Symptoms and treatments for ovarian cysts in women. Causes of an ovarian cyst. Symptoms, possible complications

An ovarian cyst is a benign formation in the form of a cavity on a leg. The cavity of the cyst is filled with liquid secretion, which accumulates, which leads to an increase in the size of the formation.

Allocate cysts of the ovary and supraovarian appendage. The first type includes cysts of the corpus luteum, endometrial, follicular formations and others, the second - paraovarian. This disease most often affects women of reproductive age. Less commonly, this disease occurs in women older than fifty years.

Most cysts are harmless, some come and go without any symptoms, but there are also problematic cysts that cause ruptures, bleeding, and pain - in such cases, they resort to surgical removal of problematic cysts. In this material, we will consider what an ovarian cyst is, the causes of its occurrence, the main symptoms, as well as the treatment and possible consequences of the formation that has arisen.

Ovarian cyst: what is it?

So let's take a closer look at what it is, as well as the types of cystic formations. In total, it is customary to distinguish 6 main types of ovarian cysts:

• edometrioid;
• follicular;
• mucinous;
• dermoid;
• paraovarian;
• ovarian cyst of the corpus luteum.

The cyst can be either a single formation or multiple (cystoma). Cystoma is usually benign, but it can also be malignant.

ovarian corpus luteum cyst

A corpus luteum cyst is a neoplasm located on one side only. A symptom of this type of ovarian cyst is a thickening of the walls, which contain a fluid that has a yellow tint, sometimes with blood impurities. This swelling occurs because the follicle begins to grow after ovulation and becomes overfilled with yellow fluid instead of being filled with corpus luteum cells.

This type of cyst, like the follicular cyst, which forms as a result of ovulation that has not occurred and the continued growth of the follicle, occurs directly in the ovary. Their walls are formed from a stretched shell of the corpus luteum or follicle. Most often, these types of neoplasms increase in the direction of the abdominal cavity and are small in size.

Paraovarian

With a paraovarian ovarian cyst, the symptoms of the disease develop in an appendage located above the ovary. The cyst is a single-chamber tumor of a round or oval shape, filled with a clear liquid content. Thin, almost transparent, walls of the paraovarian ovarian cyst are permeated with a network of tiny blood vessels.

Mucinous

Mucinous cysts are filled with mucous contents, often consist of several chambers and can reach large sizes. Mucinous and endometrioid cysts can degenerate into malignant ovarian tumors.

endometrioid

An endometrioid ovarian cyst develops when endometrial tissue begins to grow in it. In most cases, it is two-sided. The size of the cyst can vary from 4 to 20 cm.

Follicular

- a single-chamber formation with thin elastic walls filled with transparent contents. In most cases, such formations are small in size, their growth is directed to the abdominal cavity. The reason for their appearance is that at the end of ovulation, the follicle is not filled with corpus luteum cells, but instead the follicle is stretched and filled with fluid.

Dermoid

Dermoid cysts may contain connective tissue or embryonic germ layers, for example, the rudiments of cartilage, bones, teeth, hair, fat cells. Such cysts are usually thick-walled large formations. They grow slowly.

How is a cyst formed?

Women usually have two egg-producing ovaries, each about the size of a walnut, located on either side of the uterus. Each month, the right or left ovary produces an egg, and this process begins the woman's monthly menstrual cycle. The egg, enclosed in a sac called a follicle, grows and matures inside the ovary under the influence of the hormone estrogen until the uterus is ready to receive the egg.

Approximately 14-15 days after the onset of menstruation, this follicle bursts (an ovarian cyst ruptures), thereby releasing the egg, which enters the fallopian tube, where in the future it may be fertilized by sperm.

For reasons not entirely clear to medicine, there are times when the dominant follicle, instead of bursting, continues to grow, accumulating more and more fluid inside itself. In this case, there is a transformation into a follicular cyst. Very rare, but it is still possible to turn the corpus luteum into a cyst.

Most ovarian cysts are benign, i.e. they are not cancerous, and many disappear on their own within a few weeks without treatment. Ovarian cysts occur in women of all ages, but are most common in women of childbearing age.

Causes

The risk of ovarian cysts in women increases if:

• menstrual cycles are irregular;
• the amount of adipose tissue in the upper body of a woman is increased or there is general obesity;
• the first menstruation occurred early (11 years and earlier);
• the woman suffers from infertility;
• there are hormonal disorders, in particular;
• breast cancer was treated with tamoxifen;
• ovarian cysts have already been in the past;
• the woman had an abortion.

In general, the causes of occurrence can be very different - each specific type of neoplasm is often the result of well-defined problems.

Symptoms of an ovarian cyst

In the case of an ovarian cyst, the course of the disease quite often occurs without noticeable symptoms, when the presence of a cyst becomes known only after an ultrasound examination and a visit to a gynecologist.

Some women who develop large functional ovarian cysts may experience the following symptoms:

• violation of the menstrual cycle;
• nausea;
• aggravated after performing physical activities or during sexual intercourse;
• the appearance of spotting that is not related to menstruation;
• a short pain attack in the middle of the menstrual cycle;
• an increase in the circumference of the abdomen.

Such signs make it possible to suspect the development of a cyst, but only a gynecologist can make a final diagnosis. After the discovery of a cyst, a thorough ultrasound examination of the pelvic organs is mandatory. In addition, a hormone analysis is performed, which will help determine the causes of the cyst.

In the most difficult situations, laparoscopy may be prescribed, which will help to make a final diagnosis. To do this, several incisions are made in the abdominal cavity, through which a special device, a laparoscope, is inserted. It allows you to see the image of the internal organs and evaluate them visually.

Symptoms of a ruptured cyst

Such a phenomenon - like a burst cyst, is called apoplexy in medicine. When an ovarian cyst bursts, the following symptoms appear:

• there is severe pain in the lower abdomen;
• body temperature rises to 39 degrees;
• heartbeat quickens;
• there is weakness in the whole body;
• arterial pressure often sharply decreases;
• severe bleeding occurs.

These signs indicate that you need to urgently seek medical help.

