Type of speech narration sentence examples. Functional-semantic types of speech. Description as a type of speech. Narrative in various areas of communication

Reference

Depending on the content of the statement, our speech can be divided into the following types: description, narration, reasoning. Each type of speech has distinctive features.

Description - this is an image of a phenomenon of reality, an object, a person by listing and disclosing its main features. For example, when describing a portrait, we will point to such features as height, posture, gait, hair color, eyes, age, smile, etc.; the description of the room will contain such features as size, wall decoration, furniture features, number of windows, etc.; when describing a landscape, these features will be trees, a river, grass, a sky or a lake, etc. Common to all types of description is the simultaneity of the manifestation of features. The purpose of the description is for the reader to see the subject of the description, to present it in his mind.

The description can be used in any style of speech, but in the scientific characterization of the subject should be as complete as possible, and in the artistic, the emphasis is only on the brightest details. Therefore, the language means in the scientific and artistic style are more diverse than in the scientific: there are not only adjectives and nouns, but also verbs, adverbs, comparisons are very common, various figurative uses of words.

Narration is a story, a message about an event in its temporal sequence. The peculiarity of the narrative is that it talks about actions following one after another. For all narrative texts, the beginning of the event (outset), the development of the event, the end of the event (denouement) are common. The story can be told in a third person. This is the author's story. It can also come from the first person: the narrator is named or indicated by the personal pronoun I.

In such texts, verbs in the form of the past tense of the perfect form are often used. But, in order to give expressiveness to the text, others are used simultaneously with them: the verb in the form of the past tense of the imperfect form makes it possible to single out one of the actions, denoting its duration; present tense verbs make it possible to present actions as if taking place before the eyes of the reader or listener; forms of the future tense with a particle like (how to jump), as well as forms like clap, jump help to convey the swiftness, surprise of this or that action.

Narration as a type of speech is very common in such genres as memoirs, letters.

Narrative example:

I began to stroke Yashkin's paw and I think: just like a baby's. And tickled his hand. And the baby somehow pulls his paw - and me on the cheek. I did not even have time to blink, but he slapped me in the face and jumped under the table. Sat down and grins.

(B. Zhitkov)

Text 1

1. Apple tree - ranet purple - frost-resistant variety. The fruits are rounded, 2.5-3 cm in diameter. Fruit weight 17-23 g. Medium juiciness, with a characteristic sweet, slightly astringent taste.

2. Linden apples were large and transparent yellow. If you look through an apple in the sun, it shone through like a glass of fresh linden honey. There were grains in the middle. You used to shake a ripe apple near your ear, you could hear the seeds rattling.

(According to V. Soloukhin)

Tasks for the text:

1. Define the style of each of the texts.

2. Write out the adjectives, determine the gender. Number, case.

3. Determine the category of adjectives.

4. Parse the last sentence.

Test questions:

1. Name the functional and semantic types of speech.

2. Define description as a type of speech.

3. Define storytelling.

Glossary:

1. Description - this is an image of a phenomenon of reality, an object, a person by listing and disclosing its main features.

2. Narration is a story, a message about an event in its temporal sequence.

Reasoning as a type of monologue. Types of reasoning. Linguistic features of speech types.

Reference

Reasoning is a verbal presentation, clarification, confirmation of any thought.

The composition of the reasoning is as follows: the first part is a thesis, that is, a thought that must be logically proved, substantiated or refuted; the second part is the rationale for the expressed thought, evidence, arguments, supported by examples; the third part is the conclusion, the conclusion.

The thesis must be clearly provable, clearly articulated, the arguments are convincing and in sufficient quantity to confirm the thesis put forward. Between the thesis and arguments (as well as between individual arguments) there must be a logical and grammatical connection. For a grammatical connection between the thesis and arguments, introductory words are often used: firstly, secondly, finally, so, therefore, in this way. In the reasoning text, sentences with conjunctions are widely used, however, although, despite the fact that, since. Reasoning example:

As a rule, the composition of reasoning is built by model: thesis, proof (a number of arguments, which are facts, inferences, references to authorities, obviously true positions (axioms, laws), descriptions, examples, analogies, etc.) and conclusion.

Reasoning is characteristic primarily for scientific and journalistic texts, the task of which is to compare, summarize, generalize, substantiate, prove, refute this or that information, define or explain a fact, phenomenon, event.

In scientific speech, there are such subtypes of reasoning as reasoning-explanation: There is a distinction between the so-called biographical author, that is, a historical person, a private person (A.S. Pushkin, 1799 - 1837), and the author-creator, whose ideas about the world and man are reflected in the work he creates (A.S. Pushkin, author of the novel "Eugene Onegin")(Dictionary of literary terms), and reasoning-inference: If the author-creator portrays himself in the work, then we can talk about the image of the author as a character in a work of art and consider him among other characters (the image of the author in A.S. Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin")(Dictionary of literary terms).

In literary texts, reasoning is used in authorial digressions that explain the psychology and behavior of characters, when expressing the moral position of the author, his assessment of the depicted, etc.: A premonition that Moscow would be taken lay in Russian Moscow society in the 12th year.<…>Those who left with what they could seize, leaving houses and half of their property, acted in this way because of that latent patriotism, which is expressed not by phrases, not by killing children to save the fatherland, etc., by unnatural actions, but which is expressed imperceptibly, simply, organically and therefore always produces the strongest results(L. Tolstoy).

