The agrarian question in the 19th century. Domestic Policy of Alexander III - Knowledge Hypermarket

Alexander III refused to continue the liberal reforms begun by his father. He took a firm course in preserving the foundations of autocracy. Reformatory activity was continued only in the field of economics.

Domestic policy:

Alexander III knew that his father, shortly before his death, approved the project of the Minister of the Interior, Loris-Melikov. This project could be the beginning of creating the foundations of a constitutional monarchy. The new emperor had only to formally approve it at a special meeting of senior officials. The meeting took place March 8, 1881. On it, the supporters of the project were in the majority, but the emperor unexpectedly supported the minority. As a result, the Loris-Melikov project was rejected.

AT April 1881 year, the king addressed the people with a manifesto in which he outlined the main task of his reign: the preservation of autocratic power.

After that, Loris-Melikov and several other liberal-minded ministers resigned.

However, the king did not immediately depart from the course of transformation. N. P. Ignatiev, a supporter of reforms, was appointed Minister of the Interior. The moderate liberal N.H. Bunge became the Minister of Finance. The new ministers continued the reform of local self-government begun by Loris-Melikov. To summarize the material received from the zemstvos, a special commission was created, which included senators and representatives of the zemstvos. However, their work was soon stopped.

AT May 1882 Ignatiev was removed from his post. He paid the price for trying to convince the tsar to convene the Zemsky Sobor. The era of turbulent reforms is over. The era of the fight against "sedition" began.

AT 80s The political system of the Russian Empire began to acquire the features of a police state. There were Departments for the protection of order and public security - "Okhranka". Their task was to spy on opponents of power. The Minister of the Interior and the governors-general were given the right to declare any area of ​​the country in a "state of exception." Local authorities could expel unwanted persons without a court decision, refer court cases to a military court instead of a civil one, suspend the publication of newspapers and magazines, and close educational institutions. The strengthening of the position of the nobility and the attack on local self-government began.

AT July 1889 The law on zemstvo district chiefs was issued. He abolished elective and non-estate positions and institutions: mediators, county institutions for peasant affairs and the world court. In the provinces, zemstvo sections were created, headed by zemstvo chiefs. Only nobles could hold this position. The zemsky chief controlled the communal self-government of the peasants, considered petty court cases instead of a magistrate, approved the sentences of the volost peasant court, resolved land disputes, etc. In fact, in a peculiar form, the pre-reform power of the landowners was returning. The peasants, in fact, were placed in personal dependence on the zemstvo chiefs, who received the right to subject the peasants to punishment without trial, including corporal punishment.

AT 1890"Regulations on provincial and district zemstvo institutions" were published. Zemstvo self-government became a part of state administration, a grassroots cell of power. It was already difficult to call it a self-governing structure. The estate principles intensified during the election of zemstvos: the landowning curia became purely noble, the number of vowels from it increased, and the property qualification decreased. On the other hand, the property qualification for the city curia increased sharply, and the peasant curia practically lost its independent representation. Thus, the zemstvos actually became nobility.

AT 1892 a new township was issued. The right of the authorities to intervene in the affairs of city self-government was officially enshrined, the electoral qualification was sharply increased, and the mayors were declared to be in the public service. Thus, the essence of urban self-government was actually emasculated.

Politics in the field of education.

In the field of education, the authorities began to pursue an unambiguous policy aimed at ensuring that the “lower classes” did not have access to a full-fledged education. This was also one of the ways to combat "sedition".

AT 1884 Universities almost doubled tuition fees. Any student organizations are prohibited. A new university charter was introduced, according to which universities were deprived of autonomy.

AT 1887 Minister of Public Education Delyanov issued an order, called the law on "cook's children". Its meaning was to make it difficult for children from the lower strata of society to enter the gymnasium in every possible way. Tuition fees have increased. Restrictions were introduced on the right to enter the gymnasium. Everything was done to ensure that the children of coachmen, lackeys, cooks did not enter them, who "should not be taken out of the environment to which they belong."

An ardent conservative, chief prosecutor of the Synod and a member of the Committee of Ministers, K.P. Pobedonostsev, also made his contribution to the school business. He spoke out against zemstvo schools, believing that the children of peasants did not need the knowledge received there at all. Pobedonostsev contributed to the spread of parochial schools, where the only teacher was the parish priest.

