Rules for the provision of first aid. Rules and methods of first aid. Removal of a foreign body from the respiratory tract using the Heimlich maneuver

First aid to the victim in an accident is provided immediately at the scene before the arrival of a doctor or before transporting the victim to the hospital. Each worker should be able to provide first aid to the victim and help himself ("self-help"). When providing first aid, you must:

remove the traumatic factor;

remove the victim from the scene;

treat damaged areas of the body and stop bleeding;

ensure immobility of the fracture site, prevent traumatic shock;

transport the victim to a medical facility.

When providing first aid, you should have the skills to deal with the wounded. This is especially important for fractures, severe bleeding, loss of consciousness, thermal and chemical burns. Raise and carry the wounded person carefully, supporting him from below. To provide first aid, each production site, each construction site must be equipped with standard first aid equipment.

First aid kit. The first-aid kit includes dressings (bandages, cotton wool, individual bags, adhesive plaster, sterile wipes, hemostatic tourniquet); ammonia (used to excite breathing, skin treatment for acid burns, insect bites); 5% alcohol solution of iodine (for the treatment of wounds); potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate) - a slightly pink solution is made for washing the stomach, it is also used to treat wounds; drinking soda (for gastric lavage, skin treatment for burns); boron vaseline (for lubricating wipes when closing penetrating wounds, lubricating the skin); activated charcoal (5-10 tablets crushed and drunk for various poisonings); boric acid (for eye wash, skin treatment); nitroglycerin (for pain in the heart); analgin, amidopyrine (painkillers); papaverine (used for pain in the heart, hypertensive crisis); scissors, a knife, a glass for taking medicines, fingertips, a supply of drinking water.

№87. First aid for wounds and bruises.

The person providing assistance should wash their hands with soap, wipe them with alcohol or smear their fingers with iodine. You can not wash the wound with water, clean it, touch it even with washed hands. If the wound is contaminated, you can only wipe the skin around it from the edges of the wound to the periphery with sterile cotton wool or gauze. Abrasions, injections, minor wounds that do not bleed should be lubricated with 5% tincture of iodine or brilliant green and bandaged.

Small wounds can be sealed with a strip of plaster, BF-6 glue, collodion, which disinfect the wound and protect it from contamination. In the absence of an individual dressing bag, you can use clean handkerchief, previously moistened with iodine.

Wounds are accompanied by damage to blood vessels and bleeding, which is internal (the most dangerous) and external. Internal bleeding occurs with penetrating wounds in the abdominal or chest cavity, with rupture of internal organs as a result of a strong blow, fall from a height, squeezing, etc. Blood at the same time accumulates in the internal cavities of the body.

Symptoms of internal bleeding; pale face, weakness, rapid pulse, shortness of breath, dizziness, thirst, fainting. It is impossible to stop internal bleeding with first aid methods. The victim must be kept calm and a doctor called. Cold should be applied to the injury site (ice, snow, etc.). External bleeding can be:

capillary - blood acts as separate drops over the entire surface of the wound;

venous - dark red blood flows out in an even stream;

arterial - blood is enriched with scarlet oxygen, flows out in the form of a pulsating jet.

To stop venous bleeding, you can apply a tight bandage below the damaged area or apply a tourniquet, twist.

The most dangerous arterial bleeding. You can stop arterial bleeding by applying a tight bandage above the damaged area or by applying a tourniquet, twisting.

For twisting, you can use a scarf, belt, belt, rubber tube, etc. Before applying the tourniquet, the wounded limb is lifted, the tourniquet, twisting is applied over clothing or a piece of cloth is placed under it (Fig. 9.3).

Rice. 9.3. Stopping Bleeding with a Twist:a - knot tightening;b - twisting with a stick;in - wand twisting

Tighten the cord only until the bleeding stops. The tourniquet must not be left in a tightened state for more than 2 hours, otherwise necrosis of the limb may occur. During this time, it is necessary to deliver the victim to the nearest medical facility.

№88. Sun and heat stroke.

Signs: at first, a severe headache, weakness, a rush of blood to the head, tinnitus, nausea, dizziness, thirst, cyanosis of the face, shortness of breath, pulse 120 ... 140 beats per minute, body temperature rises to 40 ° C. The victim's skin is hot and reddened, the pupils are dilated. The victim has convulsions, hallucinations, delirium. The condition deteriorates rapidly and he can die within hours from respiratory paralysis and cardiac arrest.

First aid: move the victim to a cool place, in the shade, take off his clothes and lay him down, slightly raising his head, apply cold compresses or pour cold water on his head and heart area. If consciousness is not lost, it is necessary to drink plenty of cold drinks. To excite the victim, give a cotton swab moistened with ammonia to sniff. In case of respiratory failure or cardiac arrest - immediately perform artificial respiration and chest compressions.

№89. Frostbite.

Cases of frostbite are observed mainly when working outdoors during the cold season.