Consequences of an ovarian cyst

Usually 80% of ovarian cysts are functional and disappear on their own, with the onset of the next menstrual cycle. In other cases, these pathological formations increase to a significant size and cause serious discomfort to the woman.

Regardless of the cause of development and type, ovarian cysts can carry dangerous consequences - suppurate, rupture, squeeze neighboring organs, cause menstrual and / or reproductive dysfunction. It is also possible the appearance of torsion of the legs of the ovarian cyst.

Suppuration of an ovarian cyst causes manifestations similar to acute adnexitis. Pain appears in the lower abdomen from the side of the cyst (aching, pulling, sharp or pulsating), the body temperature rises.

In case of torsion of the cyst leg or rupture of the cyst, acute pain suddenly appears, leading to a forced position of the body, signs of shock and other symptoms occur. Often, an ovarian cyst becomes a direct cause of female infertility. However, its most serious complication is considered to be the degeneration of a benign cystic formation into a malignant tumor. To avoid consequences, it is important to undergo a diagnosis on time so that it becomes clear how to treat an ovarian cyst.

Diagnostics

To determine the method of treatment, the ovarian cyst must be correctly diagnosed. To date, diagnosis is carried out in several ways at once.

1. - screening method of laboratory examination, indicates the presence of inflammation ( and ) and ( - rupture of an ovarian cyst with bleeding);
2. Ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs- an instrumental examination method that allows you to visualize (see) an ovarian cyst and determine its location;
3. Diagnostic laparoscopy- a fiber optic tube with lighting and a camera is inserted into the pelvic cavity, which allows you to directly see the cyst if it is located on the surface of the ovary, it is also possible to take a biopsy (intravital taking of a piece of tissue for histological examination) to exclude a tumor ovarian cyst;
4. Puncture of an ovarian cyst- under ultrasound control, the wall of the abdominal cavity is pierced with a thin needle, the needle is inserted into the ovarian cyst, a liquid is taken for research, which will make it possible to establish the type of this formation.

Ultrasound is one of the most informative methods for detecting ovarian cysts, especially with the use of a transvaginal probe.

Treatment of an ovarian cyst

With a diagnosed ovarian cyst, treatment is carried out in two ways: surgical and conservative. The first method is used only for the aforementioned complications in the form of ruptures and twists, and also when there is a suspicion of malignancy of the formation. Currently, laparoscopy is most commonly used.

There are also several other methods of surgical treatment:

1. A cystectomy is the removal of the cyst itself.
2. Ovariectomy is the removal of an ovary.
3. Adnexectomy - removal of the uterine appendages.
4. Ovarian biopsy - performed for malignant tumors.

As for conservative treatment, it is used in the vast majority of cases. Treatment with this method involves taking painkillers, as well as contraceptives, which helps prevent the appearance of new formations.

Not only dangerous cysts, such as endometrioid, dermoid and mucinous, are subject to mandatory removal, but also those that form in a young woman who wants to become pregnant, since during pregnancy the risk of torsion or tumor growth increases.

Laparoscopy of an ovarian cyst

Laparoscopy can be both diagnostic and therapeutic. The only difference is that with one of them only diagnostics are carried out, and with the second - the necessary procedures.

Laparoscopic surgery is performed without a surgical incision in the abdominal cavity. Instead, the specialist makes several small punctures in the navel, through which a special instrument is inserted inside - an endoscope equipped with a camera. The camera allows you to track the entire process of the operation on a large monitor and avoid accidental errors.

The operation to remove the cyst using laparoscopy lasts from 20 to 40 minutes, depending on the size of the cyst and its structure. In a planned manner, the first phase of the menstrual cycle is best suited for the operation. The postoperative period lasts only 1 day of stay in the hospital, after which the woman can start working on the 3rd day.

Conducted operations

The cyst may be removed by laparotomy. Usually indications for such an operation are large ovarian cysts or complicated cases of the disease.

There are several options for operations using laparotomy:

1. A cystectomy is the removal of an ovarian cyst.
2. Wedge-shaped excision - when the cyst and part of the ovarian tissue are removed.
3. Ovariectomy - when not only the cyst is removed, but the entire ovary.

It often happens that right during the operation, the doctor detects a malignant degeneration of the ovary, and in this case, the removal of both ovaries, the uterus, the fat fold (omentum) and regional lymph nodes is indicated.

Treatment of ovarian cyst without surgery

With a small size of the ovarian cyst, treatment without surgery is allowed, progesterone-based tablets (Dufaston) are used. This hormone helps to slow down and reduce the growth of the cyst. The course of therapy lasts at least 5-6 months. In many cases, it may be ineffective.

With the diagnosis of an ovarian cyst, drugs are usually prescribed that help normalize the hormonal background of the body (Yarina, Novinet). The duration of admission depends on the parameters of the blood test of a particular woman. Self-administration of such medicines is unacceptable.

Folk remedies

Now we will look at how to treat an ovarian cyst with the help of traditional medicine. These recipes help to reduce the size and reduce the number of neoplasms, help eliminate hormonal imbalances.

