ground, rolling from place to place, and the seeds are scattered. Steppe plants driven by the wind are called "tumbleweeds".

Water spread fruits and seeds of not only aquatic plants, but also terrestrial ones. For example, the fruits of alder, which often grows along the banks of rivers, crumble into the water, and the current carries them away from the mother plants. The fruits of the coconut palm often fall into the sea and float for a long time before they land on the shore and germinate.

The seeds of many weeds are sometimes unwittingly animals spread and people. So, a basket of burdock with fruits, called seed, clings to animal hair or human clothing, and the fruits are far from the plants on which they are ripe.

In ditches, near ponds and rivers, a weed plant grows. Her inflorescences are small yellow baskets, and the fruits are achenes with spikes covered with cloves that bend back. A dog will run through the thickets of a row, another animal or a person will pass - and small prickly fruits will cling tightly to wool or clothes, so much so that you can’t clean it with a brush, you have to choose it with your hands. Plants come across not only with tenacious, but also with sticky fruits. Forget-me-nots have such fruits.

Seeds of plants with juicy fruits - mountain ash, elderberry, lingonberry, blueberry, bird cherry, lily of the valley - birds spread. They eat these fruits and, flying from place to place, along with the droppings, they throw out intact seeds of the eaten fruits.

Rice. ten. Distribution of fruits and seeds: 1 - birch; 2 - maple; 3 - mad cucumber; 4 - poppy.

The fruits and seeds of some plants stick or cling to bags and bales with cargo and end up in secluded corners of wagons, cars, airplanes. When unloading, the seeds fall to the ground, germinate and often find a new home for themselves. So, plantain was brought from Europe to America at one time, which is found on paths and roads. That is why the native Americans - the Indians - call the plantain "the footprint of the white man."

Self spreading seeds can be observed in many plants. For example, in the summer on a hot, sunny day, near the yellow acacia bushes, you can hear a slight crackle - it is the ripe acacia beans that crack and scatter seeds.

They scatter their seeds and fruits of peas, beans, beans. Therefore, the fruits of these plants must be collected without waiting for their complete drying. Otherwise, they will open, throw away seeds, and the crop will die.

Sexual reproduction in seed plants, which include flowering and gymnosperms, is carried out using seeds. In this case, it is usually important that the seeds are at a sufficiently remote distance from the parent plant. In this case, it is more likely that young plants will not have to compete for light and water both among themselves and with an adult plant.

Angiosperms (they are flowering) plants in the process of evolution of the plant world solved the problem of seed distribution most successfully. They "invented" such an organ as the fetus.

Fruits serve as an adaptation to a certain method of dispersal of seeds. In fact, most often the fruits are distributed, and the seeds along with them. Since there are a lot of ways to distribute fruits, there are many varieties of fruits. The main methods of distribution of fruits and seeds are as follows:

with the help of the wind

animals (including birds and humans),

self-spreading,

with the help of water.

The fruits of plants that are dispersed by the wind have special devices that increase their area, but do not increase their mass. These are various fluffy hairs (for example, poplar and dandelion fruits) or pterygoid outgrowths (like maple fruits). Thanks to such formations, the seeds soar in the air for a long time, and the wind carries them farther and farther from the parent plant.

In the steppe and semi-desert, plants often dry up, and the wind breaks them off at the root. Rolled by the wind, withered plants scatter their seeds over the area. Such "tumbleweed" plants, one might say, do not even need fruits to spread seeds, since the plant itself spreads them with the help of wind.

With the help of water, the seeds of aquatic and semi-aquatic plants are distributed. The fruits of such plants do not sink, but are carried away by the current (for example, in alder growing along the banks). And it doesn't have to be small fruits. In the coconut palm, they are large, but light, so they do not sink.

Adaptations of plant fruits to distribution by animals are more diverse. After all, animals, birds and humans can distribute fruits and seeds in different ways.

The fruits of some angiosperms are adapted to cling to the fur of animals. If, for example, an animal or a person passes next to a burdock, then several prickly fruits will catch on to it. Sooner or later, the animal will drop them, but the burdock seeds will already be relatively far from their original place. In addition to burdock, an example of a plant with hook fruits is a string. Its fruits are of the achene type. However, these achenes have small spikes covered with denticles.

