What is a sentence in Russian. Simple sentence. Types of simple sentences

There are many units in the Russian language, but the most important of them is the sentence, because it is it that is the communicative unit. We communicate with each other through proposals.

Sentence

This unit of language is built according to a certain grammatical pattern. What does the offer consist of? Of course, from words. But words in sentences lose their linguistic essence, they become syntactic components of one whole, turn into members of a sentence, grammatically connected with its other components.

The members of the proposal are divided into main and secondary. Without the main members, the proposal cannot exist. And what the basis of the sentence consists of is called the subject and the predicate.

Subject

Being the main member, the subject names the subject of speech. If each statement contains a fragment of the surrounding world, then the subject names the phenomenon with which something happens, which does something or has some signs. This is the most important member of all that the proposal consists of.

The subject can be expressed by any part of speech if it answers the question: what is there in the world? who is in the world?

For example:

What is in the world? Summer. June heat.

Who is in the world? Butterflies.

In these one-part nominative sentences, the speaker reports the presence in the world of the phenomena named by the subject. It happens that this is enough for a message.

But most often the subject in the sentence is connected with the predicate.

Predicate

Being the second component of what the grammatical basis of the sentence consists of, the predicate performs the following functions:

Denotes the action of the subject named subject (The snow has melted).
Indicates the action of the object experienced by the object named subject (The roofs are strewn with snow).
Names the attribute possessed by the object named subject (The day was warm).

Usually the predicate is expressed by the verb. If it is expressed by one verb in the form of some mood, then it has the name "simple verbal predicate". In the case when it consists of two verbs, one of which is an infinitive, we are talking about A if the predicate contains another part of speech - not a verb, then the predicate is a compound non-verbal.

Coordination

So, the main members are what the proposal should consist of. A special relationship is established between them, which is usually called coordination in the scientific world. This is a type of connection in which the subject and predicate are put in the same form of number, gender, case.

Examples of a proposal with coordinating main members:

The snow has fallen.
Father is a doctor.
The night is dark.
Children are funny.
The walk is planned.
Games are played outdoors.

Sometimes coordination between subject and verb is not possible:

Dumplings are in great demand.
Military man in overcoat.
The main task of the commander is to study the enemy.
Eating from a soldier's cauldron was not considered shameful.

Secondary members of the sentence

Other components of what the sentence consists of are minor members. They are in a subordinate relationship in relation to the main members or to each other and serve to define, clarify, supplement their meanings.

They are called secondary because without them the proposal can exist. But it would not be a complete reflection of the entire diversity of the world if it did not have secondary members. Compare, for example:

Snowdrops appeared (without minor members - an uncommon proposal).
spring snowdrops appeared (the circumstance of time expands the world reflected in the sentence).
appeared in the spring long awaited snowdrops (the definition expresses the attitude of a person to a fragment of the world).
In the spring, the long-awaited snowdrops appeared - harbingers of heat(the application helps to feel the joy of anticipation of what will follow after the snowdrops appear).
appeared in the spring on thawed patches long-awaited snowdrops - harbingers of heat (the addition allows you to see a more accurate picture of the world).

Definition

One of the minor members is the definition. It refers to a member of a sentence that has a subjective meaning. Answers questions what? whose? and their case forms. Sometimes they stand in the same gender, number and case as the word being defined, and inconsistent ones do not change when the main word changes.

Agreed Definitions: My big barking dog, my big barking dog, my big barking animal.
Dog with collar, dog with collar, animal with collar.

Addition

One of the components of what a sentence consists of in Russian is an addition. Such a minor member denotes an object in relation to which an action is performed or a sign is manifested. In addition, questions of indirect cases are raised. It refers to words with an action meaning:

filled with water;
filled with water;
filled with water;
filling with water.

According to grammatical features, the addition can be direct or indirect. The direct object is associated with a transitive verb without a preposition in the accusative case:

I see (whom? what?) landscape;
photographing (whom? what?) the landscape;
I paint (whom? what?) a landscape.