The genres of reasoning include scientific, popular science and journalistic articles, essays ([French essai - attempt, test, essay] - a work usually devoted to literary critical, journalistic and philosophical topics and conveying the author's individual impressions and thoughts about this or that subject or phenomenon.The essay is characterized by a free composition: the sequence of presentation in it is subject only to the internal logic of the author's reflections, and motivations, connections between parts of the text are often associative in nature: Picture in an anthology: a barefoot old man. // I turned the page; // my imagination remained // cold. Whether it's a matter - Pushkin: // raincoat, rock, sea foam ...(V. Nabokov).

In reasoning, there are often lexical signals of a causal relationship, peculiar markers of reasoning: introductory words and sentences firstly, secondly, therefore, so, in addition, finally, further, in conclusion and etc.; conditional and concessive complex sentences showing the presence of causal relationships: It should be noted about the schoolboy: if he has become completely green, then he has matured in science and can receive a matriculation certificate. It's different with other fruits.(A. Chekhov); interrogative structures: What good was it to me that almost in my mother's womb I was already a sergeant of the guard? Where did it take me?(A. Pushkin) and others.

Text 2

A strange thing is a book. There is something mysterious, mystical in it.

Yes, this book is strange. It stands on the shelf quietly, calmly, like many other items in your room. But now you take it in your hands, open it, read it, close it, put it on the shelf and ... that's it? Hasn't something changed in you? Let's listen to ourselves: didn't some new string sound in your soul after reading the book, didn't some new thought settle in your head? Didn't you want to reconsider something in your character, in your relationships with people, with nature?

The book… It's a piece of the spiritual experience of humanity. Reading, we voluntarily or involuntarily process this experience, compare our life's gains and losses with it. In general, with the help of the book we improve ourselves.

(N. Morozova)

Tasks for the text:

1. Highlight the compositional parts of the text.

2. Determine the genre of the text.

3. What type of reasoning does the text belong to?

4. Write an essay on the topic "The book in my life."

5. Highlight reasoning markers.

6. Review the table. Draw conclusions for each type of text.

7. Using the table, give a complete description of the semantic type of the text. Determine the main idea and style of the text.

Mikhailovsky Park is a hermit's shelter. This is a park where it's hard to have fun. He is a little gloomy with his age-old firs, tall, silent and imperceptibly passes into the same majestic, like himself, century-old and desert forests. Only on the outskirts of the park, through the twilight that is always present under the arches of old trees, will suddenly open a clearing overgrown with brilliant buttercups, and a pond with still water. Dozens of small frogs pour into it.

(K. Paustovsky)

Glossary:

Reasoning is a verbal presentation, clarification, confirmation of any thought.

Thesis - other Greekἡ θέσις (thésis) - position, statement, put forward and then proved in some reasoning.

Test questions:

1. Define reasoning as a type of speech.

2. Name the types of reasoning.

3. What types of reasoning are used in scientific style. What about art style?

4. Name the reasoning markers.

5. What are the genres of reasoning?

Week 3

Topic: Functional styles of speech. General characteristics of functional speech styles. business style and its features. Main genres of documentation. Publicistic style and its features. Scientific style and its features. The main genres of scientific and educational texts are annotation, abstract, review. The general concept of the scientific style of speech, its difference from other functional styles. Genres of scientific style. Media.

Target: to form skills and develop skills by types of speech activity: speaking, reading, listening, writing.

Reference

Styles- these are varieties of the language, due to differences in the areas of communication and the main functions of the language. In linguistics, such a special section as stylistics deals with the study of styles.

There are five areas of communication (they are also called language situations): everyday life, science, law, politics, art. As for the main functions of the language, there are three of them: communication, message, impact. Depending on speech situations and language functions, the following types of styles are distinguished:
conversational style (household sphere, communication function, less often - messages);
scientific (field of science, message function);
official-business (field of law, message function);
journalistic (the sphere of politics and art, the functions of communication and influence);
artistic (sphere of art, function of emotional impact).

AND ) - this is a set of speech elements (special for each style of speech of words and ways of constructing sentences).

A type of speech – it is a way of presenting, building words and sentences in a logical order.

Depending on the content of the text, the following types of speech are distinguished - narrative, description, reasoning.

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Consider the features of each type of speech.

Narration is a story about an event that takes place in a certain period of time. The actions reflected in the event are sequential, logically connected with each other. The narrative can go both from the third person and from the first, and it is characterized by such elements as the plot (the beginning of the event), the development of the action and the denouement (the result of the described event).

Since the narrative is an eventful text, its speech feature is a large number of verbs and a chain development of the action. The text answers the questions “What? where? when?" - what's happened? where and with whom did it happen? when did it happen?

Narration happens pictorial(emphasis on changing images that “show” the event) and informative(the text not only tells about the event, but also explains it, includes interesting facts).

Narrative text example:

“In the night a strong wind arose and it began to rain. It drummed softly on the roof and ran down the glass, turning the world outside into a blur. Streams of water washed away dust from trees and sidewalks, murmured in gutters, cooled the city, which was hot from the summer heat. And those who did not sleep opened the windows, inhaled the damp coolness and exposed their faces to the ice drops. They had been waiting for rain in the city for two months, and now, when it came, people silently smiled, blessing the weeping sky ... "

An exemplary text - a pictorial description - answers the following questions:

1. what's happened? - It's raining in the city
2. where and with whom did it happen? - city dwellers waited for the rain;
3. when did it happen? — it rained in the summer.