Succulent fruits allow plants to distribute their seeds with the help of animals and birds that eat these fruits. But how do they spread them if the fruit and seeds along with it are eaten and digested by the animal? The fact is that it is mainly the juicy part of the pericarp of the fetus that is digested, but the seeds are not. They come out of the digestive tract of the animal. The seeds are far from the parent plant and are surrounded by droppings, which, as you know, are a good fertilizer. Therefore, a juicy fruit can be considered one of the most successful achievements in the evolution of wildlife.

Man played a significant role in seed dispersal. So the fruits and seeds of many plants were accidentally or deliberately brought to other continents, where they could take root. As a result, now we can, for example, observe how plants characteristic of Africa grow in America, and in Africa - plants whose homeland is America.

There is a variant of seed distribution using spreading, or rather self-spreading. Of course, this is not the most effective method, since the seeds are still close to the mother plant. However, this method is often observed in nature. Usually seed scattering is characteristic of fruits of the pod, bean and box type. When a bean or pod dries up, its wings are twisted in different directions, and the fruit cracks. Seeds fly out of it with little force. This is how peas, acacia and other legumes spread their seeds.

The fruit of the box (for example, in a poppy) sways in the wind, and seeds spill out of it.

However, self-spreading is not limited to dry seeds. For example, in a plant called mad cucumber, seeds fly out of their juicy fruit. It accumulates mucus, which, under pressure, is ejected along with the seeds.

Pharmacotherapeutic group.
Antiseptic, diuretic, choleretic, external anti-inflammatory agent.

plant description

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Rice. 8.22. Three-part series - Bidens tripartita L.

Grass of succession- herba bidentis
- bidens tripartita l.
Sem. Compositae– asteraceae (compositae)
Other names: scrofulous grass, bident, goat's horns, dog owner, swamp Chernobrivets, tack, dog burdock, arrow

annual herbaceous plant height from 15 to 100 cm. The root is taproot, highly branched. The stem is rounded, oppositely branched.
Leaves with short winged petioles, deeply tripartite with a larger middle lobe, arranged oppositely.
baskets up to 1.5 cm in diameter, often solitary at the ends of branches, flat, their width is almost the length of the wound, with a two-row wrapper.
flowers all tubular, dirty yellow.
Fetus- a strongly flattened, wedge-shaped achene 6-8 mm long with two or three serrated awns at the top (Fig. 8.22; 8.23, A).
blooms from June to September, the fruits ripen in August - September.

Properties and application of a series

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Pharmacological properties of the series

Experiments have found

• diuretic,
• antiallergic properties of preparations of a series.

Complex of flavonoids and polysaccharides inherent

• hepatoprotective properties, which include
  • choleretic,
  • cholate-stimulating,
  • anti-inflammatory and
  • capillary-strengthening components.

Combination of flavonoids and water-soluble polysaccharides helps to improve the absorption of the complex of biologically active substances of the series and increase its activity.

Metabolism is affected and manganese ions found in the plant. They are part of various enzyme systems, affect processes

• hematopoiesis,
• liver cell function
• vascular wall tone,
• able to prevent the formation of intravascular thrombi.

Extracts from a string render

• antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria and some pathogenic fungi.

Preparations of a series

• when applied topically, they improve tissue trophism;
• in case of thermal burns, extracts from the herb have an anti-inflammatory and protective effect.

Application of a series

A series of tripartite refers to the oldest folk medicines.

In the form of infusions and "teas" inside, the series is taken as

• diuretic,
• diaphoretic and
• febrifuge

The sequence is used for

• psoriasis,
• eczema,
• epidermophytosis,
• alopecia areata.

For skin diseases(diathesis) and rickets are also used as an infusion for baths.

For all types of local pruritic dermatoses use local baths.

Outwardly, a series is used at

• treatment of purulent wounds,
• trophic ulcers with signs of inflammation,

the series dries the wound surface and promotes faster healing of the affected areas of the skin.