1. Kalanchoe is one of the best folk remedies for ovarian cysts. This plant relieves inflammation, helps to dissolve the neoplasm, supports immunity. Squeeze the juice from Kalanchoe, mix in equal parts with honey, and moisten gauze swabs with this drug. Insert a tampon into the vagina at night as deep as possible. With a cyst of the right ovary, you need to lie down on the right side, with a cyst of the left - on the left side. Continue treatment until the complete disappearance of all unpleasant symptoms.
2. To prepare this remedy, you will need: honey (100 ml) and one medium-sized onion. Pour honey into a small deep bowl and place the onion there. The main thing is that the onion is completely covered with honey, otherwise there will be no strong healing effect. Folk healers recommend doing this whole procedure during the day. Only in this way can the onion be completely saturated. Further, in the evening (that is, after 10 hours), you need to get this bulb and form a small tampon from it of such a size that it is convenient for you to insert it into the vagina. Wrap the bulb with gauze and insert into the vagina overnight. The course of treatment, as a rule, is about 10 days.
3. This recipe only needs a teaspoon of honey. If you have it liquid, then before using it should be placed in the freezer, let it harden a little. Then honey is laid out on a wide bandage, which is folded in two layers and tied with a strong thread. In order for the tampon to be easily removed from the outside, leave long ends of the thread. Try to insert it deeper, otherwise the honey may leak out and there will be no effect from it. And lastly, try to go to bed on the side from which the cyst is located. Simultaneously with the treatment with honey swabs, it is advised to drink a glass of warm boiling water every morning before meals, after adding 2 tablespoons of honey there. Sometimes two weeks of treatment is enough for the cyst to disappear. In the case of neglect of the disease, the time for treatment will take a little more time.
4. To prepare a decoction of the upland uterus, you need to take 1 tbsp. l. dry grass, which must be poured with boiling water in an enamel bowl. Then you need to put it on a steam bath and simmer for twenty minutes. Then cover with something and put it in a warm place for 3 hours (no longer). After that, the broth is filtered and drunk 1 tbsp. l. no more and no less than 5 times a day for 24 days. Then 5 days break and a new course.
5. Walnut shell helps to heal a cyst in 2 months. Wash 14 nuts thoroughly and free them from the kernels. Pour the nuts with vodka in the amount of ½ liter. Infuse the solution for a week and take 1 spoon for a month.

Symptoms of an ovarian cyst are not always pronounced. The disease is a benign formation. There are different types of tumors, with contents, with and without a stalk, differing in location. From what a cyst appears on the ovary, read on.

An ovarian cyst, the symptoms and treatment of which are strictly determined by the doctor, is a tumor-like formation on the reproductive organ.

There are the following types of pathology:

• dermoid;
• mucinous;
• paraovarian;
• corpus luteum cyst.

There are formations both single and multiple (they are called cystomas). In most cases, they are benign, but they can also become malignant.

Causes

If an ovarian cyst has formed, women may or may not have symptoms. Common reasons why a cyst develops on one or both ovaries are inflammatory processes, hormonal failure.

The main reasons for the development of ovarian cysts:

• Inflammatory diseases of the reproductive system. It can be acute and chronic adnexitis, endometritis, endometriosis, salpingo-oophoritis.
• Sexually transmitted infections. All of them lead to the onset of inflammatory processes.
• Surgical operations. This includes scraping according to indications.
• Endocrine diseases. Problems with the thyroid gland, diabetes mellitus and other diseases can provoke the appearance of neoplasms.
• Other factors. This should include ovarian dysfunction, hormonal imbalance, early menstruation (beginning earlier than 11 years), lack of egg maturation.

There are also factors that provoke pathology, characteristic for each type of tumor:

• . It is a congenital type and is present from birth in girls.
• , . Develop due to problems with the hormonal background.
• Polycystic. The reason is chronic, endocrine and other diseases in the female body.

There are frequent cases when a cured neoplasm leads to relapse and the formation of new tumors. For this reason, even after a complete cure, you should regularly visit the doctor and undergo an examination.

When an ovarian cyst is diagnosed, the woman's symptoms and treatment are issues that a qualified doctor deals with. Neither traditional medicine nor self-treatment at home will give the desired result, but, on the contrary, can worsen the situation.

If a woman has an ovarian cyst, the symptoms are not always pronounced. Often, the disease is detected by chance during a routine examination or when a woman contacts a gynecologist with certain complaints about her health.

The following tangible signs of an ovarian cyst are possible when it is large or exists for a long time.

Pain

Small formations do not lead to the development of pain in a woman. But as the tumor grows, a woman may experience a feeling of squeezing, heaviness in the lower abdomen. They are able to increase with physical effort, with sexual contact with a man.

Discomfort is usually more pronounced on one side, where the pathology is located. With a complicated course of the disease, for example, with torsion or rupture of the cyst, the pain becomes acute, and is given to the anus.

Associated symptoms:

• dizziness;
• nausea and vomiting;
• an increase in overall body temperature.

Failure of the menstrual cycle

Formations caused by hormonal imbalance, or causing it, are characterized by such signs:

• , passing into uterine bleeding;
• irregular cycle;
• rare, .

Pain when urinating, frequent urination

Problems with going to the toilet "in a small way" are caused by the fact that the tumor presses on the bladder. And rapidly increasing in size can put pressure on the intestines, causing constipation.

Increase in abdominal circumference

This symptom occurs when there is a very large cyst of the right or left ovary, or when ascites develops, when fluid accumulates in the abdominal cavity.

Signs of tear or torsion

Rupture of an ovarian cyst or its torsion is a complication that can cause:

When an ovary ruptures, a woman usually begins to bleed internally. Other symptoms:

• intense pain in the abdomen, radiating to the lower back, anus, legs;
• lowering blood pressure;
• dizziness, nausea and vomiting;
• cold sweat;
• loss of consciousness.

Torsion can occur when there is a tumor on the pedicle. The intensity of the manifestation of symptoms depends on the degree of torsion.

Associated symptoms:

• "acute" abdomen;
• nausea and vomiting;
• increase in body temperature.

When or when her torsion has occurred, the woman needs emergency medical care.

Diagnostics

To prescribe effective therapy, a woman needs to be examined.

The following diagnostic methods are used:

• General blood analysis. Able to show the presence of an inflammatory process, anemia.
• ultrasound. Allows you to most accurately diagnose the presence of a tumor, as well as its location.
• Diagnostic laparoscopy, during which a biopsy is possible.
• Puncture.

Treatment

The choice of therapy depends on a number of factors:

• woman's age;
• the need to preserve reproductive function;
• symptoms of pathology and their severity;
• tumor type;
• the risk of malignancy.

Treatment of an ovarian cyst without surgery is possible only with its functional nature and mild course. In this case, the woman is prescribed:

• hormone therapy;
• vitamin therapy;
• homeopathic preparations.

• adherence to a certain diet;
• acupuncture;
• physiotherapy;
• therapy with mineral waters.

When conservative treatment fails or the disease progresses, the formation increases in size, the woman's condition worsens, surgical treatment is indicated.