The indirect object is expressed by all other forms of the noun, except for the accusative form without a preposition.

admired (what?) the landscape;
the beauty (of what?) of the landscape;
thought (about what?) about the landscape.

Circumstance

Circumstance is another part of what a sentence consists of. It characterizes the way, place, time, reason, purpose, condition and other features of an action, state or sign.

The circumstance answers different questions depending on which side of the action it characterizes:

In the forest (where?) everything was painted in autumn.
Everything was painted (how?) in autumn.
It was painted (when?) in September everything around.
Beautiful (to what extent?) very around.

Very often adverbial meanings can be combined with an additional meaning:

I rested (where? in what?) in the village.
We spent money (why? for what?) on the purchase.
Misha was delayed (why? because of whom?) because of a friend.

Simple sentence

A simple sentence reflects one fragment of the world. For example: Autumn has come suddenly.

This sentence names one object and one of its actions: autumn has come.

One grammatical basis is what a simple sentence consists of.

The picture drawn in a simple sentence should be one. Although it happens that subjects or predicates can be:

Autumn and frost came suddenly.
Autumn has come and taken over the world suddenly.

Despite the fact that these sentences have several subjects (autumn and frosts) or several predicates (came and took possession), the basis of the sentences remains the same, because the picture of the world is not fragmented into several fragments.

A simple sentence can also consist of one main member. Such proposals are called one-part proposals. In them, the absence of the second main term is explained by its redundancy. For example, in all the general meaning of the predicate is the presence in the world of what is called the subject. Thus, words with the meaning of the presence of a phenomenon in the world become redundant:

Here is my house.
This is our village.
Night.
Silence.
What peace!

In one-part definite-personal sentences, the predicate is expressed in the form of first and second person verbs. Personal endings of verbs serve as an indication of the person: I, you, we, you. For this reason, the subject, which must be expressed by one of these pronouns, becomes redundant for understanding the meaning contained in the sentence. For example:

I'll go out into the field, look at the shoots.
Come with me?
We'll meet in the lobby in an hour.
Leave without delay.

In one-part indefinitely personal sentences, the predicate is expressed by verbs in the form of present. third person plural tense numbers or past multiple times. numbers. In such sentences, the meaning of the redundancy of indicating the subject of the action is expressed - it does not matter who did it, it is important that it was done:

The gardens were still harvesting.
Apples are picked in the orchards.
Bread is harvested on the field.
Somewhere they sing.
Tomorrow they will go out for weeding.

Impersonal sentences reflect a world in which something happens without a protagonist. Therefore, the subject in such a sentence is not just redundant, it cannot be used. As a predicate, verbs in the form of the present tense are most often used. numbers of the third person or past tense singular. number of avg. gender and word category state.

It's getting light.
It got dark.
I'm stuffy.
He is unwell.

Difficult sentence

If a simple sentence has one grammatical basis, then several bases are what a complex sentence consists of. Therefore, a complex sentence reflects several fragments of the surrounding world: Autumn came suddenly, and the green trees stood under the caps of snow.

There are two subjects of speech in the sentence: autumn and trees. Each of them has a word that denotes its action: fall has come, trees stood.

The trees smelled of a resinous aroma, and the breeze carried it far into the steppe. (union, compound).
The birch trees stood by the pond, which reflected them in its depths against the background of the blue sky and white clouds (allied complex).
Silence reigned all around: the squeak of a mosquito was heard distinctly and loudly (unionless).

A simple sentence is a sentence that consists of one or more grammatically combined words that express a complete thought. It is the basic grammatical unit of syntax. A simple sentence should have only one grammatical stem (predicative center).

Father is washing the car.
Children play on the lawn.
Twilight.
Grandma is resting.

A simple sentence is the main structural type of sentences in Russian, which serves to build complex sentences.

Spring has come + The snow has melted = Spring has come, the snow has melted.

Grammatical structure

Distinguish between main and secondary members of a simple sentence. The main ones - the subject (answers the questions "who? what?") and the predicate (answers the questions "what is he doing? what did he do? what will he do?") - call the object that is the subject of the action (subject) and the action itself performed by the subject (predicate). The subject and predicate are interconnected and form the predicative center.

Secondary - addition, definition, circumstance - explain the predicate and / or subject or other secondary members and syntactically depend on them.

The old tram slowly drove along the red-hot rails.

In this sentence, the subject is "tram", the predicate is "driving". The definition of "old" depends on the subject "tram". The predicate "traveled", which is related to the subject "tram", leads the object "on rails" and has the dependent circumstance "slowly". The addition, in turn, also has a minor dependent member of the sentence - the definition of "hot". The whole sentence is divided into a subject group ("an old tram") and a predicate group ("slowly drove along hot rails"). The information below will help you parse a sentence quickly and easily.

What are the types of simple sentences?

There are the following types of simple sentences:

non-exclamatory and exclamatory (regarding intonation);
narrative, interrogative, incentive (regarding the purpose of the statement);
two-part and one-part (relative to the composition of the grammatical basis);
complete and incomplete (regarding the presence / absence of the necessary members of the proposal);
widespread and non-common (regarding the presence / absence of secondary members of the proposal);
complicated and uncomplicated.

Exclamatory and non-exclamatory

As for this type, the defining moment is the presence / absence of an exclamation mark.

Spring came. Spring came!

Declarative, interrogative, motivating

The second type indicates the purpose for which this maxim is pronounced: to tell about something (the Danube flows into the Black Sea), to ask about something (When will you finally get married?) or to induce something (Buy a loaf for dinner).

One piece and two piece

What simple sentences can be called one-part sentences? Those in which the predicative (grammatical) stem consists only of the subject or only of the predicate.

Thaw.
Beautiful girl.
It's getting light.

If of the main members in the sentence there is only a subject, then such grammatical units are called nominative, or nominative.

The beauty is incredible!
Evening Kyiv with many lights.

If there is only a predicate, then there are several types of such single-component sentences:

definitely personal (the action is performed by a certain object or person and is expressed by a verb in the form of the 1st and 2nd person singular or plural of the present or future tense);
indefinitely personal (the predicate is expressed by the verb in the 3rd person plural);
generalized personal (the verb is expressed in the form of the 2nd person singular of the present or future tense and the 3rd person of the plural, but attention is focused on the action itself);
impersonal (the character is not grammatically expressed).

A sentence whose predicative center consists of two members is called a two-part sentence.

It's raining.

Complete and incomplete

A simple sentence can be complete or incomplete.

A sentence is considered complete if it contains all the main and secondary members necessary for the construction and completeness of the value expression.

I look at the moon.
The train passes the bridge.

In incomplete, the main or minor member of the sentence is omitted, but it is clear from the context or situation of speech.

She greeted the teacher. He is with her.

The word "greeted" is missing here, but it is clear to the listener based on the context.

Common and non-common

A simple sentence can be common (there are secondary members that serve to explain the main ones) and non-common (consists only of a predicative center, there are no secondary members). Examples of common offers:

The July sun shines brightly.
Finally cleared up.
Beautiful slender girl.

Examples of uncommon offers:

The sun is shining.
It cleared up.
Young woman.

Simple sentences can be complicated:

the homogeneity of the different members of the sentence (He loved quivering sunrises, and colorful sunsets, and moonlit nights);
isolated definitions that come after the word that explains (The road leading to the waterfall began to wag rapidly);
applications (Near the forest there was a hut - the dwelling of the forester);
separate additions (I really liked the film, with the exception of some scenes);
isolated circumstances (Having prepared dinner, the mother sat in the kitchen for a long time);
appeals and introductory constructions (Oh youth, how quickly you pass! Spring seems to be late);
specifying sentences by members (the accident happened at four in the morning, that is, at dawn).

But a simple complicated sentence is easy to confuse with a complex one. Therefore, one must be careful and focus on the number of predicative centers.

Making sentence parsing simple. You can write a hint diagram for yourself.

Sentence

A SENTENCE is the main unit of coherent speech, characterized by certain semantic (the presence of so-called predication - see below) and structural (choice, arrangement and connection of grammatical forms of words combined in P., the nature of intonation) features. The doctrine of the sentence occupies a central place in syntax, reflecting very clearly the change of various directions in the latter; in one of the newest works on syntax, more than one and a half hundred definitions of P. are given (Ries, Was ist ein Satz?). So, in the history of Russian grammar (see) in P.'s definitions, logical, psychological, and so-called. formal directions.
For the logical direction, the definition repeated by Buslaev is typical: "A sentence is a judgment expressed in words." It should be noted that we find a definition very close to this in the founder of formal grammar Fortunatov: "A sentence is a judgment in speech."
The psychological direction in grammar (Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky) in the definition of P. seeks to include a characteristic of a psychological process specific to it: “A sentence is such a word or such an ordering of words that is associated with a special movement of thought known as predication” (Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky, Syntax Russian language, ed. 2, p. 51). Finally, the representatives of the “formal trend” in grammar emphasize the structural (and intonational) features of grammar, digressing from its semantics. So, in a number of school textbooks of the 20s. XX century., Built on the principles of formal grammar, P. is defined as a combination of the nominative case of the name with the personal form of the verb.
The desire to give a broader, generalizing semantic and structural features of the definition of P. appears in the works of Shakhmatov, who in the “Syntax of the Russian Language” resolves the issue as follows: “A sentence is a verbal expression of a psychological communication” and further - “The sentence can be given the following definition: it is the simplest unit of human speech, which in terms of form is one grammatical whole, and in terms of meaning it corresponds to two simple or complex representations included in a deliberate combination” (“Syntax of the Russian language.” , issue I, p. 12). At the same time, Shakhmatov further emphasizes 1) that the sentence cannot be an accurate reflection of communication and 2) that the verbal elements of P. grammatically merge into one whole, the indispensable unifying principle of which is intonation. Popularized by Peshkovsky in Russian Syntax in Scientific Illumination, this definition of a sentence - with the elimination of the psychologism elements that Shakhmatov had - is currently the most generally accepted in Russian grammar.
From the traditional Western-European grammar, the division of grammar into simple and complex passed into Russian. By the latter is meant P., consisting of a number of simple ones.

Simple sentence.- The most common classification of simple grammar in modern Russian grammar again goes back to Shakhmatov. The bases for division are:
1. presence in P. grammatical. members of communication;
2. the number of members of the P.;
3. the attitude of the speaker to the expressed thought.

1. By the presence of communication members, P. are
- one-part, when only one member (subject or predicate) is expressed in words, and
- two-part, when both members of communication are expressed verbally.
One-part sentences will be such as “Freezes”, “Silence”. Two-part - “The train is racing”, “I love to read”, etc.
One-part in the way of expressing predicate are:
a) infinitive - the predicate is expressed in the infinitive: “Be silent!”, “Call him soon!”;
b) nominative (named) - the predicate is expressed by him. pad. noun: "Evening. Seaside. Sighs of the wind. Majestic cry of the waves ";
c) impersonal - the predicate is expressed by an impersonal verb: “It is getting dark”, “It is getting dark”, “It is noisy in the head”;
d) indefinitely personal - the predicate is expressed by a personal verb in the 3rd l. pl. h., there is no subject, because it is not conceived: “Chickens are counted in the fall”;
e) generalized-personal - the predicate is expressed by a personal verb in the 2nd l. units h., there is no subject, because it can be any of 3 persons: “You can’t fill a bottomless barrel with water.”
Two-part P. according to the way of expressing the predicate are:
- P. with a simple predicate and
- P. with a compound predicate.
The 1st group includes such P., in which the predicate is a personal verb: "I cried in a dream."
The 2nd group includes P., in which the predicate is expressed by a personal verb and some part of speech, and the predicate is not in the verb, but in this part of speech, while the verb serves only as a link. Eg. “Petrov is a representative of the local committee” (on the contrary, in P .: “The door opens, and Petrov appears” - it is the verb that serves as the predicate). The linking verb can be omitted: "Loading and unloading baroques are in full swing."

2. According to the number of members, P. are divided into:
a) complete and incomplete and
b) uncommon and widespread.
Such P. are called complete, in which there is both a grammatical subject and a grammatical predicate: “He died”; incomplete - P., in which one of the members is missing (or the subject, or the predicate, or some minor member), but is easily restored from the context of the entire speech (previous and subsequent P.): “Where were you yesterday? In the theatre. In which? In Small.
Non-common P. is called P., in which the main members (subject and predicate in a two-part or the only member in a one-part) do not have secondary members with them: “Brother is reading”, “Evening”.
Such a P. will be common, to-rogo, with the main members, there are secondary members explaining them: “Brother is reading an interesting book” (cf. “Brother is reading”), “The majestic cry of the waves.”

3. In relation to the speaker's thoughts expressed by him, P. are divided into 3 groups:
a) narrative; these include P., in which the speaker communicates his thought to someone, stating one or another fact (establishing a connection between the subject and the predicate): “A golden cloud spent the night on the chest of the giant’s cliff”;
b) exclamatory; these include P., in which the speaker not only communicates his thought, but also expresses his attitude to it, this or that feeling, which is indicated in pronunciation by exclamatory intonation and the presence of exclamatory words (interjections, pronouns, adverbs): “How my garden is fresh and green!”;
c) interrogative; these include P., in which the speaker does not establish any fact, but either wants to receive a statement of this fact from the listener or indicates that one of the members of P. is unknown to him, and wants an explanation from the listener. For the first case: "Did you bring a book?" For the second case: "Who was with you yesterday?" Interrogative P. are characterized by interrogative intonations, as well as the presence of interrogative words (who, what, etc.) or interrogative particles (whether, already, perhaps, etc.).

Difficult sentence.- The definitions of complex P. are as diverse as the definitions of the general concept of P. Thus, representatives of logical grammar single out semantic features as the main feature of complex P. (the dismemberment of a complex thought, the expression of which is a complex P.), due to which the doctrine of reduction arises. complex grammar, rejected by formal (and psychological) grammar. The latter, on the contrary, emphasizes the structural features of complex P. Cf. from Peshkovsky: “Phrases that have in their composition two or more predicates or two or more phrases that indicate in their formal composition the omitted predicates, or consisting of only predicates, we will call a complex whole (a more common term is a complex sentence)” (“ Russian syntax in scientific coverage”, p. 163). In general, all definitions boil down to the fact that a complex P. is characterized as a combination of two or more simple P., related to each other in meaning, grammatically and intonationally. According to their grammatical structure, complex sentences are divided into two main types - compound and complex.
In compound P., simple sentences are either directly connected to each other (the semantic connection between them is expressed only by intonation, there is no grammatical expression for this connection: “There is no need to talk about this: this is indisputable”) or connected by conjunctions used in simple P. to connect homogeneous members (a, and, but, etc.: “In the morning I tried to get up, but my head was spinning”).
Compound P. can
1) consist not of two, but of several simple ones: “Clouds are rushing, clouds are winding, the invisible moon illuminates the flying snow; the sky is cloudy, the night is cloudy”;
2) to have a mixed connection - allied and non-union: “During the day it dripped from the roofs, the gray walls of houses smoked tiredly and sweaty, and by night ice icicles were vaguely white everywhere.”
In a complex subordinate P., simple P., which are part of it, are (one or more) in relation to another in a grammatical dependence of a certain kind, in the so-called. "grammatical submission". In this case, the subordinate P. is called the main one, and the subordinate ones are called subordinate. The identification of subordinate clauses with members of a simple clause goes back to logical grammar, hence their classification into attributive, supplementary, circumstantial, etc., which is still used in school grammar.
The subordination of one P. to another is grammatically expressed in two ways:
a) by means of conjunctions used only to connect the subordinate sentence with the subordinate (what, although, if, because, etc.): “We soon understood each other and became friends, because I am incapable of true friendship”;
b) through the so-called. allied words, which differ from unions in that they not only connect one P. with another, but are also members of a subordinate sentence. In the role of allied words, interrogative pronouns and adverbs are used (which, where, where, etc.): “So a year passed, after which a small incident happened to Gerasim.”
A complex P. may include several subordinate clauses, which are arranged either in the order of sequential subordination (each subordinate clause, starting from the second, is subordinate to the previous subordinate clause) or in the order of parallel subordination (all subordinate clauses are subordinate to the main one). A complex P., in which both sequential and parallel subordination is used, and there are also elements of P.'s composition, is called mixed. A particularly detailed and rhythmically ordered type of complex sentence is the so-called. period (see).
On the significance of the selection of certain types of sentences for the writer's language, see Style. Bibliography:
see syntax.

Literary encyclopedia. - In 11 tons; M .: publishing house of the Communist Academy, Soviet Encyclopedia, Fiction. Edited by V. M. Friche, A. V. Lunacharsky. 1929-1939 .

Sentence

A construction that can serve as a communicative unit, that is, carry some information, correlating it with the moment of speech. The proposal is created with a specific purpose - to inform or request information, to induce the interlocutor to action; therefore, the most important characteristic of a sentence is its assignment to one of the types: narrative, interrogative or incentive (Coming? / Coming. / Come!).
Depending on the amount of information and design characteristics, the proposal can be simple or complex. A special property of a sentence that distinguishes it from phrases, determined by V.V. Vinogradov: this is the ability to correlate information with the moment of speech; cf .: the arrival of the rooks and the rooks have arrived / are arriving / are about to arrive; my vacation and I'm on vacation. Not so long ago, a sentence was viewed as a combination of elements and described "element by element" - according to proposal members. Today it is studied as a unity that has three sides - semantic, formal and actual.

Literature and language. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Under the editorship of prof. Gorkina A.P. 2006 .

Sentence

SENTENCE- the basic concept of syntax (see), which is often defined as "the doctrine of sentences." However, the "offer" itself is difficult to define. Here, for example, are several definitions of a sentence: Dionysius of Thracia (c. 1st century BC): “a sentence is a combination of parts of speech (proper “words”, Λέxiεων, but Λέxiις is understood, in turn, as a typical part of a sentence, and later “parts of speech” came out of this concept), expressing a complete meaning in itself”; Paul: “A sentence is a verbal expression, a symbol of the fact that a combination of several ideas or groups of ideas has taken place in the soul of the speaker, and a means to evoke in the soul of listeners the same combination of the same ideas”; Delbrück: “a sentence is an expression (Äusserung) realized in articulate speech, which is presented to the speaker and listener as a coherent and closed whole”; Fortunatov: “A sentence is a judgment in speech” (with further division into “complete” sentences and “incomplete ones”). All the definitions of a sentence that have been given so far suffer from an insufficient designation of the very linguistic nature of the sentence, i.e., those language tools which creates the corresponding psychological unity. On the other hand, it is also impossible to recognize as correct Potebnya's point of view that each language and each era has its own "suggestion" and that it is impossible to give a general definition of a sentence. If it were proved that between the proposals of individual peoples and eras there are no nothing common, besides the fact that they "express a thought", then the concept of a sentence would thereby lose its right to exist in linguistics and would be transferred entirely to psychology. But such an assumption contradicts our idea of the spiritual and physical unity of the human race and human linguistic activity. Obviously, along with particular definitions of a sentence for individual epochs and peoples (and they are necessary, and this is the right side of Potebnya's thought), a general definition of a sentence is necessary, applicable to all human languages. And it must be sought, obviously, in the most general properties of human speech. And these are primarily rhythm and melody speech. Thus, before the development of this kind of questions (so far studied only on a scale smallest rhythmic-melodic units, sounds and syllables) it is not necessary to expect a definition of the sentence. For now, provisionally, it seems possible to put forward the concept of “phrase” as the maximum rhythmic-methodical unit (= “syntactic whole” of “Ovsyaniko-Kulikovskiy”), which can be defined as follows: “ a phrase is a syntagma(see. The word is separate), characterized by one of three rhythmic-melodic structures: complete narrative, interrogative or exclamatory". For general psychological reasons, one must think that these three systems will be found in all human languages, and thus, the concept of "phrase" could form the basis of syntax (see). A "sentence" would be defined as a "partial phrase", that is, again as a rhythmic-melodic concept, smaller in volume and greater in content (for example, including the rhythmic-melody of subordinate clauses), but all this requires, as already mentioned, the study of the rhythmic-melodic means of human language. Special grammatical features of the sentence, i.e. certain methods of syntactic articulation would already be included in the particular definitions of the sentence for individual languages and eras. In any case, not a “phrase” should be determined from a “sentence” (as it is now: a “complex sentence”) and not a “sentence” from a “word”, but rather a “word” from a “sentence” (see “Separate word” , and a "sentence" from a "phrase". In addition, the usual reduction of a sentence to a judgment must be abandoned, since the concept of "judgment" itself (both logical and psychological) has grown on the analysis of a linguistic sentence, and science always falls into a vicious circle here. Of course, the proposal syntagma, denotes a psychological unity, but in this it does not differ in any essential way from either a phrase or a word.

Editorial note. In the articles signed by N. Durnovo, the author always means the so-called "sentence" under the sentence. expressive P., i.e. phrases (see) with intonation of completeness or isolation (see. Separate members of P.), concluding words with a predicate form.

A. Peshkovsky. Literary encyclopedia: Dictionary of literary terms: In 2 volumes / Edited by N. Brodsky, A. Lavretsky, E. Lunin, V. Lvov-Rogachevsky, M. Rozanov, V. Cheshikhin-Vetrinsky. - M.; L.: Publishing house L. D. Frenkel, 1925

Synonyms:

See what "Offer" is in other dictionaries:

- (bid) 1. The price at which the buyer is willing to make a deal. If the seller has made an offer, the price of which the buyer considers too high, he can offer a lower price (or more favorable terms). After receiving an offer... Glossary of business terms

1. OFFER1, offers, cf. 1. Action according to Ch. offer to offer (book). Service offer. Help offer. 2. What is offered for choice, attention, what is proposed for discussion, consideration of someone or for execution by someone ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

Father is washing the car.
Children play on the lawn.
Twilight.
Grandma is resting.

A simple sentence is the main structural type of sentences in Russian, which serves to build complex sentences.

Spring has come + The snow has melted = Spring has come, the snow has melted.

Grammatical structure

Secondary - addition, definition, circumstance - explain the predicate and / or subject or other secondary members and syntactically depend on them.

The old tram slowly drove along the red-hot rails.

What are the types of simple sentences?

There are the following types of simple sentences:

non-exclamatory and exclamatory (regarding intonation);
narrative, interrogative, incentive (regarding the purpose of the statement);
two-part and one-part (relative to the composition of the grammatical basis);
complete and incomplete (regarding the presence / absence of the necessary members of the proposal);
widespread and non-common (regarding the presence / absence of secondary members of the proposal);
complicated and uncomplicated.

Exclamatory and non-exclamatory

As for this type, the defining moment is the presence / absence of an exclamation mark.

Spring came. Spring came!

Declarative, interrogative, motivating

One piece and two piece

What simple sentences can be called one-part sentences? Those in which the predicative (grammatical) stem consists only of the subject or only of the predicate.

Thaw.
Beautiful girl.
It's getting light.

If of the main members in the sentence there is only a subject, then such grammatical units are called nominative, or nominative.

The beauty is incredible!
Evening Kyiv with many lights.

If there is only a predicate, then there are several types of such single-component sentences:

definitely personal (the action is performed by a certain object or person and is expressed by a verb in the form of the 1st and 2nd person singular or plural of the present or future tense);
indefinitely personal (the predicate is expressed by the verb in the 3rd person plural);
generalized personal (the verb is expressed in the form of the 2nd person singular of the present or future tense and the 3rd person of the plural, but attention is focused on the action itself);
impersonal (the character is not grammatically expressed).

A sentence whose predicative center consists of two members is called a two-part sentence.

It's raining.

Complete and incomplete

A simple sentence can be complete or incomplete.

A sentence is considered complete if it contains all the main and secondary members necessary for the construction and completeness of the value expression.

I look at the moon.
The train passes the bridge.

In incomplete, the main or minor member of the sentence is omitted, but it is clear from the context or situation of speech.

She greeted the teacher. He is with her.

The word "greeted" is missing here, but it is clear to the listener based on the context.

Common and non-common

The July sun shines brightly.
Finally cleared up.
Beautiful slender girl.

Examples of uncommon offers:

The sun is shining.
It cleared up.
Young woman.

Simple sentences can be complicated:

the homogeneity of the different members of the sentence (He loved quivering sunrises, and colorful sunsets, and moonlit nights);
isolated definitions that come after the word that explains (The road leading to the waterfall began to wag rapidly);
applications (Near the forest there was a hut - the dwelling of the forester);
separate additions (I really liked the film, with the exception of some scenes);
isolated circumstances (Having prepared dinner, the mother sat in the kitchen for a long time);
appeals and introductory constructions (Oh youth, how quickly you pass! Spring seems to be late);
specifying sentences by members (the accident happened at four in the morning, that is, at dawn).

But a simple complicated sentence is easy to confuse with a complex one. Therefore, one must be careful and focus on the number of predicative centers.

Making sentence parsing simple. You can write a hint diagram for yourself.

A person's speech consists of sentences, and it is possible to determine what he is talking about by finding the grammatical basis of this sentence - the subject and the predicate. But what if the sentence has more than one subject and predicate, if it talks about different objects and phenomena? The answer to this question will give a very important topic, which is held in the 3rd grade.

What is a complex sentence and how to work with it?

A complex sentence is a sentence that consists of two or more simple sentences. They can be connected with each other with the help of unions, such as a, but, and, and can only be combined by intonation, which is expressed in writing using punctuation marks.

Here are examples of complex sentences.

Winter was already coming to an end, but spring was still not felt.
He was hungry, but that hunger could not be satisfied.
Masha and Petya loved animals, and their mother took them to the zoo.
It was raining all the time, the puddles shone in the light of the lanterns.

In these examples, you can see what types of communication there are in complex sentences.

Compared to a simple sentence, their structure is indeed more complex, since they not only talk about several objects or phenomena, but also combine into one whole in meaning and grammatically. Simple sentences that are part of a complex one can only consist of a grammatical basis or be extended by secondary members.

How to parse a complex sentence

To draw up a diagram of a complex sentence, you must first find all its bases. This will help to understand how many parts it has, after which it will be possible to find how they are interconnected. Let's look at this with an example.

The guys walked until late, then it didn’t snow.

This proposal has two bases. (the guys were walking, it started snowing), which are interconnected by intonation, which is reflected in the letter as a comma. There is no union between these parts.

A complex sentence does not have to have strictly two grammatical bases - there can be three or even more.

Basically, the order of parts in a complex sentence is sequential: the main part comes first, followed by the one that is related to it in meaning. In sentences that are connected by intonation and are simply a list of events, there is often no main and attached part - their order can be swapped and the meaning of the sentence will not change at all.

This is easy to understand if we compare two complex sentences with the same stems, which are simply rearranged:

The wind blows, it rains.
It's raining, the wind is blowing.

It is obvious that the meaning of the sentence has not changed at all from the rearrangement of parts - it talks about the weather, describing it from different angles.

This principle makes complex sentences with the most simple structure similar to addition examples, where the total amount does not change from the rearrangement of places, which indicates that the language is mathematical to some extent.

The algorithm for parsing any sentence in which there are two or more stems is the same: you need to find these stems and determine whether they are connected only by intonation, that is, a punctuation mark, or if the union participated in establishing a connection between them.

What have we learned?

The definition of a complex sentence in itself is quite simple - it is such a unit of language, which includes not one grammatical basis, but several (at least two or more). These parts can only be connected by intonation (punctuation mark) or intonation and conjunction. To parse a complex sentence, you must first find all its bases, and then determine how they are interconnected. This is a fairly simple and understandable algorithm.