AT 1886 at the insistence of Pobedonostsev, the Higher Women's Courses were also closed.

Print policy.

Press harassment began.

AT 1882 The Conference of Four Ministers was formed, endowed with the right to prohibit the publication of any printed organ. In it, Pobedonostsev played the first violin.

AT 1883-1885 9 publications were closed by decision of the Four Ministers' Conference. Among them were the popular magazines "Voice" by Kraevsky and "Notes of the Fatherland" by Saltykov-Shchedrin.

AT 1884 for the first time in Russia, a “cleansing” of libraries was carried out. 133 individual book titles were considered "inadmissible".

Attempts to solve the peasant problem.

AT December 1881 A law was passed on the mandatory redemption of peasant allotments. The law terminated the temporarily obligated state of the peasants. The redemption of land by peasants is facilitated. Redemption payments were reduced.

The next reform gradually abolished the poll tax.

AT 1882 measures were taken to alleviate the shortage of land of the peasants. The Peasant Bank was established, which provided soft loans for the purchase of land by peasants. The lease of state lands has been facilitated.

AT 1889 migration law passed. Settlers received significant benefits: they were exempted from taxes and military service for 3 years, and in the next 3 years they paid taxes in half, received small cash benefits.

AT 1893 A law was passed that limited the possibility of peasants leaving the community. Another law narrowed the rights of the community to redistribute the land and assigned allotments to the peasants. The redistribution period could not be less than 12 years. It was forbidden to sell communal lands.

The beginning of labor legislation.

AT 1882 work of children under 12 is prohibited. The working day of children is limited to 8 hours (instead of the previous 12-15 hours). A special factory inspectorate was introduced to supervise the implementation of the law.

AT 1885 night work for women and minors is prohibited.

AT 1886 the law on the relationship between employers and workers. He limited the amount of fines, and all fine money now went to a special fund that went to pay benefits to the workers themselves. Special paybooks were introduced, which stipulated the conditions for hiring a worker. At the same time, the severe responsibility of workers for taking part in strikes is envisaged.

Russia became the first country in the world to exercise control over the working conditions of workers.

Economic development in the 80s.XIX century.

Under Alexander III, the government made energetic efforts aimed at developing domestic industry and capitalist principles in the organization of production.

AT May 1881 the post of Minister of Finance was taken by a prominent scientist-economist N.Kh.Bunge. He saw the main task of the government in the adoption of laws favorable for the development of the economy. In the first place, he put the reform of the tax system. Bunge came out in favor of easing the taxation of peasants, achieved a reduction in redemption payments and began the gradual abolition of the poll tax. To compensate for the losses of the state from these measures, he introduced indirect taxes and taxes on income. Excise duties were established on vodka, tobacco, sugar, and oil. New taxes were imposed on city houses, trade, crafts, and customs duties were raised. Measures were taken to develop Russian industry. The increase in customs duties was one such measure. They not only brought income to the state treasury. Bunge also perceived them as a measure protecting domestic industry from foreign rivalry. Duties raised the price of foreign goods, which reduced their competitiveness and had a positive effect on the development of domestic production.

AT 1887 Bunge resigned, and Professor I.A. Vyshnegradsky took his chair. He considered his main task to be the rapid improvement of the state of monetary circulation in the country. To this end, the Ministry of Finance accumulated large reserves of money, and then took an active part in transactions on foreign exchanges. As a result, the purchasing power of the ruble increased.

The government continued the policy of increasing customs duties.

AT 1891 established a new customs tariff. Now imported products of mechanical engineering, and not just raw materials, as it was before, began to be subject to increased fees.

Vyshnegradsky did a lot to attract foreign capital to the country. This was facilitated, among other things, by high customs duties: foreign companies opened their plants and factories in Russia so that their goods were competitive in price. As a result, new industries, new jobs and new sources of replenishment of the state budget appeared.

AT 1892 S.Yu. Witte was appointed Minister of Finance. He continued the economic policies of his predecessors. Witte developed an economic program that included:

Carrying out a tough tax policy, increasing indirect taxes, introducing a state monopoly on the production and sale of vodka;

Further increase in customs duties to protect the developing Russian industry from foreign competition;

Monetary reform to strengthen the ruble;

Widespread attraction of foreign capital to the country.

The program approved by Alexander III was successfully implemented even after his death.

Foreign policy.