Recently, the most effective in the treatment of ovarian cysts is the method of laparoscopy. However, it is possible with confirmation of the good quality of the tumor.

The following operations are carried out:

• cystectomy. It involves the removal of the tumor and the preservation of ovarian tissue. After the operation and the recovery period, the reproductive function is completely preserved.
• wedge resection. Removal of the formation, but together with nearby ovarian tissues.
• Complete removal of the ovary. In some cases, the appendages are completely removed.

Cysts are subject to removal with the help of an operation:

• endometrioid;
• dermoid;
• mucinous.

It is important to have surgery when planning a pregnancy.

To avoid complications and preserve the possibility of having a child in the future, it is necessary to recognize the pathology in time and treat it. Therefore, every woman should be more attentive to her health and visit a gynecologist at least twice a year.

Forecast

The prognosis depends on the type of formation, as well as the treatment received:

• Functional ovarian cysts are prone to recur, even if they have been completely cured. This can be avoided only by undergoing prescribed therapy and following all the recommendations of the doctor.
• Dermoid cysts do not recur, and endometrioid cysts may reappear.

With proper treatment or after surgery, in most cases, a woman has the opportunity to become pregnant.

On the video about the disease

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For many women who are faced with a diagnosis for the first time ovarian cyst, panic is characteristic, which is most often associated with the fact that there are a lot of different and conflicting information about this disease.

Ovarian cyst, is it dangerous? That's what really worries a woman. Indeed, the ovarian cyst is different, and depending on this, such patients need an individual approach in each case. The doctor needs not only to diagnose an ovarian cyst, but also to establish the nature of this disease, to try to eliminate both the disease itself and the causes that led to it.

The fears of women are understandable, because among the patients there are many who are just about to become mothers. First of all, if there is an ovarian cyst, is it possible to get pregnant- this is the main question that worries a woman. The risk of deprivation of the possibility of motherhood frightens any woman, so fears and worries are always understandable, because they are based on objective reasons.

However, in most cases, an ovarian cyst responds well to treatment, proceeds favorably and does not lead to the development of complications. To acquaint readers with this disease, we have tried to briefly outline the basic information that is relevant to the ovarian cyst. This does not mean that having the data, you can not go to the doctor. A consultation with a gynecologist is strongly recommended in any case if there is a suspicion and signs of an ovarian cyst, since only a qualified specialist can help you. A timely visit to the doctor will also help to avoid possible complications, such as ovarian cyst rupture and others.

Concept. Definition

Mechanism of ovarian cyst development

In cases where ovulation occurs, but the egg does not come out of the burst follicle, such a follicle undergoes changes and turns into a follicular-type cyst. If the follicle burst, then the outpouring should occur in the corpus luteum, and with normal ovarian function, the corpus luteum then undergoes changes and disappears. With impaired function, this does not happen and a corpus luteum cyst is formed.

Clinical symptoms

Also, with an ovarian cyst, the following symptoms may be observed:

• Pain during intercourse;


• Pain in the lower abdomen when performing physical exertion, overexertion;


• Frequent urination;


• Nausea and/or vomiting;


• Tachycardia;


• Increase in body weight;


• elevated temperature;


• Tension, most pronounced on the anterior abdominal wall.

Epidemiology. Statistical data

Causes of the disease

• Hormonal disorders in a woman's body (the occurrence of an imbalance between progesterone and estrogen);


• The onset of menstruation earlier than the average age;


• abortion.

Of no small importance is a number of other factors that form an unfavorable background for the development of ovarian cysts. These include Keywords: social environment, family microclimate, diet, stress, working conditions.

Classification

• Single;


• Multiple.

• One-sided;


• Double-sided.

• uncomplicated;


• Complicated.

• Follicular ovarian cyst (formed during ovulation, can be up to 5-7 centimeters in diameter);


• A cyst of the corpus luteum of the ovary (its formation is associated with the reverse development of the corpus luteum after ovulation, in size it can be no more than 6-8 centimeters);


• Parovarial ovarian cyst (formed in the area of ​​the mesentery of the fallopian tube, can reach up to 12-20 centimeters);


• Dermoid ovarian cyst (contains cartilage, hair, fat cells, etc., its capsule is thick-walled, can be up to 15 centimeters in diameter);


• Endometrioid ovarian cyst (occurs when endometrial tissue grows in the ovaries, is more often bilateral, variable in size and can be from 4-5 to 15-20 centimeters).

Complications

• Torsion of the cyst peduncle. In this case, the blood supply to the cyst is disrupted, due to which its necrosis gradually develops. Inflamed and partially necrotic tissues cause the development of peritonitis, which proceeds with its characteristic symptoms: body temperature rises, pain becomes very intense, and vomiting appears. In such patients, all signs of peritoneal irritation are determined. In this case, due to the risk of progression of peritonitis, care should be provided immediately.


• Rupture of the capsule of the ovarian cyst. Of all the complications, rupture of the capsule is the least common. In this situation, abdominal pain is sudden, internal bleeding develops, and there may be a state of shock (determined by the degree of blood loss). Urgent surgery is recommended as an emergency.
• Cyst suppuration. With suppuration of an ovarian cyst, pain in the abdomen is sudden and acute, the body temperature rises sharply. These patients require urgent surgical intervention.

Diagnostics

Given the possibilities of modern medicine, the diagnosis of ovarian cysts is not difficult. If an ovarian cyst is suspected, the following diagnostic measures are performed:
• Gynecological examination. Any woman should initially be examined by a gynecologist, who identifies complaints and prescribes a further examination plan. During the examination, enlarged appendages and pain in the lower abdomen are determined.


• Ultrasound of an ovarian cyst. This survey is considered quite informative. Its value increases with the use of a transvaginal transducer.


• Puncture of the posterior fornix of the vagina. This study is performed when fluid or blood is suspected in the abdominal cavity. Especially often this method is used in the presence of a cyst and a sudden complication of the course, since it allows you to determine the development of complications of an ovarian cyst.


