Diagnosis and treatment of endometrial polyposis. Diffuse polyposis (Diffuse familial polyposis, Familial adenomatosis of the colon) What is uterine polyposis

Polyposis is a disease characterized by the appearance of multiple benign neoplasms in different organs. Most often, polyps form in the nasal passages, in the stomach and intestines, as well as in the uterus and ovaries. There are circumstances under which these benign formations can degenerate into cancerous ones that pose a threat to human life. In particular, this variety includes familial adenomatous polyposis (often transmitted from parents to their children).

Varieties

To date, there are several varieties of this pathology, which depend on the location of the growths. So, the most common is stomach polyposis, in which several types of growths are formed on the mucous membrane of the organ, classified as polyps.

These growths can be:

glandular, having a special structure (round shape with a smooth surface and a specific leg, with which the polyp is attached to the mucous membrane of the organ);
hyperplastic, small in size and cone-shaped. Glandular neoplasms in the stomach often tend to transform from benign to malignant, and hyperplastic ones do not regenerate.

Also, doctors often face such pathology as intestinal polyposis. Diagnostic techniques used for this disease can detect three types of different polyps. The first type is hyperplastic. Like hyperplastic polyps of the stomach, they are cone-shaped and do not tend to regenerate.

The second type is villous. Their distinctive feature, as the name already implies, is the presence of small villi over the entire surface of the growth. Such neoplasms degenerate into malignant only in 30% of cases.

The third type is adenomatous. They have a leg and are distinguished by a rounded shape. Their surface is smooth and shiny, and they are prone to rebirth. The size of such neoplasms may depend on the stage of their development.

Women very often face such a pathology as endometrial polyposis, that is, the mucous lining the uterus and cervix. Endometrial polyposis also comes in several varieties - glandular, glandular-fibrous, fibrous and adenomatous. Accordingly, endometrial glandular polyposis is a benign process that develops as a result of the growth of endometrial glandular cells. In the glandular-fibrous form, in addition to the glandular tissue, a certain amount of connective tissue is found in polyps, and in the fibrous form, the neoplasm consists only of connective tissue.

The adenomatous form is a precancerous condition. In their composition, such polyps have atypical cells.

Usually, endometrial polyposis in the fair sex is of different types, depending on the location of the growths. It is noted:

uterine polyposis;
vagina;
cervix;
ovaries.

Another type of this pathology, which occurs in both women and men, is nasal polyposis. It is characterized by the appearance of soft formations in the nasal passages, which are painless and can be of various sizes. Treatment of this pathology must be timely, otherwise the patient may experience nasal breathing disorders. Remarkable is the fact that nasal polyposis never degenerates from a benign to a malignant process.

Less common than other types of growths occurs gallbladder polyposis, which can also be benign in nature, but under certain conditions can degenerate into a malignant neoplasm.

Separately, it must be said about diffuse polyposis, in which neoplasms appear in various organs and tissues.

The reasons

Why neoplasms grow in the human body is not known for certain. Scientists, observing people with various pathologies of internal organs, found that some polyps form against the background of existing diseases, while others do not. Presumably, their development depends on the state of the human immune system.

However, predisposing factors are the pathological conditions of certain internal organs. So, gallbladder polyposis occurs in people with, as well as in those who abuse alcohol and eat improperly.

Colon polyposis develops when a person suffers from other inflammatory bowel processes. Also, the development of neoplasms in the intestines is often observed during, after suffering.

Genetic predisposition plays a significant role in the development of this type of pathology. Also, the disease can cause a sedentary lifestyle, especially in people over 50 years of age.

Polyposis of the stomach occurs in people aged 50 years and older, suffering from peptic ulcers, or who have a hereditary predisposition. In addition, those who have undergone stomach surgery may encounter this pathology.

Polyposis of the endometrium of the uterus, cervix, vagina and ovaries occurs against the background of hormonal imbalance. In addition, this type of pathology is caused by traumatic injuries of the uterus, including abortions. Polyposis of the cervix can develop as a result of difficult childbirth, or spontaneous miscarriages.

