What do hormones do. How hormones affect the body and why it is important to control their level

Do you know how important the role of hormones in the female body is? Today we will tell you about the 10 main hormones that govern all the main processes.

It is known that all processes in our body are controlled by hormones. Mood, health, appearance, appetite, sleep, intelligence - this and much more depends on hormones.

Estrogen

One of the best known female hormones is estrogen, which is produced in the ovaries. This is a sex hormone, thanks to which a woman has a female figure and a female character. The roundness of the figure, the soft, compliant character, emotionality - all this we have as a result of the production of the hormone estrogen in the body.

In addition, it is able to accelerate cell renewal throughout the body, maintain youthful shine and healthy hair, skin, and also protects blood vessels from cholesterol deposits. It is clear that for this the hormone must be produced in the right amount.

Too much and too little estrogen

Excess estrogen can cause excessive fullness in the lower abdomen and thighs. In addition, doctors associate various benign tumors with an excess of this female hormone. Its deficiency often causes increased hair growth in unwanted places: on the face, legs, arms.

In case of a lack of this hormone, a woman ages faster: the skin is more prone to wrinkles and fading, the hair becomes dull and lifeless, etc.

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Progesterone

This is the second most important for a woman's body. This male hormone is synthesized after the release of the egg and the production of the corpus luteum. With a lack of progesterone in a woman, the following symptoms appear: bloating, chest pain, bleeding between periods, psychological instability.

Testosterone

In women, the hormone testosterone is produced in the adrenal glands.

Excess and lack of testosterone

Its excess often turns a woman into an ardent lover of men. Thanks to testosterone, we can experience sexual desire, be purposeful and persistent. This hormone can make a woman not only lay down her arms, waiting for a man, but also go hunting for him herself.

The more testosterone a woman produces, the easier and faster it is for her to build up her muscles and get involved in active games. With an excess of the hormone, a woman becomes aggressive and quick-tempered. If the body does not produce enough testosterone, then the woman does not want to have sexual relations at all.

Oxytocin

The female hormone oxytocin is the hormone that forces us to be tender, attached. It is called the love hormone. In large quantities, oxytocin is produced after childbirth. This explains our boundless love for the tiny creature that was born.

Excess and lack of oxytocin

A woman is trying to get rid of depression and anxiety by taking care of her children, her husband, doing good deeds, as a result of which oxytocin is produced.

thyroxine

Thyroxine is a hormone that affects our mind and figure. It regulates metabolism. The faster it happens, the more difficult it is for a woman to gain weight and vice versa.

In addition, thyroxine affects our intelligence. Thanks to this hormone, a woman can have a slim figure, smooth skin and graceful movements. Interestingly, it is this hormone that allows a woman to instantly respond to an interested male gaze. Thyroxine is synthesized in the thyroid gland.

Too much and too little thyroxine

If the body produces thyroxine in excess, then the woman loses weight very quickly. In addition, it is difficult for her to concentrate. One thought constantly replaces another, a woman experiences constant anxiety, suffers from insomnia, while her heart jumps out of her chest. The lack of this hormone causes drowsiness, lethargy and obesity, as well as memory impairment.

Norepinephrine

Norepinephrine is called the hormone of rage and courage. During a stressful situation, this hormone is produced in the adrenal glands. Many people know the hormone opposite to this - the hormone of fear, which makes us run away from danger. Norepinephrine, on the contrary, awakens in a woman a sense of confidence and readiness for action.

The hormone dilates the blood vessels, the blood rushes to the head, and brilliant ideas come to our minds, the blush covers the cheeks, the wrinkles are smoothed out, and the eyes sparkle with bright fire. Norepinephrine helps a woman with her head held high to solve all problems, find ways out of troubles and look great at the same time.

Many men will not let you lie that sometimes during stress, a woman does not fade, but, on the contrary, only blossoms. There is no feeling of anxiety, no insomnia overcomes. Very often you can observe that the slightest trouble takes us out of balance, makes us feel depressed. And sometimes nothing can piss us off! Thanks to the hormone norepinephrine!

Insulin

Insulin is commonly referred to as the "dolce vita" hormone. It enters the blood from the pancreas, controls the level of glucose in the blood. Insulin breaks down all incoming carbohydrates, incl. sweets and converts them into glucose (an energy source). That. Insulin gives us the energy that allows us to live.

Some women produce slightly less insulin from birth than others, or the hormone is not as active. When we eat too much sweet or starchy foods, excess glucose "wanders" through the body and negatively affects the condition of cells and blood vessels. As a result, diabetes can develop. The risk is especially high if members of your family suffered from such a disease.

Somatotropin

This female hormone is responsible for strength and harmony. The hormone is produced in the pituitary gland, an endocrine gland located in the brain. Somatotropin is responsible for fat burning, muscle building, strength and elasticity of ligaments, incl. and those that support the female breast.

In childhood and adolescence, an excess of this hormone leads to very high growth. If in an adult body this hormone is produced in excess, what else can grow grows: the chin, nose, knuckles. An excess amount of the hormone during pregnancy can lead to enlargement of some features of the face, hands, feet, hands. However, after the birth of the baby, everything usually falls into place. In children, a lack of somatotropin is fraught with a slowdown, and often a complete stoppage of growth.

If a woman constantly does not get enough sleep, often overeats and overworks, the level of somatotropin hormone decreases, the muscles become weak, flabby, and the breast loses its shape. At the same time, no enhanced training will correct the situation.

Prolactin

Actively participates in the development and growth of the breast, as well as in the process of lactation. During pregnancy, it is he who provides support for the corpus luteum. In case of failures in the norm of prolactin in women, periodic chest pain, mastopathy, obesity, inflammatory diseases of the genital area, and problems with postpartum lactation are noted.

Estradiol

Responsible for uterine development, regularity of menstruation. This substance contributes to the proper development of rounded feminine forms. With a lack of a hormone in women, a male figure is formed, menstruation is irregular or completely disappears.

Hormones control all processes in the female body. Taking hormonal drugs can lead to hormonal imbalance, and the results of such treatment can be the most unexpected! Therefore, before you start taking them, you need to assess the existing risk.

The main determining factor for a woman, which determines her whole life, is the hormonal background. Our appearance, physical and psycho-emotional state depends on it: skin type, bone structure, height, weight, hair color and density, appetite, reaction time, emotions.

