Russian language give the definition of participle. Definition of participle and participial turnover, morphological characteristics

In Russian, it is a form of a verb, but it also has the features of an adjective. Therefore, not all linguists single out the participle as a separate part of speech.

But in schools, the sacrament is a special one that has a lot of signs of an adjective. In addition to the fact that the participle answers the questions of adjectives, it also

denotes a sign of an object, but this sign is associated with an action and is also called a verbal sign or a sign by action. For example, falling snow is snow that falls.

With what the sacrament is, students get acquainted in the 6th grade. Before that, it is not distinguished from an adjective. Like adjectives, participles can be of any gender and can also be plural. The sacrament has an initial form. It has gender and number. For example, the word "flying" can be in the form "flying", "flying" and "flying". Participles are also declined according to cases, they can stand in a short form, for example, "open", "painted". It is always a definition in a sentence, like an adjective.

What is participle in terms of verb signs? Participles are in the present and past tense, however, there are no future participles. For example, "sitting now" and "sitting before". Another verb feature is the view, and in phrases built according to the type of control, participles require a noun in the accusative case. There are reflexive participles, for example, "stumbling."

It is very important to correctly determine the conjugation of the verb from which the participle was formed, otherwise you can make a mistake in writing the suffix. It is also important to be able to determine the basis of transitivity and to know what reflexive verbs are. Therefore, before studying what a participle is, you need to study the topic "Verb" in detail.

All sacraments are divided into two large groups. They are active and passive. You can distinguish them not only by meaning, but also by suffixes. indicate that the object itself does something. The suffixes -usch-, -yushch-, -ashch-, -yashch- are attached to the basis of the verb in the present tense, and for the verb in the past tense -vsh- and -sh-. For example, sleeping, chewing, flying.

If the action is performed not by the object itself, but by someone else, then the sign of this action is denoted by passive participles. The suffixes -nn-, -enn-, -t- are involved in their formation. For example, licked, closed, turned on. Passive participles are not formed from all verbs. For example, the verb "to take" does not have the form of a passive participle; such participles are not formed from intransitive verbs either. But only passive participles form a short form.

Very great difficulties for students arise not from the passage of the very topic "What is the sacrament", but from the inability to correctly write participle suffixes. Students make especially many mistakes when writing the double letter "n".

What is the sacrament, you need to remember and know after school. In order to use words correctly in written and oral speech, you need to be able to form them.

In Russian, there are special parts of speech adjacent to a noun or a verb. Some linguists consider them to be special verb forms and explain this by the presence of similar features.

In contact with

Morphological features

Let's consider in detail what is participle and participle. Even the ancient grammarians noted their duality, so they gave them a name meaning “participation” in a noun or verb.

Participle

Declines, that is, changes in gender, number, cases, has a short and full form. At the same time, it has the properties of a verb. For example, having a view:

• checking notebooks (imperfect view) - the one who checks (what is he doing?);
• checked (perfect form) - the one who checked (what did he do?).

Besides , has a time value. It is a constant feature of data having the form of either present time(creating) or past(built). There is also the presence of a return form (recognized sya).

It is characterized by the presence of two pledges - passive and real. Passive participles designate a sign of an object that experiences an action on itself (received package - received the package). The real ones reflect the sign of an object that independently produces an action (a running person is the one who runs himself).

From the foregoing, the conclusion follows: this part of speech denotes a sign of an object by action, manifested in time.

gerund

The term originated in the 18th century, meaning " relation to action”, which is indicated by the first part of the word “dee-” (doer, deed). In modern grammar, such a name has a part of speech denoting additional action in relation to the main, expressed by the verb. Therefore, this form has verb features:

• view perfect(opening), imperfect (closing);
• recurrence(pretending camping).

Perhaps this is the limit of the similarity of the parts of speech under consideration, but there are numerous differences.

What is the difference

First of all, it should be noted that it does not change, that is, it does not decline and does not conjugate. Therefore, in his morphemic composition no flexion. On the contrary, participle endings are their hallmark.

To distinguish between these verb forms will help the questions they answer:

1. Full Communion(which (th; -th, -th)?); short (what (-a; -o, -s)?).
2. gerund(doing what? doing what? how? how?).

Another difference is the different syntactic role. The participle performs the function of circumstance (Bending, winding, a river into the distance.). Brief Communion is only a predicate (The doors to the world of beautiful dreams are open.). Complete can be:

• definition (Foaming waves crashed against high, impregnable rocks.);
• part of a compound nominal predicate (Bread was moldy).

Suffixes

The formation of participles and gerunds occurs in a suffixal way.

Participles are formed from verbs of the corresponding form. Table 1.

It is the suffixes of participles and gerunds that indicate the belonging of words to one or another part of speech.

Important! When forming perfective forms, suffixes -а, -я are not used: incorrect use: looking, correct: looking.

Participles are not formed from the following imperfective verbs:

• ending in -ch (to save, burn the stove and others);
• having a suffix -nu- (pull, go out, shout and others);
• run, prick, climb, plow, want, beat, twist, drink, eat, pour, anger, sew, tear, wait, bend, sleep, lie.

The condition for the correct choice of a vowel in the suffixes of participles of the present tense is knowledge of the conjugation of verbs. Table 2.

note! Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. There are no present tense forms of the verbs: save, shave, wake up, call, write, drink.

Table 3

Table 4

The choice of a vowel before -н (н) is determined by the infinitive suffix:

Spelling with NOT

Both parts of speech are written with NOT together, if not used without it, for example: disliked, hating.

In other cases, the gerund with is not always written separately, except for words with the prefix under-, meaning “less than expected”, “poor quality”, for example, overlooking the child. Compare: not having finished watching the movie, that is, not finishing watching the movie.

Particle "not" should be written separately with a short form of participles (not embroidered), as well as with a complete one in the presence of explanatory words (a novel not published on time), negation (far, at all, never, not at all, not at all and others) or opposition (not started, but finished) .

The use of one and two letters "n"

Double letter -nn- in suffixes of full participles it is written, if available:

• prefix: beveled, welded (but: uninvited guest);
• dependent words: steamed in the oven;
• suffixes -ova-, -eva-, -irova-: canned, overjoyed;
• the word is formed from a perfective verb without a prefix (exception: wounded): deprived.

At the end of short forms, one -n- is always written: based, unpacked.

Separation of syntactically constructions

Often there is such punctuation error- incorrectly placed punctuation marks in sentences containing adverbial and participial phrases. The reason lies in the inability to distinguish them from each other, to determine the boundaries of these structures, to find the word to which they refer.

Let us find out under what conditions adverbial and participle turnover. Let us give the rules existing in the language with examples.

Participial

Explains a noun or pronoun, is a definition, stands apart if:

• refers to the personal : Lulled by the tender words of his mother, he slept soundly. I, who know every path in the surrounding area, was appointed head of the reconnaissance group.
• stands after a defined noun: A soldier, stunned by a projectile, fell on the battlefield.
• has circumstantial significance reasons or concessions: Tired after a long journey, the tourists continued on their way. The tourists continued on their way (despite what?), although they were tired after a long journey. Left to their own devices, the children found themselves in a difficult position.

The children found themselves in a difficult position (why?), because they were left to their own devices.

Participial turnover

Denotes an additional action of the verb-predicate, is a circumstance, always stands apart: Raising the waves, the sea raged. The old man walked with a limp on one leg.

Important! The exceptions are turns that have passed into the category of set expressions, such as: holding their breath, headlong, sticking out their tongue, slipping their sleeves.

Compare two sentences:

1. Sticking out his tongue, the dog was breathing heavily (Dog stuck out his tongue).
2. The boy ran with his tongue out (running fast).

In the first case, there is an adverbial turnover in the sentence. In the second, the expression "sticking out the tongue" has a figurative meaning. It is easily replaced by one word, the adverb "quickly", therefore, is one that does not stand apart.

Common grammar mistakes

The most common mistake is the incorrect agreement of the participle with the word being explained, caused by the inability to correctly define it. This can be seen in the following example:

Tikhon was a weak-willed man who completely obeyed his mother, Kabanikhe.

The writer asked a question from the word Tikhon, although the participle "obeyed" explains another word - "man." The correct one sounds like this:

Tikhon was a weak-willed person (what?), Completely obeying his mother - Kabanikhe.

Passive and real participles are often confused:

Among the lottery tickets was won.

From the written it turns out: the ticket was won, although the thought is different: the ticket was won, therefore, we use the word winner.

When using a gerund, it is important to consider that both actions, main and additional, must refer to one person. If this is not done, we will get similar phrases: Comprehension of the depth of spiritual values, the hero's worldview changed.

The additional action expressed by the gerund does not refer to the hero who performs the action, but to the word "worldview".

Correct option: Comprehending the depth of the spiritual values ​​of the people, the hero changed his worldview.