Diffuse polyposis in the human body can develop due to mutations that have occurred in the genes, which causes uncontrolled proliferation of cells of the organs of the gastrointestinal tract. Very often, diffuse polyposis has a tendency to degenerate into a malignant process. Therefore, with this form, immediate treatment is required.

Symptoms

If we talk about the symptoms of such a disease, then they are not expressed and depend on the localization of the process. For example, with the formation of growths in the nose, snoring, difficulty breathing and a sensation of incomprehensible foreign bodies in the nasal passages are noted.

Symptoms of ovarian polyposis will be as follows:

menstrual irregularities;
pulling pains in the lower abdomen;
development of amenorrhea.

If the patient has a pathology of the cervix, she may complain of spotting in the middle of the cycle and immediately before menstruation. In addition, with ovarian polyposis, pain during sexual contact may be noted. Treatment of such a pathology must be carried out in a timely manner in order to avoid the development of complications such as bleeding or the degeneration of polyps into cancerous tumors.

Symptoms of such a pathology as rectal polyposis are characterized by pain during defecation, the appearance of blood streaks in the feces and the development of diarrhea or.

If the patient has diffuse polyposis, the symptoms may depend on the location of the neoplasms and the degree of development of the pathology. Usually diffuse polyposis occurs in childhood - small patients complain of abdominal pain, poor appetite and weight loss, stunting. In adulthood, the symptoms of this pathology are more pronounced - there is pain in the abdomen, impurities of mucus and blood in the feces, a periodic increase in body temperature, the development of anemia, and others.

Treatment

Treatment of any type of polyposis is exclusively surgical. It is assumed that after surgical excision of polyps, they are subject to cytological examination in order to identify atypical cells.

In cases where polyps are reborn, not only surgical treatment is required, but also treatment with chemotherapy drugs that can destroy atypical cells.

Women, if they have such a pathology as endometrial polyposis, are prescribed hormonal drugs - treatment is based on long-term use of oral contraceptives, as well as other hormonal drugs. With the adenomatous type of polyposis of the uterus, vagina, cervix and ovaries, treatment is carried out by only one method - the radical removal of the female reproductive organs.

What is uterine polyposis - does not hurt to know any woman. This will allow her to recognize the pathological condition in time and seek qualified help.

Definition and classification

Polyps are abnormal protrusions of the mucous membrane of the reproductive organ and the connecting canal. Outwardly, it looks like warts growing from the inside of the organ. Specific outgrowths from the cells of the layer at the base of the epidermis are considered benign. Their size varies quite widely. In particularly difficult situations, they can reach the size of a golf ball. In medical practice, cervical polyposis occurs in single and multiple forms. The base may be wide or look like a thin leg.

Attention! In most cases, polyps are not predisposed to spread beyond the reproductive organ. But there are exceptions to every rule - sometimes they affect the external genital organ through the cervical canal. Pathology occurs in 6-20%, especially in women of middle, menopausal age.

There are several indicators by which the disease is classified. For example, outgrowths that appear with polyposis of the cervical canal of the cervix can manifest themselves, die off, be affected by infections, and change at the cellular level.

The structure happens:

glandular type;
fibrous;
combined;
superficial.

Placental polyps form a separate group. They consist of structural elements of the placenta, which was not completely removed during an abortion, after childbirth. Each of the varieties has certain symptoms, some can lead to infertility, infection.

Contributing factors, signs

The leading role in the genesis of the described disease is given to changes in the structure of the internal mucosa of inflammatory origin and hormonal influence. The causes of uterine polyposis also include:

ovarian dysfunction;
increased levels of estrogen in the female body;
chronic infections transmitted through intimate contact;
inflammatory diseases of the reproductive system;
uterine trauma caused by surgery.

Attention! Especially attentive to their health should be women with consistently high blood pressure, suffering from obesity, with diseases of the endocrine system, with injuries of a neuropsychic nature. Immune disorders also negatively affect the functioning of the body.