It is known that female hormones have the most intense effect on the functioning of the whole organism. The sexual sphere of a woman is completely subordinated to the level and cyclical production of hormones in her body. Hormonal balance affects a woman's behavior, her mood, thought processes and, as a result, her character.

Interesting:

In a series of studies, scientists have established the fact that the female hormones responsible for the functioning of the reproductive function are at an increased concentration in women with lighter hair color. For this reason, men subconsciously choose blondes as the most suitable for reproduction.

female sex hormones

Hormones, at their core, are substances that are produced in almost every organ of a woman: liver, adipose tissue, heart, brain. Every human body produces female and male hormones, so the name female hormones is rather arbitrary.

The greatest amount of substances is produced by the endocrine glands, the latter, in turn, are combined into a common endocrine system.

Our endocrine system is made up of:

• thyroid gland,
• parathyroid,
• pancreas,
• adrenal,
• ovaries,
• pituitary,
• hypothalamus,
• thymus.

The glands produce hormones that enter the blood and with its help are delivered to various organs. To date, about 60 hormones are known, they form our hormonal background.

The lack of female hormones can lead to adverse consequences not only for reproductive function, but also for the health of the whole organism.

Hormonal balance is very important, but at the same time it is extremely fragile and is constantly influenced by all sorts of factors, the main of which are:

Modern pharmaceuticals produce preparations of female sex hormones. This greatly facilitates the fate of a modern woman, allows you to compensate for the lack of female hormones.

Using female sex hormones in tablets, the modern lady protects herself from a number of adverse effects, including prolonging her reproductive function and protecting herself from early aging.

Major Hormones

All hormones are usually divided into two groups:

• female (estrogen),
• male (androgenic).

The first type of hormones is responsible for important signs that are unique to a woman: seductive forms and the ability to bear children. Along with female hormones, there are also male hormones in the female body in varying concentrations, and not only our primary, but also, to a greater extent, secondary sexual characteristics depend on their balance.

There are a number of hormones responsible for our sensitivity and perception of the environment, the ability to love and empathize, care for and remember events from our lives. These hormones give a woman not only natural instincts, but also help her create her own world of sensual illusions.

Being in the right ratio, these hormones give our body health, the lack of female hormones, the symptoms of which are manifested in a number of serious diseases, takes away our health and, in some cases, reduces years of life.

Estrogen

One of the most important and well-known is the female hormone estrogen. Under this term, it is customary to combine a group of female hormones. These substances are produced mainly in the ovaries. They are responsible for our female figure, forms the roundness of the hips and chest, and affects the character.

They help speed up the process of body cell renewal, keep the skin young and elastic for longer, maintain the shine and density of the hair, and are a protective barrier for the walls of blood vessels from cholesterol deposits. The main female hormone is estrogen and its role in a woman's life is very large.

The lack of estrogen forms a female figure under the "boy", provokes increased hair growth on the face, arms, legs. Promotes earlier skin aging. Its excess often results in excessive accumulation of fat deposits on the thighs and lower abdomen. Elevated levels of this hormone also provoke the development of uterine fibroids.

Progesterone

The second most important is the female hormone progesterone. It should be noted that progesterone is considered a male hormone, since it predominates in men. Unlike estrogens, it is produced only after the egg has left its follicle, and the female body has developed a corpus luteum. If this does not happen, progesterone is not produced.

The substance is produced with a certain cycle in the body of a woman, the highest level occurs on the day of ovulation. The ability to bear children or infertility depends entirely on its level. This female sex hormone is responsible for the ability to bear children, a decrease in its level leads to miscarriages in early pregnancy.

Estradiol

The most active sex hormone in women. Produced in the ovaries, in the placenta. Also in small doses, estradiol is formed during the conversion of testosterone. This substance ensures the development of the reproductive system according to the female type, regulates the menstrual cycle, is responsible for the development of the egg, the growth of the uterus during pregnancy. This substance gives psychophysiological characteristics of human sexual behavior. This type of female hormones in men is formed in the testes, as well as in the adrenal cortex.

Estradiol has anabolic properties. It accelerates the regeneration of bone tissue and thus accelerates bone growth. It lowers cholesterol levels and increases blood clotting. An excess of estradiol contributes to an increase in the level of nervous tension, irritability.

Testosterone

The adrenal glands produce small amounts of testosterone. This hormone is responsible for our sexual desires, makes us persistent and purposeful. He turns the snow queen into a loving and passionate lover of men, able not only to take the attention of the opposite sex, but also to show interest in a partner herself. The higher the level of testosterone in a woman, the more actively she goes in for sports. Testosterone helps build muscle. These women look younger than their years.

With an excess of testosterone, a woman's character becomes aggressive, she is prone to irascibility and sudden mood swings. Acne often develops on the skin. With a deficiency of this substance, the level of sexual desire decreases, the woman refuses to have sex.

Oxytocin

This hormone is also produced by the adrenal glands and makes a woman tender, caring. This hormone develops in us a sense of long-term attachment, makes us sentimental. If the excess of female hormones in women exceeds all norms, she becomes hysterical, rolls up scandals for no apparent reason, becomes overly intrusive with concern for her surroundings.

After childbirth, the level of oxytocin in the blood is at its highest concentration, thereby causing new feelings of love for us for a small creature that has just been born. The hormone is sensitive to stress. The female body releases oxytocin into the blood during stress.

For this reason, we are looking for deliverance from dreary and anxious thoughts, caring for our relatives and friends, trying to feed goodies to our family members. This hormone makes us love kittens and puppies, and it also provokes us to pick up homeless animals.

thyroxine

This hormone is produced by the thyroid gland, shapes our figure and is responsible for mental abilities. Regulates the speed of metabolism, oxygen, energy and thinking, and hence our weight and ability to think.

Thyroxine is involved in the processes of protein synthesis and breakdown. The hormone is responsible for a slender body, makes the skin supple and smooth, movements are light and graceful. The substance is responsible for the speed of response to situations, especially to male attention! Produced in the thyroid gland. An excess of thyroxine makes the body thin, thoughts come to us in a chaotic manner, without completing the thought process. It is impossible for us to concentrate, there is a constant feeling of anxiety, we cannot sleep at night, the heartbeat quickens.

Deficiency of thyroxine leads to overweight, sagging skin, loss of strength, we constantly want to sleep. Thyroxine is responsible for our memory, with its deficiency, it deteriorates, and the ability to memorize is reduced to zero. The hormone is most affected by age-related changes.