Description - this is a verbal image of an object, phenomenon, event. The description lists and reveals the main features of the selected item. The goal is to present the reader of the text with an image that is easy to imagine in paint. The unity of time and place of manifestation of signs is important.

The description text consists of the following parts:

1. general characteristics of the object, general impression;
2. signs, details;
3. general assessment of the subject.

For example, the description can be portrait, landscape; anything can be an object of writing - a person, and his emotional state, and an animal, and a plant, and a place (a city, a hotel house, a park, a village), and the weather. Speech feature - the predominance of nouns, adjectives, adverbs, a minimum of action and static text.

Descriptive text answers the questions “what? what kind?" (What object is described? How does it look? What are its qualities and properties?).

Description text example:

“It was raining for the third day. Gray, small and harmful. Unpredictable, like a low gray sky. Endless. Endless. He restlessly knocked on the windows and rustled softly on the roof. Gloomy and careless. Annoying. Bored."

Sample text answers descriptive questions:

1. what subject is being described? - rain;
2. what is the subject? - sulfuric, small, harmful, unpredictable, endless, etc.

reasoning - this is the development and confirmation of thought, the explanation of the phenomenon (properties of the object) and the expression of one's own opinion. Reasoning answers the questions “why? why?".

The reasoning consists of the following parts:

1. thesis - a thought that needs to be proved;
2. substantiation of the thesis, supporting argumentation with examples, evidence;
3. summary - results, conclusions.

The text of reasoning is aimed at convincing, explaining, proving. Reasoning is characterized by the active use of rhetorical questions and introductory words - bundles: firstly ... secondly ... thirdly ... therefore (thus, respectively); meanwhile, because, so.

Reasoning is as follows:

1. reasoning-proof (why so, and not otherwise? What follows from this?);
2. reasoning-explanation (what is it? where did it come from? why is the subject like this?);
3. reasoning-thinking (how to be? To be or not to be? What to do?).

Reasoning text example:

“So, the night will pass, and the rain will stop, the thunder will rumble. So, what is next? Again - the exhausting heat of a stuffy summer? Again - hot asphalt? Again - a city choking in the dust? Or will the weather take pity on tired city dwellers and give at least a week of coolness? Since forecasters' predictions are blurry and hazy, we can only wait and watch."

An exemplary text - reasoning-thinking - answers the following questions:

1. why? - because the rain will end and the heat that bothers everyone will return;
2. why? - to imagine what to expect from capricious nature.

Types of speech are ways of presentation that solve the following author's tasks:

• narrative - dynamically reflects reality, tells about its events; narration is a clip, a movie, a change of shots;
• description - depicts a static reality, studies the object of interest from all sides; the description is a photograph, a frozen frame;
• reasoning - looks for causal relationships between events and phenomena, expresses the opinion of the author, "because ..."; this is a diagram with blocks of theses and evidence and arrows - logical questions.

And finally, a reminder: do not confuse functional speech styles with types of speech. 😉 After all, for example, a newspaper article of a journalistic style of speech can be both narrative (reporting from the scene), and descriptive (a note about a missing person; an advertisement for a new building), and reasoning (an analytical article).

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Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

educational institution

"Belarusian State Pedagogical University named after M. Tank"

Specialty “Geography. Protection of Nature"

Faculty of Natural Science

Extramural

abstract

in the discipline "Culture of speech"

on the topic: « Types of speech: description, narration and reasoning "

Made by a student gr.401

Lebed T.N.

Introduction

Chapter 1 Description

Chapter 2

Chapter 3. Reasoning

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The culture of speech is a separate discipline in educational institutions. The essence of speech culture is to make a person’s speech correct, that is, literate, corresponding to the norms of the language. As a science, the culture of speech belongs to linguistics and studies the normalization of the literary language.

The problem of human knowledge of functional types of speech is very relevant. We communicate a lot with different people: at home, at work, in various public places, and the ability to correctly build our speech is of great importance. It is also important to be able to understand other people. We need all this to be understood correctly, so that a person, reading a work, listening to someone, has the most complete and clear idea of ​​what is at stake, can better understand the problem. Knowledge of the functional types of speech is necessary to create competent texts in accordance with the tasks of communication in various areas of human activity, for competent speech to the public.

The process of communicative development of a personality is impossible without the formation of a theoretically clear idea of ​​the functional-semantic typology of speech, without developing the ability to analyze a text in terms of its belonging to a certain type, the ability to create texts in accordance with the communicative-functional, compositional-structural, lexical-grammatical characteristics of one or more other functional type of speech.

In this paper, we will talk about the functional types of speech: description, narration, reasoning. The characteristic features of each type of speech will be considered, definitions of these types will be given, examples of use will be given.

Tasks for this work:

Provide a basic definition based on multiple sources;

To characterize the types of speech, explain the relevance of this topic, show examples of the use of speech types.

Speech is a specific speaking that takes place in sound (including internal pronunciation) or in writing.

The type of speech is a method of presentation chosen by the author and oriented (depending on the content of the statement and the nature of the textual information) to one of the tasks: statically depict reality, describe it; dynamically reflect reality, tell about it; reflect the cause-and-effect relationships of the phenomena of reality. In accordance with these goals of communication, three main types of speech are distinguished: description, narration, reasoning.

Chapter 1. Description

Description- type of speech: a verbal image of an object, phenomenon or action through the presentation of its characteristic features; one of the functional and semantic types of speech along with narration and reasoning.

