Syntactic analysis of the sentence thought is tantamount to action. An example of parsing a simple sentence. Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence

Words and phrases are the components of each sentence in writing and in oral speech. To build it, you should clearly understand what should be the connection between them in order to build a grammatically correct statement. That is why one of the important and complex topics in the school curriculum of the Russian language is the syntactic analysis of the sentence. With such an analysis, a complete analysis of all components of the statement is carried out and the connection between them is established. In addition, the definition of the structure of the sentence allows you to correctly place punctuation marks in it, which is quite important for every literate person. As a rule, this topic begins with the analysis of simple phrases, and after the children are taught to parse the sentence.

Phrase parsing rules

Parsing a specific phrase taken from the context is relatively simple in the Russian language syntax section. In order to produce it, they determine which of the words is the main one, and which is dependent, and determine which part of speech each of them refers to. Next, you need to determine the syntactic relationship between these words. There are three of them in total:

Agreement is a kind of subordinating relationship, in which the gender, number and case for all elements of the phrase determines the main word. For example: a receding train, a flying comet, a shining sun.
Control is also one of the types of subordination, it can be strong (when the case connection of words is necessary) and weak (when the case of the dependent word is not predetermined). For example: watering flowers - watering from a watering can; liberation of the city - liberation by the army.
Adjacency is also a subordinating type of connection, however, it applies only to unchangeable and non-inflected words. Dependence such words express only meaning. For example: riding a horse, unusually sad, very scared.

An example of parsing phrases

The syntactic analysis of the phrase should look something like this: “speaks beautifully”; the main word is “says”, the dependent word is “beautiful”. This connection is determined through the question: speaks (how?) beautifully. The word "says" is used in the present tense in the singular and in the third person. The word "beautiful" is an adverb, and therefore this phrase expresses a syntactic connection - adjacency.

Scheme for parsing a simple sentence

Parsing a sentence is a bit like parsing a phrase. It consists of several stages that will allow you to study the structure and relationship of all its components:

First of all, they determine the purpose of the statement of a single sentence, all of them are divided into three types: narrative, interrogative and exclamatory, or incentive. Each of them has its own sign. So, at the end of a declarative sentence that tells about an event, there is a point; after the question, of course, - a question mark, and at the end of the incentive - an exclamation mark.
Next, you should highlight the grammatical basis of the sentence - the subject and the predicate.
The next step is to describe the structure of the sentence. It can be one-part with one of the main members or two-part with a complete grammatical basis. In the first case, it is additionally necessary to indicate what kind of sentence is in terms of the nature of the grammatical basis: verbal or denominative. And then determine whether there are secondary members in the structure of the statement, and indicate whether it is widespread or not. At this stage, you should also indicate whether the sentence is complicated. Complications are considered homogeneous members, appeals, turns and introductory words.
Further, the syntactic analysis of the sentence involves the analysis of all words according to their belonging to parts of speech, gender, number and case.
The final stage is an explanation of the punctuation marks put in the sentence.

An example of parsing a simple sentence

Theory is theory, but without practice it is impossible to fix a single topic. That is why in the school curriculum a lot of time is devoted to syntactic analysis of phrases and sentences. And for training, you can take the simplest sentences. For example: "The girl was lying on the beach and listening to the surf."

The sentence is declarative and non-exclamatory.
The main members of the sentence: girl - subject, lay, listened - predicates.
This proposal is two-part, complete and widespread. Homogeneous predicates act as complications.
Analysis of all the words of the sentence:

"girl" - acts as a subject and is a feminine noun in the singular and nominative;
“lay” - in the sentence it is a predicate, refers to verbs, has a feminine, singular and past tense;
“on” is a preposition, serves to connect words;
"beach" - answers the question "where?" and is a circumstance, in the sentence it is expressed by a masculine noun in the prepositional case and singular;
"and" - union, serves to connect words;
“Listened” - the second predicate, a feminine verb in the past tense and singular;
"surf" - in the sentence is an addition, refers to a noun, has a masculine gender, singular and is used in the accusative case.

Designation of parts of a sentence in writing

When parsing phrases and sentences, conditional underscores are used, which indicate the belonging of words to one or another member of the sentence. So, for example, the subject is underlined with one line, the predicate with two, the definition is indicated with a wavy line, the addition with a dotted line, the circumstance with a dotted line with a dot. In order to correctly determine which member of the sentence is in front of us, we should put a question to it from one of the parts of the grammatical basis. For example, the questions of the name of the adjective are answered by the definition, the addition is determined by the questions of indirect cases, the circumstance indicates the place, time and reason and answers the questions: "where?" "where?" and why?"

Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence

The order of parsing a complex sentence is slightly different from the above examples, and therefore should not cause any particular difficulties. However, everything must be in order, and therefore the teacher complicates the task only after the children have learned to parse simple sentences. For analysis, a complex statement is proposed, which has several grammatical foundations. And here you should follow this scheme:

First, the purpose of the statement and the emotional coloring are determined.
Next, highlight the grammatical foundations in the sentence.
The next step is to define the relationship, which can be done with or without a union.
Next, you should indicate by what connection the two grammatical bases in the sentence are connected. It can be intonation, as well as coordinating or subordinating unions. And immediately conclude what the sentence is: compound, compound or non-union.
The next stage of parsing is the syntactic analysis of the sentence by its parts. Produce it according to the scheme for a simple proposal.
At the end of the analysis, it is necessary to build a diagram of the proposal, on which the connection of all its parts will be visible.

Connection of parts of a complex sentence

As a rule, unions and allied words are used to connect parts in complex sentences, before which a comma is required. Such proposals are called allied. They are divided into two types:

Compound sentences connected by conjunctions a, and, or, then, but. As a rule, both parts in such a statement are equal. For example: "The sun was shining, and the clouds were floating."
Compound sentences that use such unions and allied words: so that, how, if, where, where, since, although and others. In such sentences, one part always depends on the other. For example: "The sun's rays will fill the room as soon as the cloud passes."

Instruction

At the first stage, you need to parse the sentence by members and underline them: the subject with one line, the predicate with two, with a wavy line, the addition with a dotted line, and the circumstance with an alternation of dashes and dots. Sometimes it is also required to indicate the links between the members of the sentence and ask questions to each of them.

If the sentence is simple, indicate the type of predicate: simple (PGS), compound verb (CGS), or compound nominal (CIS). If there are several, indicate the type of each. If, however, number each of its parts and draw up a diagram of this sentence, indicating the means of communication (and allied words). In addition, indicate the types of clauses (definitive, explanatory or adverbial: clauses of time, place, cause, effect, condition, purpose, concession, comparison, mode of action, measure and degree or adjunct) and the types of relations between them (serial, parallel or homogeneous ).

Next, describe the sentence, indicating its type by the purpose of the statement (declarative, interrogative or incentive), by intonation (exclamatory or non-exclamatory) and by quantity (simple or complex: , complex, non-union). If the sentence is simple, continue the analysis, indicating the type by the number of main members (two-part or one-part: nominative, definitely-personal, indefinitely-personal, generalized-personal or impersonal), by the presence of members (common or non-common), by the presence of missing main members ( full or ), and also indicate how it is complicated (homogeneous members, isolated members, introductory or plug-in constructions, or not complicated by anything). If the sentence is complex, continue the analysis in the same way, but for each of its parts separately.

Tip 6: How to define a vaguely personal sentence

A sentence expresses a message, a prompt, or a question. Two-part sentences have a grammatical basis consisting of a subject and a predicate. The grammatical basis of a one-part sentence is represented by either the subject or the predicate.

Instruction

All verbal one-part sentences have a predicate but no subject. Moreover, in a definite personal sentence, the form of the verb and the meaning of the message suggest that the action refers to a specific person: “I love books”, “Find the right solution”, “Take care, and honor from a young age”.

The verb can be in the form of the first or second person singular or indicative or imperative. The first person means that the verbal question is asked from the pronouns "I", "we"; second person - from the pronouns "you", "you". The imperative mood encourages action, the indicative simply conveys information.

In Russian, the process of syntactic analysis is the sequential comparison of words with the selection of a certain subset from the set of all words. The result is a syntactic order, which is used in conjunction with lexical analysis. Syntactic analysis makes it possible to analyze the structure of a sentence, which increases the level of punctuation literacy.

Parsing is acceptable in both simple and complex sentences, as well as in phrases. Each example has its own scenario of analysis, which emphasizes the inherent components. In syntactic analysis, it is necessary to be able to isolate a phrase from sentences, as well as determine whether the sentence is simple or complex. In addition, you should understand how the phrase is built and assign a link type to it. There are such types of communication: coordination, adjacency, control. When parsing, we need to select the desired phrase in the sentence, then set the main word. The next step is to determine the tense, mood, and person and number of the main word. As for the analysis of a simple sentence, it is necessary to initially determine it according to the purpose of the statement, namely, whether it is narrative, motivating or interrogative. Then you need to find the subject and predicate. The next step is to determine the type of proposal - it is one-part or two-part. After we find out the presence in the sentence of words in addition to the subject and predicate, which will allow us to say whether it is common or not common. Next will be the establishment - a complete or incomplete sentence. Consider this example: "I have not listened to music more beautiful than Beethoven." We will consider the proposal simple. Endowed with one grammatical basis - "I did not listen." "I" is the subject, personal pronoun. “I didn’t listen” is a simple verb, a predicate, which includes the particle “not”. The sentence contains the following secondary members "music" - an addition expressed by a noun. “More beautiful” is a definition expressed by an adjective in a comparative degree. "Beethoven" - addition, noun. Now you can characterize this sentence - it is narrative, not exclamatory; in structure - simple, since there is one grammatical basis; two-part - there are both main members; common - after all, it contains secondary members; complete - no missing members. There are also no homogeneous members in the proposal.

The order of parsing can be different. Sometimes it is required to characterize a complex sentence as a whole, and sometimes it is necessary to analyze its parts, which are organized as simple sentences. Let's consider a variant of a more detailed syntactic analysis. First, we define the sentence according to the purpose of the statement. Then look at the intonation. After that, you should find simple sentences as part of a complex one and determine their foundations. Next, we highlight the means of communication between the parts of the complex sentence and indicate the type of sentence by means of communication. We determine the presence of secondary members in each part of a complex sentence and indicate whether the parts are common or non-common. In the next step, we note the presence of homogeneous members or treatment.

Using the sequence and rules of parsing, it will not be difficult to make the correct parsing of a sentence, although in terms of parsing speed, a good sixth grader will most likely outrun you.

Syntax is the most complex section of the modern Russian language. At school, the syntactic analysis of a sentence almost always causes serious difficulties, since in the analysis it is necessary to use the previously acquired knowledge in a complex way: to be able to distinguish parts of speech, access information from the vocabulary, to navigate perfectly in the semantic load and functions of different members of the sentence, to correctly indicate simple sentences in the composition complex and define their role.

At school and university, there are different requirements for the syntactic analysis of a sentence. Schoolchildren usually designate parts of speech, and comment on each word during analysis. The requirement is due to the fact that for correct parsing it is necessary to know morphology well, the concepts of syntax and morphology should not be confused (there is a common mistake when parts of speech and members of a sentence are mixed). At the philological faculties of different higher educational institutions, the syntactic analysis schemes are individual: it depends on what educational complex one is studying, what methodological developments are available at the department. When preparing for admission, the applicant will need to find out the requirements of a particular university, otherwise the analysis may be considered incorrect.

To correctly parse a sentence, you need to master a large amount of theory, be able to accurately use terms, and gain practical skills. Practice plays a particularly important role, so it is advisable to train regularly, analyzing sentences of different levels of complexity.

Strict requirements are imposed on parsing: it can only be done according to a clear scheme, without deviating from a given algorithm. Often it is also necessary to draw a graphic scheme of the sentence, reflecting in it the levels of division, the dependence of simple sentences on each other. Also, the members of the sentence are graphically distinguished by different signs directly in the text (several types of subscript lines).

General scheme for parsing a sentence
There is a general scheme by which a sentence is parsed. It varies depending on specific requirements, but the basic base remains the same.

The purpose of the statement is indicated: declarative, motivating, interrogative sentence.
At this stage, you should write how the sentence is in terms of intonation: exclamatory or non-exclamatory.
The type of sentence is determined: simple or complex, consisting of several simple ones.
For complex sentences, you need to indicate the type of construction: simple (of the same type), complex (different types of connections between simple sentences as part of a complex one).
The type of connection of proposals is indicated: allied, allied.
There are two types of allied sentences: compound and complex.
For a complex sentence, the type of the subordinate clause is determined: attributive, explanatory, adverbial, adjunctive;
It is necessary to indicate the type of adverbial clause:
- mode of action;
- places;
- time;
- terms;
- measures and degrees;
- comparisons;
- concessions;
- consequences;
- goals;
- the reasons.
If the sentence is complex, a description of the connection of parts in the complex is performed. The parts are numbered, all types of communication are indicated (unionless and allied, subordinating and coordinating), if necessary, division into levels is made.
Then they proceed to the characteristics of each simple sentence, indicating its number.
The analysis of a simple sentence continues to indicate the presence of main members: one-part or two-part.
In a one-part sentence, its type is determined: nominal, generalized-personal, impersonal, definite-personal or indefinitely-personal.
At this stage, you need to write the type of predicate: PGS (simple verbal predicate), CGS (compound verbal predicate) or SIS (compound nominal predicate).
Now it is necessary to determine the presence of minor members: common (there are minor members), non-common (there are no minor members).
At this point in the analysis, it is indicated whether the sentence is complicated, what exactly it is complicated by.
At the end of the analysis, it is necessary to determine the type of sentence in terms of completeness: complete or incomplete. Incomplete sentences are those in which the main or secondary members are omitted, but they can be easily restored from the context.

You will also need to graphically indicate the members and boundaries of sentences in the text, draw diagrams, indicating in them the numbers of sentences, unions, asking questions to subordinate clauses from the main ones.

Ways of expressing sentence members
Knowing how to express the members of a sentence will help you parse the sentence correctly without confusing parts of it. Often, school students find it difficult to even determine the main members of a sentence, since there are a number of difficulties, and generally accepted stereotypes make it difficult to correctly find the basis and accurately analyze the secondary members.

It must be remembered that different parts of speech have practically unlimited possibilities and can be almost any part of the sentence, with rare exceptions. Often, students get used to the fact that the subject is a noun, and the predicate is a verb. Not seeing the appropriate parts of speech in a sentence, they find themselves in a difficult position and do not know how to parse it by composition. In fact, it is impossible to conclude analysis in such a framework.

Subject answers questions of the nominative case and is expressed by different parts of speech: nouns, pronouns, numerals. The subject can also be expressed:

adjective (red is my favorite color);
a participle that has turned into a noun (the others were silent);
union (and - connecting union);
an indefinite form of the verb (for example, an indefinite form of a verb with a noun in the accusative case: having a doctor in the house is a serious advantage).

Predicate answers the questions: what does the object do? what happens to the subject? what is the subject? what is he?

To distinguish different types of predicates, it is important to remember the lexical and grammatical meaning of words. Lexical meaning reflects the meaning of the word, and grammatical contains grammatical categories (for example, mood, tense, number and gender of the verb). Types of predicates:

PGS: the predicate is expressed in the personal form of the verb, in which the GZ and LZ coincide. Sometimes PGS is expressed by a phraseological unit containing a conjugated verb form.
GHS: Must consist of at least two words. Each word carries its own meaning: the infinitive of the verb (lexical meaning) and the modal or phase link (grammatical meaning). The phase link indicates the phase of the action, and the modal link reflects the attitude towards the action. The link can be expressed in words reflecting the assessment of the action, desirability, necessity, short adjectives.
SIS: must consist of at least two words. Nominal part (LZ) and formal or semi-significant copula (GZ). A more common formal link is the verb to be. All nominal parts of speech, adverbs, phrases act as a nominal part. Semi-significant connectives are verbs to become, to become, to be, to seem, and others; verbs of state, movement.

Definitions answer questions what? whose? They are divided into agreed and inconsistent.

The agreed definition is easy to recognize, it is expressed by a pronoun-adjective, adjective, participle, ordinal number. The main thing is not to confuse it with the nominal part of the SIS.
An inconsistent definition is usually expressed by nouns in oblique cases, but sometimes it becomes adverbs, phrases, infinitives, adjectives of comparative degrees. There are also inconsistent application-definitions.

Addition answers the questions of indirect cases. Most often expressed as a noun.

Circumstance answers the general question how? Expressed by adverbs and nouns. Circumstances are divided into categories:

circumstance of time;
places;
mode of action;
the reasons;
comparisons;
concessions;
terms;
goals;
measures and degrees.

It is necessary to take into account the nuances of the expression of the members of the sentence by different parts of speech in order to correctly perform the syntactic analysis of the sentence.

Types of subordinate clauses
When analyzing a complex sentence, it is important to correctly determine the type of the subordinate clause. It can be circumstantial, explanatory and attributive.

Subordinate explanatory sentences answer the questions of indirect cases. Unions, allied words act as means of communication.
Subordinate attributive clauses refer to a noun, join with the help of allied words, sometimes unions, answer the questions of whose? which?
Adverbial adverbial clauses differ depending on the category:
- PO places answer questions where? where? where? join with allied words;
- How long do they answer questions? how long? when? for how long? Joining with the help of unions is common only, when, bye, as soon as, etc .;
- ON measures and degrees answer the questions to what extent? how much ?, refer to a word expressing a concept that can have a degree of manifestation;
- The software of the mode of action answers the question how ?, you can insert words into the main part in this way, so;
- ON conditions answer the question under what condition ?, connecting unions - when, if, how soon;
- ON reasons reveal the question why ?, unions due to the fact that, since, because, due to the fact that;
- By purpose: questions for what purpose? why? etc. Unions if only to, in order to;
- ON consequence: the consequence follows from the first part, the union so;
- ON concessions: questions in spite of what? in spite of what? Unions let, for nothing, despite the fact that;
- Comparative software: questions like what? like what? Unions as if, as if, exactly, as;
Adjunctive clauses do not answer questions, do not express the semantic relations of the circumstance, but provide additional information to the main part. Means of communication: allied words (relative pronouns what, where, where, when, how, why, why, why).

In polynomial sentences, the type of subordination must be indicated. It can be sequential: the first subordinate clause is subordinate to the main one, the second subordinate clause is subordinate to the first, and so on. With parallel subordination, the subordinate clauses depend on the main one, but answer different questions. When the subordination is homogeneous, the subordinate clauses depend on one main word, answer one question.
Universities mainly analyze polynomial sentences, therefore, they distinguish levels of division, links between them, indicate all the blocks and the features of their relationship with each other, and draw complex diagrams. At school, they usually limit themselves to sentences consisting of two to four simple ones.

The order of parsing a simple sentence

1. Determine the type of offer according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, motivating, interrogative).
2. Determine the type of offer by emotional coloring (exclamatory, non-exclamatory).
3. Find the grammatical basis of a sentence and prove that it is simple.
4. Determine the type of offer by structure:
a) two-piece or one-piece(definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal, impersonal, naming);
b) common or not common;
in) complete or incomplete(indicate which part of the sentence is missing in it);
d) complicated (indicate what is complicated: homogeneous members, isolated members, appeal, introductory words).
5. Parse the sentence by members and indicate how they are expressed(first, the subject and predicate are analyzed, then the secondary members related to them).
6. Draw up a sentence diagram and explain the placement of punctuation marks.

1) My fire in the fog shines(A. K. Tolstoy).
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, common, complete, uncomplicated. Grammar basis - the bonfire is shining my expressed by a possessive pronoun. The predicate refers to the circumstance of the place in the fog, expressed by a noun in the prepositional case with a preposition in.
Scheme of the proposal. A period is placed at the end of this declarative sentence.
2) At the end of January, fanned by the first thaw, cherry orchards smell good(Sholokhov).
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, widespread, complete, complicated by a separate agreed definition, expressed by participial turnover. Grammar basis - gardens smell. The subject is expressed by the noun in the nominative case, the predicate is a simple verb, expressed by the verb in the form of the indicative mood. The subject is the agreed definition cherry expressed by an adjective. The predicate refers to the circumstance of time in the end of January, expressed by the phrase (noun + noun) in the prepositional case with a preposition in, and the circumstance of the mode of action Good expressed in an adverb.
Sentence scheme [ , ]. A period is placed at the end of this declarative sentence; commas in the sentence highlight the participial turnover, which, although it stands before the word being defined, is isolated, since it is separated from it in the sentence by other words.

Parsing a simple sentence

A simple sentence is parsed as follows:

Underline the parts of the sentence.

Indicate the type of predicate (predicates): PGS, SGS, SIS.

Make a descriptive analysis according to the following scheme:

For the purpose of the statement:

- narrative

- interrogative

- incentive.

By intonation:

- non-exclamatory

- exclamatory.

By the number of grammatical bases - simple,

By the presence of one or both main members:

1) two-part.

2) one-part. with main member

a) subject - denominative;

b) predicate:

- definitely personal

- vaguely personal

- generalized personal,

- impersonal.

By the presence of secondary members:

- common,

- uncommon.

By the presence of missing members:

- complete,

- incomplete (indicate which member / members of the proposal is omitted / omitted).

By the presence of complicating members:

1) uncomplicated,

2) complicated:

- homogeneous members of the proposal;

- isolated members of the proposal;

- introductory words, introductory and plug-in constructions,

- direct speech;

- appeal.

Here is an example of parsing a simple sentence.

Sample parsing a simple sentence:

doorman, who came out at that moment from the door of the restaurant hanger to the yard to smoke, trampled on his cigarette and moved towards the ghost with the clear purpose of blocking his access to the restaurant, but for some reason did not do this and stopped, smiling stupidly (M. A. Bulgakov).