Knowing the symptoms of uterine polyposis helps prevent the aggravation of the pathological process. You should be alert:

spotting from the vagina during or after intercourse;
pain during intimacy;
spotting discharge that does not depend on the menstrual cycle;
an increase in the volume and duration of menstruation.

Difficulties with conceiving a child can also be attributed to signs of the disease. Most often, women who form polyps do not feel any changes in their condition, and their detection occurs during a routine examination by a gynecologist.

Interesting! Despite the fact that polyposis of the uterine cavity rarely develops into oncology (in 1.5% of cases), you should always pay attention to any signs.

Examination options for diagnosis, treatment

In medicine, several methods are used to confirm a gynecological disease.

General examination of the genital organs - the condition of the walls of the vagina and the connecting canal leading to the uterus is assessed. With the help of a speculum, a qualified doctor can detect a sagging polyp.
Ultrasound examination of the genital organ - the size of the neoplasm, the structure of the organ in which the embryo develops, the fallopian tubes, and the ovaries are determined. The procedure allows you to additionally determine the thickness and structure of the internal mucosa.
Hysteroscopy - is an integral part of the diagnosis carried out before the appointment of treatment for uterine polyposis. Using a special video camera, not only the internal space is examined, but also a tissue sample is taken for examination under a microscope. Thus, even polyps are successfully removed.

Of all the methods of treating polyposis of the connective canal of the uterus, the most reliable is surgical intervention. Modern methods of the operation make it possible to do without abdominal operations, which involve large incisions and, as a result, ugly scars. If a single neoplasm was found during the diagnostic process, then it is simply cut out. In the case of multiple polyps, the upper layer of the endometrium is scraped.

Direct indications for surgical intervention are situations when:

hormone therapy did not give a positive result;
the patient is over 40 years old;
the polyp has become more than 1 cm;
there is a high probability of cell malignancy.

Attention! Do not be afraid if you have been scheduled for a polypectomy. Many women have to go through this. Fortunately, there are many sparing techniques, the implementation of which allows you to avoid complications after the intervention and quickly return to normal life.

One of the ways to treat endometrial polyposis of the uterus is hysteroscopy. The procedure is performed under light anesthesia and is completed within 15-20 minutes. On the same day, the patient can safely return to her home. The advantages of the technique are absolute safety and painlessness. Through the camera, the quality of the operation is constantly monitored. There are no postoperative sutures because there is no need for incisions.

Laparoscopy is performed through small openings in the abdomen, namely in its lower part. Such treatment is indicated in case of detection of atypical structural elements prone to acquiring malignant properties. Recovery after surgery takes a maximum of 2 weeks, after which the woman can return to her usual way of life.

- This is a hereditary disease that is characterized by the presence of a large number of polyps in the large intestine, sometimes in the entire gastrointestinal tract. It appears at a young age. The main symptoms are abdominal pain, chronic diarrhea, the presence of mucus and blood in the stool, bleeding from the rectum; anemia and weight loss later join. The disease almost always ends with malignancy. Diagnosed with the help of sigmoidoscopy, irrigoscopy, colonoscopy with biopsy of suspicious elements, molecular genetic studies. Treatment is only surgical - resection of the affected area of the intestine.

ICD-10

D12.6 Colon, part unspecified

General information

Diffuse polyposis (familial adenomatosis of the colon) is a hereditary disease with a high risk of malignancy, which manifests itself as a polyposis lesion of the large intestine with frequent involvement of other parts of the gastrointestinal tract in the process. The disease has been known for a long time, its hereditary nature was first described by Gripps in 1889. The prevalence in the population is low, according to various sources - one case per 8-14 thousand of the population.

The risk of the disease increases sharply among relatives of patients with diffuse polyposis. Approximately half of them reveal changes in the large intestine on examination, even if there are no obvious clinical symptoms. Pathology occurs on all continents, men and women get sick with the same frequency. To date, diffuse polyposis has been well studied, including genetic mutations that lead to its occurrence. Since in 100% of cases the disease ends with colorectal cancer, the problem is relevant, despite the low prevalence. Proctology is the study of intestinal polyposis.