The main tasks of Russian foreign policy in the 80-90s:

Strengthening influence in the Balkans;

Good neighborly relations with all countries;

Search for allies;

Establishment of peace and borders in the south of Central Asia;

Consolidation of Russia in the new territories of the Far East.

Balkan direction.

After the Berlin Congress, the role of Germany and Austria-Hungary in the Balkans increased. At the same time, Russian influence in the region was undermined.

At first, everything went well for Russia. Petersburg developed a constitution for Bulgaria, freed from the Turkish yoke. The Head of Bulgaria, Prince Alexander Battenberg, appointed L.N. But after the coup committed by Prince Alexander, contradictions began to arise between Russia and Bulgaria. Alexander III demanded to restore the constitution. This, as well as the excessive and not entirely skillful interference of Russian officials in the internal affairs of the country, made the prince an implacable enemy of Russia. Then Russia did not support the uprising of the Bulgarians in Eastern Rumelia and their desire to annex the province, subordinate to Turkey, to Bulgaria. These actions were not coordinated with the Russian government, which caused the wrath of Alexander III. The emperor demanded that the decisions of the Berlin Congress be strictly observed. This position of Russia caused a wide wave of anti-Russian sentiments in the Balkans. In 1886 diplomatic relations between Russia and Bulgaria were severed. Russia's influence in Serbia and Romania also weakened.

Search for allies.

AT 1887 relations between Germany and France heated up to the limit. War seemed inevitable. But Alexander III, using family ties, kept the German emperor from attacking France. This provoked the wrath of the German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, who imposed tough economic sanctions against Russia: he banned the provision of loans, increased import duties for Russian goods to Germany. After that, the rapprochement between Russia and France began, which provided Russia with large loans.

AT 1891 France and Russia agreed on mutual assistance and cooperation in the event of a military threat to one of the parties.

AT 1892 signed a military convention between Russia and France. A Russian-French alliance was created, which became a counterweight to the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.

Thanks to these actions of the Russian government, it was possible to avoid a war between Russia and Austria-Hungary and Germany against France. Peace was established in Europe for a long period.

Asian direction.

AT 1882 Russian troops took Ashgabat. The semi-nomadic Turkmen tribes were subjugated. The Transcaspian region was formed.

AT 1895 the border between Russia and Afghanistan was finally established. This was the end of the expansion of the borders of the Russian Empire in Central Asia.

Far East direction.

The isolation of this region from the center and the insecurity of Russia's maritime borders in the Far East led to the fact that American and Japanese industrialists plundered the region's natural resources. A clash of interests between Russia and Japan was inevitable. With the help of Germany, a strong army was created in Japan, many times greater in number than the Russian troops in the Far East. Japan began to intensively prepare for war with Russia. Russia needed to take measures to protect itself from the threat from the East. Economic and military reasons forced the Russian government to start building the Great Siberian Route - the Trans-Siberian Railway.

slide 2

1. Attempts to solve the peasant question;
2. Education and press policy;
3. Beginning of labor legislation;
4. Strengthening the position of the nobility;
5. National and religious policy.

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The peasant policy of Alexander III had the most complex character, since agriculture remained the basis of the Russian economy. In agriculture, the echoes of serfdom were clearly manifested. Despite the fact that, after the reform, peasants were allowed to buy land, this provision applied mainly to "peasant householders." They received personal freedom without land, which they had to rent from their landowners. The peasants, having become officially free, fell into economic dependence on the landowners and had to turn into tenants of the landowners' land, or into farm laborers in the landowners' farms.