Norepinephrine

The hormone of fearless heroes. It is produced in the adrenal glands. The release of this substance into the blood in an increased concentration occurs during stress and causes a feeling of courage and rage. It is the antipode of the hormone of fear, which responds to cowardice. Norepinephrine motivates us to act heroically. Such female hormones, the norm of which in our body is individual for each person, form our personal qualities and distinguish us from each other.

Norepinephrine dilates blood vessels, blood flows to the head in large quantities, our brain works more intensively. During the release of this hormone, brilliant ideas come to mind, a blush appears on the face, the eyes light up, the skin becomes younger before the eyes, wrinkles are smoothed out, the Woman at this moment becomes like a formidable and beautiful goddess, a graceful panther.

She boldly goes towards troubles, sweeping away everything in her path, successfully overcomes all difficulties, and at the same time looks great. Thanks to this hormone, we conquer the heights of the professional and intellectual Olympus.

Somatotropin

The hormone is produced in the endocrine gland (pituitary gland), which is located in the brain. It is called the hormone of strength and harmony. Visiting the gym, doing fitness and other sports to shape your figure, you have heard about somatotropin - the idol of instructors and trainers in sports and bodybuilding. This hormone is the sculptor of our body. Under his control is muscle and fat mass. The elasticity and strength of the ligaments entirely depends only on the level of this substance in our body. In women, this hormone allows you to keep your breasts in great shape.

Excess somatotropin in childhood and adolescence leads to very high growth. Over the years, what still has the ability to grow increases: the knuckles, nose, ears, chin. The lack of this substance at an early age slows down growth, up to a complete stop. Fatigue, overeating, lack of sleep have a great influence on the level of somatropin. With the constant presence of these negative signs of an unhealthy life, the level of growth hormone decreases, the muscles become flabby, weak, the bust loses its shape and sags. In this case, increased physical activity cannot correct the situation.

Insulin

Enters the bloodstream from the pancreas, keeps our blood glucose levels under observation. Insulin is called the "dolce vita" hormone. It breaks down all the carbohydrates we consume and sends the energy received from them to the tissues.

As a result, we are satiated, we have the strength to live and think. The production of insulin in each body is individual, in some from birth it is produced in smaller quantities than in everyone else. If the food consumed consists mainly of flour and sweets, insulin cannot process everything, excess glucose accumulates in the body, and has a negative effect on cells and blood vessels. As a result, diabetes mellitus develops.

Herbal hormone substitutes

Any disease of the endocrine glands entails a hormonal imbalance: menstrual irregularities, changes in the skin, the degree of body hair. This delicate balance can be disturbed by eating foods containing female hormones, thereby supplying an extra dose of hormones to our body. When purchasing goods in supermarkets, rarely does anyone think and pay attention to what products contain female hormones and other active additives. One such product is beer.

Let's figure out where the female hormones in beer come from and how they get there. Hops are used to make this drink. Hop flowers contain a substance belonging to the class of phytoestrogens (phyto is a plant, estrogen is a female sex hormone). The level of phytoestrogens in hops is in high concentration, while in the finished beer the content of these substances reaches up to 36 mg/l. This is quite enough to provide a distinct hormonal effect on a woman's body, changing her endocrine system.

Not only hops contain substitutes for female hormones, we often eat many herbs containing female hormones and do not think about the presence of biologically active substances that our body does not need to receive in additional volumes. Often, female hormones in herbs are found in preparations that we use as an alternative to traditional chemical medicines.

At present, we should be careful and pay attention to whether there are female hormones in the products that we consume, since our health depends on it.

In modern conditions, a person simply needs to be periodically tested for female hormones, especially for women of reproductive age.

Diseases of the endocrine system

As mentioned earlier, the most active supplier of hormones to our body is the endocrine system. The thyroid gland in this process plays one of the main roles in a woman's health and, like all "theatrical primas", she is fragile and capricious. The thyroid gland, with its strong significance, often turns out to be a weak link. According to some reports, it is women who are mainly affected by thyroid diseases.

Often a woman wonders how to increase the level of female hormones in violation of the functions of the endocrine system and, of course, female hormones in tablets and capsules are assistants in this.

There are several disorders in the work of this gland. Often, the lack of female hormones, the symptoms of which are easily distinguished from other diseases, can be replenished with timely treatment. It is not difficult for a qualified doctor to identify signs of a lack of female hormones, it is only necessary to contact him in time.

Now we list the main diseases and their symptoms that you need to pay attention to.

Hypothyroidism

Severe iodine deficiency, congenital disorders, surgery leads to an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism). Hypothyroidism is characterized by low levels of thyroid hormones in our blood.

Symptoms include lethargy, memory impairment, depression, constipation, and anemia may occur. The skin becomes dry and swollen, the hair falls out and becomes brittle. Whatever the reasons, hypothyroidism can be cured by taking drugs containing female hormones. During treatment, in parallel, as a rule, drugs are prescribed that contribute to the normal functioning of the liver, cleanse the blood of excess fat, as well as a number of vitamins, including vitamins A and E.

If hypothyroidism is not treated on time, a life-threatening condition may develop - hypothyroid coma. Any negative impact on our body can provoke this state of the body. With hypothyroidism in the blood, the level of thyroid hormones responsible for metabolism decreases, and our body is poorly protected.

The symptoms of this disease may not appear immediately. First, a person develops weakness, dry skin, swelling of the limbs, speech slows down, pressure drops. Then oxygen starvation develops, cardiac and renal activity is disturbed. From this state, only resuscitation procedures are removed, using large doses of synthetic hormones and iodine preparations.

Thyrotoxicosis

The opposite of hypothyroidism is thyrotoxicosis, which is an overactive thyroid gland. One of the most common causes of this disease is goiter.

Emotional imbalance, a tendency to tantrums, excessive nervousness, irritability - these are all symptoms of thyrotoxicosis. A woman begins to be disturbed by excessive sweating, a feeling of internal tension, an inability to concentrate. Tachycardia is the main symptom of this disease. A woman is constantly hungry, she can eat a lot of food and does not get better.

Thyroiditis

Along with insufficient or excessive function in the thyroid gland, inflammatory processes can take place, in medicine they are called thyroiditis. These processes are accompanied by the destruction of thyroid cells or their damage by antibodies and lymphocytes. This disease may not manifest itself for years, but if there are not enough female hormones produced by other glands, then the development of the disease progresses. In this case, a timely blood test for female hormones helps to identify the disease and save health and life.