The reasons

The cause of familial diffuse polyposis is a mutation in a gene that is located on the long arm of the fifth chromosome. The gene is responsible for the normal proliferation of the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract. The defect leads to uncontrolled reproduction of epithelial cells, the growth of individual sections of the mucous membrane and the emergence of multiple polyps.

Pathogenesis

Polyps in diffuse polyposis have different sizes and structures: some are small, up to one centimeter, have a predominantly glandular structure, others are larger than a centimeter in diameter, with a villous surface and a lobed structure. Polyps can be located on a wide base or on a stalk, often merge, at the confluence there is practically no normal mucous membrane. Malignancy in adenomatous polyps is detected in approximately 30% of cases. Villous polyps become malignant twice as often. A sign of malignancy is an increase in the polyp, the unevenness of its surface, a change in color, the appearance of ulcers. It is believed that the occurrence of cancerous tumors in diffuse polyposis is only a matter of time.

Classification

Forecast and prevention

Since all patients with diffuse polyposis are diagnosed with cancer sooner or later, the prognosis of the disease is poor. Despite the fact that the causes of familial adenomatosis have been studied quite well, there is currently no effective prevention of the disease. It is mandatory to examine all relatives of the patient, including children aged 10-12 years. Geneticists recommend starting an examination of the patient's family members with a molecular genetic analysis to identify specific mutations in the genome.

There are among benign uterine formations and polyps, which are formed from the inner mucous of the uterine layer.

Such neoplasms are found in about 10% of women, and among gynecological problems, polyps occupy about a quarter of cases. Such a statistical picture indicates a considerable prevalence of such a disease.

In fact, polyps are a kind of intrauterine outgrowths protruding into the uterine cavity. These are pathological mucous growths that have a stalk or grow on a wide base.

They differ in structure, location, size, histological structure, and can develop completely asymptomatically. Although most often uterine polyps are manifested by painful symptoms, bleeding and infertility.

Causes of endometrial polyposis

The main cause of the formation of uterine polyps are neurohormonal factors and inflammatory endometrial changes.

They provoke the appearance of polyps of a condition like hyperestrogenism or hormonal ovarian dysfunction. These conditions are accompanied by hyperplastic endometrial changes in the form of polypoid growths. Such conditions are often accompanied by pathologies characteristic of elevated estrogen levels, such as uterine fibroids, mastopathy, or glandular endometrial hyperplasia, adenomyosis, or ovarian polycystosis.
Contribute to endometrial polyposis chronic pathological processes: female inflammations such as oophoritis, adnexitis or endometritis, genital infections, damage to the uterus during abortion and curettage, long-term wearing of an intrauterine device.
At risk the appearance of endometrial polyps, specialists include women with obesity, neuropsychiatric disorders, immune failures, thyroid pathologies, hypertension or diabetes.
Vascular growths can also cause the development of polyposis. With blockage or growth of the vascular channels around them, active reproduction of epithelial cells begins.
It happens that polyposis in the uterine cavity is caused by a genetic predisposition, a hypodynamic lifestyle, or long-term use of Tamoxifen. This medication is used in antitumor therapy to block hormone-sensitive receptors. As a result, in some patients, polyposis formations begin to actively grow.

Kinds

Polyps have a fairly simple structure, including a leg and a body.

The body is the polyp, and the leg performs the function of attachment, that is, it attaches the formation to the uterine wall. In accordance with the location, specialists distinguish polyps of the uterine body and.

Photo of a polyp on a leg in the uterus

According to histological features, uterine polyps are divided into the following varieties:

Fibrous- such formations are formed from connective tissue cells, have a dense structure, occur mainly in women after 40 in the premenopausal or menopausal period, when massive hormonal changes occur in the female body;
glandular- consist of glandular cellular structures. Such polyps usually occur in relatively young patients. They can develop in the form of cystic formations that have fluid inside. The most common cause of such a polyposis is endometrial hyperplasia;
Adenomatous- in their composition there are atypical altered cellular structures. Such formations are prone to malignancy;
Glandular fibrous- consist of a mixture of connective tissue and glandular cellular structures;
Placental- such polyposis formations are formed in women after childbirth if placental cells remain in the uterine cavity, from which polyps then develop.

