Excessive gas production causes. Strong gas formation in the intestines causes and treatment

Gas formation in the intestines is a very unpleasant symptom. In addition to the fact that it brings a significant amount of discomfort, it can also be a symptom of various diseases.

The accumulation of gases in the intestines is called flatulence. Gastroenterologists consider this disease to be very common among modern people. Almost every person has experienced flatulence to one degree or another. But not everyone knows when ordinary gas formation becomes a symptom, or, more simply, when to see a doctor. And therefore, let's talk in more detail today on www.site about gas formation in the intestines, causes and treatment with folk remedies for it.

The reasons

There are several types of flatulence, depending on the causes of its occurrence. The most common is alimentary flatulence. The cause of its occurrence may be the normal functioning of the gastrointestinal tract in response to the ingestion of air or in response to certain types of foods.

The second cause of gas in the intestines is due to a lack of enzymes or a problem with bile circulation. Such flatulence is called digestive. As a result, the digestion process is disrupted, and the products are under-digested, thereby forming various decay products, including gases.

Also, the cause of flatulence may be a violation of the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract. When there is an excess of microflora in the small intestine, this provokes the breakdown of products in its upper sections, and this, in turn, gives increased gas formation. In addition, this provokes the processes of decay in the lower parts of the small intestine, and they are also accompanied by the release of gases.

Another cause of gases in the gastrointestinal tract can be mechanical disturbances in its functions. It can be tumors, and adhesions, and stenosis. Such flatulence is called mechanical.

The fifth reason why flatulence may occur is considered to be dynamic disturbances in the motor function of the intestine. The reason for this may be the weakening of the intestine after surgery, during peritonitis or intoxication.

Irritable bowel syndrome can also provoke a weakening of the intestines. The abnormal structure of the intestine can also be a reason for this.

Another variant of the cause of flatulence is a violation of blood circulation. For example, it may be congestion in the veins in the intestines.

Pharmaceutical treatment

The first step is to remove the causes of its occurrence. It's not uncommon for there to be more than one.

It is also necessary to adjust the patient's diet. To do this, it is necessary to exclude from the diet foods that provoke the production of gases in the intestines. These are products that provoke fermentation (beer, kvass, black bread); all legumes; milk; products containing a lot of extractives and coarse fiber (radish, cabbage, spinach, radish, apples, etc.).

In addition, you should not drink carbonated drinks, smoke and talk while eating. Sometimes flatulence can only occur as a reaction to one food, and by excluding it from the diet, you can get rid of this trouble.

In addition to treating the underlying cause of flatulence, it is mandatory to prescribe drugs that reduce gas formation in the intestines. For this purpose use:

Adsorbents. It can be

Activated carbon (capable of adsorbing gases, alkaloids, toxins). Assigned 5-7g for 2-3r / day

Polyfepam is also a commonly used adsorbent. Take in the form of granules, a tablespoon before meals.

- is of natural origin and has a high degree of adsorption. Taken two hours before meals, 1 sachet in half a glass of water.

Entegnin - also of natural origin, has 10 times more adsorbing capacity than activated carbon. Take two tablets three times a day.

Defoamers

Espumizan - destroys gas bubbles, bringing them out through the walls of the intestine or by peristalsis. Approved for use from infancy.

Disflatil - reduces the tension of the intestinal surface, makes it difficult to form gases. Also indicated for newborns.

Meteospasmil - eliminates flatulence, pain and normalizes stools.

Carminative preparations (cumin fruits, chamomile flowers, oil and fennel fruits, etc.).

Treatment with traditional medicine

These plants are able to eliminate bloating, treat gas formation and normalize peristalsis.

They can be used as a monomedicine, or they can be prepared in the form of fees. Here are a couple of examples of carminative charges:

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Gas formation in the intestines is a normal physiological process. In the gastrointestinal tract, gases enter along with the air swallowed during meals, and are also formed in the intestine itself as a result of the vital activity of many microorganisms.

Composition of intestinal gases

Most of the gaseous substances in the colon are carbon dioxide, oxygen and nitrogen compounds, hydrogen and methane. These gases are odorless. An unpleasant odor appears if a large amount of sulfur-containing compounds, including hydrogen sulfide, is formed. This is mainly due to the vital activity of the bacteria inhabiting the intestines.

flatulence symptoms

Due to malnutrition, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, or changes in the composition of the intestinal microflora, an excess may form. Increased gas formation in the intestines is manifested by symptoms such as:

• coming pains in the abdomen;
• a feeling of bloating in the abdominal cavity and rumbling;
• frequent belching of air and discharge of gases with an unpleasant odor;
• nausea, poor appetite;
• heartburn.

Often accompanied by a violation of the chair in the form of constipation or, conversely, diarrhea. Usually, after a bowel movement or gas discharge, pain and other manifestations subside for a while.

Important: If the symptoms of excessive gas formation in the intestines bother you often, you should consult a doctor to determine the cause of the disorder. After all, flatulence can be a sign of serious pathologies of the digestive tract.

There are other symptoms of increased gas formation, which are associated with excessive pressure on the diaphragm and associated nervous disorders. These include:

• cardiopalmus,
• burning in the region of the heart,
• violation of the heart rhythm in the form of extrasystole and other arrhythmias,
• dyspnea,
• changeable mood,
• general malaise, weakness, fatigue.

Characteristics of the main clinical signs

The above symptoms are not always the result of excessive gas formation in the intestines. Sometimes they should be regarded as a manifestation of other, more serious, diseases of the digestive system. Let us dwell in more detail on the main signs of flatulence.

Belching

From time to time, all people have a burp: it usually appears after eating and helps to remove air from the stomach. Too frequent belching indicates that the person swallowed a lot of air. But this phenomenon can also be a sign of diseases - peptic ulcer, gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux, and so on.

During regurgitation, the air from the stomach is not completely removed, part of it enters the intestines, which causes flatulence. Therefore, frequent belching is not only one of the signs of flatulence, but to some extent indicates its cause. In any case, if spitting up air brings discomfort, you should be examined.

Feeling of bloating

Frequent gas formation in the intestine causes stretching of the intestinal wall, while irritation of mechanoreceptors and nerve plexuses occurs. As a result, there is a feeling of fullness in the abdominal cavity. But bloating does not always indicate the accumulation of gases in the colon.

A feeling of fullness or bloating in the abdomen is one of the main signs of flatulence.

Some people have irritable bowel syndrome, in which the intestinal receptor apparatus is too sensitive. Information about this pathology can be obtained from the video at the end of the article.

flatulence

Flatulence - excessive gas separation in the form of so-called explosions. With flatulence, up to three or more liters of intestinal gases can be released per day, and sometimes with a very unpleasant odor. It should be borne in mind that with strong gas formation in the intestine, flatulence is not always observed, because the very violation of gas separation is one of the causes of flatulence.

Pain in the abdomen

With an excess of intestinal gases, bursting pains in the abdomen appear. They can have a diffuse character, or they can be localized at certain points. For example, in the right or left iliac region, which depends on the place of the greatest accumulation of gases. Usually the pain is relieved after the gas passes. Sometimes pain in the abdominal region is in the nature of colic. In these cases, it can be mistaken for a symptom of appendicitis or an attack of hepatic colic in cholelithiasis.

Heartburn

Heartburn is caused by increased pressure in the abdominal cavity. The distended intestine presses on the stomach, causing stomach contents to be thrown up into the esophagus. Acidic gastric juice irritates the lining of the esophagus, causing a burning sensation.

Changes in the work of other organs

Disturbances in the work of the cardiovascular system with constantly increased gas formation in the intestine are due to reflex and mechanical influences. Irritation of the vagus nerve causes an increase in heart rate, arrhythmia. Shortness of breath is of a similar nature.

Flatulence can cause heart failure

Attention! Increased pressure in the abdominal cavity causes the heart to deviate from its normal position, so symptoms may appear in the form of pain and burning behind the sternum, similar to angina pectoris.

Due to constant discomfort at work and in public places, patients often develop a kind of neurosis. People around note the isolation and irritability of people suffering from increased gas formation in the intestines. Therefore, you should not delay the solution of this problem, it is better to consult a doctor in a timely manner.

However, a lot of work remains to be done by the patient himself, because the basis is the development of proper eating habits and elimination. Nevertheless, traditional and folk medicine have methods that can alleviate the patient's condition.

Excessive formation of gases in the sections of the suction organ of the gastrointestinal tract is referred to as flatulence. Quite often, this pathological disorder is neutralized with the help of traditional medicine. What are the reasons for the development of the aforementioned ailment of the digestive system?

Flatulence (gases) has several types. This gradation directly correlates with the causes of its occurrence. The most common type is alimentary flatulence. The reaction of the gastrointestinal tract to the ingestion of air masses and the consumption of certain foods by a person are significant reasons for the development of flatulence. The second most common cause is a significant lack of enzymes and problems with the circulation of bile structures. This form of manifestation in medicine is called digestive flatulence. As a result of this disease, failures occur in the process of digestion of food, products are not fully broken down. Thus, decay elements and gases arise.

The microflora of the gastrointestinal tract plays a key role in the process of digestion. This is a serious reason for the onset of flatulence. The mechanism of action of this disorder is as follows. The microflora of the small intestine is abundant, which provokes the process of splitting products in its upper sections. As a result, the processes of decay of decay products are activated, and gas generation increases significantly.

Also, flatulence is influenced by mechanical failures in the work of the digestive tract (functional disorders). These can be tumors, adhesive formations and stenoses of various manifestations. In this case, flatulence is called "mechanical". It is also worth noting that dynamic disorders of intestinal motility are the root cause of peritonitis and intoxication. Getting rid of these ailments is sometimes quite difficult. The abnormal structure of the suction organ affects the irritable bowel syndrome, impaired blood circulation (in the veins) affects flatulence. The causes of the pathological disorder are quite wide.

Symptoms of the disorder

Medicine highlights the fundamental symptoms of flatulence. A person with this diagnosis regularly experiences a feeling of heaviness and fullness of the abdomen. Aching pain can alternate with severe attacks. Gas colic often resemble contractions, which are accompanied by a noisy and intense discharge of gas accumulations. Patients quite often experience a feeling of nausea, belching, diarrhea, prolonged constipation, a sharp decrease in appetite and an unpleasant taste in the mouth.

Young people often face various neuroses and psychological disorders of various types. It can be depression due to problems in the family, overstrain during exams and other situations. As a result, the work of the digestive organs may be impaired. Such people are familiar with increased heart rate, sleep disturbance, the appearance of pain in muscle fibers, depressed mood, weakness and constant anxiety. General weakness in the body is accompanied with complete apathy for action. Intense and prolonged shortness of breath can reach a significant value. This factor quickly transforms dyspeptic asthma. Her treatment has its own characteristics and subtleties. It is quite difficult to get rid of such a pathological disorder.

Treatment with folk remedies

Treatment of flatulence requires a systematic and integrated approach. The intake of herbal decoctions and pharmaceutical medicines should be based on the parallel use of a balanced diet. Food should be fractional and dosed (4-5 times a day). Portions of food must be chewed thoroughly. This will positively affect the digestion process and the normal formation of gases. Products must be fresh and of high quality.

Focus on eating foods that contain easily digestible carbohydrates (fish, seafood, lean meats, poultry, eggs, rice). Avoid fatty, spicy, smoked and salty foods.

With optimal nutritional balance, the symptoms of flatulence are eliminated. If bloating is observed for a long time, then in this case it is necessary to use traditional medicine. Decoctions and infusions of medicinal herbs can be easily prepared at home. Such treatment has proved to be quite effective in practical conditions.

Dill recipe

Dill is a fairly common and effective remedy that is used for flatulence. A universal plant productively contributes to the rapid removal of gas from the human body. This garden-type green is used as an important salad ingredient. It allows you to get rid of a number of disorders. Thus, the products acquire an additional taste effect. There are a large number of recipes for the preparation of useful infusions and decoctions from herbal remedies:

1. infusion of dill water. The mechanism for preparing a healing liquid is quite simple. You should take 0.5 liters of boiling water + 1 tbsp. dill seeds. This composition is kept strictly under the lid of the jar for at least 3 hours. The dose of infusion for an adult should be 150-180 ml. Reception is carried out three times a day clearly before a meal. For children, fluid intake is 3-4 times a day;
2. preparation of dill broth (water). To do this, bring to a boil 1 tsp. seeds in 250 ml of water. The action is carried out on low heat for no more than 15 minutes. The broth after thermal exposure should be evenly cooled and consumed in small sips. Reception of this decoction should be carried out in the morning and evening;
3. dill oil production. Folk remedies have in their arsenal a large number of cooking options at home. 1st option includes: 7 drops of oil + 1 piece of refined sugar. 2nd option: honey mixture. The regimen is 2 ml of oil + 1 tbsp. honey (every 8 hours). 3rd option: 1 tsp dill oil + 50 ml of pure water. The mixture is consumed in 15 ml every 8 hours;
4. If you have a prolonged manifestation of gases, then the tandem of dill seeds and dried thyme will effectively help. 1 tsp of such herbal ingredients should be diluted with 250 ml of boiling water. After that, the settled liquid is still boiled over low heat for no more than 10 minutes. It is necessary to use the infusion at intervals of 1 hour, clearly 30 ml each. Storage of the received product in the refrigerator should not exceed 12 hours.

Alternative plants

The plant world has a large number of nutrients and trace elements that have a beneficial effect on the functioning of the digestive system. Mankind has formed a whole system of knowledge that can be successfully used in everyday life:

• dandelion roots. 2 tbsp crushed plants are poured with hot water and infused for 24 hours. After straining, you should use an infusion of dandelion roots four times a day;
• carrot seeds should be carefully ground in a coffee grinder and consumed in a teaspoon three times a day, pouring water;
• mint (2) + fennel (1) + valerian (1). For 250 ml of boiling water, 2 teaspoons of the dried collection are taken. The infusion is placed under the lid of the container for about 20 minutes. The process of filtering is taken at a dosage of 125 ml in the morning and evening;
• Ginger should be dissolved in the mouth immediately after each meal. This tool helps to activate the stages of digestion. The person experiences relief. The feeling of overeating is completely eliminated, the action of pathogenic microflora is minimized and breath is refreshed qualitatively;
• tea based on chamomile flowers effectively calms nervous activity and strengthens the functionality of the entire immune system. Healing drink qualitatively helps with flatulence. 1 tbsp raw materials + 200 ml of boiling water. The infusion is aged in a closed container for no more than 15 minutes. Reception is made by a person every 5 hours (if there are gases);
• potato juice. This liquid should be drunk 130 ml in the morning. Juice must be fresh and without any impurities. The course of admission should reach 10 days. Treatment can be repeated after a week. But before restoring the intestines, it is necessary to know the causes of flatulence.

Taking herbal remedies at home should be combined with regular physical activity. Elementary walks in the fresh air, high-quality food productively contribute to the overall strengthening of the body. The operation of all systems is fully stabilized.

Treatment of flatulence with folk remedies should be consistent with the recommendations of a qualified specialist. An examination by a gastroenterologist is an important component of the path to recovery and the exclusion of possible pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract.

The recipe based on medicinal plants is designed to reduce the inflammatory process in the body and quickly remove toxic substances and pathogenic structures from it. The patient must strictly adhere to the treatment regimen.

Increased gas formation in the intestines is the result of a variety of disorders.

It leads to malnutrition, stressful situations, the ingestion of excess air into the body.

To answer the question of how to get rid of gases in the intestines at home quickly, you need to establish a provoking factor.

Causes of increased gas formation

The main factors that lead to flatulence include the following:

1. Breathing in while eating. Most often this is due to conversations while receiving write. As a result, air first enters the bloodstream, after which it accumulates in the intestines, which provokes flatulence.
2. emotional stress. Scientists have found that in a person subject to strong emotions, food enters the intestines much faster. This makes it difficult to digest.
3. Eating Disorders. Snacking, during which a person does not chew food thoroughly enough, can lead to excessive gas formation.
4. constipation. They cause an increased concentration of gases and prevent the exit in a natural way. As a result, a putrid odor and other unpleasant symptoms appear.

What is flatulence?

Medical methods of therapy

How to quickly remove gases from the intestines? For this purpose, you can use special preparations.

Modern medicines that allow you to cope with flatulence are divided into several categories. It all depends on the reasons that led to excessive gas formation.

Enterosorbents

These preparations contain active ingredients that quickly absorb gases and toxic substances. With the help of sorbents, it is possible to remove all harmful elements from the body.

It is very often not worth taking such funds, because, together with gases and toxins, they wash out beneficial substances from the body. How to eliminate excessive gas formation?

The most effective means from this group include the following:

1. Activated carbon. In the presence of an ulcer or a tendency to constipation, these tablets are not used, as it may worsen the condition.
2. Smecta. The tool should be used for the symptomatic treatment of heartburn, acute diarrhea, bloating.

Defoamers

This category of funds allows you to quickly eliminate the symptoms of flatulence. Their action is aimed at reducing the production of intestinal gases due to the presence in the composition of chemically active components - dimethicone and simethicone.

The assets in this group include the following:

1. Disflatil- helps to cope with severe bloating, heaviness, aerophagia.
2. Espumizan– quickly removes accumulated gases to the outside. With its help, it is possible to eliminate pain caused by stretching of the intestinal walls. Also, the medicine eliminates heaviness.
3. Sub Simplex- ensures the disintegration of gas bubbles, as a result of which bloating and distension in the abdomen is reduced.

Prokinetics

What to do if gases do not leave the intestines? In such a situation, funds that stimulate the elimination of gases by activating the motor activity of the intestinal walls will help.

The action of these funds is aimed at normalizing the process of digestion, since they contain enzymes.

The most popular representatives of this category include the following:

1. Mezim Forte- the remedy is used for insufficient synthesis of digestive enzymes by the pancreas. With its help, it is possible to stimulate digestion with excessive food intake, cope with the feeling of heaviness, remove gases.
2. Pancreatin- used for problems in the pancreas. With the help of this tool, it is possible to normalize the process of digestion.

Probiotics and prebiotics do not fall into the category of medicines to combat bloating. They should be used in combination as part of a therapy that allows you to restore bowel function and normalize the balance of microflora.

Treatment of gases in the intestines with folk remedies is carried out using the following recipes:

Alternative methods perfectly eliminate the accumulation of gases in the intestines and practically do not provoke side effects.

The only exception is individual intolerance to the composition. However, before starting such therapy, it is still worth getting medical advice.

If the intestines are constantly seething and gases are formed, you need to use folk remedies correctly. Herbs help only after a while, so you should not count on a quick result.

The duration of therapy may vary. Usually decoctions should be taken for 2-4 weeks.

It is also worth considering some recommendations:

• take only fresh herbal decoctions;
• store ready-made products in the refrigerator for a maximum of 2 days;
• when collecting herbs on your own, you need to take into account the place of their growth, since there is a risk of getting poisoned.

If alternative treatment does not help, there are pain and a violation of the stool, you need to urgently consult a doctor.

Most often, flatulence does not provoke dangerous consequences.. However, sometimes its appearance is due to the presence of malignant tumors, which can lead to death.

When answering the question of how to remove gases from the intestines at home, it is impossible not to advise a special diet. Foods that can cause flatulence should be excluded from the daily menu.

In addition, experts advise following these recommendations:

• increase the amount of clean water, herbal teas, soups;
• adhere to the principles of fractional nutrition - eat often, but in small portions;
• reduce consumption of hot spices;
• eat at the same time.

If there is increased gas formation, the diet should not include such products:

• black bread;
• sweet pastries;
• fruits - lemons, bananas, oranges, grapefruits;
• vegetables - cabbage, tomatoes, peas;
• legumes;
• raisins and prunes;
• carbonated drinks;
• alcohol;
• fat meat;
• spicy foods.

To normalize bowel function, it is useful to consume sour-milk products.. They contribute to the restoration of intestinal microflora and help to cope with flatulence.

What to eat so as not to burst?

Exercises

With bloating, special exercises are very effective that help strengthen the abdominal muscles..

If there are any contraindications, it is enough to lie on your back and tense your abdominal muscles 10-15 times. This exercise is done in several approaches.

You can also do the following:

1. Lie on your back, bend your knees and press your palms a little on the intestinal area. Perform stroking movements. Repeat for several sets.
2. Grab your bent legs with your hands, pull your hips towards your body. Hold this position for 1-2 minutes.
3. Alternately contract and relax the abdominal muscles. In this case, you need to hold your breath for 15 seconds.

Now you know how to deal with increased gas formation. To cope with the problem, you need to use special medicines and folk recipes.

In order for the therapy to be effective, in addition to the main means, you can apply special exercises and make adjustments to the diet.

Gas and bloating are a natural result of the digestive system breaking down food. If the gas does not leave the body through belching or flatulence, then it accumulates in the gastrointestinal tract and leads to bloating. Read about reducing gas and bloating with dietary changes and treating symptoms with medication.

Steps

Getting Quick Relief

Don't keep gas inside. Many people try to hold on to gas to avoid embarrassment, but releasing gas is a necessary bodily function that makes it easier to release a by-product of digestion. Holding the gas just leads to pain and discomfort. Instead of holding back, find a comfortable spot and let go.

• If you are in a public place and you have gas and bloating, find a toilet or bathroom and stay there until the pain subsides.
• If you find it difficult to release gas, then try changing the position of the body. Lie down and completely relax your muscles until the pressure in your stomach and intestines is relieved.
• Movement can also help. Take a short walk or just walk up and down the stairs so the gas can escape.

1. Use a heating pad or compress. To quickly relieve abdominal pressure caused by gas and bloating, lie down and place a heating pad or warm compress on your abdomen. Let the weight and heat of the heating pad help the gas out.

   Drink mint or chamomile tea. Both have properties that aid digestion and can relieve stomach pain. Buy mint or chamomile tea bags, or use fresh mint leaves and dried chamomile flowers. Boil the ingredients in hot water and enjoy the relief as the gases pass.

2. Eat garlic. Garlic also has properties that stimulate the stomach system and relieve gas and bloating. You can buy garlic supplements from a health food store, but fresh garlic may provide faster relief.

   • Try garlic soup as warm water will get the garlic into your system quickly. Pass a few cloves of garlic through a meat grinder and fry them in olive oil on the stove. Add vegetable or chicken broth, simmer for a few minutes and eat the hot soup.
   • Avoid eating garlic with foods that can aggravate gas and bloating. For best results, eat it as a soup or neat.

3. Take an over-the-counter drug. If you already have gas and bloating, then gas and bloating prevention products will not help. Choose a product that breaks down gas and reduces pressure on the intestines and stomach.

   • Over-the-counter medications containing simethicone should reduce gas buildup.
   • Activated charcoal also helps relieve gas. Activated charcoal is sold in health food stores and pharmacies.

   Lifestyle change

   1. Avoid foods that cause excessive gas production. Gas is formed when carbohydrates that are not digested in the small intestine are fermented by bacteria in the large intestine. The products that lead to this affect people in different ways. If you often have gas and bloating, then try limiting or eliminating the following foods from your diet:

      • Beans and other legumes. Black beans, kidney beans, peas and other legumes are notorious for being gassy. They contain a sugar called an oligosaccharide that the body cannot break down. Undigested sugar remains intact during digestion, and as a result, it forms gas in the small intestine.
      • Fibrous fruits and vegetables. Fiber has many health benefits, but it is not fully digested and therefore causes gas and bloating. Try to identify which fibrous fruits and vegetables are giving you the most trouble. Kale, broccoli, and other cruciferous vegetables tend to cause more gas than lettuce.
      • Dairy products made from cow's milk. Cow's milk contains lactose, which many people cannot digest. Avoid milk, cheese, ice cream, and other dairy products that contain lactose. It is said that goat's milk is easier for the human body to digest, so you can try it as an alternative.
      • artificial additives. Sorbitol, lures, and other artificial sweeteners cause bloating in many people.
      • Lemonades and other carbonated drinks. The air bubbles in carbonated drinks lead to bloating as the air remains trapped in the stomach.

   2. Change your meal plan. The body naturally produces hydrochloric acid, which breaks down the proteins consumed at the first meal. If you start your meal with carbs, the hydrochloric acid runs out before you eat protein. Incompletely digested protein is fermented and leads to gas and bloating.

      • Instead of starting your meal with bread or salads, eat some meat, fish, or other proteins first.
      • If protein digestion is a constant problem, purchase hydrochloric acid supplement form from the health food store. Take the supplement after meals when your stomach is busy digesting food.

   3. Chew food thoroughly. This is the first part of the digestive process where your teeth and saliva begin to grind up your food. Chew each bite thoroughly before swallowing to reduce the amount of work for the stomach and intestines, as well as reduce the chances of the food fermenting and causing gas buildup.

      • Try to chew each bite 20 times before swallowing. Put a fork between bites to give yourself time.
      • The slow process of eating food prevents swallowing air, therefore reducing the likelihood of gas accumulation and burping.