Hyperandrogenism

As already mentioned, male and female hormones are present in the female body in certain proportions. With an increase in the content of male sex hormones in the blood of a woman, the disease of hyperandrogenism develops. Very often, women, not understanding the root cause, try to cope with the manifestations of the disease on their own with improvised means or completely ignore these symptoms:

• abundant growth of mustaches and beards, as well as hair on the arms, legs, chest, back,
• late arrival of menstruation,
• irregular periods
• the appearance of acne;

If left untreated, hyperandrogenism leads primarily to infertility, as well as complete hair loss, cyst formation, and the risk of developing diabetes. This disease can be inherited, and may result from a tumor of the adrenal glands and ovaries.

Female hormones and menopause

Menopause is a natural process that causes hormonal changes in a woman's body with age. Female hormones are produced during menopause in smaller quantities, and some cease to be synthesized by the body at all. Here, medicine is faced with the task of how to restore female hormones and maintain the health of the body in good condition.

Different women react in their own way to this restructuring of the body, but all of them, to one degree or another, are subject to such unpleasant symptoms as sweating, increased heat. Often this process is accompanied by depression.

Modern medicine has long and successfully used female hormones in tablets as a therapy for menopause and manifestations of menopause, its development for a woman, when using drugs, proceeds in a milder form.

Answers

In the article we will talk about the types of hormones, and we will also consider what they are and what functions they perform. After reading, you will learn to understand this issue and understand the effect of hormones on human life and health.

What is this about?

What are hormones? These are substances that are produced by certain cells of the body in the endocrine glands. They enter the bloodstream and thus have a strong influence on physiological processes and metabolism. In fact, these substances are the regulators of most of the phenomena occurring in the human body.

Story

Before talking about the types of homones, let's talk about the history of the discovery of these important substances. The study of them and the endocrine glands was started by physician T. Addison in 1855. Another scientist who began the study of endocrinology is the Frenchman K. Bernard. Later, this branch was studied in detail by S. Brown-Sekar, who revealed the relationship between diseases and insufficiency of certain glands. It has been proven that various ways and types of hormone action can indeed affect health.

Modern research confirms that too active or passive work of the glands negatively affects human health and causes diseases. For the first time the term "hormone" was used in the works of physiologists E. Starling and W. Bayliss in 1902.

Functioning

Any external or internal stimuli affect the receptors of the body and cause impulses that are transmitted to the central nervous system, and then to the hypothalamus. It is there that active substances are produced that are transported to the pituitary gland. They contribute to a faster or slower production of tropic hormones, on which the synthesis of the desired compounds depends. After that, the substance is transported to the organ or tissue of the body through the circulatory system. This causes certain chemical or physiological reactions in the body.

Types of human hormones

What are the varieties of these substances? Despite the fact that modern science has sufficient information about the chemical composition of each hormone, their classification is still not considered complete. You can verbally designate a hormone based on its structure or chemical name, but the result will be a large and difficult to remember word. That is why scientists tacitly agreed to use simpler names.

The most popular anatomical classification, which correlates the substance with the gland in which it is produced. According to this criterion, hormones of the adrenal glands, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, etc. are isolated. But such a classification is not particularly reliable in view of the fact that a compound can be synthesized in one gland, but completely different is released into the blood.

Because of this, scientists decided to develop a single system that would be based on the chemical composition of active substances. That is why in the modern world hormones are divided into:

• protein-peptide;
• derivatives of amino acids;
• arbitrary polyunsaturated fatty acids;
• steroids.

Steroid hormones are substances of a lipid nature that have a sterane core. They are synthesized in the ovaries and testicles from cholesterol. Hormones of this type perform the most important functions necessary for the normal functioning of the human body. So, the ability to give the body the necessary shape, as well as to reproduce offspring, depends on them. This class includes androgen, progesterone, dihydrotestosterone and estradiol.

Fatty acid derivatives can affect the cells of the organs that produce them. This class includes prostaglandins, thromboxanes, etc.

Amino acid derivatives are synthesized by several glands. The basis of their creation is tyrosine. This class includes melatonin, epinephrine, thyroxine and norepinephrine.

Protein-peptide compounds are responsible for the regulation of metabolism in the body. The most important element for their synthesis is protein. This group includes insulin and growth hormone.

Role

We examined the main types of human hormones, but did not pay attention to their role. And at the same time, the life path of a person cannot be imagined without these important substances. They are involved in every process that occurs in the body. So, thanks to hormones, each person has his own weight and height. The substances discussed have a huge impact on the emotional state, stimulate the natural processes of decay and cell growth.

At the same time, they take part in stimulating or suppressing the immune system. Metabolism is also directly dependent on the level of certain hormones in the body.

Women

The types of hormones in the body are different, but in women they are specific. An important substance for the fairer sex is estrogen, which is synthesized in the ovaries. Thanks to him, the menstrual cycle is regular. Also, this hormone causes the formation of secondary sexual characteristics. This substance during puberty allows the body to prepare for motherhood and future sexual life. Thanks to this substance, an adult woman retains youth and beauty, the good condition of her skin and a positive attitude towards life. If estrogen is normal, then the woman feels good and very often looks younger than her peers, who have a hormonal imbalance.

Types of sex hormones are interesting in that they can trigger "natural" mechanisms. So, estrogen is responsible for women's feelings - to babysit children and protect their home. But at the same time, we note that this substance has a calming effect. Therefore, it is taken by aggressive men in prisons. Also, this hormone can improve memory. That is why women during menopause often begin to have difficulty remembering. But the disadvantage for many women of this hormone is that it forces the body to accumulate fat. This is essential for women's health.

The second female hormone is progesterone. It contributes to the normal onset and course of pregnancy. It is produced by the adrenal glands and ovaries. It is also called the hormone of parental instinct, because thanks to it, a woman is physiologically and psychologically prepared for motherhood. Interestingly, the level of this hormone in the blood rises at a time when the girl sees small children.