Symptoms and signs

Polyps of the uterus can sometimes develop in a latent way, that is, covertly, but still, over time, the pathology acquires a characteristic set of symptoms, which are as follows:

When the latent stage of development ends, the patient begins to worry about bleeding from the uterus of a dysfunctional nature of an acyclic or cyclic type. Menstruation becomes profuse and painful, and before them brownish vaginal discharge disturbs;
Any sexual contacts cause discomfort and pain, and after them, spotting is also disturbing;
Patients of menopausal age develop unusual bleeding;
Frequent blood loss provokes the development of iron deficiency, which sometimes manifests itself in very severe anemic forms. The patient often experiences weakness, dizziness, her skin acquires pale shades;
If multiple or single polyps reach large sizes, then the patient is disturbed by pain localized just above the pubic region. Painful symptoms can be constant and aching in nature, and in some patients the pain is cramp-like and occurs periodically;
Often, endometrial polyposis in women is accompanied by the release of vaginal mucous whites;
Polyps can cause miscarriages and infertility, so with such problems, it is imperative to undergo the necessary examination for polyposis.

Uterine pathologies like endometriosis are characterized by similar symptoms, so qualified diagnostics are necessary to identify the disease.

Why is the disease dangerous?

Despite their benign origin, polyps can pose a threat to women's health. Among the most "harmless" consequences, experts distinguish a chronic failure of menstruation.

But endometrial polyposis can also provoke more serious problems, such as complicated pregnancy, infertility, or the birth of a polyp. The latter case may lead to the removal of the uterine body.

The most dangerous consequence of a polyp can be malignancy, when the tumor degenerates into. Therefore, polyps need mandatory medical supervision.

Polyp in the uterus and pregnancy

Polyposis formations can provoke infertility or miscarriage, so they are very dangerous for pregnancy. The ideal option is to remove polyps before pregnancy.

Experts consider such a combination not very pleasant, but not tragic either. If a woman was able to become pregnant in the presence of polyposis, then usually the pregnancy proceeds without any special complications in the future.

Of course, there are risks of abortion, but it all depends on the specific situation. In any case, after the birth of the baby, the polyps are removed.

Sometimes polyposis formations form in the uterine body after childbirth. Usually, placental polyps appear at the site of placental remnants. In a similar situation after childbirth, a woman is worried about heavy uterine bleeding for about three weeks.

Placental polyps are surgically removed along with the remnants of the placenta, then curettage is performed.

Size of outgrowth and how fast can it grow?

Polyps of the body of the uterus can have different sizes from 1 to 30 mm, although most often such formations do not exceed 10 mm.

A polyp may not grow for a long time and not cause trouble for the patient, but in the presence of provoking factors such as progesterone deficiency, pregnancy, abortion, curettage, the growth of polyposis formations may increase.

Diagnostics

After a medical examination, the patient is sent for diagnostic procedures:

Ultrasound procedure;
Hysteroscopic diagnosis;
Scraping;
Metrography is an x-ray examination of the uterine cavity.

Photo of ultrasound diagnosis of a polyp in the uterus

If necessary, the diagnosis of uterine polyps is supplemented by other studies.

Education treatment

The main way to get rid of uterine polyps is considered.

Polypectomy is performed during hysteroscopy. Usually the procedure is carried out 2-3 days after menstruation. Such terms are explained by the fact that during this period the endometrial layer is thin and polyposis formations are perfectly visible. Removal is carried out with an electric loop, and the place of separation is cauterized.

If the formations are small, then the doctor may recommend. Preparations containing hormones can reduce the production of estrogen, and the level of progesterone, on the contrary, increases.

As a result, the hormonal causes of polyposis are eliminated, the formations shrink and leave the uterus during the next menstruation.