There are four degrees of frostbite. With frostbite of the first degree, blanching and swelling of the skin is observed, its sensitivity decreases. Characteristic signs of the second degree - the appearance of bubbles with a light liquid. With frostbite of the third degree, necrosis of the skin occurs, the vesicles are filled with blood fluid; fourth degree - complete necrosis of all small tissues.

First aid: Remove clothes and shoes from the victim. Apply a heat-insulating bandage to the affected limb. It should be applied, capturing an area of ​​\u200b\u200bhealthy, intact skin. At the same time, sterile dry wipes are applied to the frostbite area, a thick layer of cotton wool is placed on top of them. After that, the limb is wrapped with oilcloth, tarpaulin or metal foil. Bey's bandage is fixed with a bandage. The victim is placed in a warm room, given a plentiful hot drink, painkillers - analgin or amidopyrine. In case of frostbite of the auricles, cheeks, nose, these areas are rubbed with a hand until reddened, then treated with ethyl alcohol. Rubbing frostbitten areas with snow is unacceptable. When using a heat-insulating bandage, it is not removed until a feeling of warmth and tingling appears on the frostbitten areas. The victim is taken to the nearest hospital.

Freezing. First aid: the victim, having previously removed his clothes, is placed in a bath: the water temperature in which should be 36-37 ° C, within 15-20 minutes the water temperature is raised to 38-40 ° C. Warming in the bath is continued until the body temperature, measured in the victim's rectum, reaches 35 ° C. It is necessary to ensure that the victim does not choke.

If it is not possible to prepare a bath, the victim is washed with warm water, gradually raising its temperature. After restoring normal temperature and consciousness, the victim should be given hot tea to drink, wrapped in a warm blanket and quickly taken to a medical facility.

№90. Electrical injury.

Local tissue changes in electrical trauma are thermal burns of varying severity. General changes develop primarily as a result of damage to the nervous system. These changes in the nervous system determine the picture of the lesion and its severity.

Light the degree of damage is characterized by weakness, fatigue, fear, and sometimes fainting.

Medium the severity of the lesion is characterized by loss of consciousness of varying duration, pallor or cyanosis of the skin, convulsions, weakening of breathing and disruption of the heart. Breathing is rapid, superficial, the pulse is weak, frequent. Often there are paralysis of the limbs.

At heavy defeat - shock, often a state of clinical death. A general traumatic effect (electric shock) occurs when unacceptable currents flow through the human body and is characterized by excitation of living tissues of the body, involuntary contraction of various muscles of the body, heart, lungs, other organs and systems, while their work is disrupted or completely stopped.

When a person is struck by an electric current, it is necessary first of all to free him from the action of an electric current. This can be achieved either by separating the victim from live parts, or by turning off the voltage. Separation from current-carrying parts is carried out using a dry stick, board, shovel handle, etc. The victim can be pulled back by dry clothing. If it is difficult to separate the victim from live parts, cut the wires with an ax with a dry handle or some object with an insulating handle. Do not touch the victim with bare hands.

The main condition for the success of first aid is the speed of action, since 5 minutes after paralysis of the heart, a person cannot be saved. If the victim is at a height, then before turning off the voltage, it is necessary to secure the fall of the victim.

After eliminating the action of the current, the condition of the victim should be determined. If the victim is conscious, he must be laid or seated in a comfortable position and until the doctor arrives, ensure complete rest, by all means observing breathing and pulse.

If the victim is unconscious, but breathes normally and his pulse is felt, he should be comfortably laid down, unfastened the collar and belt, bring a cotton swab moistened with ammonia to his nose, sprinkle it with water and ensure complete rest.

Respiratory and cardiac arrest are the most severe consequences of electric current. If there is no breathing, but the victim has a pulse, you need to start artificial respiration. If there is no heartbeat, then along with artificial respiration, an external (indirect) heart massage should be performed.

When the victim comes to his senses, as well as with mild lesions, he should be given analgin or amidopyrine, drink plenty of liquid, apply a bandage on the burn area and urgently deliver to a medical facility.

№91. Burns.

First aid: remove the victim from the area of ​​high temperature. Extinguish clothing or substances burning on the body quickly, stop air from reaching the burning area (cover with a thick cloth, cover with earth, sand), pour water over smoldering clothing. On a victim with extensive burns, parts of the clothing should be cut off and left in place. It is impossible to open blisters and tear off parts of clothing that have stuck to burns! Do not touch the burnt areas with your hands. Cover burnt areas with clean gauze or put a dry cotton-gauze bandage. With extensive burns, the victim is wrapped in a clean sheet. You can disinfect damage by moistening it with cologne.

Wrap the victim in a blanket, drink plenty of liquid, give analgin or amidopyrine and immediately transport to a medical facility.

Burns occur from exposure to the skin at high temperatures (thermal), as well as from exposure to acids and alkalis (chemical), from exposure to electric current (electric).

There are four degrees of severity of burns:

I - redness and swelling of the skin;

II - blisters filled with blood plasma;

Ш - strings, tissue necrosis;

IV - charring of tissue.

With burns of the 1st degree, the burnt area of ​​the skin is washed with alcohol, cologne, vodka or a weak solution of potassium permanganate.

For burns of II and III degrees, a sterile bandage should be applied to the affected area of ​​the skin. It is impossible to open the formed bubbles and separate the adhered pieces of clothing. Particular care must be taken when releasing clothing from burnt areas of the body. It is recommended in this case to remove clothes and shoes so as not to tear off the skin and not contaminate the wound.

For eye burns caused by exposure to an electric arc, lotions of a 2% solution of boric acid are used.

The skin area burned with acid or alkali is washed with a stream of cold water for 12-20 minutes. Then a lotion is applied from a soda solution for acid burns, and for alkali burns - from a weak solution of vinegar or boric acid (1 teaspoon per 1 cup).

№92. Chemical poisoning.

In case of poisoning, headache, dizziness, nausea, shortness of breath appear, in severe cases, convulsions and loss of consciousness. If signs of poisoning appear, the victim must be taken out to fresh air, put a cold compress on his head and let him smell the ammonia. If vomiting occurs, the victim should be laid on their side. If you lose consciousness, you should immediately call a doctor, and before he arrives, do artificial respiration.

First aid for chemical poisoning is mainly to remove the poison from the body or neutralize it before the doctor arrives or before the victim is delivered to a medical institution. If the poison has entered the body through the gastrointestinal tract, give the victim several glasses of warm water or a weak solution of potassium permanganate, and then induce vomiting. Vomiting is caused by irritation of the posterior pharyngeal wall or by using a solution of sodium chloride (2 tablespoons per glass of warm water). After vomiting, to bind the poison, the victim should be given half a glass of water with two to three tablespoons of activated charcoal, and then a saline laxative.

In case of poisoning with salts of heavy metals and acids, it is recommended to wash the stomach with a solution of magnesium oxide (20 ... 30 g per 1 liter of water). Magnesium oxide forms insoluble compounds with heavy metals and neutralizes acids.

When breathing stops due to poisoning (for example, ether vapor, ammonia), the victim should be taken out to fresh air and artificial respiration should be done.

Poisoning can be acids and alkalis. At the same time, acids and alkalis, corroding the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, esophagus and stomach, can cause their perforation.

In case of acid poisoning, the victim is given to drink a solution of baking soda (1-2 tablespoons per glass of water), milk, water. In case of alkali poisoning, the victim is given water with acetic acid, lemon juice, milk. If a perforation is suspected (severe pain behind the sternum and in the pit of the stomach), the victim is not allowed to drink anything, and he is urgently taken to the hospital.

Poisoning can also be alcohol, methyl alcohol and a substitute for alcohol. First aid in this case to the victim is to wash the stomach, giving him to drink 2-3 glasses of warm water, after which, pressing on the root of the tongue, induce vomiting.

These measures apply regardless of the type of poison that caused the poisoning. If the type of poison is known, additional measures are taken depending on its chemical composition. As a rule, this is the introduction into the stomach of substances that neutralize the action of the poison. In some cases, a 0.04% solution of potassium permanganate is used as an antidote.

If breathing weakens or stops, artificial respiration should be given immediately.

In all cases of suspected poisoning by alcohol surrogates, technical liquids, perfumes and cosmetics, the victims need to be delivered to a medical facility.

If the poison gets through the skin, thoroughly wash the drug with a stream of water, preferably with soap, or, without smearing it on the skin and without rubbing it, remove it with a piece of gauze (cloth, cotton wool), and then wash it with cold water or a slightly alkaline solution (1 teaspoon of drinking soda in a glass of water). If poison gets into the eyes, rinse them thoroughly with water or a 2% solution of baking soda.

To protect hands from exposure to chemicals, rubber, and in some cases woolen or synthetic gloves, as well as special pastes (ointments) are used.

Electrotype typists, photographers, copiers, etchers, printers, offset press clerks and other workers in contact with chemical solutions should work in rubber acid- and alkali-resistant seamless gloves or acid-protective cotton mittens with a special coating. To preserve the protective properties of gloves and mittens, it is forbidden to put them on contaminated hands, to allow oil, acid solutions, etc. to get into them.

In workshops where acids and alkalis are used in large quantities (galvanic, pickling departments), rubber boots should be worn.

Respiratory organs are protected from harmful gases, vapors and dust using special filtering and insulating devices.

Filtering devices are divided into gas masks designed to protect against poisonous gases and vapors, and respirators that protect the respiratory system from dust and smoke.

Respirators can be with or without valves. Valves serve to separate the inhaled and exhaled air. Respirators designed to protect not only the respiratory organs, but also the head, neck, face from skin irritating substances, have the form of a hood or helmet, to which filters are attached from different materials - felt, cotton wool, special cardboard, paper, etc.

Respiratory protection equipment is selected in accordance with GOST 12.4.034-2001 SSBT “Filtering personal respiratory protection equipment, General technical requirements” depending on the type of harmful substances, their concentration and the required protection factor.

When working with caustic substances, the skin of the face, neck and hands is protected with special ointments, pastes, which are applied to the skin before starting work and then washed off. Pastes and ointments are divided into hydrophilic and hydrophobic. Hydrophilic - easily soluble in water. They protect the skin from fats, oils, petroleum products. Hydrophobic pastes do not dissolve in water. They are used to protect the skin from solutions of various acids, alkalis and salts.

First aid is the actions and activities that are taken at the scene of an accident in order to save the life of the patient and eliminate threats that can aggravate his condition. This set of measures must comply with clear requirements that govern the rules for providing first aid. The life and health of a person depends on their observance. The main principles are timeliness, consistency, organization.

Timeliness

An important rule - the provision of first aid should be timely. In some situations, time is limited to a few minutes. The presence of data on an emergency condition requires immediate action to stop them.

Subsequence

The whole complex of rules and measures of emergency medicine in a particular critical situation is strictly regulated by regulatory medical documents. The basics of saving the lives of victims are presented in the form of the following sequence of actions:

organization

First aid should be organized at all stages of its provision. Fuss, distraction, panic are unacceptable. All actions and techniques must be coordinated and consistent. The criterion for their compliance with the existing rules is saving the life of the victim and his delivery to a medical institution as soon as possible.

Reminder! Providing first aid is the responsibility of every person. Knowing its basics and rules will help to avoid serious consequences and the death of the victim, in whose place everyone can be!

Providing first aid to victims of bruises, cuts, fainting, burns, poisoning, frostbite

Everyone should know the elementary methods of first aid. Consider the most common of them.

Providing first aid for bruises

A bruise is a soft tissue injury that is accompanied by rupture of small capillaries, swelling and bruising. The first thing to do is to apply ice, snow, a metal object or a piece of cloth soaked in cold water to the injury site. This will stop internal bleeding. If it is an arm or leg, it is recommended to slightly raise them, if it is a bruise of the head, chest or abdomen, the victim cannot be moved. It is necessary to be afraid of internal bleeding, the signs of which are pallor, headache, loss of consciousness. The victim in such cases should be immediately taken to the hospital.

Providing first aid for cuts

Cuts should be treated with iodine or a weak solution of potassium permanganate, preferably bandaged with a sterile bandage. If the wound is accompanied by profuse bleeding, it is necessary to apply a pressure bandage. However, at the same time, you need to make sure that there are no foreign objects left inside the wound. In order to apply a pressure bandage, you must first press a sterile tampon to the wound (in its absence, folded in several layers and ironed with gauze), and tightly bandage it. It should be remembered that any pressure bandage should be left for no more than 1-1.5 hours so that tissue necrosis does not occur. If the bleeding is arterial, i.e. blood beats from the wound under pressure, it is urgent to call an ambulance, and before it arrives, try to at least reduce the bleeding. If the limb is damaged, it is necessary to apply a tourniquet above the wound, after wrapping the skin with a cloth.

Providing first aid for burns

Burns require emergency care. If only reddening of the skin is observed at the burn site, the burn site should be treated with an alcohol-containing solution and a compress should be applied from a cloth moistened with the same solution. More severe burns are accompanied by the appearance of blisters on the skin with a clear liquid inside. Under no circumstances should you pierce them! Cover the burnt area with sterile gauze or bandage and seek medical attention immediately.

Providing first aid for fainting

Fainting is a condition when a person turns pale sharply, his cardiac activity sharply weakens and the patient loses consciousness. The most important thing to do is to provide fresh air by opening a window or taking the victim out into the air. Then you need to free the chest from all squeezing objects, lay the patient so that the head is lower than the body. It is advisable to elevate the legs to increase blood flow to the head. To bring the victim to consciousness, you need to bring a cotton swab moistened with ammonia to his nose. Do not put cold compresses on his head, except for fainting due to sun or heat stroke.

Providing first aid for carbon monoxide poisoning

In a fire, many victims die not from their burns, but from carbon monoxide. The first signs of poisoning are shortness of breath, dizziness, malaise, severe headache. The person may then lose consciousness. The most important thing is to take out the burned person to fresh air. Then put a cold compress on his head. If necessary, give him artificial respiration, give him a sniff of ammonia. After the person comes to his senses, put him to bed (if the ambulance has not yet arrived), overlay the victim with heating pads or bottles of hot water. By all means, you need to give him hot strong tea to drink or give him some red wine.

Providing first aid in case of poisoning

In case of poisoning, immediately give the patient plenty of water to drink and induce vomiting. After that, give the patient a glass of water with 10 activated charcoal tablets dissolved in it. When poisoning with chemicals, vomiting should not be induced. Sometimes the patient experiences drowsiness, but he should not be allowed to sleep in any case; when convulsions appear, you need to warm the person.

Providing first aid in case of electric shock

In case of electric shock, immediately pull the person away from the current source using a wooden stick or rope. Call a doctor and carry out procedures, as with fainting.

Providing first aid for frostbite

Frostbite can cause both damage and redness of the skin, and death of the limbs. To avoid serious consequences, it is necessary to provide assistance to the victim in time. To do this, it is necessary to treat the affected area with an alcohol-containing solution and rub it lightly with a soft woolen cloth until sensitivity appears. After that, lubricate the frostbite site with unsalted animal fat or a moisturizer. If blisters appear, call a doctor.

Sourced from www.kakmed.com

We decided to prepare you even better and made an overview of emergency assistance in emergencies. We hope that these tips will never be useful to you, but just in case, keep the article bookmarked.

General rules

In most emergencies, qualified medical assistance is needed: the first thing to do is call a doctor right away. These tips do not replace medical advice! Remember the main rule: do no harm.

In an emergency, first of all, make sure of your own safety: first aid will be meaningless if the result is one more victim.

Before traveling to another country, find out and save the telephone numbers of local medical services.

Always check the contraindications of any medication and be aware of possible allergies.

Fainting

Signs: Nausea, dizziness and loss of consciousness.

What to do: Put in a comfortable position, unbutton the squeezing clothes, provide an influx of fresh air, give a sniff of ammonia. If consciousness does not return within 3-5 minutes, call an ambulance.

If fainting is accompanied by convulsions, call an ambulance immediately. Put soft clothes under the person’s head so that there are no injuries, after an attack, check that there are no vomit in the mouth that make it difficult to breathe, and turn the person on his side.

Sunstroke

Signs: Nausea, dizziness, headache, weakness after (or during) exposure to the sun.

What to do: Go to a cool, ventilated place without direct sunlight, unbutton constricting clothes, put a cold towel on your head, drink water, smell ammonia.

Dislocation

Signs: During outdoor activities, it costs nothing to twist your leg. A dislocation is a pretty painful thing, so it's not a problem to recognize.

What to do: Don't try to fix the dislocation on your own. It is necessary to ensure maximum immobility of the joint (fix the limb above and below the site of dislocation) and move to the hospital. If there is damage to the skin, apply a simple clean bandage. You can apply an ice pack wrapped in a towel to the dislocation site for 15-20 minutes and drink painkillers (ibuprofen, nimesulide).

fracture

Signs: Pain and dysfunction of the limb.

What to do: As with a dislocation, the only thing you can do before the doctors arrive is to rest the injured arm or leg. If the victim or victim needs to get to the hospital on their own, you can fix the joints above and below the injury site with a splint - any flat solid object (ruler, stick, tightly folded newspaper or magazine). The splint is applied over clothing and fixed with bandages (examples). If the fracture is open, the splint should not touch the wound. If you know that medical assistance will be provided in the near future, it is easier to do without a splint - there will be more harm from improper imposition. As with a dislocation, you can apply an ice pack and take pain medication.

Important: If there is the slightest suspicion of a fracture of the spine, in no case do not move the victim!

Bleeding

In case of minor bleeding, apply a clean, tight bandage of bandage, gauze, or plain cloth. In the case of arterial bleeding, when the blood flows profusely and quickly, you need to press the artery against the bone above the bleeding site (see the pressure point in the figure) or apply a tourniquet above the bleeding site.

A tourniquet is applied to clothing or tissue (not skin) above the site of bleeding, but as close as possible to it (example). A tourniquet can be any dense strip of fabric (not a rope). Be sure to write down the exact time when the tourniquet is applied: it cannot be kept for longer than 1 hour. If during this time the victim or victim did not get (s) to the hospital, loosen the tourniquet for 10-15 minutes and tighten it again for another 20 minutes.

Drowning

Signs: Unlike spectacular films, a drowning person may not scream or wave his arms: his body is vertical in the water, his legs do not support movement, his head is low in the water, often hiding under it.

What to do: Retrieve the drowning or drowning person from the water by supporting the armpits and keeping his or her face above the surface of the water. On the shore, put the victim (s) with his stomach on his knee, squeeze his back and chest: this is how water should come out (example). Be sure to make sure that there is nothing in the mouth and nose that makes it difficult to breathe. If breathing is not restored, cardiopulmonary resuscitation should be performed (see below).

Stroke

Signs: Sudden inability to speak or understand speech, slurred speech, dizziness or sudden headache for no particular reason, loss of balance, numbness or immobility of one half of the face (facial features may change) or body. A stroke can happen at a young age - and this is especially dangerous, because. no one expects such a serious illness, and therefore seeks medical help later. If you suspect the person is having a stroke, ask him or her to smile (the smile will not be symmetrical), raise both arms at the same time (one side of the body will work less), ask a simple question (the speech may be slurred).

What to do: Call a doctor immediately or go to the hospital. During this time, provide access to fresh air. If a person has high blood pressure, you can drink the medicine that he usually takes for pressure. When vomiting, you need to turn your head to the side so that the vomit does not make breathing difficult.

heart attack

Signs: Pressure and pain in the chest, especially radiating to the shoulder blade and left arm, palpitations or arrhythmia, nausea, a feeling of fear. A heart attack has already ceased to be a disease of the elderly and can happen at 30 or 20 years old, and this is a deadly disease, so it is better to pay extra attention.

What to do: Urgently call a doctor, and while he is driving, give the victim to chew a few tablets of aspirin and nitroglycerin.

Heimlich maneuver

This technique is used if a person is choking and cannot breathe, is unable to speak or even cough. Stand behind the victim or victim, wrap your arms around him or her just above the navel, under the ribs, clench your hands into a fist and make a few sharp pushing upward movements (as if drawing the letter J with your fist) - you can watch a video on how to do this, for example.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

It is used in cases where the victim (s) has no breathing and heartbeat (check the pulse on the wrist and on the carotid artery in the neck). This artificial respiration and indirect heart massage.

Artificial respiration (there is a pulse, the person is not breathing):

1. Ensure the patency of the respiratory tract: you need to remove water, vomit, foreign objects from the mouth and nose. This can be done with a napkin or handkerchief by turning the person's head to the side.

2. Tilt the victim(s) head back, pinch his or her nose, inhale and exhale briefly into the victim(s) mouth through a napkin or piece of cloth. Example.

3. Take 1 breath every 5-6 seconds (10-12 breaths per minute). When performed correctly, the chest will rise slightly. Continue artificial respiration until the person breathes on their own or until an ambulance arrives.

Indirect cardiac massage (no pulse at the wrists and carotid artery):

1. The victim(s) must lie on a hard surface.

2. Find a point 3-4 cm above the xiphoid process (i.e. from the lower edge of the sternum). Place the base of the palm on this point (the fingers do not touch the chest of the victim or victim), the second palm on top. Press on the chest strictly vertically, applying not the strength of the hands (so you get tired very quickly), but the entire weight of your body. Example.

3. The pressure frequency is 100-120 per minute until the pulse is restored. Depth of pressing - 5 cm.
If the victim (s) has neither breathing nor a pulse, combine artificial respiration and chest compressions in the following proportion: two breaths for 30 pressures. If you doubt your abilities - do only an indirect heart massage. Resuscitation measures are carried out before the arrival of doctors.

You can take first aid courses in Minsk in

The allowance of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia will help not to get lost in a difficult situation for participants in an accident, eyewitnesses of a heart attack in a sick person. The book also lists algorithms for providing first aid for traumatic injuries and emergency conditions. Such as external bleeding from injuries, abdominal wounds, penetrating chest wounds, bone fractures and thermal burns, as well as hypothermia and frostbite. Readers will learn how to behave properly in order to actually help someone who is struck by an electric shock or swallowed water in the river, or maybe became a victim of serious poisoning. The manual also contains recommendations for assistance in case of injuries and chemical burns to the eyes, bites from poisonous snakes, insects, as well as heat and sunstroke.

1. Priority actions in the provision of first aid to the sick and injured

First of all, help is given to those who are suffocating, who have profuse external bleeding, penetrating wounds of the chest or abdomen, who are in an unconscious or serious condition.

	Make sure you and the victim are safe. Use medical gloves to protect from the body fluids of the victim. Remove (bring) the victim to a safe area.
	Determine the presence of a pulse, spontaneous breathing, pupillary reaction to light.
	Ensure patency of the upper airway.
	Restore breathing and heart activity by applying artificial respiration and chest compressions.
	Stop external bleeding.
	Apply a sealing bandage to the chest for a penetrating wound.

Only after stopping external bleeding, restoring spontaneous breathing and heartbeat, do the following:

2. The order of cardiopulmonary resuscitation

2.1. Rules for determining the presence of a pulse, spontaneous breathing and pupillary response to light (signs of "life and death")

Start resuscitation only if there are no signs of life (points 1-2-3).

2.2. Sequence of artificial lung ventilation

	Ensure patency of the upper airway. Using gauze (handkerchief), remove mucus, blood, and other foreign objects from the oral cavity with a circular motion of the fingers.
	Tilt the victim's head back. (Raise your chin while holding the cervical spine.) Do not perform if you suspect a fracture of the cervical spine!
	Pinch the victim's nose with your thumb and forefinger. Using a device for artificial ventilation of the lungs of the "mouth-device-mouth" type, seal the oral cavity, make two maximum, smooth exhalations into his mouth. Allow two to three seconds for each passive exhalation of the victim. Check whether the victim's chest rises when inhaling and falls when exhaling.

2.3. Rules for conducting a closed (indirect) heart massage

The depth of pushing through the chest should be at least 3-4 cm, 100-110 pressures in 1 minute.

	- for infants, massage is performed with the palmar surfaces of the second and third fingers; - for teenagers - with the palm of one hand; - in adults, the emphasis is on the base of the palms, the thumb is directed to the head (legs) of the victim. The fingers are raised and do not touch the chest.
	Alternate two "breaths" of artificial lung ventilation (ALV) with 15 pressures, regardless of the number of people conducting resuscitation.
	Monitor the pulse on the carotid artery, the reaction of the pupils to light (determining the effectiveness of resuscitation).

It is necessary to carry out a closed heart massage only on a hard surface!

2.4. Removal of a foreign body from the respiratory tract using the Heimlich maneuver

Signs: The victim suffocates (convulsive respiratory movements), is unable to speak, suddenly becomes cyanotic, may lose consciousness.

Children often inhale parts of toys, nuts, candies.

	Place the baby on the forearm of the left hand, with the palm of the right hand, clap 2-3 times between the shoulder blades. Turn the baby upside down and lift him by the legs.
	Grab the victim from behind with your hands and clasp them into a “lock” just above his navel, under the costal arch. With force, sharply press - with brushes folded into a "castle" - into the epigastric region. Repeat the series of pressures 3 times. Pregnant women squeeze the lower chest.
	If the victim is unconscious, sit on top of the thighs, with both palms, sharply press on the costal arches. Repeat the series of pressures 3 times.
	Remove the foreign object with fingers wrapped in a napkin, bandage. Before removing a foreign body from the mouth of the victim lying on his back, you must turn your head to one side.

IF DURING THE REANIMATION DURING THE REANIMATION THE INDEPENDENT BREATHING, THE HEART RATE DO NOT RECOVER, AND THE PUPILS REMAIN DIFFERENT FOR 30-40 MINUTES AND THERE IS NO HELP, THERE SHOULD BE CONSIDERED THAT THE VICIOUS BIOLOGICAL DEATH HAS COME.

3. Algorithms for providing first aid to victims of traumatic injuries and emergency conditions

3.1. First aid for external bleeding

	Make sure that nothing threatens either you or the victim, put on protective (rubber) gloves, take out (bring) the victim out of the affected area.
	Determine the presence of a pulse on the carotid arteries, the presence of independent breathing, the presence of a reaction of the pupils to light.
	With significant blood loss, lay the victim with raised legs.
	Stop the bleeding!
	Apply a (clean) aseptic dressing.
	Ensure the immobility of the injured part of the body. Put a cold (ice pack) on the bandage over the wound (on the sore spot).
	Place the victim in a stable lateral position.
	Protect the victim from hypothermia, give plenty of warm sweet drinks.

Pressure points for arteries

3.2. Ways to temporarily stop external bleeding

Clamp the bleeding vessel (wound)

Finger pressure on the artery is painful for the victim and requires great endurance and strength from the caregiver. Before applying a tourniquet, do not release the pressed artery so that bleeding does not resume. If you start to get tired, ask someone from those present to press your fingers from above.

Apply a pressure bandage or tamponade the wound

Apply a hemostatic tourniquet

A tourniquet is an extreme measure to temporarily stop arterial bleeding.

	Apply a tourniquet to a soft lining (items of the victim's clothing) above the wound as close to it as possible. Bring the tourniquet under the limb and stretch.
	Tighten the first turn of the tourniquet and check the pulsation of the vessels below the tourniquet or make sure that the bleeding from the wound has stopped and the skin below the tourniquet has turned pale.
	Apply subsequent turns of the tourniquet with less force, applying them in an ascending spiral and grabbing the previous turn.
	Put a note with the date and exact time under the tourniquet. Do not cover the tourniquet with a bandage or splint. In a conspicuous place - on the forehead - make the inscription "Tourniquet" (with a marker).

The duration of the tourniquet on the limb is 1 hour, after which the tourniquet should be loosened for 10-15 minutes, after clamping the vessel, and tightened again, but not more than 20-30 minutes.

Stopping external bleeding with a twist tourniquet (a more traumatic way to temporarily stop bleeding!)

	Apply a tourniquet-twist (turnstile) from narrowly folded improvised material (fabric, scarves, ropes) around the limb above the wound over clothing or by placing the fabric on the skin and tie the ends with a knot so that a loop forms. Insert a stick (or other similar object) into the loop so that it is under the knot.
	Rotating the stick, tighten the twist tourniquet (tourniquet) until the bleeding stops.
	Secure the stick with a bandage to prevent it from unwinding. Loosen the tourniquet every 15 minutes to prevent tissue death in the limb. If the bleeding does not come back, leave the tourniquet open, but keep it on in case of rebleeding.

3.3. First aid for abdominal wounds

	It is impossible to set the fallen organs into the abdominal cavity. It is forbidden to drink and eat! Wet your lips to quench your thirst.
	Place a roll of gauze bandages around the fallen organs (protect the fallen internal organs).
	Apply an aseptic dressing over the rollers. Without pressing the fallen organs, bandage the bandage to the stomach.
	Apply cold to the bandage.
	Protect the victim from hypothermia. Wrap yourself in warm blankets and clothes.

3.4. First aid for penetrating chest injury

Signs: bleeding from a wound on the chest with the formation of bubbles, suction of air through the wound.

	If there is no foreign object in the wound, press your palm to the wound and close the air in it. If the wound is through, close the inlet and outlet wound openings.
	Cover the wound with an airtight material (seal the wound), fix this material with a bandage or plaster.
	Give the victim a semi-sitting position. Apply cold to the wound with a cloth pad.
	If there is a foreign object in the wound, fix it with bandage rollers, plaster or bandage. It is forbidden to remove foreign objects from the wound at the scene of the incident!

Call (on your own or with the help of others) an ambulance,

3.5. First aid for nosebleeds

Causes: trauma to the nose (blow, scratch); diseases (high blood pressure, decreased blood clotting); physical stress; overheating.

	Sit the victim down, slightly tilt his head forward and let the blood drain. Squeeze the nose just above the nostrils for 5-10 minutes. In this case, the victim must breathe through his mouth!
	Invite the victim to spit out blood. (If blood enters the stomach, vomiting may occur.)
	Apply cold to the bridge of your nose (wet handkerchief, snow, ice).
	If the bleeding from the nose does not stop within 15 minutes, insert rolled-up gauze swabs into the nasal passages.

If the bleeding does not stop within 15-20 minutes, send the victim to a medical facility.

3.6. First aid for broken bones

Call (on your own or with the help of others) an ambulance.

3.7. Rules of immobilization (immobilization)

Immobilization is a mandatory event. Only in case of a threat to the injured rescuer is it permissible to first move the injured to a safe place.

	Immobilization is performed with immobilization of two adjacent joints located above and below the fracture site.
	Flat narrow objects can be used as an immobilizing agent (tire): sticks, boards, rulers, rods, plywood, cardboard, etc. Sharp edges and corners of improvised tires should be smoothed. The tire after application must be fixed with bandages or plaster. A splint for closed fractures (without skin damage) is applied over clothing.
	In case of open fractures, it is impossible to apply a splint to places where bone fragments protrude.
	Attach the tire along its entire length (excluding the level of the fracture) to the limb with a bandage, tightly, but not very tight, so that blood circulation is not disturbed. In case of a fracture of the lower limb, the splint should be applied on both sides.
	In the absence of splints or improvised means, the injured leg can be immobilized by bandaging it to a healthy leg, and the arm to the body.

3.8. First aid for thermal burns

Call (on your own or with the help of others) an ambulance. Ensure the transfer of the victim to the burn department of the hospital.

3.9. First aid for general hypothermia

Call (on your own or with the help of others) an ambulance.

With signs of your own hypothermia, fight sleep, move; use paper, plastic bags and other means to insulate your shoes and clothes; seek or build shelter from the cold.

3.10. First aid for frostbite

In case of frostbite, use oil or petroleum jelly; it is forbidden to rub frostbitten parts of the body with snow.

Call (on your own or with the help of others) an ambulance, ensure the delivery of the victim to a medical facility.

3.11. First aid for electric shock

Call (on your own or with the help of others) an ambulance.

	Determine the presence of a pulse on the carotid artery, the reaction of the pupils to light, spontaneous breathing.
	If there are no signs of life, perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
	When restoring spontaneous breathing and heartbeat, give the victim a stable lateral position.
	If the victim has regained consciousness, cover and warm him. Monitor his condition until the arrival of medical personnel, there may be a second cardiac arrest.

3.12. First aid for drowning

Call (on your own or with the help of others) an ambulance.

3.13. First aid for traumatic brain injury

Call (on your own or with the help of others) an ambulance.

3.14. First aid for poisoning

3.14.1. First aid for oral poisoning (when a toxic substance enters through the mouth)

Call an ambulance immediately. Find out the circumstances of the incident (in case of drug poisoning, present the medicine wrappers to the arriving medical worker).

If the victim is conscious

If the victim is unconscious

Call (on your own or with the help of others) an ambulance, ensure the delivery of the victim to a medical facility.

3.14.2. First aid for inhalation poisoning (when a toxic substance enters through the respiratory tract)

Signs of carbon monoxide poisoning: pain in the eyes, ringing in the ears, headache, nausea, vomiting, loss of consciousness, redness of the skin.

Signs of household gas poisoning: heaviness in the head, dizziness, tinnitus, vomiting; severe muscle weakness, increased heart rate; drowsiness, loss of consciousness, involuntary urination, blanching (blue) of the skin, shallow breathing, convulsions.

Call an ambulance.

4. First aid algorithms for acute diseases and emergency conditions

4.1. First aid for a heart attack

Signs: acute pain behind the sternum, radiating to the left upper limb, accompanied by "fear of death", palpitations, shortness of breath.

Call, instruct others to call an ambulance. Provide fresh air, unfasten tight clothing, give a semi-sitting position.

4.2. First aid for eye injuries

4.2.1. When hit by foreign bodies

Ensure the transfer of the victim to a medical facility.

4.2.2. For chemical eye burns

The victim should only move by the hand with the accompanying person!

When exposed to acid you can wash your eyes with a 2% solution of baking soda (add baking soda to a glass of boiled water on the tip of a table knife).

When exposed to alkali you can wash your eyes with a 0.1% solution of citric acid (add 2-3 drops of lemon juice to a glass of boiled water).

4.2.3. In case of eye and eyelid injuries

The victim must be in the "lying" position.

Ensure the transfer of the victim to a medical facility.

4.3. First aid for poisonous snake bites

Limit the movement of the affected limb.

If consciousness is not restored for more than 3-5 minutes, call (on your own or with the help of others) an ambulance.

4.6. First aid for heat (sun) stroke

Signs: weakness, drowsiness, thirst, nausea, headache; increased breathing and fever, loss of consciousness are possible.

Call (on your own or with the help of others) an ambulance.