The next hormone we'll look at is called prolactin. It is produced in the pituitary gland and is responsible for the growth and development of the mammary glands, milk production during feeding. Also, this hormone is called stress, as its amount increases with overwork, physical exertion or psychological trauma.

male hormones

There are few types of male hormones. The main one is testosterone, which is produced by the testicles and adrenal glands. It is also called the hormone of aggression, as it makes a man kill and hunt. Thanks to this substance, representatives of the strong half of humanity have an instinct to protect and provide for their home and family. In order for this hormone to be normal, a man needs regular physical activity. During puberty, the level of this substance rises greatly. Thanks to him, men grow a beard, and their voice becomes low.

Thyroid

What other types of hormones are there? The thyroid gland produces thyroxine, thyrecalcitonin, triiodothyronine. The first is responsible for the metabolism and excitability of the nervous system. Triiodothyronine is responsible for the same indicators as thyroxine, enhancing them. At the same time, we note that the lack of thyroid hormones in childhood threatens to delay physical and mental development. In adults, with hypofunction, lethargy, apathy and drowsiness are observed. With an excess of hormones, increased arousal and insomnia are observed. And the last hormone, thyrocalcitonin. It is responsible for the exchange of calcium in the body, reducing its level in the blood and increasing it in the bone tissue.

The parathyroid glands also produce parathyrin, the level of which increases with a decrease in calcium levels. We looked at the types of hormones and their functions. Now you understand why thyroid hormones are incredibly important for the body. It is no secret that this body is a real protector.

Pituitary

Now we will consider what types of hormones the pituitary gland produces. Growth hormone is a somatotropin that is responsible for the physical development and growth of the human body. It affects the increase in the size of the whole organism, stimulates the work of muscles and at the same time prevents the deposition of fat. Moreover, if there is a lack of this hormone, then the person suffers from dwarfism, and otherwise - gigantism. Then acromegaly can occur, which is characterized by increased production of somatotropin in adulthood. Because of this, some parts of the body grow, but the bones may lose their ability to elongate.

The next hormone we'll look at is prolactin. We have already talked about it above, but we will repeat it again. It is responsible for lactation, the menstrual cycle and the mammary glands. The next pituitary hormone is thyrotropin. Its main task is to stimulate the synthesis of thyroxine. Another substance that we will consider is corticotropin, which is involved in stimulating the adrenal glands and the formation of cortisol. However, an excess of this hormone can lead to Cushing's syndrome, which is characterized by fatty deposits in the upper body, general weakness, and a moon-shaped face.

Gonadotropins stimulate the maturation and development of sperm and eggs. Oxytocin is responsible for the normal course of childbirth, and also improves the overall psychological state of a person. Vasopressin protects the body from moisture loss by absorbing it into the kidneys and storing it. If the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is destroyed, then a person develops the disease diabetes insipidus, which is characterized by the loss of a huge amount of water.

Pancreas

We have considered almost all types of human hormones, except for pancreatic substances. It produces glucagon, which increases the amount of glucose in the blood and promotes the breakdown of sugar. Also, the pancreas synthesizes insulin, which lowers blood sugar and promotes glucose through the cell, making it a "building material". If the body lacks this compound, then a disease such as diabetes mellitus develops. The main symptoms are itching, profuse urination and intense thirst. If the disease is not treated for a long time, then it is manifested by pain in the limbs, decreased appetite, visual impairment, and even coma.

adrenal glands

There are hormones that affect certain types of metabolism. These include substances that are produced in the adrenal glands. These are cortisol, adrenaline and aldosterone. The first hormone is produced in large quantities during a stressful situation. It activates the defense process, the activity of the heart muscle and the brain. When cortisol levels rise, the belly, back, and back of the neck begin to gain more fat. At the same time, a strong decrease in the level of the hormone leads to a weakening of the immune system, and as a result, a person often gets sick as a result.

It is necessary to urgently consult a doctor in such cases, as this can lead to adrenal failure. Adrenaline is a hormone that causes feelings of danger and fear.

In this case, a person's blood sugar level rises, breathing quickens, and vascular tone increases. Thus, a person is prepared to the maximum for physical and mental stress. However, if there is too much of this hormone, then it can dull fear, which is fraught with consequences. Aldosterone regulates the water-salt balance. It affects the kidneys, giving them a signal about which substances should be left in the body and which should be removed.

We examined the types of male and female hormones, and now let's talk about the hormone of the pineal gland. This is melanin, which is responsible for the rhythms of the body, the sleep cycle and the deposition of fat. Also, everyone from school knows that this substance is responsible for the color of the skin and hair.

Taking hormones to achieve certain results

Now let's talk about the consequences of taking hormones for beauty. Very often, women decide to take such a step in order to achieve certain results and change their appearance. But the fact is that you can take such substances only as directed by a doctor. In the modern world, any information can be found on the Internet, so some girls decide to entrust their health and life to couch critics. After reading different opinions, they go to the pharmacy and buy drugs that sometimes even lead to paralysis. In no case should this be done, since even a doctor cannot always objectively say whether the hormone will harm or not.

The types of action of hormones are different, which is why if hormone therapy is needed, then you need to consult only with a qualified specialist who has been dealing with such issues for a long time. And even so, it is difficult to say how the body will behave when exposed to certain substances. We must understand that our body is not a mechanism, but a living system that actively responds to stimuli.

Balance

We examined the types of female hormones. From this, many understood how important they are. However, these substances play a key role in the health of absolutely all people. Therefore, you need to know how to establish hormonal balance. It is quite easy to do this by adjusting your lifestyle.

Firstly, it is very important to observe the daily routine. Only under this condition will a balance be established between rest and work. For example, when a person falls asleep, somatotropin is produced. If you fall asleep every day at completely different times, then this leads to a failure in the production of this substance. This is just one example, but it is clear how the daily routine affects the entire system.

It is also very important to stimulate the production of active substances through physical activity. 2-3 times a week, be sure to do fitness or dancing. But equally important is a balanced diet, in which there should be a sufficient amount of protein.

A very important factor that is often forgotten is the drinking regimen. For health, each person needs to drink about 2-2.5 liters of water per day. All this will help to establish hormonal balance. If these methods do not help, then intensive treatment is necessary. It is prescribed by a professional who studies the table of hormones and prescribes drugs containing synthetic analogues of human hormones.

Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland.

The glandular tissue of the anterior lobe produces:

- growth hormone (GH), or somatotropin, which affects all tissues of the body, increasing their anabolic activity (i.e., the processes of synthesis of body tissue components and increasing energy reserves).

- melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), which enhances the production of pigment by certain skin cells (melanocytes and melanophores);

- thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland;

- follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), related to gonadotropins: their action is directed to the sex glands .