The series is used as a cosmetic at

• acne,
• seborrhea.

They wash themselves with infusion of a string, make cosmetic masks.

Spreading succession

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Spreading. Holarctic view. On the territory of Russia everywhere, except for the Far North.

Habitat. The plant is moisture-loving. It grows in damp places, in swamps, on the banks of rivers and streams, in vegetable gardens like a weed. Often forms continuous thickets. Cultivated in the Krasnodar region and Ukraine (Lvov region).

Procurement and storage of raw materials

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blank. Leafy stems up to 15-20 cm long are cut or plucked in the vegetation phase until buds are formed. At a later date, only side shoots are collected. Raw materials are cleaned of coarse thick stems. On plantations, mechanized collection of grass is used.

Security measures. When harvesting in nature, plants and grass cover should not be trampled. Given that the succession reproduces exclusively by seed, it is necessary to leave the most developed individuals for seed renewal.

Drying. For drying, the grass is laid out in a layer of 5-7 cm on a tarpaulin or racks and turned over daily. The end of drying is determined by the fragility of petioles and stems. The yield of dry raw materials is 25%. During artificial drying, temperatures up to 35-40 ° C are allowed.

Storage. In a dry place, packed in bales, bales or bags. Shelf life 3 years.

Standardization. GF XI, no. 2, art. 45 and Change No. 1.

External signs of raw materials

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Whole Raw Material

Leafy stems and their pieces, whole or crushed leaves and flower heads.
Leaves opposite, on short petioles fused at the base, median - three- and five-parted with lanceolate serrate lobes, apical - whole, broadly lanceolate, up to 15 cm long.
stems round-oval, longitudinally striated, up to 0.8 cm thick.

inflorescences- baskets with a diameter of 0.6-1.5 cm. Unblown baskets are rounded, somewhat flattened on top, sometimes blooming baskets.

Outer wrappers in the amount of 3-8, green, oblong-lanceolate, pubescent along the edge, equal to or 2 times larger than the basket.

Inner wrappers shorter, oblong-oval, membranous along the edge, brownish-yellow with numerous dark purple veins.
inflorescence bed flat, covered with narrow membranous bracts.
flowers small, tubular, with two or three serrated spines instead of a calyx.
Color leaves are green or brownish-green, stems are green or greenish-violet, flowers are dirty yellow.
Smell weak. Taste bitter, slightly astringent.

Crushed raw materials

Pieces of leaves, stems, buds and flowers passing through a 7 mm sieve.
Color green, brownish-green or greenish-violet with dirty yellow patches.
Smell weak. Taste bitter, slightly astringent.

impurities

A possible admixture is other, jointly growing types of succession (table; Fig. 8.23). The medicinal properties of h. radiant and h. drooping have been studied and confirmed, but so far these species are not subject to harvesting.

Qualitative reactions

The authenticity of raw materials is also confirmed by qualitative reactions. When scanning in UV light, the chromatograms of the obtained alcohol extracts from the grass of the series, when separated on paper, spots of flavonoids are detected.

When 95% alcohol is added to aqueous extracts, polysaccharides precipitate.

Microscopy of a leaf of a series of tripartite

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At viewing the sheet from the surface the epidermis of the upper and lower sides with sinuous walls is visible.
stomata numerous, surrounded by 3-5 cells of the epidermis (anomocytic type).
Throughout the leaf blade there are simple "caterpillar" hairs with thin walls, consisting of 9-18 cells, sometimes filled with brown content;
on the lower cell of the hair, longitudinal folding is well expressed cuticles.
Along the edge of the sheet and veins there are simple hairs with thick walls and longitudinal folding of the cuticle, consisting of 2-13 cells. At the base of such hairs are several epidermal cells, slightly rising above the surface of the leaf.
Secretory passages run along the veins with reddish-brown contents, especially clearly visible along the edge of the sheet (Fig. 8.24).

Numerical indicators of raw materials

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Whole Raw Material

Polysaccharides, determined by the gravimetric method, not less than 3.5%; humidity not more than 13%; total ash not more than 14%; yellowed, brown and blackened parts of the plant - no more than 8%; stems, including those separated during analysis, not more than 40%; organic impurities not more than 3%; mineral impurity no more than 1%.

Crushed raw materials

Polysaccharides, determined by the gravimetric method, not less than 3.5%; humidity not more than 13%; total ash not more than 14%; yellowed, browned and blackened particles no more than 8%; pieces of stems no more than 40%; particles that do not pass through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 7 mm, not more than 10%; particles passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 0.5 mm, not more than 15%; organic impurities not more than 3%; mineral impurity no more than 1%.

Medicines based on the Series

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1. A series of grass, crushed raw materials. Anti-inflammatory, astringent, diuretic, diaphoretic.
2. Included in the fees (anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial collection "Elekasol"; diuretic fees "Brusniver", "Brusniver-T"; collection for the preparation of a mixture according to the prescription of M.N. Zdrenko).

There are more than 200 types of string, which are distributed almost throughout the globe, but mainly in America. In Russia, the most common tripartite series.

A succession is a plant of wet places, likes to stand right in the water of small puddles, roadside ditches, village ponds and other warm shallow reservoirs. With a lack of moisture, it can grow, but like a caricature of a normal plant - 3-5 cm tall with one or two pairs of leaves and one inflorescence. Of course, such a "treasure" is not suitable for raw materials. In moist places with good soil, the succession reaches a height of two meters.

The fruit of the succession is a very characteristic achene, it is obovate, tetrahedral, strongly flattened, with two, less often three or four setae, directed upwards and covered with sharp, downwardly directed teeth. These achenes cling to clothes and animal hair and thus spread over long distances. They ripen in August - October, at which time they can be easily harvested. The series owes its Latin name (Bidens) to the shape of the fruit, which translates as "bident".

Medicinal properties. The sequence belongs to the most ancient folk remedies. The ancient name of the series is scrofulous grass, it has long been used for metabolic disorders, skin rashes, wounds, as a diuretic and diaphoretic. Currently, it is used for various diathesis.

Grass of the series is used for the preparation of therapeutic baths used in children's practice for various diathesis, accompanied by a rash, scrofula, milk scab and seborrhea of ​​the head (scrofula). In this case, the best effect develops when combining baths with taking infusion or decoction of the series inside. In an animal experiment, it was found that the sequence causes a decrease in blood pressure and slightly increases the amplitude of heart contractions, and also has a sedative effect. The herb succession, together with tricolor violet and blackcurrant leaves or bittersweet nightshade, is part of "Averin tea" and is used as an antiscrofulous remedy. Oil extracts of a string are recommended for the treatment of difficult-to-heal wounds and ulcers as a means of promoting tissue regeneration.

Grass succession has diuretic and diaphoretic properties, improves digestion, normalizes impaired metabolism. Medicinal properties of preparations of a series, to a certain extent, apparently, are due to the presence of ascorbic acid and manganese, which are important in the physiological transformations of substances. Manganese ions in the composition of enzyme systems affect the processes of hematopoiesis, blood clotting, and the activity of the endocrine glands. Oily extracts of herb succession, containing significant amounts of carotene, insoluble in water, but highly soluble in fats, have anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties. Tannins, up to 66% of which are polyphenols, give the plant pronounced bactericidal properties.

Dosage forms, method of administration and doses. Infusion of herb succession: 10 g (3 tablespoons) of raw materials are placed in an enamel bowl, pour 200 ml of hot boiled water, heated in a boiling water bath for 15 minutes, cooled at room temperature for 45 minutes, filtered, squeezed. The volume of the infusion is adjusted with boiled water to 200 ml. Take 1/3-1/2 cup (adult dose) 3 times a day after meals as an anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic agent. The prepared infusion is stored in a cool place for no more than 2 days. For a bath, for every 10 liters of water, take 1 glass of infusion.

Grass briquettes are produced in the form of rectangular tiles weighing 75 g, divided into 10 slices. One slice is poured with a glass of boiling water, insisted for 10 minutes, filtered. For a bath, take 1 glass. Inside take 1 tablespoon in the morning and evening.