• CT scan. This method is often used for differential diagnosis. Tomography allows you to distinguish an ovarian cyst from other possible neoplasms.


• Laparoscopy of an ovarian cyst. This is a surgical diagnostic method, since this study is carried out under general anesthesia. The advantage of this method is the ability not only to reliably diagnose an ovarian cyst, but also to remove it if, as a result of the study, the doctor concludes that this is necessary.


• General analysis of blood and urine. Laboratory diagnostics allows you to identify the presence of an inflammatory process and the degree of blood loss, if any.


• Pregnancy test. It is done to rule out an ectopic pregnancy. Regardless of whether uterine or ectopic pregnancy, if present, the test will always be positive.


• Determination of tumor markers. This study is more used for differential diagnosis in case of suspected oncological pathology. It is prescribed in the case when other methods did not reveal the nature of the disease, and also if the woman is at risk for cancer.

Differential Diagnosis

If an ovarian cyst is suspected, there is almost always a need for differential diagnosis. This is due to the fact that complaints characteristic of ovarian cysts do not differ in specificity and can accompany many other diseases. In particular, if an ovarian cyst is suspected, a differential diagnosis is carried out with such conditions and diseases as:
• Ectopic pregnancy;


• Acute appendicitis ;


• Oncological diseases of the ovaries;


• Varicose veins of the small pelvis;


• Diseases of the genitourinary system;


• Intestinal diseases.
In addition, in relation to ovarian cysts, differential diagnosis implies not only the approval of this diagnosis, but also the determination of the type of cyst, since the tactics of managing such patients and treatment will differ.

Treatment of an ovarian cyst

At the initial stage of the disease, an ovarian cyst, treatment does not always begin with the prescription of medications or recommendations for a surgical method. As a rule, a waiting tactic is chosen. Of course, not in cases where the cyst is large, the complaints are pronounced, and there is a high risk of complications. Such a tactic is acceptable if the cyst does not exceed 1 centimeter in size, the pain in the abdomen is mild, and the general condition of the patient is considered mild.

With a disease such as an ovarian cyst, surgery is one of the methods of treatment. If you have an ovarian cyst, surgery is indicated for the following types:

• dermoid ovarian cyst;


• mucinous;


• endometrioid.

Operation

It is possible to carry out the operation in two ways: by conventional incision and laparoscopic method. The latter is less traumatic, but if a complication is suspected, the first method is still preferable.

In the presence of a disease, the operation can be performed in several ways.:

• cystectomy. With this method, only the cyst is removed, while healthy ovarian tissue is completely preserved. In this case, after healing, the ovary again begins to fully perform its function. Childbearing ability is not affected. The smaller the size of the ovarian cyst, the more healthy tissue remains and, accordingly, the greater the likelihood that the ovary will cope with its function after the operation.


• Resection of an ovarian cyst. During this operation, the damaged area of ​​the ovary is excised, its healthy tissue is preserved as much as possible.


• Ovariectomy. This is an operation in which the ovary is completely removed.


• Adnexectomy. This operation consists in removing not only the ovary, but also the uterine tube. It can be done on one side or both.
  After the operation, anti-adhesion therapy is prescribed.

Conservative treatment

When the diagnosis of an ovarian cyst is established, treatment can be conservative. The main drugs that are used are oral contraceptives.

In addition, there is a large arsenal of drugs that are indicated for this disease.: vitamin preparations, ascorbic acid. The effectiveness of such a drug as Tsivilin is also noted. It has a complex anti-inflammatory effect and promotes the resorption of ovarian cysts. Alternative treatment of ovarian cysts is also used, but it is not widely used. As a rule, the use of traditional medicine cannot eliminate an existing cyst. In this case, its main goal is to eliminate inflammation, normalize hormonal levels, increase the activity of the immune system and have a sedative effect in patients with a labile nervous system.

Forecast

With follicular cysts, the prognosis is favorable, and in most cases, if a woman has a follicular cyst, surgical treatment is not required. If the dermoid ovarian cyst was removed in a timely manner, then the prognosis is favorable, including in relation to reproductive, sexual and menstrual function.

There is an unfavorable prognosis in cases where, despite the presence of an ovarian cyst, a woman does not receive adequate treatment and is not observed by a gynecologist. In such situations, the risk of complications increases significantly, and therefore the prognosis becomes unfavorable.

Preventive measures

Considering that an ovarian cyst is often the result of inflammatory processes in the genitourinary system, a woman should carefully monitor her health and consult a doctor at the first signs of inflammation and receive treatment in a timely manner. If we take into account that an ovarian cyst often occurs due to hormonal disruptions in the body, then it is important to pay attention to how regularly the menstrual cycle passes. The work of the thyroid gland is also important, since it also leads to an imbalance in the hormonal system as a whole.

Precautions if an ovarian cyst has already been diagnosed include the following::
It is impossible to take hormonal contraceptives uncontrollably. Only if they are prescribed by a doctor and selected individually, they will help to reduce some cysts (for example, ovarian follicular cyst). With the wrong intake of hormonal drugs, the cyst can even increase in size.

All kinds of thermal procedures should be avoided (taking a bath, visiting a sauna, sun tanning, visiting a solarium). The reason for this is increased blood circulation, including in the pelvic organs during thermal procedures, and this, in turn, can lead to cyst growth and increase the risk of ovarian cyst rupture. Mud procedures and applications on the lower abdomen are also contraindicated, they may increase the pain of an ovarian cyst.

If there is an ovarian cyst, what to do with physical activity? This question also worries women. You can do physical exercises, but you should avoid those exercises that contribute to the appearance of pressure in the abdominal cavity. These include lifting the torso or legs from a prone position.

Another important factor that every woman of childbearing age should consider is the prevention of unwanted pregnancy, since abortion is also one of the reasons leading to the development of ovarian cysts.

With the availability of modern medicine, it is not difficult to choose a reliable contraceptive. Contact your gynecologist or family planning center for all advice regarding contraceptive measures.