Prolactin, sometimes referred to as PRL, is a hormone that stimulates the formation of mammary glands and lactation.

Posterior pituitary hormones

- vasopressin and oxytocin. Both hormones are produced in the hypothalamus but are stored and released in the posterior pituitary gland, which lies inferior to the hypothalamus. Vasopressin maintains the tone of blood vessels and is an antidiuretic hormone that affects water metabolism. Oxytocin causes uterine contractions and has the property of "letting go" of milk after childbirth.

Thyroid and parathyroid hormones.

The thyroid gland is located on the neck and consists of two lobes connected by a narrow isthmus. The four parathyroid glands are usually located in pairs, on the posterior and lateral surfaces of each lobe of the thyroid gland, although sometimes one or two may be slightly displaced.

The main hormones secreted by the normal thyroid gland are thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Once in the bloodstream, they bind - firmly but reversibly - to specific plasma proteins. T 4 binds more strongly than T 3 , and is not released as quickly, and therefore it acts more slowly, but for a longer time. Thyroid hormones stimulate protein synthesis and breakdown of nutrients to release heat and energy, which is manifested by increased oxygen consumption. These hormones also influence the metabolism of carbohydrates and, along with other hormones, regulate the rate of mobilization of free fatty acids from adipose tissue. In short, thyroid hormones have a stimulating effect on metabolic processes. Increased production of thyroid hormones causes thyrotoxicosis, and with their insufficiency, hypothyroidism, or myxedema, occurs.

Another compound found in the thyroid is a long-acting thyroid stimulant. It is a gamma globulin and probably causes the hyperthyroid state.

The hormone of the parathyroid glands is called parathyroid, or parathormone; it maintains a constant level of calcium in the blood: when it decreases, parathyroid hormone is released and activates the transfer of calcium from the bones to the blood until the calcium content in the blood returns to normal. Another hormone, calcitonin, has the opposite effect and is released when calcium levels in the blood are elevated. Calcitonin was previously thought to be secreted by the parathyroid glands, but now it has been shown to be produced in the thyroid gland. Increased production of parathyroid hormone causes bone disease, kidney stones, calcification of the renal tubules, and a combination of these disorders is possible. Parathyroid hormone deficiency is accompanied by a significant decrease in the level of calcium in the blood and is manifested by increased neuromuscular excitability, spasms and convulsions.

Adrenal hormones.

The adrenal glands are small structures located above each kidney. They consist of an outer layer called the cortex and an inner part called the medulla. Both parts have their own functions, and in some lower animals they are completely separate structures. Each of the two parts of the adrenal glands plays an important role both in the normal state and in diseases. For example, one of the hormones of the medulla - adrenaline - is necessary for survival, as it provides a reaction to a sudden danger. When it occurs, adrenaline is released into the blood and mobilizes carbohydrate stores for a rapid release of energy, increases muscle strength, causes pupil dilation and constriction of peripheral blood vessels. Thus, reserve forces are sent for “flight or fight”, and in addition, blood loss is reduced due to vasoconstriction and rapid blood clotting. Adrenaline also stimulates the secretion of ACTH (i.e. the hypothalamic-pituitary axis). ACTH, in turn, stimulates the release of cortisol by the adrenal cortex, resulting in an increase in the conversion of proteins into glucose, which is necessary to replenish the glycogen stores in the liver and muscles used during the anxiety reaction.

The adrenal cortex secretes three main groups of hormones: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex steroids (androgens and estrogens). The mineralocorticoids are aldosterone and deoxycorticosterone. Their action is mainly associated with the maintenance of salt balance. Glucocorticoids affect the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, as well as immunological defense mechanisms. The most important of the glucocorticoids are cortisol and corticosterone. Sex steroids, which play an auxiliary role, are similar to those synthesized in the gonads; these are dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, D 4 -androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone and some estrogens.

Excess cortisol leads to a serious metabolic disorder, causing hypergluconeogenesis, i.e. excessive conversion of proteins to carbohydrates. This condition, known as Cushing's syndrome, is characterized by loss of muscle mass, reduced carbohydrate tolerance, i.e. reduced intake of glucose from the blood into tissues (which is manifested by an abnormal increase in the concentration of sugar in the blood when it is taken from food), as well as demineralization of bones.

Excess secretion of androgens by tumors of the adrenal gland leads to masculinization. Tumors of the adrenal gland can also produce estrogens, especially in men, leading to feminization.

Hypofunction (reduced activity) of the adrenal glands occurs in acute or chronic form. Hypofunction is caused by a severe, rapidly developing bacterial infection that can damage the adrenal gland and lead to profound shock. In the chronic form, the disease develops due to partial destruction of the adrenal gland (for example, by a growing tumor or tuberculous process) or the production of autoantibodies. This condition, known as Addison's disease, is characterized by severe weakness, weight loss, low blood pressure, gastrointestinal disturbances, an increased need for salt, and skin pigmentation. Addison's disease, described in 1855 by T. Addison, was the first recognized endocrine disease.

Adrenaline and norepinephrine are the two main hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla. Adrenaline is considered a metabolic hormone due to its effect on carbohydrate stores and fat mobilization. Norepinephrine is a vasoconstrictor, i.e. it constricts blood vessels and raises blood pressure. The adrenal medulla is closely related to the nervous system; thus, norepinephrine is released by sympathetic nerves and acts as a neurohormone.

Excessive secretion of adrenal medulla hormones (medullary hormones) occurs in some tumors. Symptoms depend on which of the two hormones, adrenaline or norepinephrine, is produced in greater quantities, but the most common are sudden onsets of hot flashes, sweating, anxiety, palpitations, as well as headache and hypertension.

testicular hormones.

The testicles (testicles) have two parts, being glands of both external and internal secretion. As glands of external secretion, they produce sperm, and the endocrine function is carried out by the Leydig cells contained in them, which secrete male sex hormones (androgens), in particular D 4 -androstenedione and testosterone, the main male hormone. Leydig cells also produce small amounts of estrogen (estradiol).

The testicles are under the control of gonadotropins. Gonadotropin FSH stimulates the formation of sperm (spermatogenesis). Under the influence of another gonadotropin, LH, Leydig cells secrete testosterone. Spermatogenesis occurs only with a sufficient amount of androgens. Androgens, in particular testosterone, are responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in men.