Collection and drying of a series of tripartite. The raw materials of the sequence are the ends of the shoots with leaves and individual leaves collected during budding. The length of the harvested branches is no more than 15 cm, longer branches are usually bare stems. The shoots are cut off as soon as the buds become clearly visible, without waiting for the blooming of the inflorescences, in the most extreme case, at the beginning of flowering. Harvested later, during drying, they manage to give prickly seeds that spoil the raw material. With sufficient moisture and careful pruning (if there are several pairs of leaves left, from which branches have not yet appeared), the train grows again. Do not chase long branches, there are almost no active substances in bare stems.

When collecting raw materials, the branches are cut with scissors, and individual leaves are cut off from the stems. The raw materials are dried in a thin layer, turning every day and as often as possible, in a room with good ventilation, avoiding direct sunlight - the grass of the sequence is usually very juicy and darkens easily. It can also be dried with heating, but not higher than 40 ° C. When the stems begin to break, the drying of the grass is stopped. The shelf life of raw materials is 2 years. But the grass collected in the year of use works better, then the activity decreases. The smell of raw materials is specific, aggravated by rubbing. The taste is tart, with a pungent aftertaste.

Chemical composition. Grass succession contains significant amounts of carotene (over 50 mg%) and ascorbic acid (up to 70 mg%); as well as flavonoids: butein, isocoreopsin, flavanomerein, luteolin, cynaroside, sulphuretin, sulphurein, maritimetin; coumarins (umbelliferon, scopoletin, esculetin), tannins, a little essential oil, mucus, bitterness, lactones, amines. An increased content of manganese was noted.

The leaves and stems of the string are used in dyeing for dyeing silk and woolen fabrics (depending on the mordant with neutral or acidic extracts) in cream, brown, lemon yellow or light green.

Growing a series of tripartite. Breeding a succession is not difficult, the seeds are easy to collect in the fall. A succession is often found in weedy places, where its characteristic achenes (when ripe, the inflorescences become like prickly balls) cling to clothing. For a succession, you need to choose a bright place, dig deep into the soil, add a bucket of compost and full mineral fertilizer (30-40 g) per 1 m2. Sowing a succession is carried out only before winter, since it needs mandatory stratification. If you have to sow in the spring, then the seeds should be kept moist in the refrigerator at a temperature of 2-3 ° C for at least a month, at a higher temperature they can begin to germinate.

Light is a prerequisite for seed germination, so the crops do not fall asleep, the distance between rows is 40 cm. It is best to sow on already frozen soil in pre-prepared grooves, about 3 cm deep. provide the seeds with the maximum amount of moisture. To do this, after sowing, branches or stems of tall plants can be spread over the area, which will hold the snow. And when it melts, snow retention can be removed.

Seedlings of the series will appear together in 1-2 weeks after the snow has melted. At first, it grows slowly, requires weeding, then, when the plants close, you will only need to take care of sufficient moisture. As soon as a bud appears on the main shoot, it is better to remove it in order to enhance the development of side shoots, which will give together much more raw material. The yield of dry grass is 200-250 g/m2.

Central Russia rapidly settled leafy series. It is an adventive North American plant. Unlike our species, her leaves are more neatly dissected, and leaf lobes with clearly defined petioles. The outer leaflets of the involucre are long, narrow, leaf-shaped. The leafy string grows in weedy places, and in damp areas it even crowds out native species. Her resettlement happened very quickly: it took her only a few decades to master the territory of central European Russia.

Tripartite string (Bidens tripartita L.)

Description of appearance:
flowers: Inflorescences - baskets up to 1.5 cm in diameter, with multi-leaf two-row wrappers; outer leaflets of the involucre, 5-8 in number, similar in shape to the leaves. In each basket marginal flowers reed, barren; median - tubular, bisexual; all flowers are yellow. Stems and branches end with 1-4 baskets.
Leaves: Leaves opposite (upper may be alternate), up to 7 cm long, 3-5-parted (sometimes entire), with serrate lobes and winged petioles.
Height: 30-100 cm.
Stem: Upright branching.
Fruit: Flattened wedge-shaped achenes up to 8 mm long and up to 3 mm wide, equipped with two serrated setae, with which they cling to animal hair and people's clothing and spread.
Blossoms in June-September, fruits ripen in August-September.
Lifespan: An annual plant.
Habitat: It grows in swamps, wet meadows, along the banks of rivers, lakes and other bodies of water, in roadside ditches and ditches. Prefers well-moistened habitats with rich soils.
Prevalence: A species with a wide range, found in many regions of Eurasia, North America, Australia. An ordinary plant in many regions of our country, including all regions of Central Russia.

Radiant string (Bidens radiata Thuill.)

Description of appearance:
flowers: Baskets are flat, their diameter is twice the height. The outer leaflets of the involucre are leaf-shaped, 10-14 in number, significantly exceed the involucre and surround it in the form of rays. Marginal flowers are false-lingual, golden-yellow, barren; median - tubular, bisexual.
Leaves: Leaves opposite, yellowish-green, 3-5-parted or dissected, with lanceolate or ovate-rhombic serrate-toothed lobules, sometimes partially entire.
Height: 20-100 cm.
Stem: Stems are erect, branched in the upper part, glabrous or slightly pubescent.
Fruit: Flattened wedge-shaped achenes about 4 mm in diameter; the awns are equal in length to the achene or slightly shorter than it; achenes glabrous, but along margins and awns bear bristles turned downwards.
Flowering and fruiting time: Blooms in July-September.
Lifespan: An annual plant.
Habitat: The series radiant grows on the banks of reservoirs and shallows.
Prevalence: It is widely distributed in Eurasia, including throughout Russia, except for desert and arctic regions. In Central Russia, it is probably found in all regions of the non-chernozem zone, rarely to the south.
Addition: Medicinal plant. It is used in the same way as the tripartite string, and when harvesting raw materials, these types are usually not distinguished.

A series of drooping (Bidens cernua L.)

Description of appearance:
flowers: Baskets drooping, 10-20 mm wide, flattened, on long legs. The outer leaflets of the involucre are 5-9, green, oblong-linear, short-ciliated along the edge, noticeably longer than the brownish-greenish inner ones, almost equal in length to the flowers. Marginal flowers in baskets are false-lingual, golden-yellow, barren; median - tubular, bisexual.
Leaves: Leaves opposite, entire, lanceolate, spaced along the edges, serrated-toothed, sessile, almost fused at the bases.
Height: 15-100 cm.
Stem: Stems erect, glabrous or pubescent with protruding glandular hairs.
Fruit: 3-4-sided pyramidal achenes, with 3-4 equal awns, which are half as long as the achenes.
Flowering and fruiting time: Blossoms in June-September, achenes ripen in July-October.
Lifespan: An annual plant.
Habitat: A series of drooping grows along the banks of reservoirs, swamps, ditches, swampy places.
Prevalence: Eurasian-North American species. Distributed throughout Russia, including all central Russian regions.
Addition: Medicinal plant. It is used in the same way as the tripartite string, and when harvesting raw materials, these types are usually not distinguished. Previously, the raw material of this plant was dyed wool in a bright yellow color.

Leafy string (Bidens frondosa L.)

Description of appearance:
flowers: Baskets are upright. Marginal flowers are false-lingual, golden-yellow, barren; median - tubular, bisexual; bracts at the apex rapidly pointed.
Leaves: Leaves opposite, trifoliate or pinnate, with petioles; leaf segments (at least apical) with well-defined petioles.
Height: 20-90 cm.
Stem: Stems erect.
Fruit: Flattened wedge-shaped achenes, densely planted with warts, pubescent over the entire surface with adpressed hairs; along the edges of the achene, the hairs are directed upwards; achenes with two awns (sometimes there are 3-4 awns, but in such cases two of them are longer than the others).
Flowering and fruiting time: Blossoms in July-September, achenes ripen in July-October.
Lifespan: An annual plant.
Habitat: A series of leafy grows along the banks of reservoirs, in damp forests, on roadsides, in quarries, on wastelands, embankments.
Prevalence: An American plant that has been intensively spreading in recent years in European Russia along railways and in settlements. In Central Russia, it is found in all areas, usually.

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