If polyposis is due to endometrial inflammation, then antibiotic therapy is indicated.

With the multiple nature of polyposis, therapy can be supplemented with endometrial curettage in those areas where there are accumulations of polyps. After scraping, the damaged areas are disinfected with a special solution. Removed polyps are sent for histology.

A polyp is a benign rounded growth located on the walls of organs with a hollow structure and protruding into their lumen.

Polyposis formations can be located on a stalk or attached to the surface of an organ through a wide base. Polyps are found in any organs that have a mucous lining.

Polypous growths are not dangerous for the patient, however, in some cases, under favorable conditions, they are able to degenerate into.

Moreover, the absence of alarming symptoms does not guarantee that the polyp will not become malignant in the future. Therefore, experts recommend removing such formations or treating them with conservative methods.

Localization

Polyps, as noted above, can be localized in any hollow organ that has a mucous membrane.

Most often, such formations are found:

In, ovaries and;
In and, on the cardia (junction of the stomach with the esophagus);
In and ;
On the skin, especially in the neck area;
In the auricles;
In the kidneys, liver and pancreas;
On the vocal cords;
B, etc.

Polyposis formations can be single or placed on the mucosa in groups. Most often they do not exceed a centimeter in diameter, which greatly complicates their identification. But if polyps grow, then they talk about polyposis, which is accompanied by corresponding symptoms.

Kinds

There is a fairly extensive classification of polyposis formations. Depending on the etiology, they are inflammatory, neoplastic or hyperplastic.

In accordance with the prevalence, they are divided into single and multiple, and according to morphological features, they are classified into fibrous and cystic-granulating, hyperplastic, villous, glandular-villous and glandular. Each species has its own characteristics and characteristics.

Placental

A placental polyp is called an abnormal growth on the inner uterine wall, which is formed from the residual tissues of the parenchyma of the placenta. Usually, such polyposis formations occur after childbirth, spontaneous miscarriages or abortions.

If the placental growth was formed during pregnancy, then it does not pose a danger to the fetus and mother. Such a formation is also called decidual, and it is formed from the fetal membrane and placental tissue.

Glandular fibrous

Polyps of the glandular-fibrous type are formed from connective tissue and glandular cellular structures. Such growths are more common in the uterine cavity or on the cervical mucosa.

This photo shows what an endometrial polyp looks like during hysteroscopy.

It is found mainly in older and mature women. The structure of the formation is predominantly connective tissue, but it contains inclusions of glandular tissues, hence the name of the species - glandular-fibrous.

adenomatous

Adenomatous polyposis formations are found in the intestines, uterus and other structures. They, as a rule, have a stalk, consisting of smooth muscle and connective tissue fiber structures.

Such growths are classified as precancerous formations, since they are prone to malignancy and degeneration into cancer.

According to statistics, among all polyposis growths, adenomatous ones occur in 10% of cases.

hyperplastic

Such polyps usually form against the background of abnormal growth of healthy tissues. Hyperplastic formations are found in medical practice more often than other varieties, they can be localized in the stomach, intestines, uterus, etc. Such polyposis growths very rarely develop into cancer (0.5% of cases).

They occur against the background of infections and bacterial activity of microorganisms. The development of such a polyp occurs due to hyperplastic changes in the epithelial cellular structures of the organ, i.e., there is no mutagenic trace or cell degeneration in the etiology of polyposis formation.

Decidual

Decidual polyps are called small protruding formations localized on the mucous membrane of the cervix. It occurs during pregnancy against the background of changes in the hormonal background, leading to decidualization of the cervical tissues, i.e. growth.

According to statistics, about 23% of women during pregnancy experience polypous formations in the uterine cervix.

A characteristic feature of the decidual formation is the abundance of blood vessels, therefore, at the slightest impact, they begin to bleed, for example, during a gynecological examination or sexual intercourse. Such injuries can lead to inflammation, so they require careful attention.

Usually, this kind of growths go away on their own after childbirth and the restoration of hormonal status.

endometrial

Endometrial polyps are called formations localized on the walls of the uterus and formed from its inner layer.