The reform of 1861 exhausted its positive charge in 20 years. Neither the landowners, deprived of cheap peasant labor, nor the peasants, left without the usual master's guardianship, could quickly adapt to new conditions. “The government had to show both sides the way and give the means to get out of the difficulties that had arisen,” notes V.O. Klyuchevsky. New measures were required that would make the peasants full members of society and help him adapt to market relations. Alexander III tried in his own way to change the position of the peasants in Russia. So, for example, according to the law on December 26, 1881, a mandatory redemption was made in all internal provinces, and in 1882 the Peasant Land Bank began to operate, which issued an affordable long-term loan to peasants for the purchase of land that peasants with insufficient plots needed. For more than twenty years of its activity, the Bank has helped peasants to buy more than 7 million acres in excess of allotment land…. Other measures were taken to eliminate or weaken the conditions that destroy the peasant economy: rules were issued for streamlining peasant family divisions (law of May 18, 1886) and family redistribution (the shortest period for redistribution is 12 years according to the law of June 8, 1893), on hiring for rural work, peasant migrations. In 1883, all peasants who had not yet concluded redemption deals with the landowners were transferred to compulsory redemption. The amount of redemption payments was reduced by one ruble from each cheap allotment. In this regard, V.O. Klyuchevsky notes in his work: “The allocation of land to the peasants, as well as the following obligations in favor of the landowner, are determined mainly by a voluntary agreement between the landowners and peasants or by law, on the basis of local regulations, when such an agreement does not take place; the terms of an agreement or mandatory development of relations between the parties are set out for each rural society or opinion in a special act - the so-called statutory charter. The peasants were granted the right to buy out their estates; the landowner's consent is required to acquire ownership of a field plot. When peasants acquire property, along with settled settlement and field allotment, assistance is provided from the government through a redemption operation (buyout).

Thus, with the acquisition of ownership of allotments without assistance or with the assistance of the government, the peasants formed a social community called "peasant owners". By the beginning of the reign of Alexander III, over 130 million acres of land were in the hands of the peasants, not counting the lands acquired by the peasants in excess of allotments (at least 5 million acres).

The crisis of the allotment system became more and more obvious. He testified to the massive collapse of the patriarchal peasant economy. The economic significance of allotment land was ultimately determined by many and often oppositely directed factors: the size of the allotment, the quality of the soil, the ratio of payments and prices for renting and buying land, the ratio of income from the allotment to the level of wages in various kinds of crafts, etc. Accordingly, historians note conflicting indications of what role the allotment played in the rural economy and how the peasants valued it.

Naturally, the peasants were more attached to their allotments in the Middle Agricultural Zone, where there were fewer other earnings on which they could firmly count and that these earnings were sufficient, where land became more expensive, and in general all socio-economic processes developed more slowly. The fact that in the Agricultural Zone the peasants “kept on the allotment, from which they received up to 80% of their livelihood, because it was possible to rent land at a price significantly higher than payments for the allotment, and due to the fact that the income from the allotment left there all the same some profit to the peasant after his settlements with the tax collector,” wrote P.G. Ryndzyunsky.

But even in the middle agricultural provinces, allotment land use weighed heavily on the peasants. Temporarily obliged peasants “in different places of the Saratov province completely refused the land provided to them, so that it“ lay in vain ”, or the landlords already rented it out to outsiders on their own. In Tsaritsyno Uyezd, half of all temporarily indebted peasants "rebelled" in this way. P.G. Ryndzyunsky gives information about the refusal of allotments, about the desire of many peasants to free themselves from the forced communal allotment of land, based on statistical information from non-chernozem industrial regions.

All the measures taken did not eliminate the conditions that led the peasants to landlessness, they only artificially kept the land in the hands of the peasant, by no means improving his situation. Some of the landowners turned to intensive farming methods, started rational farms, bought equipment, but free workers did not master the new agricultural techniques, did not want and could not use machines. Despite the credit support of the state, the landowners went bankrupt: “the debt of the landowners to the state was equal to several annual budgets of Russia. Alexander III was unable to positively change the position of the peasants and somehow help this poorest estate in Russia.

But then Alexander III decided to go in the opposite direction, he made attempts to strengthen the landed estates in order to strengthen the power of the landed nobility over the peasants. He decided to adhere to the patriarchal order in the village.

In the same years, a number of laws were adopted (Rules for streamlining peasant family divisions (law of May 18, 1886); Rules of family redistribution (law of June 8, 1893), which made it difficult for family divisions, exit from the community of individual peasants and land redistribution. These laws were intended to drive the peasants into a large patriarchal family and community, to strengthen the supervisory supervision over them.In such an environment, it was difficult for the peasant to take economic initiative in order to get out of growing poverty.By the middle of the nineteenth century, the rural community reached its highest development, which was facilitated not only by themselves peasants, but also the specific administration and landowners. The peasant community satisfied the interests of all interested parties: peasants, the state and landlords. For example, the police function - the most official of all the functions of the community - was equally necessary for peasants, the state and landowners, since all three parties equally needed in maintaining public order in the territory and communities. “The reverse side of the process of legalization of the rural community, - noted in the work of B.N. Mironov, - there was a strengthening of the police function, which turned the community into one of the subjects of serfdom and created another type of serfdom relations, which can be called corporate serfdom. An individual peasant fell under such strong power and guardianship of the community that he could not take any important action without its sanction. The further development of corporate serfdom led to the gradual humanization of social control. Opening the question of the main functions of the community, B.N. Mironov singles out and characterizes each of them (administrative, industrial, financial and tax, law-making and judicial, police, representative, social protection, cultural, educational and religious).