Purpose of description- visually draw a verbal picture so that the reader visually imagines the subject of the image.

The description differs from other types of text in that it gives an idea of ​​a phenomenon, object, person, state, action by listing their features and properties. The role of description is different in fiction, poetry, journalism, official business speech. In a work of art, description (along with narration) is one of the most common components of the author's monologue speech.

Typically, the following types of description are distinguished:

· portrait- image of the character's appearance (face, figure, clothes, behavior, etc.).

For example:

Long and thin, with a wide forehead, a flat top, pointed nose, large greenish eyes and drooping sand-colored whiskers, it [Bazarov's face] was enlivened with a calm smile and expressed self-confidence and intelligence (I. Turgenev);

A dynamic portrait depicting facial expressions, eyes, facial expressions, gestures, posture, actions and states of the character: A strange smile twisted his face, a pitiful, sad, weak smile... (F. Dostoevsky);

· psychological picture- a description of the internal state of the character, allowing the author to slightly open the inner world or emotional experiences of the hero.

For example:

His eyes did not laugh when he laughed (M. Lermontov);

· landscape- description of nature as part of the real environment in which the action unfolds.

For example:

The fields are compressed, the groves are bare. Above the water - fog and dampness ... (S. Yesenin);

· interior- image of the interior of the room.

For example:

In the middle of the room is a heavy, like a tomb, table covered with a white tablecloth, and on it are two appliances, napkins folded in the form of papal tiaras, and three dark bottles (M. Bulgakov).

An image of the place and time of action.

For example:

Between the peat lowlands, a village was randomly scattered - monotonous poorly plastered barracks of the thirties and, with carvings on the facade, with glazed verandas, houses of the fifties (A. Solzhenitsyn).

In a literary text, the description performs a variety of functions. Thus, the description of nature often draws the atmosphere of the action, helps to comprehend the state of the character. It can harmonize with the inner world of the hero.

For example:

And he looked around, as if wishing to understand how one could not sympathize with nature. It was already evening; the sun disappeared behind a small aspen grove that lay half a verst from the garden (I. Turgenev).

Or discord with him.

For example:

The sky was without the slightest cloud, and the water was almost blue, which is so rare on the Neva. The dome of the cathedral shone so brightly, and through the clean air one could clearly see even every decoration. An inexplicable cold blew on him [Raskolnikov] always from this magnificent panorama (F. Dostoevsky).

In journalism, documentary, accurate reproduction of details makes the reader seem to be an eyewitness of what is happening.

For example:

A monument to a small brave creature with sharp ears - Mummy Troll ... A bronze figurine about half the size of a human ... (World Pathfinder magazine).

However, often the description is given through the perception of the author.

For example:

The airy, elven poet was a businesslike, extremely everyday person, grounded in all his habits. Fet's appearance, especially in the old days, was defiantly anti-poetic: overweight, heavy, with a rude, frowning, often peevish face (Yu. Nagibin).

Description as an independent component of the composition of a literary or journalistic text, as a rule, interrupts the development of the action, however, if the description is small in volume, it may not stop the development of the action, but be organically included in the narrative (the so-called narrative with elements of description).

For example:

I followed the crowd into the church and saw the groom. It was a small, round, well-fed little man with a belly, very decorated. Finally there was a rumor that the bride had been brought. I forced my way through the crowd and saw a wonderful beauty, for whom the first spring had hardly come. They said that she was barely sixteen years old (F. Dostoevsky).

Artistic and journalistic descriptions are characterized by the widespread use of means of linguistic expression (metaphors, personifications, comparisons, epithets, etc.).

For example:

Through the wide span of the window one could see the tiled roofs of Berlin - their outlines were changing due to the incorrect internal overflows of glass - and among the roofs a distant dome rose like a bronze watermelon. The clouds flew and broke through, exposing for a moment a light astonished autumn blue (V. Nabokov).

In the texts of the official business style of speech, there are such types of description as the characteristics of the subject, its technical and informational description. At the same time, the task is to accurately name the features of the described object or device, therefore artistic and aesthetic means are always excluded from the business description.

For example:

An instant payment machine is a vandal-resistant (that is, capable of withstanding aggressive influences while maintaining full operability) device for accepting cash and transferring it to the accounts of service companies.

The leading role in the description is played by adjectives and participles, as well as nominal sentences, which provide expressiveness and clarity of the image.

For example:

Shrub and undergrowth. Eerie evening silence. Silent thickets (V. Peskov).

Verbs, participles and participles in descriptive texts are usually in the present tense, and the predicate, as a rule, is placed after the subject.

For example:

The door to the porch is open (T. Tolstaya).

Description as a type of text (a way of presentation), focused on a static reflection of the phenomena of reality, is the opposite of narration.

Chapter 2. Narration

Bynarration- type of speech: a story, a message about an event, action, phenomenon occurring in time; one of the functional-semantic types of speech along with reasoning and description.

The purpose of the story- give an idea of ​​an event (a series of events) in chronological order or show the transition of an object from one state to another.

The peculiarity of narration as a type of text is that events or phenomena are depicted here, in which actions do not occur simultaneously, but follow each other or determine each other.

For example:

On the way, Lidia Borisovna told how almost forty years ago she herself came here for the first time, to the ashes of the Blokovsky estate. I traveled with adventures, first by train, then on a ride ... I walked for a long time through the forest, I almost got lost. I found a charred foundation along three birch trees growing in a field on a hillock. She sat among the bushes, under a tall silvery poplar, picked up a piece of brick from the foundation of the burned house and brought it to Chukovsky. The old man pressed this piece to his cheek, said: "I never got out there to Blok, but he called me to come." Lidia Borisovna asked: “Korney Ivanovich, will this house never be restored?” He replied: “Lida, you have to live long in Russia” (D. Rubina).