For the same reason, this part of speech cannot be used in impersonal sentences that convey a state, not an action: Having deceived the mother, the children became ill.

Communion and participle: what's the difference? Participle and participle turnover - a simple explanation

Participial

Conclusion

The speech of an educated person cannot be imagined without verb forms. The first ones help in a detailed, comprehensive characterization of the subject. The second ones make it possible to simplify speech, replace a number of homogeneous predicates, denoting not the main action, but a secondary, additional one. If you learn to understand the participles, you can make your speech beautiful, bright, understandable, which is important for success in life.

Among scientists there is no single definition of participle within the framework of lexico-grammatical classes. Some linguists consider it a special form of the verb. Others, agreeing with Academician L.V. Shcherba, call the sacrament an independent part of speech. There are some experts who define participle as a verbal adjective. V. I. Dal spoke of him as a part of speech, "participated in the verb in the form of an adjective."

However, the verb form

School textbooks reflect different points of view. However, if we consider the participle as a special form of the verb, then it is easier to immediately distinguish it from other parts of speech and write without errors. The very name "communion" characterizes it as something attached to something, and not independent.

Meaning

So, participle is a special form of the verb. It designates, as well as an object, but only according to its action. Questions for the sacrament: "what?" (as an adjective), as well as "what is he doing?", "what is he doing?", "what is he doing?".

Some linguists define the participle as a "hybrid" intraverbal form denoting an action expressed as a sign of an object.

Morphological characteristic

Participles have signs of two independent parts of speech at once - a verb and an adjective. The participle received all the constant signs "inherited" from the verb, and the changeable ones - from the adjective.

Immutable or permanent features

Communion can be either perfect or imperfect.

· It can be transitive and intransitive.

Communion can be returnable and irrevocable.

The word can stand in tense: present, past, future.

Has a passive or active voice.

Changeable or non-permanent signs

The participle changes form according to:

with neuter, masculine and feminine;

with plural and singular;

with six cases

Passive participles can be both in full and in short form.

In a sentence

The syntactic function of participles is determined by the completeness and brevity of the form: full participles are a definition or part of a compound predicate, short participles can only be a predicate.

How to distinguish between passive and active participles

We know that the participle expresses only the sign that is associated with the action. A knowledgeable specialist is one who knows. Checked notebooks are those notebooks that have been checked. As we can see from the example, 2 states are possible: the object performs the action itself, or another object performs the action on the object. Therefore, all participles are divided into two groups:

1. Valid, naming the sign of the object that performs the action: a yellowing (which turns yellow) leaf.

2. Passive, denoting such a sign that undergoes the action of another object: a problem solved (by whom? - by me).

What is the difference between full and short participles

Let's compare two constructions: "Artificial intelligence created by the efforts of cyberneticists" and "Artificial intelligence created by the efforts of cyberneticians". In the first case, the participle "created" is full, in the second ("created") it is short. They play different roles in sentences. The full participle is a definition, and the short participle is a predicate. If we want to decline both participles in cases, we will see that this can only be done with the full form. One letter "n" is written in short participle suffixes, and two "n" - in full forms. What they have in common is that both forms are able to change, firstly, by gender, and secondly, by numbers. Distinguish short participles from similar adjectives because they are spelled differently.

How the sacraments are made

All participles arise from verbs, but their various forms depend on aspect and transitivity.

All 4 forms of participles (active and passive in the present and past tense) can only be produced from transitive and imperfective verbs. For example: meet - meeting (d. p., present time), meeting (d. p., past time) met (s. p., present time), met (s. p., past . vr.).

How to distinguish a participle from a verbal adjective

There is a group of adjectives that are formed, like participles, from a verb. What is the difference? If an object participates in an action and time and appearance matter to it, then this is a participle: to captivate - enthusiastic. In this example, you can determine the perfect form and the past tense, therefore, we have a participle. The definition in the phrases “boiled beets”, “frozen fish” indicates a result that has become permanent, the type and time are not relevant for it, which means that we have a verbal adjective.

What is participial turnover

We have defined the sacrament and considered its possible forms. However, this lexico-grammatical unit can participate in a syntactic construction, which is called participial turnover. If the participle has dependent words (tokens to which we ask a question), then we are dealing with a participial turnover. In a sentence, it always plays the role of a definition. Let's compare: "duck swimming" and "duck swimming in the lake". In the first case, there is a definition expressed by the participle "floating". In the second example, the participle has a dependent word: floating (where?) in the lake. The definition is expressed by participial turnover.