It occurs in women of any age, but is more typical for patients in the premenopausal period, which experts explain by hormonal changes, which in this case are considered the norm.

Usually, endometrial polyposis formations do not spread beyond the uterine mucosa, but sometimes they also grow into the vagina.

Such growths are rarely malignant (1-2%), so sometimes they can be considered as a precancerous disease, especially adenomatous.

fibroepithelial

Fibroepithelial polyp, which is also called papilloma, is a benign warty-like formation and is located mainly on the lateral surfaces of the neck and in large skin folds.

Cholesterol

Cholesterol polyps are localized on the walls of the gallbladder and, in fact, are not true polyps. These are pseudopolyposis formations that are formed from cholesterol deposits on the mucous walls of the gallbladder. Such pseudopolyps are easily amenable to conservative treatment without the intervention of surgeons.

Choanal

Choanal polyps are localized in the nasal cavity, growing from the sphenoid or maxillary sinus towards the choana (this is the opening that connects the nasopharynx with the nasal cavity). Usually, choanal growths form only on one side in one sinus.

granulation

Granulation polyps are caused by the growth of glandular (granulation) tissues, which usually occurs against the background of inflammatory processes such as sinusitis. Such formations usually have a characteristic leg, they definitely need to be treated surgically.

Hyperplasiogenic

Similar polyposis formations occur in the nose due to regenerative disorders in the glandular structures. They almost never become malignant and are amenable to conservative therapeutic effects.

villous

Polyposis formations of the villous type are formed from epithelial tissues, may have a nodular or creeping form. Such polyps often have an extensive vascular network, therefore they are painted in a bright red color. They often bleed, ulcerate, and undergo necrosis. prone to malignancy.

What do they come from?

Polyposis formations can occur for various reasons, which are still the subject of study. Experts identify general and specific factors that cause the appearance of polyps.

Common etiological factors include:

hereditary predisposition;
Hormonal disruptions and changes usually cause polypous formations in women in the uterus and cervical canal;
Unhealthy habits and addictions like drinking and smoking;
Age features. In the adult population, polyposis growths are much more common than in children;
The presence of inflammatory processes in the body. If a person has any chronic infectious focus or inflammation, then this creates favorable conditions for the occurrence of polyps, especially chronic and undertreated pathologies.

There are a number of specific reasons that are determined by the location of the polyposis formation:

In the uterus and its neck, polyposis growths are formed against the background of hormonal imbalance, erosion, frequent abortions, during pregnancy, etc .;
In the nasal cavity, growths occur due to untreated infectious diseases or allergic reactions that contribute to inflammation of the nasal mucosa, which leads to the development of polyps;
In the bladder, such formations appear mainly in men against the background of functional disorders in the genitourinary system;
In the gastrointestinal tract, polyposis growths are formed due to bacterial activity, for example, Helicobacter pylori bacteria, etc.

Quite often, specialists fail to determine the true cause of polyps, since it often consists of a whole group of factors.

Symptoms

Most often, polyposis formations grow and develop asymptomatically, and are detected during random examinations.

If the formation reaches a large size and impedes the functionality of neighboring tissues, then specific signs may appear.

For example, intestinal growths may be characterized by the presence of blood and mucus impurities in the feces, frequent constipation or diarrhea. At very large sizes, intestinal obstruction may develop.
With uterine localization a woman may have uncharacteristic premenstrual discharge, the cycle is disturbed, menstruation is longer, intermenstrual spotting of a different nature and cramping pains are disturbing.
With nasal growths headaches, nasal and difficult nasal breathing, runny nose and purulent mucous discharge, sneezing and olfactory disturbances are often disturbing.
Gastric polyposis formations at large sizes, they can cause bleeding, disrupt the patency of the stomach. If the polyp is on a long stalk, then it can fall into the duodenum, where it is pinched, causing severe pain that radiates throughout the entire abdomen.
On the vocal cords growths cause hoarseness of voice, desire to cough, sensation of a foreign object, chronic cough, etc. Against the background of these manifestations, the absence of pain and perspiration is characteristic.
Gallbladder polyps characterized by pain, dyspepsia, colic in the liver and icteric symptoms. The polyp leads to violations of the bile flow, which causes the development of obstructive jaundice.