In a narrative, it is usually possible to determine the place and time of the action, the character, the chronological sequence of what is happening, etc. The composition of the narrative, as a rule, is subject to the sequence of development of the author's thought and the task that the author sets himself.

Examples the shortest narratives can be considered the famous letter of Caesar, telling about the swift victory in the battle of Zela (I came, I saw, I conquered), or the classic quote from the movie "The Diamond Arm": I stumbled, fell, woke up - plaster. They very accurately convey the essence of the narrative - the story of what happened.

· neutral(in scientific and official business styles of speech).

For example:

Birch is a deciduous tree. Grows in central Russia. Birch bark is used in folk crafts);

For example:

As in a dream I approach our birch. Hello! Didn't recognize me? My brother and I found you in the pasture... I remember the cuckoo was cuckooing. We cut off two big roots from you. They planted, poured two buckets of water ... You barely survived, for two summers the leaves were small, pale ... (V. Belov).

Narrative is characteristic primarily for literary texts, the plot of which is based on a story about events. In a work of art, narration is also called the speech of a personified narrator or the author's monologue speech (with the exception of the direct speech of characters - monologues and dialogues).

The literary genres, which are based on the narrative, traditionally include the story, story, novel, epic novel.

Journalistic genres based on narration are: speech description narration reasoning

· reportage(narrative from the scene);

· feature article(a work based on facts, documents, personal impressions of the author);

· article;

· feuilleton(a work of accusatory focus on a topical topic), etc.

The narrative in a literary and journalistic text may include:

· descriptions(for a visual-figurative representation of heroes, scenes of action);

· reasoning(to express the author's attitude to the depicted).

Scientific narration includes a message (a genre characterized by laconic presentation, reliance on facts and used in scientific publications, as well as in newspaper articles and historical literature).

For example:

After a brief acquaintance with Egypt during a trip along the Nile, Caesar moved to Asia Minor against Pharnaces II, the son of Mithridates, who took possession of the province of Pontus. In August 47 BC Caesar immediately put Pharnaces' army to flight at the Battle of Zela (Encyclopedia "Circumnavigation").

Business story genres These are instructions, reports, protocols.

For example:

On March 14, 2001, at the crossroads of the Svetlograd-Divnoye highways, traffic police officers tried to stop a VAZ 21099 to check documents. The car did not stop, and traffic inspectors began to pursue her. The perpetrators were caught and stopped.

The composition of a business narrative is usually organized by marker words that indicate the sequence of presentation of the material or recommended actions.

For example:

First, then, as a result, etc., as well as verbs and words need, need, should, etc.

The leading role in the narration of any type is played by verb forms, which ensure the development of the narration and visually represent successive actions, the course of an event (phenomenon) in time and space. The main semantic load is usually carried by perfective verbs, prefixed and non-prefixed.

For example:

Pugachev left; the people rushed after him (A. Pushkin).

However, if we are talking not about single, but about repetitive actions, past tense verbs of the imperfect form are used.

For example:

Every year in the spring, the parents went to the country. They planted flowers and vegetables, raised chickens.

Chapter 3. reasoning

reasoning- type of speech: verbal presentation, clarification, development, confirmation or refutation of any thought; one of the functional and semantic types of speech along with narration and description.

Purpose of reasoning- to investigate an object or phenomenon, to reveal their internal features, to consider (to present to the reader) the causal relationships of events or phenomena, to convey the author’s thoughts about them, evaluate them, substantiate, prove or refute this or that thought, position.

The peculiarity of reasoning as a type of text is that it uses not a plot (as in narration), but a logical construction principle. As a rule, the composition of reasoning is built according to the model: thesis, proof (a number of arguments, which are facts, inferences, references to authorities, obviously true positions (axioms, laws), descriptions, examples, analogies, etc.) and conclusion .

For example:

After spending a lot of time and effort studying the “abstruse” spelling rules and exceptions, I thought: why not agree to write “as it sounds”? (thesis) This will make life easier not only for schoolchildren, but also for adults. There will be no need to go to dictionaries to check the spelling of an unfamiliar word or to a reference book to remember a forgotten rule. Yes, and the release of such scientific publications will not be needed, a small brochure will suffice, having studied which everyone can proudly say that he is a literate person. We make your life easier without spending too much. But is it really that simple? Firstly, we still cannot completely get rid of errors in written speech, since the pronunciation of different people is not the same. For example, not everyone knows how to say correctly: call or call. The person who speaks correctly will write the call, and the second one will call. And there are many such words. Secondly, the vocabulary of the Russian language will change: many homonyms will appear, many words will lose their lexical meaning. The words "drink" and "sing" will be written as "drink". And will it be possible to understand what is said in such, for example, a sentence: It is forbidden to spread (and / e) in public places ... (proof). After weighing all the pros and cons, I decided that this reform not only will not lead to the desired result, but will cause great damage in the first place to us, who speak, write in Russian and own the riches of this great language (conclusion) (From a student essay).

In the compositional structure of reasoning, the condition is usually observed under which the thesis (position, hypothesis, version that is being considered, proved, evaluated) is the beginning, while the evidence and conclusions can be arranged in a sequence determined by the author's intention.

Hfor example:

Since fita, izhitsa and vocative case (thesis) are almost no longer used in Russian, then, arguing in fairness, it would be necessary to reduce the salaries of teachers of the Russian language (conclusion), because with a decrease in letters and cases, their work also decreased (proof of the validity of the thesis ) (A. Chekhov). The thesis in this text is at the beginning of the argument, followed by the conclusion, and then the proof (why this is so).

Reasoning is characteristic primarily for scientific and journalistic texts, the task of which is to compare, summarize, generalize, substantiate, prove, refute this or that information, define or explain a fact, phenomenon, event.

In scientific speech the following subtypes of reasoning are distinguished:

· reasoning-explanation

For example:

There is a distinction between the so-called biographical author, that is, a historical person, a private person (A.S. Pushkin, 1799 - 1837), and the author-creator, whose ideas about the world and man are reflected in the work he creates (A.S. Pushkin, author of the novel "Eugene Onegin") (Dictionary of literary terms);

· reasoning-inference

For example:

If the author-creator portrays himself in the work, then we can talk about the image of the author as a character in a work of art and consider him among other actors (the image of the author in A.S. Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin") (Dictionary of literary terms).

In literary texts reasoning is used in the author's digressions, explaining the psychology and behavior of the characters, when expressing the moral position of the author, his assessment of the depicted, etc.

For example:

A premonition that Moscow would be taken lay in Russian Moscow society in the 12th year. Those who left with what they could seize, leaving houses and half of their property, acted in this way because of that latent patriotism, which is expressed not by phrases, not by killing children to save the fatherland, etc., by unnatural actions, but which is expressed imperceptibly, simply, organically, and therefore always produces the most powerful results (L. Tolstoy).

Reasoning genres include:

scientific;

popular science;

publicistic articles;

essay ([French essai - attempt, test, essay] - a work usually devoted to literary-critical, journalistic and philosophical topics and conveying the author's individual impressions and thoughts about a particular subject or phenomenon. An essay is characterized by a free composition: the sequence of presentation in it is subordinated only to the internal logic of the author's reflections, and motivations, connections between parts of the text are often associative in nature.

For example:

Picture in an anthology: a barefoot old man. // I turned the page; // my imagination remained // cold. Whether it's a matter - Pushkin: // cloak, rock, sea foam ... (V. Nabokov)).

A traditional school essay-reasoning usually suggests highlighting one of the aspects of the work named in the topic of the essay, and is built according to the compositional plan of reasoning: the thesis to be proved (topic) - proof (arguments, examples, comments on the text that reveal the topic) - conclusion ( conclusion, summary).

For example:

Topic: Raskolnikov's idea of ​​the right of a strong personality to commit a crime in the system of author's denials. Proof (arguments): The humanistic origins of the theory - indignation at social inequality - do not correspond to the result of testing the theory by practice - murder. The moral consequences of a crime are pangs of conscience. The conflict of theory and "living life" - alienation from loved ones. The system of characters in the novel is a component of the author's system of rebuttals: the images of the protagonist's "twins", personifying the inhumane aspects of the Napoleonic idea (Luzhin and Svidrigailova), and the images of Raskolnikov's antipodes and opponents (Sonya, Lizaveta, Marmeladoav, Razumikhina, etc.) opposing them. The role of the hero's dreams in debunking the Napoleonic idea. The author's attitude to the theory: the recognition of the inequality of people is the main mistake of Raskolnikov. Conclusion: The idea of ​​the hero of the novel is godless and anti-human, it requires debunking, because many are "infected" with it. The task of the writer is not to expose the hero-killer, but to expose the idea embodied in the theory of "trembling creatures" and "having the right" and which is the result of unbelief.

As part of the reasoning, all types of speech can be used to prove the thesis:

· reasoning-inference(logical proof).

For example:

All birds - birds - feathered ostrich => ostrich - bird;

· Pnarration;

· description(emotional proof).

For example:

How can I not love this land,<…>And this blue, and this green, And the secret path in the rye! (V. Lazarev).

In reasoning, lexical signals of a causal relationship are often found, peculiar markers of reasoning: firstly, introductory words and sentences; secondly, therefore, so, in addition, finally, further, in conclusion, etc .; conditional and concessive complex sentences showing the presence of causal relationships.

For example:

It should be noted about the schoolboy: if he has become completely green, then he has matured in science and can receive a matriculation certificate. It happens differently with other fruits (A. Chekhov); interrogative constructions: What did it serve me that, almost in the womb, I was already a guard sergeant? Where did it take me? (A. Pushkin) and others.

Reasoning as a type of text (way of presentation) is widely used in speech situations such as explaining new scientific and educational material, polemics with opponents, etc.

Conclusion

The relevance of the problem that was raised in this work is of great importance. After all, the process of personality development, the development of the ability to communicate with other people is impossible without knowledge of the functional and semantic typology of speech, without developing the ability to analyze a text from the point of view of its belonging to a certain type, the ability to create texts in accordance with a certain type of speech.

As a basic definition of speech types, we have adopted the following: functional speech types are communicatively conditioned typified varieties of monologue speech, which are expressed by certain linguistic means.

Listused literature

1. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook / Pod. ed. prof. P89 V.I. Maksimov. - M.: Gardariki, 2001. - 413 p.

2. Culture of speech. Series "Textbooks, teaching aids". Rostov n / a: Phoenix, 2001.- 448 p.

3. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/04/19/2015

4. http://bugaga.net.ru/ege/rus/theory/18.04.2015.

5. http://stylistics.academic.ru/132/18.-4.2015.

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The type of speech is the method chosen by the author of a particular text in order to set and solve the problems for which his creation was created. The ability to correctly determine the type of speech is necessary for schoolchildren and students of philological faculties. It is important to be well versed in the types of text in order to understand the goals and objectives of the author. Traditionally, there are three types of speech in Russian. It is necessary to remember the main features of each variety - then in the future you can accurately determine the type of speech of the text using the algorithm.

1. In texts of this type, the story is told in a certain time sequence. Follow the development of the described events.
   
2. Each narrative text has the following structure:
   • plot (the beginning of the action, events);
     
   • action development;
     
   • denouement (end of event, end of story).
     
   Consider whether this structure is typical for the text you are analyzing. Consider the features of the author's presentation, poetics. For example, the plot may be unexpressed, and the open ending of the novel is also the denouement.
   
3. The narration can be conducted from the third and from the first person:
   • most often, the authors draw up the text in the third person - this is the so-called "author's narration";
     
   • when the story is told in the first person, the narrator is called the author, or is indicated by the pronoun "I".
     
4. A sign of the narrative type of text is the use of perfect past tense verbs. However, be sure to keep in mind that not all authors use traditional text formatting. Sometimes other forms of the verb act as means of expression:
   • verbs of the future tense create the impression of the unexpectedness of the action, make the narration impetuous, dynamic;
     
   • imperfective verbs focus on the duration of the action;
     
   • verbs used in the present tense make it possible to bring what is happening in the text closer to the reader, combining the temporal spaces of the real perception of the text and the events described: the illusion of the simultaneous existence of the characters of the book and the reader is created, the action unfolds “before our eyes”.
     
5. Narrative texts also sometimes contain elements of reasoning and description. When determining the type of speech of the text, pay attention to the basic features, their correlation, separate the main from the secondary.
   

1. Authors often use constructions complicated by homogeneous terms. In the process of listing the properties of an object, they become the best means of text design. If you have a text containing several sentences with homogeneous definitions, additions, circumstances, then most likely this is a description.
   
2. In the descriptions of the artistic style, epithets, comparisons, metaphors are usually used.
   
3. Descriptions in scientific speech are more restrained and capacious.
   
4. The description most often contains small text fragments of the narrative type, sometimes includes elements of reasoning. For example, brief comments are given when describing an object or event.
   
5. Analyzing the text, highlight the main techniques that have the greatest semantic load. The descriptive text is focused on creating an objective idea of ​​the subject.
   

1. Each text-reasoning is built according to a certain scheme:
   • first, the author formulates a thesis or hypothesis, sometimes this is preceded by a brief introduction;
     
   • then in the main part arguments and proofs are given;
     
   • the final part contains conclusions.
     
   Read the text carefully, pay attention to the form of expression of the author's position. If the text highlights a specific problem, gives examples, the author expresses his own opinion and draws the appropriate conclusions - this is reasoning.
   
2. The reasoning text has a clear logical structure.
   
3. Usually in reasoning it is not customary to use artistic means. Sometimes they are found in journalism, essays, but they are not decisive for the overall style. In reasoning, the author focuses on objective evidence of his point of view.

   In reasoning, the conclusion plays an important role - it sums up the logical conclusion of everything that has been said. The author makes a generalization, wishing to influence the reader, to convince him of the correctness of his opinion. Try to determine how important this is for the text you are analyzing: if the author's opinion, assessment is given only as an addition to the description or narrative, this is not reasoning.
   

Pupils and students often ask themselves the question: how to determine the type of text? For fruitful work, knowing the signs of different types of speech is not enough. You need to follow the given algorithm in order to quickly and accurately find out the type of text.

1. First, read the text carefully. Read it carefully and thoughtfully.
   
2. Try not to constantly keep in mind the signs characteristic of different types of text in the process of reading. Focus on understanding the material. Now your task is to find out the purpose of the author. Do not immediately look for artistic means in the text, do not analyze the structure.
   
3. After reading the text completely, write down its main ideas. Formulate several main topics, theses, which contain the meaning, content of the material.
   
4. Reread the last paragraph, or 5-6 sentences of the text.
   
5. Consider: what is the purpose of the author? Why did he create this text?
   
6. Ask questions to the text. There are three types of basic questions, each of them corresponds to a certain type of text:
   • text-narrative: what? when? where?; it describes facts that exist sequentially, there are time coordinates;
     
   • text-description: what? what?; the description of the facts existing at the same time is carried out;
     
   • reasoning text: how? why? why?; a detailed analysis of the cause-and-effect relationships connecting the described facts is given.
     
7. Having determined which questions are most appropriate for the material under study, begin its analysis, based on the indicated signs of different types of speech in the text.
   
8. Find out which features play the most significant role in the text. Most likely, it will contain signs of different types of text. You will need to determine the meaning of each feature and relate it to the author's purpose.
   

Welcome to the student.

Russian is an amazing language. The epigraph to our lesson will be the words of the great Russian writer Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin: "Language is the key to all knowledge and all nature." slide 1

Today we have a speech development lesson, you determine the topic of the lesson yourself.

In Russian, there are 3 types of speech, you got acquainted with them in the 6th grade. Name them. (Narration, description, reasoning).

I suggest you listen to the text and determine the type of speech. By correctly determining the type of speech of the text, you will determine the topic of our lesson.

Reading the text of K.D. Ushinsky about the Motherland (by a teacher or a trained student):

Our Fatherland, our Motherland is Mother Russia.

We call Russia Fatherland because our fathers and grandfathers lived in it from time immemorial. We call it homeland because we were born in it, they speak our native language in it, and everything in it is native to us; and mother, because she fed us with her bread, made us drink with her waters, taught us her language; like a mother, she protects and protects us from all enemies.

There are many good states and lands in the world, and besides Russia, but a man has one mother - he has one and his homeland.

(K.D. Ushinsky)

Work with the text of K.D.Ushinsky:

How do you understand the expression "forever"? Write it down, explain it (long, long time ago)

What is the topic of the text? (The theme of love for the Motherland)

Do you agree with the opinion of K.D. Ushinsky that a person has one Motherland, like a mother?

And what does the word Motherland mean to each of you?

To what type of speech do we attribute this text? (for discussion)

Formulate the topic of the lesson?

The topic of our lesson is “Reasoning as a type of speech” Write it down in your notebook.

Let's pick up words with the same root for this word, write them down.

And now let's analyze the word "reasoning" by composition.

Setting goals and objectives of the lesson.

What do you think, what tasks will we set ourselves for today's lesson, knowing its topic?

(Student answers)

So, the objectives of our lesson:

Learn what reasoning is as a type of speech;

How is a reasoning text constructed;

Learn to distinguish reasoning from other types of speech;

We will analyze the reasoning text and make our own reasoning.

The main (information-analytical) stage.

Definition of the concept of reasoning.

We determined that the text about the Motherland of K.D. Ushinsky refers to reasoning, try to define reasoning.

(Student answers)

Write the definition in your notebook.

The structure of the reasoning text

The text of each type of speech has its own specific structure.

Before you is a diagram of the structure of the text of the type of reasoning. Based on it, tell us how the text of this type of speech is built. slide 6

(Student answers)

Let's find the thesis, evidence and conclusion in the text-reasoning of V. Korotaev.

(The text is read by the student)

What could be more sacred in the world than the name of the mother!

A person who has not yet taken a single step on the ground, hesitantly adds up “ma-ma” in syllables and, feeling his luck, laughs, happy ...

The farmer, blackened from sleepless work, presses a handful of the same dark earth to his parched lips, says gratefully: “Thank you, nurse-mother ...”

A soldier who stumbles upon an oncoming fragment sends a bullet to the enemy with a weakening hand: "For the Motherland - mother!"

All the most precious shrines are named and illuminated by the name of the mother, because the very concept of life is connected with this name.

(V. Korotaev)

Work with text.

What are shrines? (what is especially dear, lovingly kept and honored)

What is the main idea of ​​the text?

(Student answers)

Read the paragraph that contains the main idea of ​​the text.

(last paragraph, aka conclusion)

Find the thesis, evidence.

There are many participial phrases in the text. What is a participle turnover?

(participle with dependent words)

Find and write out the participial phrases with the word being defined from the text. (At the board, one student comes out and writes down p.o)

The difference between reasoning and narrative and description.

By what features can a text-reasoning be distinguished from a narrative and a description? (Student answers)

(1) The narrative speaks of events that follow each other in succession. To the text - narrative, you can ask the question "Why?"

Reception of photography - 2 or more photos. The text is built - narratives like this: plot, development of action, climax, denouement.

2) The description depicts objects, animals, people, talks about the signs of these objects. To the text - descriptions, you can ask the question "what?" Photographing note - 1 photo. The text is built - the description is as follows: sign + sign + sign.

3) The reasoning sets out the causes of phenomena and events. Taking photographs - photos are not allowed. The structure of the text: thesis - evidence - conclusion.

Determining the type of speech.

Here are 3 texts of different types of speech. Determine the type of speech of each of them.

Reading texts by the teacher or prepared students:

} Text 1.

And suddenly one of our soldiers saw a little German girl during the battle on the street. Apparently, she has fallen behind her. The poor fellow was left all alone in the middle of the street. And she has nowhere to go. There is a fight all around. Fire blazes from every window, bombs explode, houses collapse. Just about a stone will crush, it will crush with a fragment. Our soldier rushed across the street right under the bullets, picked up a German girl in his arms, covered her with his shoulder from the fire and carried her out of the battle.

} Text 2

And they built a huge monument. High above the houses, on a green hill, stands a hero made of stone - a soldier of the Soviet Army. In one hand he has a heavy sword, with which he defeated the enemies - the Nazis, and in the other - a little girl. She pressed herself against the broad shoulder of the Soviet soldier. He saved her soldiers from death, saved all the children in the world from the Nazis.

} Text 3

War is always sorrow! Because there can be no just war. After all, it is always a misfortune, a human misfortune. This is the ruin of cities and villages, this is grief and tears, this is death!

- All three texts talk about the war, about the Great Patriotic War of 1942-1945. We must remember the feat that our people accomplished in those terrible years. Eternal memory to all who died during this war.

Text 1. What type of speech do we refer to? Why? Prove it.

Text 2. What type of speech do we refer to? Why? Prove it.

Text 3. What type of speech do we refer to? Why? Prove it.

You said that you can take 1 picture for the description.

The monument to the Soviet soldier stands in Berlin in Treptow Park.

Creative work.

Let's work with the 3rd reasoning text. Pick up your arguments (3-4 sentences) to the thesis of the 3rd text (War is always grief!)

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