How to place commas

Which were given above, differ from the definitions expressed by participial phrases, punctuation. As part of a sentence, the turnover is separated by commas, but only if it follows the word being defined. Let's compare 2 constructions in which the word being defined is “snowflakes”: “snowflakes swirling in the air” and “snowflakes swirling in the air”. However, this nuance does not apply to morphology; it is the subject of a separate discussion.

What is the most participle turnover? When is it separated by commas in a letter? On the territory of the image ... oh to the garden with .. Deliver brother and sisters. From the garden to the b ... windows ran Sergei jumping over three steps and stopped at the railing. The round roof of the gazebo and the six columns, very peeling, were reflected in the (dark) green pond. The water in the pond was covered with leaves fallen from the trees that grew along its banks.

What is the most participle turnover? When is it separated by commas in a letter? On the territory formed by the garden, a brother and sisters were sitting. Sergei ran from the garden to the baokon, jumping over three steps, and stopped at the railing. The round roof of the gazebo and six columns, badly peeling, were reflected in the dark green pond. The water in the pond was covered with leaves that had fallen from the trees that grew along its banks.

4. Recall the rules for writing suffixes of present participles Stel .. climbing plant, naked .. climbing shrub, cloak ... winding sea, grass, oscillating ... ma I am the wind, bud. wind, galloping riders, breathing easily, building ... a building under construction. A creeping plant, a bare shrub, a cloaking sea, grass, I am swayed by the wind, a barely dawning dawn, horsemen galloping driven by the wind, breathing easily, a building under construction.

5. In what cases is A (I) written before N or NN in strange participles, and in which - E? Zase ... now fields, shore, studded .. with pebbles, washed ... now hands, potash ... her fire, pumping out ... I’m pumping water from the pond, pumping out .. not a wheel. Now the fields are sown, the shore dotted with pebbles, my hands are not lathered, the fire is extinguished, I have pumped water out of the pond, the wheel has been pumped out.

6. How many N are written in the suffixes of short and full participles? 7. When is Н and НН written with suffixes of strange participles and verbal adjectives? Along the empty ... th shore, littering ... with pebbles, sanding ... for her waves, countries ... for her peace, soaking ... and I floors .... with the smell of the road, tired ... with the sun, weeds, gathered ... for bonfires, the room is tired ... but, broom ... her step Along the deserted shore, dotted with pebbles, polished by waves, strangely calm, I am saturated with the smell of wormwood, the road is tired not by the sun, weeds collected for bonfires, the room is tired ... but, a sweeping step

8. Not with participles. The sea, (not) having boundaries, (not) experienced agitation earlier, (not) rolling out winding, but rumbling thunder, (not) going beyond the horizon, cat-where (not) covered with clouds, I led (not) dug to the house, but trampled (n, n) and I'm a path. The sea, which has no boundaries, has not previously experienced excitement, not rolling, but roaring thunder, which has not gone beyond the horizon, where it is not covered with clouds, it was not a dug, but a trodden path that led to the house.

“Not with participles” Separately Together 1. With short participles The meeting is not finished (kr. adjectives) 2. With full participles, in which there are dependent words or opposition with the union A The meeting is not finished, but started. Meeting not started on time. 1. With full participles, if not used without. a perplexed look 2. With full participles, if they have no dependent words and there is no opposition with the union A The meeting is not completed. When?

Homework 1. Copy the text. (slide 12) Insert missing letters and commas. Graphically indicate all spellings and participial phrases. 2. Repeat the morphological analysis of the participle. From the text, make out one real and one strange participle.

Anton is delighted ... with their eyes he looks at his father's cabin. I was tired of a small room .. and I was very comfortable with only the necessary furniture. (C, h) everything here was (un) ordinary. Above the bunk there is a feast ... oh wool ... with a blanket, in ... the village of writing ... and I oil ... with them paints to ... a painting depicting the wind ... a mill under a straw .. oh roof, a meadow full of flowers. (Not) ordinary, but specially attached ... shelves to the wall vm..shawls a lot of interesting (sn, t) things. On one of them, there was a letter ... her device next to it lay ... a stack of books in leather ... bindings. Among them, the boy saw books dedicated to the history of the sea and ships. One of the books caught his attention. On its cover was a drawing of a schooner running on the waves. Anton ra (ss, s) looked at her deck a small figure of a cabin boy. (Un)experienced…from earlier excitement over…the boy's body. He wanted to ra (ss, s) ask his father about the history of ... the schooner and the cabin boy.