By following our recommendations, you will partially limit yourself from the unpleasant consequences that are possible in the presence of an ovarian cyst. In addition, you will thus help to reduce the size of the ovarian cyst (in some forms of the disease).
Do not forget that a frivolous attitude towards yourself will certainly lead to problems. Stay healthy!


Before use, you should consult with a specialist.

An ovarian cyst is a pathological proliferation of organ tissue in the form of a sac or bladder filled with fluid. With severe inflammation inside the sac, pus can accumulate, while the ovaries become very painful, the woman has symptoms of general intoxication. The size of the cystic formation can exceed the size of the ovary by 5-6 times and reach up to 12-15 cm (in a healthy woman, the ovaries are the size of a walnut). There are cases when cysts grew up to 20-25 cm, and the process was not accompanied by severe symptoms and signs.

Cystic proliferation of ovarian tissues is rarely an isolated disease and occurs mainly against the background of other disorders, being their complication. The cause of the pathology can be hormonal fluctuations, gynecological diseases, insufficient production of thyroid hormones by thyroid cells, abortions and miscarriages in history. Most functional cysts do not need surgical treatment, but require constant monitoring. If the formation is too large, it can rupture, dangerous with massive internal bleeding, so women should know how the pathology manifests itself and be able to distinguish it from other female diseases.

More than half of women experience the appearance of follicular cysts that form at the site of rupture of the follicle during the period of ovulation. The follicle is one of the structural components of the ovaries, consisting of an epithelial layer and connective tissue. Between them is an immature egg, the growth of which occurs during the menstrual cycle. During ovulation, the walls of the follicle burst, the mature egg enters the fallopian tube, and a corpus luteum forms at the site of damage to the epithelial layer. The corpus luteum consists of glandular tissue, which is responsible for the synthesis of progesterone (a hormone necessary for implantation and fixation of the egg in the uterus and the further development of pregnancy) and resolves on its own within 2-3 months. If this does not happen, a follicular cyst is formed.

Usually, follicular cysts respond well to medical treatment and do not require surgical intervention, but with rapid growth, a woman will be prescribed an ovarian laparoscopy. This is an operation that can be used for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. An opening is made in the woman's abdomen through which a laparoscope is inserted into the pelvic space. If necessary, during the procedure, the doctor can remove the formation and send it for histological examination.

Less common are other types of cysts, each with its own causes and differences in the treatments used. The table shows the most common cystic growths diagnosed in women of reproductive age.

Important! Hemorrhagic cysts also pose a danger to women, which occur when blood vessels are damaged and subsequently ruptured and followed by hemorrhage in the ovarian tissue. Pathology develops rapidly and is accompanied by fever and severe pain. The intensity of the pain is usually very high, the character is cutting.

Video - What is an ovarian cyst? Should it be removed?

How to identify a cyst in the early stages?

In order to prevent the rapid growth of cystic formation and to carry out the necessary therapy in time, it is important to know the initial signs and symptoms that can occur when the tumor is just beginning to grow. They are not specific and characteristic of this particular pathology, but together they should be the reason for going to the doctor and a preventive examination.

With cysts of any type, a woman's hormonal background is disturbed, which affects the appearance and leads to certain changes in the body. A woman can suddenly gain weight if she maintains the same diet and level of physical activity. Fat deposits are often accompanied by edema and are localized mainly in the abdomen and thighs.

At the same time, the activity of hair follicles increases, which leads to intensive growth of body hair. Hair can appear even in places where it has never grown before: on the back, lower abdomen, in the area above the upper lip, in the temporal part of the face. On the legs, the hairs may become coarser and turn a bright black color. An important point is that the hair grows very quickly even after the use of hardware methods of hair removal.

Changes can also affect the timbre of the voice: it becomes lower, the tonality also changes and becomes rough. Some women may develop hoarseness, but this symptom is rare. Other early symptoms (before the appearance of pain syndrome) that accompany the growth of cystic formations in the tissues of the ovaries include:

• frequent headaches;
• periodic bouts of hypotension;
• an increase in the amount of vaginal discharge between periods;
• spotting in the first half of the cycle;
• reduction in breast size.

Note! In most cases, there are no painful sensations at the initial stage, but sometimes a woman may experience slight pulling pains on one side of the abdomen, which can spread to the central part of the peritoneum, the sacrococcygeal zone and the lower back. The pains are of low intensity and are not associated with the menstrual cycle.

Typical symptoms of an ovarian cyst

The most obvious symptom indicating the possible growth of cystic cavities is a pulling, intense pain in the lower abdomen. Usually it is permanent, but its severity can vary depending on the level of physical activity and other indicators. With a cyst, the pain syndrome becomes stronger during sports, weight lifting, a few days before the onset of menstruation, with intimacy. Localization of pain can also be different: from the lower abdomen to the gluteal muscles and the coccyx area. The pain appears mainly from the side of the lesion, but with the onset of inflammation it can become diffuse.

Periodic increase in body temperature

Body temperature with an ovarian cyst is almost never at a constant level. Its fluctuations are often noted within subfebrile condition (up to 37.2 ° -37.6 °). The basal temperature also rises, but this sign cannot be reliably assessed, since a slight increase in different phases of the menstrual cycle is considered the norm for healthy women.

Severe edema

Puffiness often occurs in the subcutaneous fat located in the abdomen. The abdomen itself appears enlarged due to fluid accumulation and tumor growth, with the enlargement usually seen on only one side. If the cyst is not inflamed, the abdomen is painless and soft on palpation. Edema can also appear on the face, neck and limbs. Symptomatic therapy (the use of decongestants and herbal preparations), a salt-free diet give a result, but it is usually short-lived.

Menstrual irregularities

At an early stage, when the tumor is just starting to grow, this symptom is mild or absent altogether. Slight fluctuations are possible within 3-4 days, but such indicators are considered a variant of the norm, therefore they rarely become a reason for a comprehensive examination.

If the cyst is not treated, other cycle disorders may appear over time, which include:

• delayed menstruation for a long time (up to several weeks);
• heavy periods that last more than a week (menorrhagia);
• an increase in the amount of discharge between cycles and spotting during this period;
• pain during menstruation;
• absence of menstruation for a long time (more than six months).

Important! For any violations of the cycle, a woman should consult a doctor, as the cause may be serious hormonal disorders, in which the risk of infertility and gynecological diseases is more than 80%.

Changes in sex life

With ovarian cysts, a woman almost always experiences unpleasant and painful sensations during sexual intercourse. Their intensity may vary depending on the activity of the partner, posture and other factors. Pain can also occur within 1-2 hours after intercourse, sometimes they are accompanied by the release of a small amount of blood, dizziness and nausea. The sensitivity of erogenous zones also changes, there are difficulties in achieving orgasm. The amount of vaginal lubrication is sharply reduced, sometimes the vaginal secret is not released at all.

Video - All about the ovarian cyst

If the cyst is inflamed

If the membrane of the cystic growth is violated, microbes and bacteria that inhabit the mucous membranes of the urinary tract and pelvic organs can penetrate into the cyst cavity. After entering the liquid medium, pathogenic microorganisms begin to actively multiply and release waste products and toxins. The cavity of the cyst is filled with pus, which, if it enters the abdominal cavity, can lead to inflammation of the peritoneum and diffuse peritonitis - a deadly pathology (if the woman is not provided with surgical care in time).

To prevent this, you need to know the signs of inflammation of the ovarian cyst, which include:

• acute stabbing or cutting pain in the lower abdomen from the side of the pathological process;
• a sharp rise in temperature to 38.5 ° -39 °;
• abdominal pain on palpation;
• abdominal muscle tension and bloating;
• painful bowel movements and urination;
• vomiting and severe nausea.

Important! If a woman notes signs of an inflammatory process, it is necessary to contact a local gynecologist or a hospital. An inflamed cyst can burst at any time. This situation is dangerous with peritonitis, sepsis, abscess and other deadly complications, so pathological signs cannot be ignored. In addition, the inflamed cyst increases in size and begins to squeeze the surrounding organs, blocking the access of oxygen and nutrients.

Rupture of a cystic growth: how to recognize?

If the situation has taken a critical course, and the cyst has burst, typical signs appear that make it possible to determine the rupture or torsion of the formation. A woman develops acute pain in the lower abdomen (“acute abdomen” syndrome), a large amount of mucus is secreted from the vaginal tract, and the temperature rises to high levels. Perhaps a single discharge of vomit, bouts of dizziness. In severe cases, the woman may lose consciousness. The skin becomes pale, sometimes cyanosis of certain areas appears (mainly on the face, abdomen and hands). Blood pressure drops to critical levels.

Important! With these signs, a woman must be urgently hospitalized in the gynecological department of a surgical hospital. Treatment for rupture or torsion of an ovarian cyst is only surgical.

Cystic formations in the tissues of the ovaries is a rather dangerous phenomenon with serious consequences, which can be avoided by contacting a specialist in time. Cysts of any type need constant monitoring. If necessary, the doctor will select medication or physiotherapy or prescribe surgical removal of the formation if the tumor does not respond to conservative therapy, or there is a high risk of inflammation and rupture, as well as degeneration into malignant pathologies.

Ovarian cyst every woman should have an idea of ​​how the disease develops, what symptoms should be paid attention to

One of the most common pathologies that occurs in the female reproductive system is an ovarian cyst. This disease can pass on its own, without causing any trouble, and can provoke serious complications. Therefore, each of the women should have an idea of ​​how the disease develops, what symptoms should be paid attention to, and most importantly, the prognosis after treatment of different types of cysts.

What is an ovarian cyst

The internal female genital organs consist of the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries - a paired organ in which the egg matures. As you know, the release of the egg into the fallopian tubes occurs once a month, before that it matures in a special cavity - the follicle. The size of a mature follicle is up to 10 mm; in the middle of the cycle, the egg breaks through the walls of the follicle and enters the fallopian tubes. In both ovaries, up to several follicles can mature at the same time, while only one or two eggs are released in one cycle. The rest of the follicles may go through a process of reverse development or fluid may accumulate in them. A follicle with accumulated fluid is called follicular cyst, such a cyst grows for several months, and then gradually resolves.

Ordinary, uncomplicated follicular cysts do not pose a danger and do not cause a deterioration in well-being, while they can occur more than once during a lifetime.

Another type of benign cyst is corpus luteum cyst. It is formed at the site of a mature egg that has left the follicle, and just like the follicular one, it does not require treatment and goes away on its own. The rupture of the vessel in the follicular cyst and the cyst of the corpus luteum provokes the development of a hemorrhagic cavity.

Most ovarian cysts are benign and resolve after conservative treatment, in some cases after surgery.

In addition to the two above, women of reproductive age often develop dermoid cyst, endometrioma, cystic adenoma, polycystic ovary. The dermoid type of cyst most often has a genetic predisposition, occurs in young women and can reach up to 15 centimeters in diameter. Often, in addition to fluid, hair and cartilage can enter the cavity. With inflammation and twisting of the cyst leg, a sharp pain occurs and urgent surgical intervention is necessary.

A polycystic ovary is characterized by the appearance of many cysts on the outer surface of the enlarged ovaries. Most often occurs with endocrine disorders.

Cystadenoma is formed from the tissues of the ovary and can reach sizes up to 30 centimeters.

Causes of an ovarian cyst

Although most cysts are benign and do not cause serious problems, their development and the course of the disease must be monitored under the supervision of ultrasound, tests and a gynecologist. Treatment of cysts will be effective only if the doctor can correctly determine the cause of their formation.

A greater percentage of cystic formations occurs in women of reproductive age, with the approach of menopause, the number of cysts decreases. After 50 years, the disease occurs in 6% of cases, while in the reproductive period this figure can reach 30%.

The main causes of ovarian cysts are:

• hormonal imbalance;
• earlier onset of menstruation;
• inflammatory diseases;
• endocrine diseases of internal organs;
• sexually transmitted infections.

The occurrence of a dermoid cyst can occur with injuries to the abdominal region.

Symptoms and signs of a cyst

The occurrence of a cyst may not be manifested by any clinical symptoms. And this fully applies to temporary cysts - cyst of the corpus luteum and follicular. Such tumors are most often detected during a routine examination and ultrasound. Temporary cysts may resolve on their own or after two to three months of hormone therapy.

You can suspect the disease by symptoms such as pulling, arching pains in the lower abdomen. Lifting weights, sexual intercourse, overstrain of the muscles of the abdominal wall can provoke a painful attack. A large cyst presses on neighboring organs, in particular on the bladder, which is manifested by frequent urination. Often, symptoms of intoxication join - nausea, headache, an increase in body weight can be observed. With a cyst, the menstrual cycle changes - it becomes irregular with abundant or scanty discharge.

Most cysts are attached to the ovaries with the help of a leg, which, with sudden changes in body position, weight lifting, and inflammatory diseases, can twist, causing a severe pain attack.

The cyst can also fester, cause bleeding - all these conditions are accompanied by pain, fever, symptoms of an acute abdomen. In these cases, immediate surgical intervention is indicated.

Endometrial ovarian cyst

Violation of the reproductive function of a woman, pain, a change in the menstrual cycle most often causes an endometrioid cyst. It develops mainly on both ovaries at once and consists of cells of the uterine mucosa. Such cysts occur with endometriosis of the uterus and are a continuation of the inflammatory process, in which pathological foci appear on the pipes, in the intestines, and on the genitals. The resulting focus undergoes all the changes associated with the menstrual cycle - the mucous membrane also swells in it, cysts with bloody contents are formed.

The cause of endometrioid cysts is the drift of cells of the inflamed uterine mucosa during menstruation into the tubes. There they take root, and a pathological focus develops. The drift of endometrial tissues can occur during obstetric manipulations - abortion, curettage. There is a theory of the occurrence of cysts in connection with a genetic predisposition and a weakening of the immune system.

In the first stages, the disease can manifest itself only as a violation of the menstrual cycle with discharge before and after critical days.

The cyst in some cases is the cause of infertility and is found in the treatment of reproductive function.

Pain with a cyst is of varying intensity, aggravated by sexual intercourse and overexertion.

With the growth of endometrial tissue in the ovary, cicatricial changes occur, in turn they disrupt the normal production of eggs. All this eventually leads to infertility. Cyst tissues often grow into the intestines and bladder, causing an adhesive process. Rupture of a cyst, adhesions, cicatricial changes in the ovaries - all this is an indication for a surgical operation.

Is there a difference between right and left ovarian cyst?

Functional, endometrioid, and polycystic cysts occur with equal frequency on both the left and right sides and can be either unilateral or bilateral. A dermoid cyst almost always occurs on one side and most often it occurs on the right ovary. A right-sided cyst must be distinguished from inflammation of the caecum - appendicitis, especially with a sharp attack. To do this, an examination, ultrasound diagnostics, often determine the source of pain during surgery.

Treatment methods for ovarian cysts

The method of treating different types of cysts should be determined by an experienced gynecologist based on tests, ultrasound data and computed tomography. Blood tests show not only the inflammatory process, but also the level of hormones. The main methods of treatment of cysts are the appointment of a course of hormonal therapy, surgical operations. Surgical intervention is necessary in cases of twisting of the cyst leg, a breakthrough of its contents into the abdominal cavity, and also in the absence of the effect of hormones. Dermoid cysts are cured only by surgical removal.

In addition to hormones, anti-inflammatory and symptomatic therapy is prescribed. With endometrioid cysts, chronic endometriosis must be treated. H

The earlier the treatment of the cyst is started, the more likely it is that the pathological process will not affect the reproductive function of the woman. During the period of conservative treatment, it is necessary to constantly monitor the growth of the cyst.

Surgical intervention during an operation for the removal of a cyst may differ in the method of execution. With follicular, uncomplicated cysts, the cavity with the contents is removed, and the resulting ovarian defect is sutured.

Polycystic ovaries are cured by excision of the part of the organ in which the greatest release of hormones is observed. With the same cyst, electrocoagulation, that is, cauterization of ovarian cells, can become an effective method.

With endometrioid cysts in the reproductive age, the pathological focus is removed, preserving the ovary. During menopause, cysts are removed along with the ovary. Laparoscopic surgery is less traumatic, in which the entire procedure is performed through a small puncture of the abdominal wall.

The choice of the operation method depends on the type of cyst, the age of the patient, concomitant diseases, and is determined both in a planned manner and during surgery. Timely operation gives few complications in the postoperative period.

Video of ovarian cyst removal

Is pregnancy possible after ovarian cyst removal?

The occurrence of pregnancy after surgery for an ovarian cyst is possible after a recovery period. For each type of cyst, this period is different. Follicular cysts do not affect the occurrence of pregnancy, endometrioid cysts are the cause of infertility. Therefore, after removing the cysts, it is necessary to complete the course of conservative treatment prescribed by the doctor. The normal functioning of the ovaries and the production of eggs can be restored for a year or more. It is necessary to plan a pregnancy after consulting a gynecologist.

Methods of treatment of ovarian cysts folk remedies

An ovarian cyst is a rather dangerous disease, a complication of which can be adhesions, twisting of the tumor stem, infertility, and menstrual irregularities. Therefore, when diagnosing a cyst, it is necessary to consult a doctor, where he can tell the prognosis and determine the tactics of treatment.

Uncomplicated cysts can be tried to be cured with folk remedies, taking into account general well-being and the possibility of tumor growth. An effective remedy is a walnut, or rather its partitions. Partitions are taken from 4 nuts, poured with a glass of boiling water and heated over moderate heat for 20 minutes, the remedy is taken 2-3 tablespoons three times a day. After a month of treatment, it is necessary to repeat the ultrasound, which will show whether the tumor continues to grow or its reverse development is underway. Burdock juice is consumed three times a day, one spoonful for a month. The juice must be fresh, squeezed from the stems of the plant, so this treatment is carried out in the summer months.

If you experience severe pain and deterioration of health with any method of treatment, you must urgently consult a doctor, delaying the process can lead to serious complications.