Violation of the endocrine function of the testes is reduced in most cases to insufficient secretion of androgens. For example, hypogonadism is a decrease in testicular function, including testosterone secretion, spermatogenesis, or both. The cause of hypogonadism may be a disease of the testes, or - indirectly - functional insufficiency of the pituitary gland.

Increased secretion of androgens occurs in Leydig cell tumors and leads to excessive development of male sexual characteristics, especially in adolescents. Sometimes testicular tumors produce estrogens, causing feminization. In the case of a rare tumor of the testes - choriocarcinoma - so many chorionic gonadotropins are produced that the analysis of the minimum amount of urine or serum gives the same results as during pregnancy in women. The development of choriocarcinoma can lead to feminization.

Ovarian hormones.

The ovaries have two functions: the development of eggs and the secretion of hormones. The ovarian hormones are estrogens, progesterone and D4-androstenedione. Estrogens determine the development of female secondary sexual characteristics. Ovarian estrogen, estradiol, is produced in the cells of the growing follicle, the sac that surrounds the developing egg. As a result of the action of both FSH and LH, the follicle matures and ruptures, releasing the egg. The torn follicle then turns into the so-called. the corpus luteum, which secretes both estradiol and progesterone. These hormones work together to prepare the uterine lining (endometrium) for the implantation of a fertilized egg. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum undergoes regression; this stops the secretion of estradiol and progesterone, and the endometrium exfoliates, causing menstruation.

Although the ovaries contain many immature follicles, during each menstrual cycle, usually only one of them matures, releasing an egg. The excess follicles undergo reverse development throughout the reproductive period of a woman's life. Degenerating follicles and remnants of the corpus luteum become part of the stroma, the supporting tissue of the ovary. Under certain circumstances, specific stromal cells are activated and secrete the precursor of active androgenic hormones, D 4 -androstenedione. Stroma activation occurs, for example, with polycystic ovaries, a disease associated with impaired ovulation. As a result of this activation, an excess of androgens is produced, which can cause hirsutism (pronounced hairiness).

Reduced secretion of estradiol occurs with underdevelopment of the ovaries. Ovarian function also decreases at menopause, as the supply of follicles is depleted and, as a result, estradiol secretion decreases, which is accompanied by a number of symptoms, the most characteristic of which are hot flashes. Excess estrogen production is usually associated with ovarian tumors. The greatest number of menstrual disorders are caused by an imbalance of ovarian hormones and ovulation disorders.

Hormones of the human placenta.

The placenta is a porous membrane that connects the embryo (fetus) to the wall of the mother's uterus. It secretes human chorionic gonadotropin and human placental lactogen. Like the ovaries, the placenta produces progesterone and a number of estrogens.

Chorionic gonadotropin (CG).

Implantation of a fertilized egg is facilitated by maternal hormones - estradiol and progesterone. On the seventh day after fertilization, the human embryo is strengthened in the endometrium and receives nutrition from maternal tissues and from the bloodstream. The detachment of the endometrium, which causes menstruation, does not occur, because the embryo secretes hCG, due to which the corpus luteum is preserved: the estradiol and progesterone produced by it maintain the integrity of the endometrium. After implantation of the embryo, the placenta begins to develop, continuing to secrete CG, which reaches its highest concentration around the second month of pregnancy. Determining the concentration of hCG in the blood and urine is the basis of pregnancy tests.

Human placental lactogen (PL).

In 1962, PL was found in high concentrations in placental tissue, in blood flowing from the placenta, and in maternal peripheral blood serum. PL was found to be similar, but not identical, to human growth hormone. It is a powerful metabolic hormone. Influencing carbohydrate and fat metabolism, it contributes to the preservation of glucose and nitrogen-containing compounds in the mother's body and thereby ensures the supply of the fetus with a sufficient amount of nutrients; at the same time, it causes the mobilization of free fatty acids - the energy source of the mother's body.

Progesterone.

During pregnancy, the blood (and urine) of a woman gradually increases the level of pregnandiol, a metabolite of progesterone. Progesterone is secreted mainly by the placenta, and cholesterol from the mother's blood serves as its main precursor. Progesterone synthesis does not depend on precursors produced by the fetus, judging by the fact that it practically does not decrease several weeks after the death of the fetus; the synthesis of progesterone also continues in cases where the removal of the fetus was performed in patients with abdominal ectopic pregnancy, but the placenta was preserved.

Estrogens.

The first reports of high levels of estrogen in the urine of pregnant women appeared in 1927, and it soon became clear that such levels are maintained only in the presence of a live fetus. Later it was found that with an abnormality of the fetus associated with a violation of the development of the adrenal glands, the content of estrogen in the mother's urine is significantly reduced. This suggested that the hormones of the adrenal cortex of the fetus serve as precursors of estrogen. Further studies have shown that dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, present in fetal plasma, is the main precursor of estrogens such as estrone and estradiol, and 16-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone, also of fetal origin, is the main precursor of another placental estrogen, estriol. Thus, the normal excretion of estrogens in the urine during pregnancy is determined by two conditions: the adrenal glands of the fetus must synthesize the precursors in the right amount, and the placenta must convert them into estrogens.

Hormones of the pancreas.

The pancreas performs both internal and external secretion. The exocrine (relating to external secretion) component is digestive enzymes that, in the form of inactive precursors, enter the duodenum through the pancreatic duct. Internal secretion is provided by the islets of Langerhans, represented by several types of cells: alpha cells secrete the hormone glucagon, beta cells secrete insulin. The main action of insulin is to lower the level of glucose in the blood, carried out mainly in three ways: 1) inhibition of the formation of glucose in the liver; 2) inhibition in the liver and muscles of the breakdown of glycogen (a polymer of glucose, which the body can convert into glucose if necessary); 3) stimulation of the use of glucose by tissues. Insufficient secretion of insulin or its increased neutralization by autoantibodies leads to high blood glucose levels and the development of diabetes mellitus. The main action of glucagon is to increase the level of glucose in the blood by stimulating its production in the liver. While insulin and glucagon are primarily responsible for maintaining physiological blood glucose levels, other hormones such as growth hormone, cortisol, and adrenaline also play a significant role.

Gastrointestinal hormones.

The hormones of the gastrointestinal tract are gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin and pancreozymin. These are polypeptides secreted by the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract in response to specific stimulation. It is believed that gastrin stimulates the secretion of hydrochloric acid; cholecystokinin controls the emptying of the gallbladder, and secretin and pancreozymin regulate the secretion of pancreatic juice.