The existence of communal self-government served as a serious obstacle to landlord arbitrariness, so the peasants firmly defended the community from the encroachment on it by the landowners. The state considered the community as a factor stabilizing the social order in the countryside, therefore, until the beginning of the 20th century, it supported the communal system in the countryside.

The communal system of the Belarusian and Ukrainian peasantry had some peculiarities. They had communal ownership of the land, but there were no redistributions. Arable land was distributed by the community for hereditary use, but in strips, and pastures were in common ownership. The existence of household-communal landownership was explained by the fact that these territories passed to Russia from Poland, where the concept of private property had deep roots and traditions. The stripes forced the peasants to have a single crop rotation, and the community to coordinate the time of the main agricultural work. Circular responsibility bound the peasants financially as well.

When D.A. Tolstoy, the oppression of the Zemstvos began again. In 1890, Alexander III carried out the Zemstvo counter-reform. Under the new law, government control over the zemstvos was strengthened. Peasant vowels began to be appointed by the governor from among the candidates declared at volost meetings. The village was more adherent to traditions, but new trends also penetrated into it. Correspondents of the Geographical Society reported from different parts of the country that "somewhat prosperous peasants are trying to imitate the townspeople."

The situation of the peasants in Russia in connection with the changes introduced by Alexander III in the peasant policy did not get better, on the contrary, the inconsistent activity of Alexander III in this matter aggravated their existence. The laws adopted during the reign of Alexander III "driven" the peasants into the community and strengthened supervision over them, toughened their living conditions, and increasingly contributed to the stratification of the peasantry. No matter how the class strata of the rural population diverged from each other, nevertheless, to one degree or another, they retained the features of small owners of the means of production. Petty-bourgeoisness - this was the common feature that linked the post-reform peasantry into a single whole, despite the class opposition of the groups included in it.

"Counter-reforms in the domestic policy of Alexander III" - Domestic policy of Alexander III. Change of government. The law on the obligatory redemption by peasants of their allotments. Regulations on measures for the protection of public order. Temporary rules on the press. Alexander III. Measures to mitigate the lack of land of the peasants. Personalities. Developments. Document. Exit of peasants from the community. Regulations on provincial and district zemstvo institutions. Ideology. Police State. Education policy.

"Counter-reforms of Alexander III" - Creation of the "Department for the maintenance of order and public security" - "Okhranka". Initially, she was the bride of Alexander's older brother Nikolai. Alexander III. Death of a migrant. 1889. Increasing censorship. I. A. Vyshnegradsky Minister of Finance in 1887 - 1892 S. Ivanov. No penalties may be imposed for other reasons. Protectionism 1897 - financial reform. Resignation of M. T. Loris-Melikov, Minister of War D. A. Milyutin and Minister of Finance A. A. Abaza.

"Economic development under Alexander 3" - The main directions of economic policy N.Kh. Bunge. The main directions of economic policy. Peasants. financial reform. Directions of economic policy I.A. Vyshnegradsky. Compare the economic policies of Alexander II and Alexander III. Economic boom of the 90s. Development of agriculture. Features of industrial development. Characteristics of economic policy. N.A. Vyshnegradsky.

"Alexander III and his domestic politics" - Educators. Manifesto. New appointments. The beginning of the reign. Rules for Jews. Resignations. Education policy. Counter-reform. Law on zemstvo district chiefs. Peasant question. Domestic policy. Alexander III and his domestic policy. The social origin of the populists. Regulations on provincial and district zemstvo institutions. Reign of Alexander III. Alexander III.

"Counter-reforms of Alexander 3" - Judicial counter-reform (1887-1894). Judicial reform. Start. Forced Russification. Alexander ruled in place of his deceased brother. 1845-1894 - the years of the reign of Alexander III. Tasks. Counter-reforms. Resignations. Portrait. New appointments. National and religious policy. Domestic policy of Alexander III. The activities of Alexander III are called counter-reforms. Educators. Circular about cook's children.

"The domestic policy of Alexander 3" - University counter-reform. Circulars of the Main Censorship Committee. Resignation of N.P. Ignatiev. Attempts at judicial counter-reform. I will never allow limitations on autocratic power. In 1887, the property qualification for jurors was significantly increased. Ministry of N.P. Ignatiev. From an article by Pobedonostsev. Alexander III. Zemstvo counter-reform. Class composition of the Zemstvo assemblies. It was not possible to completely eliminate the judicial charters of 1864.

The policy of the autocracy in the agrarian-peasant question in the 1980s and 1990s was characterized by a combination of reactionary measures with some concessions to the peasantry.

On December 28, 1881, decrees were issued on the reduction of redemption payments and on the mandatory transfer of peasants who were in a temporarily obligated position for redemption. According to the first decree, the redemption payments of peasants for the allotments provided to them were reduced by 16%, and according to the second decree, from the beginning of 1883, 15% of the former landlord peasants, who had remained in a temporarily obligated position by that time, were transferred to compulsory redemption.

On May 18, 1882, the Peasant Land Bank was established (begun to function in 1883), which issued loans for the purchase of land, both to individual householders and rural societies and partnerships. The establishment of this bank pursued the goal of alleviating the sharpness of the agrarian question. As a rule, landlords' lands were sold through him. Through him in 1883-1900. peasants were sold 5 million acres of land.

The law of May 18, 1886 from January 1, 1887 (in Siberia since 1899) abolished the poll tax from taxable estates, introduced by Peter I. However, its abolition was accompanied by an increase of 45% of taxes from state peasants by transferring them from 1886 for redemption, as well as an increase in direct taxes from the entire population by 1/3 and indirect taxes twice.

In the early 1990s, laws were issued aimed at strengthening the peasant community. The law of June 8, 1893 limited periodic land redistributions, which from now on were allowed to be carried out no more than 12 years later, and with the consent of at least 2/3 of households. The law of December 14 of the same year "On certain measures to prevent the alienation of peasant allotment lands" prohibited the mortgage of peasant allotment lands, and the lease of the allotment was limited to the boundaries of one's own community. Therefore, the law canceled Article 165 of the "Regulations on Redemption", according to which the peasant could redeem his allotment ahead of schedule and stand out from the community. The law of December 14, 1893 was directed against the increasing pledges and sale of peasant allotment lands - the government saw this as a guarantee of the solvency of the peasant household. By such measures, the government sought to further attach the peasant to the allotment, to limit his freedom of movement.

However, the redistribution, sale and leasing of peasant allotment lands, the abandonment of allotments by the peasants and the withdrawal to the cities continued, bypassing the laws, which turned out to be powerless to suspend the objective, capitalist nature, processes in the countryside. Could these government measures also ensure the solvency of the peasant household, as evidenced by official statistics. So, in 1891, in 18 thousand villages of 48 provinces, an inventory of peasant property was made, in 2.7 thousand villages the property of peasants was sold for a pittance to pay off arrears. In 1891-1894. 87.6 thousand peasant allotments were taken away for arrears, 38 thousand arrears were arrested, about 5 thousand were sent to forced labor.

Proceeding from its main idea of ​​the leading role of the nobility, the autocracy in the agrarian issue carried out a number of measures aimed at supporting the noble landownership and landlord economy. In order to strengthen the economic position of the nobility, on April 21, 1885, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the Charter to the nobility, the Noble Bank was established, which gave loans to landowners on the security of their land on favorable terms. Already in the first year of its activity, the bank issued loans to the landowners in the amount of 69 million rubles, and by the end of the 19th century. their amount exceeded 1 billion rubles.

In the interests of the noble landowners on June 1, 1886, the "Regulations on hiring for rural work" was issued. It expanded the rights of the employer-landowner, who could demand the return of workers who left before the expiration of the term of employment, make deductions from their wages not only for material damage caused to the owner, but also for "rudeness", "disobedience", etc., subject to arrest and bodily punishment. In order to provide the landlords with labor force, the new law of June 13, 1889 significantly limited the resettlement of peasants. The local administration undertook to send the "unauthorized" migrant to his former place of residence step by step. And yet, despite this harsh law, ten years after its publication, the number of migrants increased several times, and 85% of them were "unauthorized" migrants.