Symptoms may not be at all if the polyp is small, which leads to difficulties in diagnosing such formations.

Why are polypous growths dangerous?

Polyps themselves cannot bring harm to health, but some of them are prone to malignancy, which leads to cancer of the organ where the polyp was formed. This is the main danger of polyposis formations.

In addition, a large polyp can interfere with neighboring tissues and cause various kinds of disorders in them.

For example, endometrial polyps can cause infertility, menstrual irregularities, heavy bleeding followed by anemia, etc.

Nasal polyps in the absence of timely treatment can lead to difficulty in nasal breathing, the patient will have to breathe through the mouth, which increases the risk of pathologies of the respiratory system and contributes to the development of bronchial asthma.

Diagnostics

A polyp can be detected using various procedures. With polyps in the internal organs, ultrasound diagnostics is used, in the throat and cervix, polyposis formations are detected using an endoscope, colonoscope or hysteroscope.

After removal, the polyp is necessarily subjected to a histological examination in order to detect atypical malignant cells if the process of malignancy has begun.

How to treat polyps?

The approach to treating polyps is usually surgical or conservative.

Some types of polypous formations are prone to malignancy, so it is recommended to remove them urgently.

Other polyps respond well to conservative treatment, so they do not need surgical intervention.

Removal

There are many ways to remove polyposis formations:

Hysteroscopy. A technique for targeted removal, usually used to eliminate polyposis formations in the uterine cavity, cervical canal;
laser removal. Education is eliminated by exposure to a laser beam. A similar technique is usually used to remove growths in the uterus, nasal cavity, etc.;
Scraping. Such removal involves the removal of growths from the uterus through a special curette;
. A minimally invasive method for removing polyposis formations, excluding postoperative exacerbations and complications;
Radio wave removal is carried out by a special apparatus Surgitron;
Endoscopic removal. The procedure is performed using an endoscope. Polyposis formations are completely removed in this way, which reduces the likelihood of relapse to a minimum;
Electroexcision is carried out through a rectoscope and involves the removal of growths from the intestine using an electric loop;
- traditional removal of a polyposis growth with a scalpel.

Price

The cost of surgical removal of polyposis formations depends on the technique used.

Laser removal of a nasal polyp will cost about 3,000-12,000 rubles.
Hysteroscopic removal of the endometrial polyp - 4800-15700 rubles.

Treatment without surgery

Some types of polyposis formations are amenable to conservative treatment. With the help of special medications, it is possible to achieve a reduction in the polyp or its complete resorption. Such treatment is relevant for formations in women.

Hormone therapy reduces estrogen and increases progesterone. As a result, the actual causes of polypous formations are eliminated, the growths dry out and come out along with menstrual flow. Homeopathic drops are sometimes used to treat nasal formations.

How to get rid of polyps folk remedies?

In the arsenal of traditional medicine, there are many remedies for the treatment of endometrial, nasal and gallbladder and gastric polyps.

There are medicinal plants that have antitumor activity, they are able to slow down and stop the growth of polyps, prevent their malignancy and the appearance of new formations. Such herbs include upland uterus and celandine, medicinal mushrooms and decoctions.

It is especially effective against polypous outgrowths of celandine. With an infusion of herbs for nasal formations, the nasal passages are washed, and for gastric localization, it is recommended to eat 30-50 g of chopped grass. But any treatment must be agreed with the doctor, otherwise you can not cure, but aggravate the condition.

Prevention

As a prevention of polypous formations, it is recommended to exclude etiological factors that cause the occurrence of pathological growths. This is a healthy lifestyle, elimination of infectious and inflammatory foci, control of hormonal levels, etc.

Otherwise, preventive measures depend on the localization of polyposis formations.

Video about polyps of the uterine cavity: