If the level of glucose in the blood is elevated, what should I do? Normal blood sugar levels in adults

How to lower blood sugar? And what indicators are elevated, require reduction?

Sugar is formed in the human intestine after eating carbohydrate foods. The name sugar is not entirely correct, in fact, a breakdown product of carbohydrates, glucose, is formed inside the intestines. It enters the bloodstream and spreads through the cells and tissues.

Glucose is the main source of energy. With further splitting inside the cells, it releases the energy that the cells need for life. The body spends it on movement, tone, thinking.

An increase in blood sugar occurs when insulin synthesis is impaired. This hormone is produced by pancreatic cells. It allows the passage of glucose molecules through the walls of blood vessels.

High blood sugar is the cause of several pathological processes:

1. The blood thickens. A thick viscous liquid has insufficient fluidity, therefore, the blood flow velocity is disturbed. As a result, thrombosis appears, in small vessels (capillaries) blood clots are formed - blood clots.
2. Blood sugar in diabetes scleroses blood vessels. They lose their elasticity and become brittle. When blood clots form, the walls of blood vessels can burst, causing internal bleeding.
3. High blood sugar disrupts the blood supply to all organs. At the same time, the cells receive less nutrition, accumulate toxic waste products of their own life. Inflammation is formed, wounds heal poorly, vital human organs degrade and collapse.
4. Chronic lack of nutrition and oxygen disrupts the normal functioning of brain cells.
5. Forms diseases of the cardiovascular system.
6. High blood sugar disrupts the functioning of the kidneys.

What should be the blood sugar in a healthy person

The normal level of sugar in the blood is from 3.3 to 5.5 mmol per 1 liter. After eating, the amount of glucose increases. After some time, it is successfully excreted into the cells of the organs, where it is absorbed and gives energy. If more than 2 hours have passed after a meal, and blood sugar levels remain high, then there is not enough insulin, and diabetes may be developing.

Measurement of blood sugar is recommended to be done daily for all patients with diabetes. It is also necessary to measure these indicators for those who have a pre-diabetic state (glucose is chronically elevated, but does not exceed 7 mmol / l). The measurement shows whether the amount of glucose is elevated or normal.

A device for measuring blood sugar is called a glucometer. For analysis, he needs 1 drop of capillary blood (from a finger). The portable version of the glucometer is a small device with a screen. It comes with test strips and needles.

After pricking your finger, a drop of blood is applied to the test strip. The result appears on the device screen after a while (from 5 to 30 seconds).

Glucometers are designed for a wide measurement range. They accurately determine the increase in sugar up to 35 mmol.

If you have diabetes and you don't know if you can still eat porridge, soup or a bun, then you need to do an analysis using a home glucometer. The resulting value is compared with tabular (reference) data.

The norm of sugar in the blood of a man, woman, child

Table: Indicators of the norm of sugar

Normal indicators are observed in the morning or 3 hours after eating. Immediately after eating, the amount of carbohydrates in the intestine increases. The norm of blood sugar after eating in a healthy person does not exceed 7 mmol.

If a person is healthy, then even easily digestible carbohydrates do not raise glucose above 7 mmol (such indicators are kept for no longer than 5 minutes). If a person has diabetes, then his glucose levels can increase up to 10 mmol, and remain at a high level for several hours. If sugar does not go away for a long time after eating, it can be assumed that diabetes has begun to form.

Glucose indicators are measured in moles only in the territory of the post-Soviet space. European clinics measure it in mg. To convert moles to mg, use reference tables or calculate it based on the rule 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL.

Table: Convert mmol/l to mg/dl

Symptoms of high blood sugar

You can measure the amount of glucose using special test strips. If they are not there, then the increase in sugar can be determined by uncomfortable sensations.

We list the symptoms of human blood sugar:

• Thirst and dry mouth(for comparison - after sweet and salty - you want to drink, similarly, a diabetic always needs a liquid to dilute the sweet thick blood).
• Frequent urination- formed for two reasons. The first - frequent drinking of water forms frequent urges to the toilet. The second - sweet urine irritates the walls of the bladder, initiates new urges.
• Weakness, drowsiness- a consequence of slow blood flow, insufficient blood supply.

How to determine that your sugar is really high, and you need to lower it? The surest way is laboratory analysis. How to donate blood for sugar?

• A blood test for sugar is taken exclusively on an empty stomach. Any amount of food contains a certain amount of carbohydrates that enter through the intestines into the blood. Therefore, after any meal, the glucose level will be increased.
• It is recommended that at least 8 hours pass after the previous (evening) meal. The maximum time is also limited - no more than 14 hours after eating.

A blood test is often taken from a finger. Sometimes in a hospital, an analysis is taken from a vein.

How to Lower Blood Sugar Without Insulin

It is necessary to control nutrition, restore cells of the pancreas, liver, as well as exercise. How do these therapeutic measures work on the human body?

Insulin-like substances containing inulin

Some plants are suppliers of insulin-like substances. They contain inulin, which in the human stomach adsorbs glucose and prevents it from being absorbed into the blood. This inulin reduces the amount of sugar.

What does inulin necessary for diabetics contain:

• Jerusalem artichoke or earth pear (the most effective treatment is freshly squeezed Jerusalem artichoke juice).
• Shutters of beans and peas.
• Onion, garlic.
• Chicory root (it is brewed as a drink - a coffee substitute).
• Galega (grass).
• Elecampane.
• Dandelion - more inulin contains the roots of the plant, less in leaves, flowers.

Remedies for the liver and pancreas

One of the causes of diabetes is the inability of the liver to store glucose. Therefore, to improve the digestibility of carbohydrates, various means are used to treat and restore liver cells.

A decrease in blood sugar occurs with daily brewing of tea from the following herbs:

• Dandelion roots and leaves. You can also eat green and yellow flower stalks (5-7 pieces daily).
• Bitter plants (tansy, centaury)
• Burdock (burdock).
• Milk thistle (seeds).
• Bee dead.

Also shown herbs for the treatment of the pancreas. This is where insulin is synthesized. The work of the pancreas provides the body with the necessary amount of the hormone.

What helps to improve the work and restore pancreatic beta cells:

• Bay leaf (use decoctions of laurel).
• Blueberry.
• Marigolds (Chernobrivtsy) - flowers.
• Walnut leaves.
• Flax seeds.

Herbs for the treatment of the pancreas and liver reduce sugar slowly, over 1-2 months. Plants with inulin act faster. The effect of their use appears within a few days after the start of treatment.

Low-carb and no-carb diet

To permanently lower blood sugar, you must follow a diet. This measure helps to normalize the condition in type 2 diabetes (non-insulin dependent). If you have type 1 diabetes, then a simple diet will not help you. Insulin injections will be needed to lower the sugar level.

The amount of glucose directly depends on the amount of carbohydrates. In violation of the production of insulin, diet is the easiest way to control. It is necessary to limit the intake of easily digestible carbohydrates (sweets, confectionery, honey, sweets - they are completely excluded from the menu). Leave those foods whose carbohydrates are bound and digested slowly (cereals, wholemeal bread, vegetables).

One of the new treatments for diabetes is called the no-carbohydrate diet. A sick person receives a minimum of carbohydrate food. His menu consists of vegetables and protein foods, as well as a small amount of fat and unsweetened fruits.

Here are some foods that lower blood sugar:

1. Various animal proteins: meat, fish, seafood, eggs, cottage cheese, cheese.
2. Vegetable proteins - nuts and beans.
3. Vegetables and greens. When choosing vegetables, the carbohydrate content is additionally taken into account. To feed a diabetic, it is necessary that the total amount of carbohydrates does not exceed 5g \ 100g of a vegetable.

Such a diet unloads the diseased pancreas and gives it the opportunity to recover, to establish insulin synthesis.

Eating herbal products and vegetables

According to statistics, 85% of people with type 2 diabetes are obese. Therefore, it can be difficult for them to refuse any food (especially from “tasty” and nutritious). It is easier for such patients to follow a diet if they constantly consume (chew) plant foods, vegetables.

Thus, you can not only control the amount of carbohydrates, but also provide yourself with biologically active substances (vitamins, enzymes, enzymes).

Exercise and long walks

Physical education is called one of the ways to treat type 2 diabetes. Daily exercise, jogging in a stadium or park, long walks - consume glycogen stores from the liver. This frees up space for the formation of new energy reserves from blood glucose.

Strength exercises (squats, pumping up the press, push-ups) help to quickly lower blood sugar. They require significant effort and energy expenditure. Cells release energy, and glycogen stores are lost.

During exercise, fat cells are burned, muscle fibers thicken. This increases the sensitivity of cells to insulin.

Good to know: regular exercise is also beneficial for insulin-dependent type 1 diabetes. They allow you to reduce the daily dose of insulin. Muscle growth and an increase in muscle mass increases the body's need for carbohydrates, and hence the possibility of their absorption.

Type 1 and type 2 diabetes - insulin injections

Type 2 and type 1 diabetes differ in the presence and absence of insulin. In type 2 disease, the pancreas produces insulin, but it is not enough. Therefore, with this type of diabetes, various methods can be used that limit the amount of carbohydrates.

In type 1 diabetes, no insulin is produced at all. Even a small amount of carbohydrates cannot be digested. Therefore, sugar can only be removed by injections of insulin. With any amount of carbohydrates, they help to quickly reduce blood sugar.

The quality and length of life of a diabetic depends on the control of carbohydrates. Complications appear when glucose rises above the norm and is kept in this state for a long time. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly monitor sugar levels. And if necessary, take measures to reduce them.

Greetings, regular readers and guests of the blog "Sugar is normal!" Today there will be a very important article after a long absence of new publications. You will find out what blood sugar levels are normal for men and women, about acceptable, normal fasting glucose and after eating from a vein and from a finger.

This article will give you more information and understanding about diagnosing carbohydrate disorders than your endocrinologist can possibly do.

The level of glucose in the blood is of interest to everyone who is suspected of having a carbohydrate metabolism disorder, and this is not only diabetes. In order not to worry in vain, you need to know what level of sugar in the blood is normal. This post will not be very long today, because the topic is not so voluminous, but very important.

You have probably already donated blood from a finger or from a vein for analysis, and among the indicators was blood glucose. What is the meaning: normal or not? Do you know the exact figures that are accepted in medicine and recommended by WHO? Let's compare them to yours!

Why do you need to know your blood sugar levels?

Dear readers, this article is not intended for doctors, but for you, potential patients. Why do I post ideal human blood glucose levels? The fact is that, as it turned out, some general practitioners, and even endocrinologists, work according to old algorithms in which the permissible values ​​of glycemia are somewhat overestimated.

Therefore, there are many cases when elevated blood sugar is ignored, and the patient is left without proper attention. And the diagnosis of prediabetes, when glycemia reaches the limit values, and there are no clinical signs yet, is generally forgotten.

I have already written in the article, and therefore I will not repeat myself. If this is relevant to you today, then you will read it anyway.

Therefore, I ask you to monitor your blood sugar parameters yourself, and if you find changes in your tests, immediately seek medical help, since preventing the development of the disease at an early stage will save you from serious complications in the future.

What determines blood glucose in men and women

When scientists worked on the creation and development of regulatory documents on the level of glycemia in a healthy person, they found that it can be different depending on some factors. What factors might these be?

Place of blood sampling on the body

Blood can be taken from a vein or from a finger. As a rule, the amount of glucose in blood taken from a vein is slightly higher than from a finger. By the way, I will say that venous blood is centrifuged, as a result of which it is stratified into plasma and cellular elements. So sugar is determined precisely in plasma.

But blood taken from a finger does not go through such a process and glucose is determined in whole blood from small capillaries of the lower layers of the skin. Therefore, such blood will be called capillary. Remember that the values ​​in plasma are higher than in capillary blood by about 11 percent.

Age

The upper and lower limits of normal glucose levels also depend on the age of the person. For adults, this will be one indicator, for children it will be different. Pregnant women also have their own glycemic limits.

In this article, we will only touch on the healthy indicators of adult women and men, including the elderly. And I will talk about children and women in position in the future. not to miss.

As for the differences in laboratory test results between men and women, the normal limits do not differ at all by gender. And also the norm of blood glucose does not differ in the elderly and people of working age. And no matter how old you are - 20 or 55-65, you should always have sugar within normal limits. In a girl and in a mature woman, sugar corresponds to the standards indicated in the table below.

Therefore, do not believe those who claim that with age, blood sugar becomes higher and this is natural. No, this is unnatural, since an elderly person without diabetes even benefits from a lower level of glycemia in terms of preventing cognitive thinking disorders, Alzheimer's disease and other senile brain disorders.

The difference between glucometer measurements and in the laboratory

Many do not suspect that the difference in performance may be due to the way the analysis was done. The normal range of sugar levels in men and women was determined on laboratory equipment, not on a home appliance. By the way, they didn't even exist back then.

All glucometers approved for sale have a significant error that can mislead both the doctor and the patient. If the question is about diagnosing carbohydrate disorders for the first time, then you need to rely only on the testimony of the laboratory. Another question is that not all laboratories work honestly, but this is already an ethical side that does not concern the topic of this article.

The numbers that you get on a home device may differ significantly from the data from a clinic or private laboratory, since the permissible error is as much as 20%. The lower the patient's blood sugar, the smaller this error, the higher the sugar, the higher the error.

Why, then, is this apparatus needed at all, since it is such a liar? This device is necessary for people with an already diagnosed diagnosis, for frequent self-monitoring at home. You can take blood from a finger, for example, using a device that is famous for its German quality. Or battery glucometers, for example, Accu-Check Active or Performa Nano, have proven themselves to be reliable.

In this case, the error does not play a special role. For example, if a patient has a blood sugar of 6.1 mmol/l, then we can assume that the real value, taking into account the maximum error, is somewhere in the range from 4.8 to 7.3. These are figures with a maximum error, which may not be.

I agree that this is very unnerving, but what can you do, because today absolutely accurate instruments do not exist. It’s good that there are still such people, but even 20 years ago they didn’t exist at all. Let's hope the technology keeps improving.

I believe that you have understood the fact that the diagnosis is based only on laboratory tests.

What sugar is considered normal in adults (table)

Here we come to the answer to the main question of the entire article. Before highlighting the figures, I want to convey to you one more important thought.

The fact is that the concentration and amount of glucose in the blood is not constant during the day and night, that is, during the day. Its level is constantly fluctuating and in the morning it will not be the same as it was yesterday before going to bed, and at lunchtime it will not be the same as in the morning or in the evening. It all depends on what we eat and how we move.

And since we do not lead a monotonous life, do not eat the same thing day after day, and do not repeat the same body movements, then blood glucose will be different all the time.

And even if we ate and moved the same way, we would still not achieve the same blood sugar all the time. Because there is also a hormonal reaction to the environment and life situations that change daily.

Each new day is unique and unlike the previous one. And hormones can greatly affect metabolism.

Therefore, do not expect a repetition of numbers with a new dimension. That is why doctors prescribe a biochemical analysis not only on an empty stomach in the morning, but also after breakfast, or they ask to be tested at a different time of the day in order to identify possible violations. There is even a special test with a carbohydrate load - the glucose tolerance test (GTT). Below you will find the rules for it.

Fasting sugar and sugar after a meal (carbohydrate load) can be both practically identical, differing by only tenths, or different, having a difference of several units.

As a rule, doctors are interested in the glycemic index 2 hours after eating or taking glucose, and not immediately or after 1 hour. Immediately after a meal or an hour later, blood sugar can be high in a perfectly healthy person. It all depends on what he ate and the nature of the food in his life.

Usually, after a sweet or with a predominantly low-carbohydrate diet, sugar rises high in the first hours, but this is not a pathology if it returns to normal by two hours.

Table with indicators of glycemia in a healthy

As you can see, good sugar, taken from a finger, is considered to be from 3.3 to 5.5 mmol / l. And don't believe anyone who says otherwise. Anything above is a dangerous, critical zone and the risk of developing diabetes.

Load Test Rules

For the test, a pure glucose powder in a volume of 75 g is used. First, the patient gives sugar on an empty stomach, then dissolves the glucose in warm water brought in advance and drinks it. Then he waits for 2 hours and again donates blood for sugar.

While waiting, you cannot:

• walk and walk
• smoke
• get nervous

• sleep well
• fasting interval of at least 10 hours
• Do not smoke
• lack of exercise and stress
• no restriction (diet) in the diet during the last three days
• carbohydrate intake of at least 150 g per day
• the night before, carbohydrate intake of at least 30-50 g

The test is postponed when:

• acute diseases (after a heart attack, stroke, SARS, etc.)
• taking drugs that increase glucose levels

The implementation of all the tips is the key to adequate results of the experiment with the sugar curve.

Thus, in order to judge carbohydrate metabolism, at least two indicators are needed: fasting sugar level and blood sugar 2 hours after a meal or exercise. There is also a third indicator that helps the doctor determine the final diagnosis. This, but about it already in a separate article.

That's all for me. Click the social buttons networks, if you liked the article, share the comments. I say goodbye to you, but I hope not for long. Soon I will begin a series of articles on the relationship between cholesterol and blood sugar, you will learn about the norms and criteria that are accepted by the medical association.

With warmth and care, endocrinologist Lebedeva Dilyara Ilgizovna

The norm of blood sugar in women is an indicator that reflects the course of carbohydrate metabolism in the body. Doctors of various specialties are guided by it when diagnosing a state of health, and deviations from normal values ​​\u200b\u200bcan indicate not only, but also a number of other ailments.

Blood glucose - what is it?

Blood sugar (glucose) is a substance whose function is to provide cells and tissues with the energy necessary for proper metabolism. The intake of glucose occurs from the outside - along with food containing carbohydrates. If glucose enters the body in excess, then in the digestive tract, thanks to enzymes, it turns into glycogen and is deposited in the liver, where there is a kind of depot for this substance. When there is not enough sugar with food, the body spends the available accumulations.

Basically, the concentration of glucose in the blood is regulated by pancreatic hormone, which helps the cells to absorb this substance, and the liver to form glycogen (a form of reserve glucose) based on it. In addition, the central nervous and autonomic systems, pancreatic hormone glucagon, adrenal hormones (adrenaline, glucocorticoid hormones), and thyroid hormone are involved in the regulation of sugar levels. If everything works smoothly, the level of glucose in the bloodstream is maintained approximately the same.

Short-term physiological “jumps” in glucose levels during the day can occur under the influence of the following factors:

• eating food;
• prolonged absence of a meal;
• physical exercise;
• emotional outbursts.

Blood sugar test

The study of the amount of sugar in the blood is carried out as part of preventive examinations, as well as for diagnostic purposes in the presence of certain complaints and pathologies. The following symptoms may be the reason for the diagnosis:

• constant feeling of thirst;
• frequent profuse urination;
• dryness in the mouth;
• rapid weight gain or loss;
• increased sweating;
• skin itching;
• cardiopalmus;
• decreased visual acuity;
• long-term general weakness.

A blood glucose test is performed regularly for patients with diabetes mellitus and those who are at risk of developing this pathology:

• persons with close relatives suffering from diabetes;
• people over 40;
• obese.

In addition, the study is required for pregnant women and may be needed for such identified diseases as:

• pancreatitis;
• thyroid diseases;
• pathology of the adrenal glands;
• etc.

This analysis is carried out in several ways, for which blood can be taken from a finger or from a vein. Two main methods in laboratory diagnostics:

• determination of the content of glucose in the blood on an empty stomach;
• determination of sugar index with glucose load.

Blood sugar test - how to prepare?

To donate blood for glucose to bring the most reliable result, you should adhere to the following recommendations:

1. 8-12 hours before blood sampling, do not eat (only non-carbonated water is allowed).
2. Do not drink alcohol the day before the test.
3. If possible, do not take any medication the day before the procedure.
4. Do not brush your teeth or chew gum before testing.
5. Do not change your usual diet specifically before the analysis.
6. Postpone the date of analysis in case of an acute cold, an injury received the day before.

Fasting blood sugar test

If the doctor has prescribed this analysis, you should first ask how to donate blood for glucose correctly and come to the laboratory early in the morning. It is desirable that the last dinner on the day before the study was not plentiful and no later than 20 hours. The analysis can be carried out as part of a biochemical blood test, and then the material is taken from a vein at the elbow bend. For a separate study on sugar, capillary blood is often taken - from a finger. Results are issued in a few hours or the next day.

There is an express method for determining blood sugar that is available for home use. In this case, a portable glucometer and special test strips are used, the presence of which is recommended for all people with diabetes. The result thanks to this method becomes known in a few seconds. When using the device, you must follow a number of rules and monitor the period and storage conditions of the test strips, otherwise the result will be erroneous.

Blood sugar test with load

The second type of study is often prescribed if the blood sugar rate in women on an empty stomach is exceeded (diabetes mellitus is suspected) or a person has already been diagnosed with carbohydrate metabolism disorders. An analysis with a load shows how fully glucose is absorbed and broken down in the body. The procedure lasts longer - at least two hours, during which blood is taken at least three times:

• the first time - on an empty stomach;
• the second time - an hour after drinking a glucose solution, which is prepared at the rate of 1.75 g per kg of the patient's weight;
• the third time - an hour later.

This analysis is also called a glucose tolerance test, and the measurement of the indicator after drinking a glucose solution roughly displays the picture of how the patient's blood sugar increases after eating. 60 minutes after drinking a sugary liquid, the blood sugar level rises sharply compared to the fasting result, but should not exceed certain limits. After 120 minutes, the glucose concentration should decrease.

Blood sugar level is normal

The established norm of glucose in blood taken from a finger on an empty stomach does not go beyond the following marks: 3.3-5.5 mmol / l. If venous blood is tested, which differs in hematological parameters, the blood sugar rate in women and men is determined in the range of 3.5-6.05 mmol / l. As for the analysis for glucose tolerance, in healthy people, after drinking a glucose solution, after two hours the indicator should not exceed 7.8 mmol / l (the norm of blood sugar after eating).

Blood sugar norm - table by age

In people of different age categories, the permissible level of glucose in the bloodstream varies slightly, which can be explained by physiological hormonal changes in the body, some deviations in the functioning of internal organs. At the same time, the gender of the examined does not matter - the indicators are the same for women and men. What is the norm of glucose in the blood, the age table below can tell.

Elevated blood sugar

If the norm of blood sugar in women is exceeded, it is important to know how much this value is increased. A pathological deviation is observed when blood glucose is characterized by the following values:

• 5.5-6.05 mmol / l from a finger and 6.05-7.05 mmol / l from a vein - pre-diabetic condition;
• more than 6.05 mmol / l from a finger and more than 7.05 mmol / l from a vein - diabetes mellitus.

High blood sugar - causes

In addition to being associated with the development of diabetes, blood glucose levels may be elevated due to the following factors:

• severe stress, psycho-emotional disorder;
• premenstrual syndrome;
• alcohol abuse;
• acute or chronic pancreatitis;
• pancreas cancer;
• dysfunction of the kidneys, adrenal glands, liver;
• hyperthyroidism;
• Itsenko-Cushing's syndrome;
• epilepsy;
• acromegaly;
• stroke;
• myocardial infarction;
• brain injury;
• unbalanced diet;
• taking certain medications (diuretics, corticosteroids, antidepressants, salicylates, lithium preparations, etc.).

How to lower blood sugar?

The rate of blood sugar in those women who suffer from diabetes is regulated by medication:

• with type 1 diabetes - insulin-containing drugs;
• in type 2 diabetes mellitus - means that affect the reduction of carbohydrate absorption or completely regulate carbohydrate metabolism (biguanides, sulfonylurea drugs, etc.).

When wondering how to lower blood sugar with minor deviations from the norm, it is worth reviewing the diet. You should limit the intake of carbohydrates with food. You need to refuse the following products:

• White bread;
• pasta;
• sweets;
• potato;
• wine;
• carbonated drinks, etc.

• pumpkin;
• tomatoes;
• cucumbers;
• spinach etc.

In various conditions characterized by increased levels of glucose in the bloodstream, there are situations when you need to lower blood sugar at home. In addition to the drugs prescribed by the doctor, this can be done using folk methods. Here are some recipes for those who are looking for how to quickly reduce blood sugar without medication.

Low blood sugar

There are also cases when there is low blood glucose. With such a laboratory indicator, the following clinical symptoms are often felt: general malaise, weakness, depression, drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, trembling, etc. Against the background of low sugar in the bloodstream, the organs and systems of the body do not receive enough nutrients, which immediately affects the functioning of the brain brain.

Low blood sugar - causes

Low blood glucose may be due to the following factors:

• prolonged fasting;
• dehydration;
• feverish state;
• hypothyroidism;
• Gierke's disease;
• oncological diseases;
• heart failure;
• severe liver damage;
• alcohol poisoning, some chemicals;
• meningitis, etc.

How to raise blood sugar?

Here are some things you can do to raise your blood sugar levels at home:

1. Take a glucose tablet.
2. Drink a mug of weak sweet warm tea.
3. Drink a glass of freshly squeezed fruit juice with pulp.
4. Eat a couple of spoons of honey or jam, candy.
5. Eat a few slices of dried apricots, figs.
6. Eat a banana.

Glucose, or in the common people "sugar", is considered a systemic energy material for the body, which ensures the efficient operation of all organs / tissues. Your quality of life, health, immunity and predisposition to a number of diseases directly depend on the concentration of this carbohydrate component in the blood.

Blood sugar level in a healthy person

It is possible to reliably determine the current level of glucose in the blood only by laboratory research methods, the basic of which is the text on the level of glycemia, determined by examining a blood sample. It is mandatory to take into account the time of food intake before blood sampling, the age of the person and some other factors - in particular, the use of diets or drugs that can distort the results of the analysis.

The norms of blood glucose in women, depending on age, are the following indicators:

1. From 18 to 30 years old - 3.8–5.8 mmol / l.
2. From 39 to 60 years - glucose in the range from 4.1 to 5.9 mmol / l.
3. From 60 to 90 years old - 4.6–6.4 mmol / l.
4. Over 90 years - from 4.2 to 6.7 mmol / l.

You will receive reliable results of the primary check analyzes only if a number of conditions are met:

1. Before delivery, it is necessary to refuse the use of medications that change the level of glucose.
2. Tests are taken on an empty stomach, between 8 a.m. and 11 a.m. Before them, you need to refuse to eat food for a period of 8-12 hours. A day before the analysis, serious food overloads should be avoided. Drinking mode (plain water) - standard.
3. 10 hours before the test, give up physical and psychological stress, including stress.

The norms of blood sugar in men and women are identical, depending solely on age, and not on gender. The only thing to consider is the greater physical activity of the stronger sex, which may affect the test results in the direction of decreasing values. However, if you follow the rules described above, you will be able to accurately determine the level of glucose in the blood.

In children, depending on age, the following indicators are considered normal

1. From two days to a month - 2.8–4.4 mmol / l.
2. From a month to 14 years - 3.3–5.6 mmol / l.
3. From 14 to 18 years old - 4–5.7 mmol / l.

Sugar level in diabetes

Doctors make a preliminary diagnosis "" in the following cases:

1. The level of glucose in the blood, donated on an empty stomach, overcomes the upper limit of the norm for the indicated ages. In this case, the result must be obtained at least twice.
2. A few hours after eating or according to the results of the analysis at any time of the day, the blood sugar level exceeds the mark of eleven mmol / l.

If there is a suspicion of diabetes, then the endocrinologist will refer you to the delivery of related tests:

1. Re-donation of blood.
2. Testing glucose tolerance.
3. Test for the percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin.

If the above analyzes show respectively:

1. Exceeding the level above 6.1 mmol / l
2. Level exceeding 11 mmol/l
3. Rate above 5.7 percent

the diagnosis is considered confirmed.

To determine the current level of glucose in the blood, capillary or venous blood is taken. In the first case, the material is taken from the finger, in the second, respectively, from a vein (in this case, the norm for venous blood is 12 percent higher than the standard). As mentioned above, subject to the conditions of the analysis (temporary refusal to use drugs, blood donation on an empty stomach), values ​​​​in the average range from 3.3 to 5.5 mmol / l are considered the norm.

Test Methodology

1. Orthotoluidine method - determination of the pure content of glucose in the blood, without taking into account reducing substances. It is the primary diagnosis and shows a general deviation from the norm. Based on the test results, the doctor may refer the patient for additional diagnostics.
2. reducing method. Together with the current blood sugar level, the test determines the concentration of creatinine, ergonine, uric acid and other components that can induce an increase in total blood glucose levels. Designed to clarify the diagnosis and identify related problems - for example, diabetic nephropathy.
3. loading method. It is used in a hospital, a double calculation system is used - first, the orthotoluidine method, after which a dose of glucose dissolved in the liquid (75 grams) is injected into the patient's body. After two hours, glucose levels are measured. If, after exercise, the threshold of 11 mmol / l is exceeded, then the patient is diagnosed with hyperglycemia - the main symptom of diabetes mellitus.

Twice confirmed - it's hyperglycemia. This term refers to the primary symptomatology of possible diabetes or a number of problems with the body. The chronic form of the symptom is almost always diabetes mellitus, while episodic jumps in the increase in blood glucose levels may indicate a predisposition to this disease or a disease of a number of organs.

The main forms of the symptom according to the severity of the course

1. Light - increasing the level to 8 mmol / l.
2. Average - an increase in glucose levels up to 11 mmol / l. It is a pre-diabetic condition.
3. Severe - exceeding the threshold of 11-12 mmol / l. Diabetes.
4. Crisis - at rates over 16 and over 55 mmol / l, precoma and hypermolar coma are diagnosed, respectively. The risk of death increases exponentially.

Reasons for leveling up

1. Diseases of the endocrinological spectrum.
2. Problems with the kidneys, liver or pancreas.
3. Taking a number of medications - diuretics, steroids, antitumor drugs, as well as birth control pills.
4. Diabetes mellitus type 1 or 2.
5. Premenstrual syndrome.
6. Bad habits (drinking alcohol and smoking).
7. Strong stress.
8. Unbalanced diet and obesity due to excessive consumption of food.

External symptoms of high blood sugar

Typically, patients with elevated glucose levels experience:

1. Frequent urination with little pain.
2. Strong feeling of thirst and.
3. Visual impairment.
4. Fatigue and irregular breathing.
5. Skin rashes and itching.
6. Sudden changes in body weight.
7. Poor wound healing.

When critical levels of glucose in the blood (over 16 mmol / l) are exceeded, patients often suffer from severe dehydration, impaired consciousness, and ketoacidosis.

Low blood sugar is hypoglycemia. It usually develops in patients with a blood glucose concentration below 3.5 mmol / l over a long period of time. In the case of a chronic form of hypoglycemia, an appropriate syndrome is formed. The basis of this process is considered to be a decrease in glucose intake into the blood or its increased clearance due to exogenous / endogenous hyperinsulinism.

Main stages

1. Light - drop from 3 to 2.5 mmol / l. Appears to be unwell.
2. Average. Drop to 1 mmol/l. It manifests itself in a number of pathogenic conditions, often the patient needs a transfer to a hospital and outside help.
3. Heavy. A drop in glucose levels below 1 mmol / l. Urgent hospitalization and emergency care is required, high risk of loss of consciousness and hypoglycemic coma.

The reasons

1. Severe dehydration.
2. Insufficiency and untimely nutrition.
3. Strong and unusual physical activity.
4. Abuse of alcoholic beverages.
5. Lack of cortisol, adrenaline, glucagon.
6. Tumors and congenital anomalies of the autoimmune spectrum.
7. Overdoses of hypoglycemic drugs and insulin.
8. Frequent administration of saline by drip.
9. Long-term chronic diseases of a wide spectrum.
10. Sepsis.
11. , hepatic or.
12. Physiological causes are the menstrual cycle and low glucose levels in newborns.

Manifestations

1. Parasympathetic spectrum - weakness, nausea, hunger.
2. Adrenergic spectrum - hypertension, arrhythmias, sweating, tremor, muscle hypertonicity, dilated pupils, pallor of the skin, aggressiveness, anxiety and restlessness.
3. Neuroglycopenic spectrum - impaired coordination, disorientation in space, a significant decrease in efficiency, diplopia, paresthesia, neurological disorders of a wide range, amnesia, malfunctions of the respiratory apparatus and blood circulation, fainting and coma.

In the case of a severe form of hypoglycemia, the patient needs the fastest possible help (stopping) - the use of simple carbohydrates that are absorbed directly in the oral cavity (D-glucose), the introduction of glucagon intramuscularly, and other measures aimed at increasing blood sugar levels and stabilizing the current state of the patient.

With diabetes, it is necessary to control and regularly measure the level of sugar in the blood. The norm of the glucose indicator has a slight difference in age and is the same for both women and men.

Indicators of the average fasting glucose content range from 3.2 to 5.5 mmol / liter. After eating, norms can reach 7.8 mmol / liter.

In order for the results to be accurate, the analysis is carried out in the morning, before meals. If the analysis of capillary blood shows a result of 5.5 to 6 mmol / liter, if there is a deviation from the norm, the doctor can diagnose diabetes.

If blood is taken from a vein, the measurement result will be much higher. The norm when measuring venous blood on an empty stomach is no more than 6.1 mmol / liter.

The analysis of venous and capillary blood may be incorrect and not up to standard if the patient did not follow the rules of preparation or was tested after eating. Factors such as stressful situations, the presence of a minor illness, and a serious injury can lead to data breaches.

Normal glucose levels

Insulin is the main hormone responsible for lowering sugar levels in the body.

It is produced by the beta cells of the pancreas.

The following substances can affect the indicators of increasing glucose norms:

• The adrenal glands produce norepinephrine and epinephrine;
• Other pancreatic cells synthesize glucagon;
• thyroid hormone;
• Parts of the brain can produce a "command" hormone;
• Corticosterones and cortisols;
• Any other hormone-like substance.

There is a circadian rhythm, according to which the lowest level of sugar is recorded at night, from 3 to 6 hours, when a person is in a state of sleep.

The permissible blood glucose level in women and men should not exceed 5.5 mmol / liter. Meanwhile, indicators of sugar norms may differ depending on age.

So, after 40, 50 and 60 years, due to the aging of the body, all kinds of disturbances in the functioning of internal organs can be observed. If pregnancy occurs after the age of 30, there may also be slight deviations.

There is a special table in which the norms for adults and children are prescribed.

The most commonly used unit for measuring blood glucose is mmol/litre. Sometimes a different unit is used - mg / 100 ml. To find out what result is obtained in mmol / liter, you need to multiply the mg / 100 ml data by 0.0555.

Diabetes mellitus of any type provokes an increase in glucose in men and women. First of all, these data are affected by the food that the patient consumes.

In order for the blood sugar level to be normal, it is necessary to follow all the instructions of the doctors, take hypoglycemic agents, follow a therapeutic diet and exercise regularly.

Sugar levels in children

1. The norm of blood glucose in children up to a year is 2.8-4.4 mmol / liter.
2. At the age of five years, the norms are 3.3-5.0 mmol / liter.
3. In older children, sugar levels should be the same as in adults.

If the indicators in children exceed 6.1 mmol / liter, the doctor prescribes a glucose tolerance test or a blood test to determine the concentration of glycated hemoglobin.

How is a blood sugar test done?

To check the glucose content in the body, the analysis is carried out on an empty stomach. This study is prescribed if the patient has symptoms such as frequent urination, itching of the skin, a feeling of thirst, which may indicate diabetes mellitus. For preventive purposes, the study should be carried out at the age of 30.

Blood is taken from a finger or vein. If available, for example, you can test at home without seeking the help of a doctor.

Such a device is convenient in that only one drop of blood is required for research in men and women. Including such a device is used for testing in children. Results can be obtained immediately. A few seconds after the measurement.

If the glucometer shows overestimated results, you should contact the clinic, where more accurate data can be obtained by measuring blood in the laboratory.

• A blood test for glucose is taken at the clinic. Before the study, you can not eat for 8-10 hours. After the plasma is taken, the patient takes 75 g of glucose dissolved in water, and after two hours is tested again.
• If after two hours the result shows between 7.8 and 11.1 mmol/liter, the doctor may diagnose impaired glucose tolerance. At rates above 11.1 mmol / liter, diabetes mellitus is detected. If the analysis showed a result of less than 4 mmol / liter, you should consult a doctor and undergo an additional examination.
• When detecting a violation of glucose tolerance, you should pay attention to your own health. If all efforts are made in time for treatment, the development of the disease can be avoided.
• In some cases, the figure in men, women and children can be 5.5-6 mmol / liter and indicate an intermediate condition, which is referred to as prediabetes. To prevent diabetes from developing, you need to follow all the rules of nutrition and give up bad habits.
• With obvious signs of the disease, tests are carried out in the morning once on an empty stomach. If there are no characteristic symptoms, diabetes mellitus can be diagnosed on the basis of two studies conducted on different days.

On the eve of the study, you do not need to follow a diet for the results to be reliable. Meanwhile, sweets should not be consumed in large quantities. Including the presence of chronic diseases, the period of pregnancy in women and stress can affect the accuracy of the data.

You can not do tests in men and women who worked on the night shift the day before. The patient needs to get a good night's sleep.

The study should be carried out every six months for people aged 40, 50 and 60 years.

Including tests are regularly taken if the patient is at risk. They are overweight people, patients with a heredity of the disease, pregnant women.

Analysis frequency

While healthy people must be tested every six months to check the norms, patients diagnosed with the disease should be examined every day three to five times. The frequency of blood sugar testing depends on which type of diabetes is diagnosed.

People with type 1 diabetes should have a test every time before injecting insulin into the body. With a deterioration in well-being, a stressful situation, or a change in the rhythm of life, testing should be carried out much more often.

In the case when type 2 diabetes is diagnosed, tests are carried out in the morning, an hour after eating and before bedtime. For regular measurement, you must purchase a portable glucometer device.