Neurohormones

- a group of chemical compounds secreted by nerve cells (neurons). These compounds have hormone-like properties, stimulating or inhibiting the activity of other cells; they include the releasing factors mentioned earlier, as well as neurotransmitters whose function is to transmit nerve impulses through the narrow synaptic cleft that separates one nerve cell from another. Neurotransmitters include dopamine, adrenaline, norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine, acetylcholine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid.

In the mid-1970s, a number of new neurotransmitters with morphine-like analgesic effects were discovered; they got the name "endorphins", i.e. "internal morphine". Endorphins are able to bind to special receptors in brain structures; as a result of this binding, impulses are sent to the spinal cord, which block the transmission of incoming pain signals. The analgesic effect of morphine and other opiates is undoubtedly due to their similarity to endorphins, ensuring their binding to the same pain-blocking receptors.

The optimal course of physiological processes, the growth and development of the body, the birth of a new life, behavioral reactions, the correct response to stress is impossible without the participation of biologically active substances. The concentration of the secretion of the endocrine glands is very low, but the effect on tissues and organs is difficult to overestimate.

It is interesting to know how specific regulators affect the functioning of the heart, gastrointestinal tract, central nervous system, blood vessels, muscles, sex glands. Human hormones and their functions. A table describing the main bioactive components will help to understand why hormonal imbalance is the basis of many diseases.

General information about hormones

Certain organs also produce specific substances. Metabolic processes, development, puberty, conception, pregnancy, childbirth, stability of glucose levels, reactions to stress are only a small part of the functions of important components of the endocrine system. Despite the small amount, hormones regulate the work and interaction of all systems and internal organs.

The signal molecule is a product of the functioning of endocrine cells. The task is to regulate body functions when interacting with target cell receptors.

There are two types of regulators:

• major hormones (about 100). After synthesis, the substances penetrate into the lymph, bloodstream, cerebrospinal fluid, then enter certain tissues or organs, affect cells. Fat components get inside the units, protein structures begin to act on the surface of cell membranes;
• activating hormones. Specific substances are not included in the main categories, do not directly affect the functioning of the body. Their task is to support the optimal process of synthesis of the main regulators. The production of specific components occurs in the pituitary gland (anterior lobe) and.

The endocrine system and internal organs produce several types of hormones:

• classic. Substances are produced by endocrine cells, a distant effect on target organs is manifested;
• tissue hormones or hormonoids. Regulators exercise local influence;
• metabolites or parathyroid hormones. Production occurs not for regulation, but a stable concentration maintains the course of physiological processes;
• neurotransmitters. The place of synthesis is the nerve endings, the role is mediators in the important synaptic transmission of impulses.

On a note! The period of action of bioactive substances ranges from milliseconds (neurotransmitters) to days (thyroid hormones). The number of target organs and tissues depends on the category and type of regulator: some bioactive substances affect all systems.

Types and categories of specific substances

The human body produces several categories of hormones. Each type of regulator is responsible for the stability of certain processes. Some types of hormones affect the secretion of other bioactive substances: they suppress or activate the synthesis of specific components.

Classification of hormones by chemical structure:

• fats;
• derivatives of amino acids;
• steroids;
• proteins;
• peptides.

Functions in the body

An important task of the complex of bioactive substances is to maintain the constancy of physiological processes, ensure the optimal functioning of systems, and prevent metabolic disorders. A change in the level of one regulator often affects the secretion of other components (, and, and bioactive substances of the thyroid gland, and adrenal hormones).

Hormones perform many important functions:

• regulate the concentration of glucose;
• activate immune defense;
• affect metabolic processes and weight stability;
• help the body cope with shock, stress, heavy physical exertion, active actions;
• provide the growth of various types of tissues: muscles, bones, affect the regeneration of hair, skin, mucous membranes, nails;
• regulate behavioral responses and mood;
• support the provision of tissues with energy;
• help a person feel the change in daily rhythms;
• prepare the body for the beginning of a new life stage: puberty, menopause;
• maintain a sufficient level of sexual desire, prevent erectile dysfunction;
• affect the stability of the cycle, the preparation of the body for conception, maintain pregnancy, ensure the correct course of childbirth;
• control appetite, satiety and hunger.

What does elevated mean and what diseases does it indicate? We have an answer!

The page is written about what medications to take with menopause from hot flashes and how to alleviate the condition during hormonal changes.

Indications for hormone testing

Violation of the secretion of regulators of various categories to a greater or lesser extent affects the natural processes in the body. Symptoms of endocrine pathologies are largely non-specific: many patients are unaware that ineffective acne treatment, infertility or is associated with. To clarify the diagnosis, it is necessary to study the level of regulators of various kinds.

A visit to an endocrinologist is needed when one or more of the following signs appear:

• sleep disturbance;
• frequent colds, decreased immunity;
• abnormal growth of the skeleton, disproportionate limbs, thickening of the palms and fingers;
• causeless apathy, lethargy, general weakness;
• nails begin to exfoliate and break, hair falls out, the work of the sebaceous glands changes significantly;
• potency is disturbed, erectile dysfunction occurs, sexual desire decreases;
• a person becomes nervous, easily irritated, unreasonable aggression appears;
• the ratio of adipose and muscle tissue changes dramatically, areas with excessive accumulation of fat appear, or fullness is noticeable in all parts of the body;
• there are problems with the heart and blood vessels, pressure fluctuations are noted, the heartbeat is disturbed, shortness of breath appears;
• metabolic processes proceed incorrectly;
• the level rises or drops sharply, the patient is thirsty, the skin dries, wounds heal poorly, urine excretion becomes more frequent, appetite is disturbed (signs);
• pregnancy does not occur in a couple who does not use contraceptives for six months or more;
• the menstrual cycle becomes irregular;
• abundant rashes appear on the face and body during puberty: acne or acne, treatment of affected areas with external agents does not give a lasting result;
• often disturbed by manifestations of menopausal or premenstrual syndrome.

The human body is a complex system with specific methods of regulation of natural processes. To influence target cells, the endocrine glands and some internal organs produce bioactive substances - hormones. Excess and deficiency of regulators provokes the development of pathologies of various kinds. It is useful for people of any age to study the table with the writing of bioactive components and their functions.

Video about the role of hormones in metabolism, human growth and development: