What does mycoplasma mean? Mycoplasma and ureaplasma. Mycoplasma and pregnancy

Mycoplasmas belong to the class Mollicutes, which includes 3 orders (Fig. 16.2): Acholeplasmatales, Mycoplasmatales, Anaeroplasmatales. The order Acholeplasmatales includes the family Acholeplasmataceae single gender Acholeplasma. The order Mycoplasmatales consists of 2 families: Spiroplasmataceae single gender Spiroplasma And Mycoplasmataceae, including 2 types: Mycoplasma And Ureaplasma. The newly recognized order Anaeroplasmatales consists of the family Anaeroplasmataceae, including 3 types: Anaeroplasma, Asteroplasma, Termoplasma. The term “mycoplasma” usually refers to all microbes of the families Mycoplasmataceae and Acholeplasmataceae.

Morphology. A distinctive feature is the absence of a rigid cell wall and its precursors, which determines a number of biological properties: cell polymorphism, plasticity, osmotic sensitivity, and the ability to pass through pores with a diameter of 0.22 microns. They are not capable of synthesizing peptidoglycan precursors (muramic and diaminopimelic acids) and are surrounded only by a thin three-layer membrane 7.5-10.0 nm thick. Therefore, they were allocated to a special department Tenericutes, class Mollicutes (“tender skin”), order Mycoplasmatales. The latter includes a number of families, including Mycoplasmataceae. This family includes pathogenic mycoplasmas (cause diseases in humans, animals and birds), opportunistic mycoplasmas (very often asymptomatic carriers of them are cell cultures) and saprophytic mycoplasmas. Mycoplasmas are the smallest and most simply organized prokaryotes, capable of autonomous reproduction, and the minimal elementary bodies, for example Acholeplasma laidlawii, are comparable in size to the minimal initial progenote cell. According to theoretical calculations, the simplest hypothetical cell capable of autonomous reproduction should have a diameter of about 500 angstroms, contain DNA with a mass of 360,000 D and about 150 macromolecules. The elementary body of A. laidlawii has a diameter of about 1000 angstroms, i.e., only 2 times larger than a hypothetical cell, contains DNA with a mass of 2,880,000 D, i.e., carries out much more metabolic processes, and contains no 150, and about 1200 macromolecules. It can be assumed that mycoplasmas are the closest descendants of the original prokaryotic cells.

Rice. . Formation of a mycoplasma colony on a solid medium (Prokaryotes. 1981, vol. II)

A. Vertical section of agar before sowing (a – film of water, b – agar filaments). B. A drop containing viable mycoplasma is applied to the surface of the agar.

B. After 15 minutes. After inoculation, the drop is adsorbed by agar.

D. Approximately 3-6 hours after sowing. A viable particle has penetrated the agar.

D. Approximately 18 hours after sowing. A small spherical colony formed below the surface of the agar. E. Approximately 24 hours after sowing. The colony has reached the surface of the agar.

G. Approximately 24-48 hours after sowing. The colony has reached a free water film, forming a peripheral zone (d - central zone, c - peripheral zone of the colony)

Resistance to various agents that suppress cell wall synthesis, including penicillin and its derivatives, multiple reproductive pathways (binary fission, budding, fragmentation of filaments, chain forms and spherical formations). Cells are 0.1-1.2 µm in size, gram-negative, but stain better according to Romanovsky-Giemsa; distinguish between mobile and immobile species. The minimum reproducing unit is an elementary body (0.7 - 0.2 μm), spherical or oval, which later lengthens to branched filaments. The cell membrane is in a liquid crystalline state; includes proteins mosaically embedded in two lipid layers, the main component of which is cholesterol. The genome size is the smallest among prokaryotes (accounts for "/16 of the rickettsia genome); they have a minimal set of organelles (nucleoid, cytoplasmic membrane, ribosomes). The ratio of GC pairs in DNA in most species is low (25-30 mol.%), with the exception of M. pneumoniae (39 - 40 mol.%). The theoretical minimum GC content required to encode proteins with a normal set of amino acids is 26%, therefore, mycoplasmas are at this limit.The simplicity of organization and limited genome determine the limitations of their biosynthetic capabilities.

Cultural properties. Chemoorganotrophs, most species have fermentative metabolism; the main source of energy is glucose or arginine. They grow at temperatures of 22 – 41 °C (optimum – 36-37 °C); optimum pH is 6.8-7.4. Most species are facultative anaerobes; extremely demanding on nutrient media and cultivation conditions. Nutrient media must contain all the precursors necessary for the synthesis of macromolecules and provide mycoplasmas with sources of energy, cholesterol, its derivatives and fatty acids. For this, beef heart and brain extract, yeast extract, peptone, DNA, and NAD are used as a source of purines and pyrimidines, which mycoplasmas cannot synthesize. Additionally, the following are added to the medium: glucose - for species that ferment it, urea - for ureaplasmas, and arginine - for species that do not ferment glucose. The source of phospholipids and styrene is animal blood serum; for most mycoplasmas, horse blood serum.

The osmotic pressure of the medium should be in the range of 10 - 14 kgf/cm2 (optimal value - 7.6 kgf/cm2), which is ensured by the introduction of K + and Na + ions. Species that ferment glucose grow better at lower pH values ​​(6.0-6.5). Aeration requirements vary among species; most species grow best in an atmosphere of 95% nitrogen and 5% carbon dioxide.

Mycoplasmas reproduce on cell-free nutrient media, but for their growth, most of them require cholesterol, which is a unique component of their membrane (even in mycoplasmas that do not require sterols for their growth), fatty acids and native protein. Liquid and solid nutrient media can be used to isolate cultures. Growth in liquid media is accompanied by barely visible turbidity; on solid media with yeast extract and horse serum, colony formation occurs as follows (see figure). Due to their small size and the absence of a rigid cell wall, mycoplasmas are able to penetrate from the surface of the agar and multiply inside it - in the spaces between the agar strands. When a drop of material containing mycoplasmas is applied, it penetrates the aqueous film present on the surface of the agar and is adsorbed by the agar, forming a small compaction between its threads. As a result of mycoplasma multiplication, after approximately 18 hours, a small spherical colony forms under the surface of the agar within the intertwined agar strands; it grows, and after 24-48 hours of incubation it reaches the surface water film, as a result of which two growth zones are formed - a cloudy granular center growing into the medium, and a flat openwork semi-translucent peripheral zone (fried egg type). Colonies are small, ranging from 0.1 to 0.6 mm in diameter, but can be smaller (0.01 mm) or larger (4.0 mm) in diameter. On blood agar, zones of hemolysis are very often observed around the colonies, caused by the action of the resulting H 2 O 2. Colonies of some types of mycoplasmas are capable of adsorbing on their surface erythrocytes, epithelial cells of various animals, tissue culture cells, human and some animal sperm. Adsorption occurs better at 37 °C, less intensely at 22 °C and is specifically inhibited by antisera. The optimum temperature for the growth of mycoplasmas is 36-37 ° C (range 22-41 ° C), the optimal pH is 7.0, either slightly acidic or slightly alkaline. Most species are facultative anaerobes, although they grow better under aerobic conditions; some species are aerobes; few grow better in anaerobic conditions. Mycoplasmas are immobile, but some species have gliding activity; are chemoorganotrophs; they use either glucose or arginine as the main source of energy, rarely both substances, sometimes neither one nor the other. They are capable of fermenting galactose, mannose, glycogen, starch with the formation of acid without gas; They do not have proteolytic properties; only some types liquefy gelatin and hydrolyze casein.

Chicken embryos that die after 3–5 passages are suitable for cultivation.

Resistance. Due to the absence of a cell wall, mycoplasmas are more sensitive than other bacteria to the effects of mechanical, physical and chemical factors (UV irradiation, direct sunlight, X-ray irradiation, changes in pH, high temperature, drying). When heated to 50 °C, they die within 10-15 minutes; they are very sensitive to conventional chemical disinfectants.

The Mycoplasma family includes more than 100 species. Humans are a natural carrier of at least 13 types of mycoplasmas that grow on the mucous membranes of the eye, respiratory, digestive and genitourinary tracts. In human pathology, several species of Mycoplasma play the greatest role: M. pneumoniae, M. hominis, M. arthritidis, M. fermentans and, possibly, M. genitalium, and the only species of the genus Ureaplasma - U. urealyticum. The main biochemical difference between the latter and Mycoplasma species is that U. urealyticum has urease activity, which all members of the Mycoplasma genus lack (Table 3)

Mycoplasmas that are pathogenic for humans cause diseases (mycoplasmosis) of the respiratory, genitourinary tract and joints with a variety of clinical manifestations.

Table 3

Note, (j) – formation of acid; VR – highly resistant; HF – highly sensitive; (+) – positive sign; (-) – a negative sign.

Biological properties.

Biochemical activity. Low. There are 2 groups of mycoplasmas:

Decomposing glucose, maltose, mannose, fructose, starch and glycogen (“true” mycoplasmas) to form acid;

Reducing tetrazolium compounds that oxidize glutamate and lactate, but do not ferment carbohydrates.

All species do not hydrolyze urea and esculin.

Ureaplasma inert to sugars, do not reduce diazo dyes, catalase negative; exhibit hemolytic activity towards rabbit and guinea pig erythrocytes; produce hypoxanthine. Ureaplasmas secrete phospholipases A p A 2 and C; proteases that selectively act on IgA molecules and urease. A distinctive feature of metabolism is the ability to produce saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.

Antigenic structure. Complex, has species differences; the main antigens are represented by phospho- and glycolipids, polysaccharides and proteins; The most immunogenic are surface antigens, including carbohydrates as part of complex glycolipid, lipoglycan and glycoprotein complexes. The antigenic structure can change after repeated passages on cell-free nutrient media. Characterized by pronounced antigenic polymorphism with a high frequency of mutations.

M. hominis the membrane contains 9 integral hydrophobic proteins, of which only 2 are more or less constantly present in all strains.

Ureaplasma has 16 serovars, divided into 2 groups (A and B); the main antigenic determinants are surface polypeptides.

Pathogenicity factors. Diverse and can vary significantly; the main factors are adhesins, toxins, aggression enzymes and metabolic products. Adhesins are part of surface Ags and cause adhesion to host cells, which is of key importance in the development of the initial phase of the infectious process. Exotoxins have currently been identified only in a few mycoplasmas that are non-pathogenic to humans, in particular in M. neurolyticum And M. gallisepticum ; the targets for their action are astrocyte membranes. The presence of a neurotoxin is suspected in some strains of M. pneumoniae, since respiratory tract infections often accompany lesions of the nervous system. Endotoxins have been isolated from many pathogenic mycoplasmas; their administration to laboratory animals causes a pyrogenic effect, leukopenia, hemorrhagic lesions, collapse and pulmonary edema. In their structure and some properties they are somewhat different from the LPS of gram-negative bacteria. Some species contain hemolysins (M. pneumoniae has the greatest hemolytic activity); Most species cause pronounced β-hemolysis due to the synthesis of free oxygen radicals. Presumably, mycoplasmas not only synthesize free oxygen radicals themselves, but also induce their formation in cells, which leads to the oxidation of membrane lipids. Among the enzymes of aggression, the main factors of pathogenicity are phospholipase A and aminopeptidases, which hydrolyze cell membrane phospholipids. Many mycoplasmas synthesize neuraminidase, which interacts with cell surface structures containing sialic acids; in addition, the activity of the enzyme disrupts the architecture of cell membranes and intercellular interactions. Among other enzymes, mention should be made of proteases that cause degranulation of cells, including mast cells, the breakdown of AT molecules and essential amino acids, RNases, DNases and thymidine kinases, which disrupt the metabolism of nucleic acids in the cells of the body. Up to 20% of the total DNase activity is concentrated in the membranes of mycoplasmas, which facilitates the enzyme’s interference with cell metabolism. Some mycoplasmas (for example, M. hominis) synthesize endopeptidases that cleave IgA molecules into intact monomeric complexes.

Epidemiology. Mycoplasmas are widespread in nature. Currently, about 100 species are known; they are found in plants, mollusks, insects, fish, birds, mammals, some are part of the microbial associations of the human body. 15 types of mycoplasmas are isolated from humans; their list and biological properties are given in table. . A. ladlawii and M. primatum are rarely isolated from humans; 6 types: M.pneumoniae, M. hominis, M. genitalium, M.fermentans (incognitis), M. penetransAndU. urealyticum have potential pathogenicity. M. pneumoniae colonizes the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract; M.hominis, M. genitaliumAndU. urealyticum– “urogenital mycoplasmas” – live in the urogenital tract.

Source of infection- a sick man. The transmission mechanism is aerogenic, the main transmission route is airborne; susceptibility is high. Children and adolescents aged 5–15 years are most susceptible. The incidence in the population does not exceed 4%, but in closed groups, for example in military units, it can reach 45%. The peak incidence is the end of summer and the first autumn months.

Source of infection- a sick man; Ureaplasma infects 25–80% of people who are sexually active and have three or more partners. Transmission mechanism – contact; the main route of transmission is sexual, on the basis of which the disease is included in the group of STDs; susceptibility is high. The main risk groups are prostitutes and homosexuals; Ureaplasma is detected much more often in patients with gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, and candidiasis.

Mycoplasma is a family of small prokaryotic organisms of the Mollicutes class, which is characterized by the absence of a cell wall. Representatives of this family, which has about 100 species, are divided into:

Mycoplasmas occupy an intermediate position between viruses and bacteria - due to the absence of a cell membrane and microscopic size (100-300 nm), mycoplasma is not visible even with a light microscope, and this brings these microorganisms closer to viruses. At the same time, mycoplasma cells contain DNA and RNA, can grow in a cell-free environment and reproduce autonomously (binary fission or budding), which brings mycoplasma closer to bacteria.

• Mycoplasma, which causes mycoplasmosis;
• Ureaplasma urealyticum (ureaplasma), causing.

Three types of mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma pneumoniae), as well as Ureaplasma urealyticum, are currently considered pathogenic for humans.

Mycoplasma was first identified in Pasteur's laboratory by French researchers E. Nocard and E. Rous in 1898 in cows sick with pleuropneumonia. The pathogen was originally named Asterococcus mycoides, but it was later renamed Mycoplasma mycoides. In 1923, the pathogen Mycoplasma agalactica was identified in sheep suffering from infectious agalaxia. These pathogens and later identified microorganisms with similar characteristics were designated PPLO (pleuropneumonia-like organisms) for 20 years.

In 1937, mycoplasma (species M. hominis, M. fermentans and T-strains) was identified in the human urogenital tract.

In 1944, Mycoplasma pneumoniae was isolated from a patient with non-purulent pneumonia, which was initially classified as a virus and was named “Eton's agent.” The mycoplasma nature of Eaton's agent was proven by R. Chanock by cultivating the original formulation on a cell-free medium in 1962. The pathogenicity of this mycoplasma was proven in 1972 by Brunner et al. by infecting volunteers with a pure culture of this microorganism.

The species M. Genitalium was identified later than other species of genital mycoplasmas. In 1981, this type of pathogen was discovered in the urethral discharge of a patient suffering from nongonococcal urethritis.

Mycoplasma, which causes pneumonia, is distributed throughout the world (can be both endemic and epidemic). Mycoplasma pneumonia accounts for up to 15% of all cases of acute pneumonia. In addition, mycoplasma of this species is the causative agent of acute respiratory diseases in 5% of cases. Mycoplasmosis of the respiratory type is more often observed in the cold season.

Mycoplasmosis caused by M. pneumoniae is observed more often in children than in adults (most patients are school-age children).

1. Hominis is detected in approximately 25% of newborn girls. In boys, this pathogen is observed much less frequently. In women, M. Hominis occurs in 20-50% of cases.

The prevalence of M. genitalium is 20.8% in patients with nongonococcal urethritis and 5.9% in clinically healthy people.

When examining patients with chlamydial infection, mycoplasma of this type was detected in 27.7% of cases, while the causative agent of mycoplasmosis was more often detected in patients without chlamydia. M. genitalium is thought to cause 20–35% of all cases of non-chlamydial nongonococcal urethritis.

In 40 independent studies in women considered to be at low risk, the incidence of M. genitalium was about 2%.

In women at high risk (more than one sexual partner), the prevalence of this type of mycoplasma is 7.8% (in some studies up to 42%). Moreover, the frequency of detection of M. genitalium is associated with the number of sexual partners.

Mycoplasmosis is more common in women, since in men the urogenital type of the disease can resolve on its own.

Forms

Depending on the location of the pathogen and the pathological process developing under its influence, the following are distinguished:

• Respiratory mycoplasmosis, which is an acute anthroponotic infectious and inflammatory disease of the respiratory system. It is provoked by a mycoplasma of the species M. pneumoniae (the influence of other types of mycoplasmas on the development of respiratory diseases has not yet been proven).
• Urogenital mycoplasmosis, which refers to infectious inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary tract. Caused by mycoplasma species M. Hominis and M. Genitalium.
• Generalized mycoplasmosis, in which extra-respiratory mycoplasma lesions are detected. Mycoplasma infection can affect the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems, eyes, kidneys, liver, and cause the development of bronchial asthma, polyarthritis, pancreatitis and exanthems. Extra-respiratory organ damage usually occurs due to the generalization of respiratory or urogenital mycoplasmosis.

Depending on the clinical course, mycoplasmosis is divided into:

• spicy;
• subacute;
• sluggish;
• chronic.

Since the presence of mycoplasmas in the body is not always accompanied by symptoms of the disease, carriage of mycoplasmas is also distinguished (with carriage there are no clinical signs of inflammation, mycoplasmas are present in a titer of less than 103 CFU/ml).

Pathogen

Mycoplasmas are classified as anthroponotic human infections (pathogens can only exist in the human body under natural conditions). The amount of genetic information of mycoplasmas is less than that of any other microorganisms known to date.

All types of mycoplasma are different:

• lack of a rigid cell wall;
• cell polymorphism and plasticity;
• osmotic sensitivity;
• resistance (insensitivity) to various chemical agents aimed at suppressing cell wall synthesis (penicillin, etc.).

These microorganisms are gram-negative and are more amenable to Romanovsky-Giemsa staining.

The causative agent of mycoplasmosis is separated from the environment by a cytoplasmic membrane (contains proteins that are located in lipid layers).

Five types of mycoplasma (M. gallisepticum, M. pneumoniae, M. genitalium, M. pulmonis and M. mobile) have “sliding motility” - they are pear-shaped or bottle-shaped and have a specific terminal formation with an adjacent electron-dense zone. These formations serve to determine the direction of movement and take part in the process of adsorption of mycoplasma onto the cell surface.

Most members of the family are chemoorganotrophs and facultative anaerobes. Mycoplasmas require cholesterol contained in the cell membrane to grow. These microorganisms use glucose or arginine as an energy source. Growth occurs at a temperature of 30C.

Pathogens of this genus are demanding on the nutrient medium and cultivation conditions.

The biochemical activity of mycoplasmas is low. The following types are distinguished:

• capable of decomposing glucose, fructose, maltose, glycogen, mannose and starch, forming acid;
• not capable of fermenting carbohydrates, but oxidizing glutamate and lactate.

Urea is not hydrolyzed by members of the genus.

They are distinguished by a complex antigenic structure (phospholipids, glycolipids, polysaccharides and proteins), which have species differences.

The pathogenic properties of mycoplasmas have not been fully studied, so some researchers classify pathogens of this genus as opportunistic microorganisms (they cause a painful condition only in the presence of risk factors), while others classify them as absolute pathogens. It is known that mycoplasmas present in the genital organs at a titer of 102–104 CFU/ml do not cause inflammatory processes.

Transmission routes

The source of infection can be a sick person or a clinically healthy carrier of pathogenic mycoplasma species.

Infection with mycoplasmas of the species M. pneumoniae occurs:

• By airborne droplets. This is the main route of spread of this type of infection, but since mycoplasmas are characterized by low resistance in the environment (from 2 to 6 hours in a humid, warm environment), the infection spreads only through close contact (families, closed and semi-closed groups).
• Vertical way. This route of transmission of infection is confirmed by cases of detection of the pathogen in stillborn children. Infection can be either transplacental or during the passage of the birth canal. The disease in this case occurs in a severe form (bilateral pneumonia or generalized forms).
• By everyday means. It is observed extremely rarely due to the instability of mycoplasmas.

Infection with urogenital mycoplasmas occurs:

• Sexually, including orogenital contact. It is the main route of distribution.
• Vertically or during childbirth.
• Hematogenously (microorganisms are transported through the bloodstream to other organs and tissues).
• Contact-household way. This route of infection is unlikely for men and is about 15% likely for women.

Pathogenesis

The mechanism of development of mycoplasmosis of any type includes several stages:

1. The pathogen invades the body and multiplies in the area of ​​the entrance gate. M.pneumoniae affects the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, multiplying on the surface of cells and in the cells themselves. M.hominis and M.genitalium affect the mucous membrane of the urogenital tract (does not penetrate cells).
2. When mycoplasma accumulates, the pathogen itself and its toxins penetrate the blood. Dissemination (spread of the pathogen) occurs, which can result in direct damage to the heart, central nervous system, joints and other organs. The hemolysin secreted by the pathogen causes the destruction of red blood cells and damages ciliated epithelial cells, which leads to impaired microcirculation and the development of vasculitis and thrombosis. Toxic to the body are ammonia, hydrogen peroxide and neurotoxin secreted by mycoplasmas.
3. As a result of adhesion (adhesion) of mycoplasmas and target cells, intercellular contacts, cellular metabolism and the structure of cell membranes are disrupted, which leads to dystrophy, metaplasia, death and (desquamation) of epithelial cells. As a result, microcirculation is disrupted, exudation increases, necrosis develops, and in infants the appearance of hyaline membranes is observed (the walls of the alveoli and alveolar ducts are covered with loose or dense eosinophilic masses, which consist of hemoglobin, mucoproteins, nucleoproteins and fibrin). At the early stage of development of serous inflammation, the leading role in the genesis of cell damage belongs to the direct cytodestructive effects of mycoplasmas. At subsequent stages, when the immune component of inflammation attaches, cell damage is observed due to close contact between the cell and mycoplasma. In addition, the affected tissues are infiltrated by macrophages, plasma cells, monocytes, etc. At 5-6 weeks of the disease, the main role belongs to the autoimmune mechanism of inflammation (especially in chronic mycoplasmosis).

Depending on the state of the patient’s immune system, the primary infection may result in recovery or become chronic or latent. If the immune system is in a normal state, the body is cleared of mycoplasmas. In a state of immunodeficiency, mycoplasmosis becomes latent (the pathogen persists in the body for a long time). When the immune system is suppressed, mycoplasmas begin to multiply again. With significant immunodeficiency, the disease becomes chronic. Inflammatory processes can be localized at the entrance gate or provoke a wide range of diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, bronchial asthma, etc.)

Symptoms

The incubation period of mycoplasma respiratory infection ranges from 4 days to 1 month.

This type of mycoplasmosis can clinically occur as ARVI (pharyngitis, laryngopharyngitis and bronchitis) or atypical pneumonia. The symptoms of mycoplasma acute respiratory diseases do not differ from acute respiratory viral infections caused by other pathogens. Patients experience:

• moderate intoxication;
• chills, weakness;
• headache;
• sore throat and dry cough;
• runny nose;
• slight enlargement of the cervical and submandibular lymph nodes.

The temperature is normal or subfebrile (febrile is rarely observed), conjunctivitis, inflammation of the sclera, and facial hyperemia are possible. Upon examination, hyperemia of the oropharyngeal mucosa is revealed; the membrane of the posterior wall may be granular. Hard breathing and dry wheezing can be heard in the lungs. Catarrhal symptoms disappear after 7-10 days, sometimes recovery is delayed up to 2 weeks. With complications of the disease, otitis media, eustacheitis, myringitis and sinusitis may develop.

Symptoms of acute mycoplasma pneumonia are:

• chills;
• pain in muscles and joints;
• temperature rise to 38-39 °C;
• dry cough, which gradually turns into a wet cough with the separation of mucopurulent, scanty viscous sputum.

Nausea, vomiting and stool upset are sometimes observed. Polymorphic exanthema may appear around the joints.

When listening, harsh breathing, scattered dry rales (a small amount) and moist fine bubbling rales in a limited area are revealed.

When mycoplasma pneumonia ends, bronchiectasis, pneumosclerosis or deforming bronchitis often form.

In children, mycoplasmosis is accompanied by more pronounced manifestations of toxicosis. The child becomes lethargic or restless, there is a lack of appetite, nausea, and vomiting. A transient maculopapular rash may develop. Respiratory failure is mild or absent.

In young children, generalization of the infectious process is possible. In severe form, mycoplasma pneumonia occurs in patients with immunodeficiencies, sickle cell anemia, severe cardiopulmonary diseases and Down syndrome.

Mycoplasma urogenital infection does not have specific symptoms.

Mycoplasmas provoke the development of urethritis, vulvovaginitis, colpitis, cervicitis, metroendometritis, salpingo-oophoritis, epididymitis, prostatitis, and the possible development of cystitis and pyelonephritis.

Mycoplasmosis in women is manifested by scanty transparent discharge, and painful sensations when urinating are possible. When the uterus and appendages are involved in the pathological process, minor nagging pains are observed, which intensify before the onset of menstruation.

In men, mycoplasmosis is manifested in most cases by symptoms of urethritis - burning and itching in the urethra are observed, purulent discharge is possible, urine becomes cloudy, with flakes. Young men may also develop Reiter's syndrome (combined damage to the joints, eyes and urinary tract).

The effect of mycoplasmas on pregnancy

A number of researchers believe that mycoplasmosis in pregnant women is the cause of miscarriage, since in 17% of embryos (spontaneous miscarriage at 6-10 weeks), mycoplasmas were identified among other bacteria and viruses present. At the same time, the question of the significance of mycoplasma as the only cause of spontaneous miscarriages and pathology of pregnancy and fetus has not yet been fully clarified.

Mycoplasmosis during pregnancy can cause infection of the fetus (observed in 5.5-23% of newborns) and the development of generalized mycoplasmosis in the child.

Mycoplasmas can also cause the development of postpartum infectious complications (endometritis, etc.).

Diagnostics

Since the symptoms of mycoplasmosis are not specific, smears from the urethra, vagina and cervical canal are used to diagnose the disease, and a smear from the nasopharynx, sputum and blood are used to diagnose mycoplasma respiratory infection.

To identify the pathogen, use:

• ELISA, which is used to determine the presence of antibodies of classes A, M, G (the accuracy of the method is from 50 to 80%).
• PCR (qualitative and quantitative), which allows the detection of mycoplasma DNA in biological material (99% accuracy).
• A cultural method (inoculation on IST medium), which makes it possible to isolate and identify mycoplasma in clinical material, as well as give a quantitative assessment (100% accuracy). The diagnostic value is a concentration of mycoplasmas of more than 104 CFU per ml, since mycoplasmas can also be present in healthy people.

Since M. genitalium is difficult to culture, diagnosis is usually done by PCR.

Treatment

Treatment is based on the use of antibiotics and antimicrobials. For acute uncomplicated urogenital mycoplasmosis, which:

• Caused by mycoplasma M. hominis, metronidazole and clindamycin are used. Treatment may be local.
• Caused by mycoplasma M. Genitalium, tetracycline drugs (doxycycline) or macrolides (azithromycin) are used.

Treatment of chronic mycoplasmosis requires long-term antibiotic therapy, and several antibiotics are often used. Physiotherapy, immunotherapy, and urethral instillation are also prescribed.

Simultaneous treatment of the sexual partner is also necessary.

Mycoplasmosis in pregnant women is treated with antibiotics only in the third trimester when the active phase of the disease is detected (high titer of mycoplasma).

Treatment of respiratory mycoplasmosis is based on the use of macrolides; in persons over 8 years of age, the use of tetracyclines is possible.

Prevention

Prevention consists of avoiding close contact with patients and using personal protective equipment. There is no specific prevention.

Due to its small size, mycoplasmosis infection easily penetrates all the protective barriers of the human body. Due to the soft and flexible membrane, the bacterium can take on different forms. For example, in the chronic form of mycoplasmosis, the pathogen resembles a jellyfish, but can quickly take the form of a thread.

There are 4 types of mycoplasmas that are dangerous to humans. Mycoplasma pneumonia - attacks the respiratory system, giving impetus to the progression of infection in the nasopharynx, bronchi and lungs. Mycoplasma genitalium, mycoplasma hominis, ureaplasma urealiticum, activate mycoplasmosis, which affects the genitourinary system and is transmitted through unprotected sexual contact.

Mycoplasmosis is a urogenital disease manifested by urethritis, vaginitis, cervicitis, etc. The incubation period for mycoplasmosis is 3 to 5 weeks. It can exist in a latent form, characterized by itching in the perineal area and pain when urinating. Bacteria are mainly located in the vagina and on the walls of the urethra. With an imbalance of microflora and the presence of certain other diseases, for example, chlamydia, herpes or gonorrhea, a high accumulation of mycoplasma occurs. Due to this, bacteria begin to destroy epithelial cells. Then the urethra is attacked, which can give rise to diseases of the prostate gland and cervix.

The main route of transmission of the pathogen is unprotected sexual contact. During homosexual relationships, transmission of the microorganism practically does not occur. Also, the causative agent of mycoplasmosis is transmitted transplacentally, that is, from mother to child. And Mycoplasma pneumonia can be spread by airborne droplets. Mycoplasmosis disease is not transmitted in everyday life.

Clinical picture

About 10% of people mycoplasmosis occurs in a hidden or latent form. The pathogen is usually activated due to certain stress factors. Despite this, even a hidden infection is dangerous for the body. When favorable conditions are created, mycoplasma provokes a variety of diseases, and during pregnancy it can even provoke infection of the fetus and lead to its mortality. If mycoplasmosis develops into a chronic form, then infertility may develop, since mycoplasma causes ovulation disorders.

In representatives of the fairer sex, mycoplasmosis is typical in the form of the following diseases:

• vulvovaginitis;
• cervicitis;
• endometritis;
• salpingitis;
• oophoritis;
• adnexitis;
• urethritis;
• cystitis.

Vulvovaginitis has a rather acute onset; patients are bothered by itching and burning in the perineal area. Symptoms worsen with urination, walking, or sexual intercourse. An objective examination reveals swelling of the labia and hyperemia of the skin. Advanced forms of vulvovaginitis are described by erosions located on the mucous membranes of the genital organs. If the disease occurs in a child, then neurotic reactions and sleep disturbances are observed against the background of itching.

Symptoms of body intoxication are mostly absent. The discharge can vary in consistency from watery to cheesy, and is usually accompanied by an unpleasant putrefactive odor. The disease, which takes on a chronic form, is accompanied by constant itching and putrefactive discharge.

Cervicitis is described in acute and chronic forms. It is classified into focal and widespread. In the acute form, a significant symptom is profuse purulent or mucous leucorrhoea with a putrid odor. During a two-handed gynecological examination, swelling of the urethra and mucous tissue, hemorrhage and ulcers are noted.

Endometritis can be chronic or acute. Acute, manifests itself several days after penetration of the pathogen. The onset is described quite abruptly, with a rise in temperature, pain in the lower abdomen and copious discharge from the vagina and urethra, painful urination. It is also characterized by increased heart rate and chills. The gynecologist noted an enlarged uterus, serous-purulent discharge with ichor. The acute stage lasts up to 10 days; if therapy is not carried out or is prescribed incorrectly, the disease becomes chronic. It manifests itself as a failure of the menstrual cycle, uterine bleeding, serous-purulent discharge. There is pain in the lower abdomen, sexual intercourse is painful. A two-handed examination reveals thickening and enlargement of the uterus.

Salpingitis - usually manifests itself after the end of menstruation, the clinic is described by general malaise, pain in the lower abdomen, with irradiation into the sacral region of the back. Signs of gastrointestinal disorder appear in the form of nausea and vomiting and symptoms of intoxication of the body. In this case, there is a frequent urge to urinate, and serous-purulent leucorrhoea occurs from the urethra and vagina. There are intestinal disorders in the form of loose stools. The chronic form occurs in the form of constant painful sensations in the perineum, there are no symptoms of intoxication of the body, the body temperature returns to normal.

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Causes and symptoms of mycoplasma genitalium in women

Oophoritis or inflammation of the ovaries, is characterized in acute form, severe pain in the lower abdomen with radiation to the sacrum, frequent and painful urination, bleeding between menstruation, and fever. This type of disease is also determined by copious purulent discharge from the genitals. Upon examination, the ovaries are enlarged; upon palpation, severe pain occurs. If acute inflammation of the ovaries occurs, immediate hospitalization is indicated. The outcome is generally favorable. With improper treatment or complete absence, the disease takes on a chronic form. It is described by a dysfunction of the ovaries, and therefore a disruption in the menstrual cycle, dull pain in the groin and uterus, decreased libido, constant discharge, and inability to get pregnant.

Urethritis is described by an inflammatory process, itching, burning of the genitals, painful urination, purulent and mucous discharge and slight swelling of the mucous membranes of the urethra and adjacent tissues.

Cystitis caused by mycoplasmas has an acute onset and is associated with pain when urinating and frequent urge to go to the toilet. After emptying the bladder, there remains a feeling of incompleteness and the urge to urinate frequently. In rare cases, urinary incontinence occurs. An increase in temperature during cystitis may indicate an inflammatory process occurring in the kidneys.

Adnexitis occurs with a corresponding clinical picture, as with all urological diseases.

In children, mycoplasmosis often manifests itself in the form of diseases associated with the respiratory system and urinary system. Mycoplasma spreads throughout all mucous membranes of the nasal passage, pharynx, upper respiratory tract, lungs, and is also localized in the vagina in girls and in the bladder in boys.

Men suffer from mycoplasmosis much less often; most often they are carriers of this microorganism. The disease manifests itself secretly and is activated only under severe stress or immunodeficiency. Symptoms are described by discharge from the urethra and most often in the morning, pain in the groin, as well as pain during urination. If the microbe is localized in the scrotum area, then redness of the testicles and their enlargement are observed. Impairments in spermatogenesis may occur.

Mycoplasmosis, which affects the respiratory system, progresses in everyone with approximately the same clinical picture. From the very first days, a sore throat, nasal congestion, severe dry cough, and inflammatory temperature appear, which may subsequently increase.

Diagnostics

Mycoplasmosis is diagnosed based on a comprehensive laboratory study. The most reliable analysis is to test blood or biological material for mycoplasmosis using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This method can confirm with 100% certainty not only the presence of a microorganism, but also its exact quantity. This method determines the amount of a foreign gene, namely mycoplasma, in the body. One of the disadvantages is that PCR analysis is expensive. Another laboratory method for determining mycoplasmosis is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Unlike PCR, it determines the presence of antibodies produced by the body in response to the pathogen. But ELISA is a qualitative analysis, that is, the result of the study will indicate only the presence or absence of bacteria in the patient.

In laboratory practice, there are rapid tests; the result after such an analysis will be known within half an hour.

Also, when determining mycoplasma, bacteriological culture of the patient’s material is done, for example, discharge from the vagina or urethra. The study takes quite a long time, up to a week. But in addition to isolating a pathogenic microorganism, it is possible to determine the patient’s sensitivity to antibiotics. With the help of sensitivity, more accurate and appropriate treatment will be prescribed for the patient.

Additional diagnostics of mycoplasma in women are instrumental research methods. These include ultrasound of the pelvis, uterus and kidneys. This is done in order to establish the involvement of the genitourinary organs in the infectious process.

The patient must prepare before donating blood for testing. The information content of the result will depend on this. The basic rules include:

• analysis is performed only on an empty stomach;
• exclusion of any medications one day before the test;
• if it is not possible to exclude medications, then you need to warn your doctor about this;
• stop smoking an hour before the test;
• do not drink alcohol (at least a day before the test);
• easily digestible dinner.

During the examination, both partners must be tested, since men are carriers. There is no immunity to this pathogen.

During pregnancy

If you have mycoplasmosis, pregnancy is possible, but it will most likely occur with complications and pathologies. Therefore, when planning a pregnancy, it is imperative to take a blood test for the presence of mycoplasma. If a woman is already pregnant, then the disease can provoke premature birth and high water levels. As a result, the child may be diagnosed with pathologies of the eyes, kidneys, liver, skin and nervous system. Also, mycoplasmosis during pregnancy can lead to various fetal defects, because the microorganism acts at the genetic level. Such serious anomalies can occur only with the progressive development of the pathogen in the woman’s body.

If any symptoms, even minor ones, are detected, it is recommended to consult a doctor for additional examination to identify an infection. Since mycoplasmas are the causative agents of many urogenital diseases. And if the diagnosis of mycoplasmosis is confirmed, then treatment is prescribed. The doctor carefully selects a therapy that has minimal impact on the child. If the infection progresses, then antibiotics are prescribed; the most important thing in such treatment will be to calculate the dosage. The group of macrolides most often used during pregnancy. The course of administration is short and they do not cause obvious harm to the fetus and mother.

Mycoplasmosis– an inflammatory infectious disease that develops when mycoplasmas, the smallest known bacteria, multiply. They live in a wide variety of organisms, including humans and animals. Mycoplasmas do not have their own cell wall, only a membrane, due to which they easily attach to epithelial cells of the genitourinary and respiratory systems and to sperm. They also affect the joints and mucous membranes of the eyes, and can cause autoimmune reactions (allergy to the tissues of one’s own body).

In total, more than 100 types of mycoplasmas are known, of which only five are dangerous to humans:

“sexual” types of mycoplasmas

• Mycoplasmagenitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealiticum cause urogenital mycoplasmosis or;
• Mycoplasmapneumonia– respiratory mycoplasmosis;
• M. fermentans and M. penetrans contribute to the development of AIDS symptoms.

Mycoplasmas are considered opportunistic: they can cause diseases, but only if the body is weakened. In healthy people they do not manifest themselves as bacteria - commensals without bringing any benefit or harm. Asymptomatic presence of mycoplasmas ( M. hominis) was detected in half of women and in 1/4 of all newborn girls. In men, carriage is practically undetectable; if infected, self-healing is possible.

Pathsinfection– through sexual contact, the infection is also transmitted to the child during pregnancy and childbirth from the mother. The household route is unlikely: mycoplasmas are sensitive to high temperatures and humidity, die under the influence of ultraviolet radiation and weak radiation, acidic and alkaline solutions, but are resistant to cold for a long time. They can exist and reproduce only inside the body, at temperatures up to 37 0.

Manifestations of mycoplasmosis in women

Urogenital mycoplasmosis in women manifests itself in the form of bacterial vaginosis (), mycoplasma, inflammation of the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries, pyelonephritis. Pathogen – Mycoplasma hominis. Mycoplasmosis is often combined with ureaplasmosis.

The cause of female infertility due to mycoplasmosis is chronic inflammation of the internal genital organs.

Bacterial vaginosis

Bacterialvaginosis is imbalance of microflora in the vagina. Normally, it is populated by lactobacilli, which produce lactic acid and a strong oxidizing agent - hydrogen peroxide, which prevent the development of pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria. If for some reason there are fewer lactobacilli, then the acidity of the vaginal walls decreases and rapid proliferation of microorganisms begins. They usually coexist with lactobacilli Mycoplasma hominis And Gardnerella vaginalis, the growth of their populations is associated with the clinical manifestations of bacterial vaginosis.

In bacterial vaginosis, pathogenic bacteria adhere to the vaginal cells

Reasons for the development of vaginosis:

1. Frequent douching with antiseptics containing chlorine ( miramistin, gibitan);
2. Condoms or contraceptive suppositories with 9-nonoxynol ( pantenox oval, nonoxynol);
3. Uncontrolled use of oral antibiotics, suppositories or vaginal antibiotic tablets ( terzhinan, betadine, polzhinaks);
4. Change of sexual partners.

Symptomsvaginosis – , thin and liquid, grayish-white in color, having the smell of rotten fish. Women often associate the appearance of an unpleasant odor with lack of personal hygiene and use douching. However, these actions only exacerbate inflammation and contribute to the spread of mycopalsmosis to the cervix and ascending infection up to the ovaries. Possible complications of gardnerellosis include salpingo- and infertility, as well as problems with miscarriage and premature birth.

Urethritis

Urethritis is an inflammation of the urethra associated with Mycoplasmagenitalium. In 30-49% of non-gonococcal urethritis, mycoplasmas are detected, and in women they are found more often and in higher titers than in men. Symptoms are typical - mucous or mixed with pus. In acute cases, the temperature rises and general intoxication appears (headaches and muscle pain, chills, weakness). An infection ascending from the urethra affects the bladder, then the ureters and kidneys, causing pyelonephritis.

Effects on reproductive organs

Inflammationuterus and its appendages It begins with pain in the lumbar region and lower abdomen, then mucous discharge appears from the cervix and vagina, and bleeding occurs during and between menstruation. Women complain of constant fatigue and lack of strength, lack of appetite and sleep disturbances. This picture is typical for chronic course of genital mycoplasmosis.

At acute form illness, the temperature rises sharply, the discharge becomes profuse and purulent. The peritoneum is involved in the process, and limited peritonitis develops. Possible formation of ovarian abscesses and pyometra - accumulations of pus in the uterine cavity. Treatment in these cases is surgical, with drainage of the purulent focus or removal of the organ.

Mycoplasmosis and pregnancy

Atpregnancy mycoplasmosis can lead to infection of the endometrium and ovum, triggering the production of substances that increase the contractile activity of the myometrium (muscular layer of the uterus). As a result, there is a frozen pregnancy and spontaneous abortion in the early stages. The danger is incomplete abortion, when parts of the fetus or membranes remain in the uterine cavity. The uterus first reacts to foreign bodies with contractions, and then with complete relaxation; Heavy bleeding begins and the woman quickly loses consciousness. Without intensive medical care, death is possible.

Symptoms of mycoplasmosis in men

The main manifestations after infection with Mycoplasma genitalium in men are urethritis and. Differences from female urogenital mycoplasmosis: characterized by an almost asymptomatic course; mono-infection rarely spreads to the kidneys, but often ends in infertility; There is no carriage of mycoplasmas among men.

Urethritis begins with a slight burning sensation when urinating, after a couple of days the symptoms disappear. Inflammation of the prostate gland occurs latently, appears with mild dull pain in the lower back and gradually increasing problems with erection. The symptoms of mycoplasmosis appear more clearly in the presence of combinedinfections and combination with urogenital ureaplasmosis and chlamydia. Ureaplasmas together with mycoplasmas are found in 30-45% of patients with prostatitis, chlamydia - in 40% of men with non-gonococcal urethritis. In such cases, signs appear more often arthritis– joint pain, local swelling and redness of the skin; ascending infection with kidney damage; local inflammation of the genital organs - (testicles), (epididymis), (inflamed seminal vesicles).

Male infertility with mycoplasmosis develops not only due to inflammation, but also due to impaired spermatogenesis.

Mycoplasmosis in children

Uchildren mycoplasmosis is observed after infection in utero, during normal childbirth or after cesarean section. The upper respiratory tract is most often affected - rhinitis and pharyngitis, then tracheitis and bronchitis develop, and then pneumonia. The causative agent of respiratory mycoplasmosis is Mycoplasmapneumonia– with the help of flagella, it attaches to the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract and destroys their walls.

Next, mycoplasmas penetrate into the alveoli of the lungs, where gas exchange occurs - venous blood gets rid of carbon dioxide, receives oxygen in return and turns into arterial blood. The walls of alveolar cells are very thin and are easily destroyed by mycoplasmas. The partitions between the alveoli thicken and the connective tissue becomes inflamed. As a result, it develops interstitialpneumonia of newborns, characteristic of congenital mycoplasmosis.

In those infected with mycoplasma prematurechildren possible respiratory distress, development scleromas newborns (thickening of the skin and subcutaneous tissue), hemorrhages in the parietal and occipital regions ( cephalohematomas), increased bilirubin and jaundice, the development of inflammation of the brain and its membranes (meningoencephalitis). Ufull-term babies– pneumonia, subcutaneous hemorrhages, late symptoms of meningoencephalitis.

Respiratory mycoplasmosis

Pathogen – Mycoplasmapneumonia. Bacteria are released from the respiratory tract a week and a half after the onset of the disease, transmitted by airborne droplets or through objects. Respiratory mycoplasmosis has seasonal trends and is more common in the autumn-winter period. 2-4 yearly increases in incidence are typical. Immunity lasts 5-10 years or more, the course of the disease depends on the immune status. In general, respiratory mycoplasmosis in humans accounts for 5-6% of all acute respiratory infections and 6-22% of diagnosed pneumonia, during epidemic outbreaks - up to 50%.

consequence of respiratory mycoplasmosis – pneumonia

Mycoplasma respiratory infection is more common in children and young people. Children 5-14 years old become infected M. pneumoniae in 20-35% of cases of all acute respiratory infections, adolescents and people aged 19-23 years - in 15-20% of cases. There is a combination of mycoplasmas with viral infections (influenza and parainfluenza, adenovirus,). Complications – pneumonia, sepsis, meningoencephalitis, hemolytic anemia, joint inflammation.

Incubationperiod– up to 1 month, then symptoms of a common cold appear, turning into a painful dry cough. With a mild form of the disease, the temperature rises slightly, the patient complains of aching muscle pain and general malaise. On examination - dilated scleral vessels, pinpoint hemorrhages under the mucous membranes, and a “loose” throat. The cervical and submandibular lymph nodes are enlarged. Dry rales are heard in the lungs, the general condition of the patient is satisfactory. The disease lasts 1-2 weeks and ends without complications.

Acutemycoplasma pneumonia begins suddenly, against the background of acute respiratory infections or acute respiratory viral infections. Characterized by a rapid rise in temperature to 39-40, severe chills and muscle pain; dry cough gradually turns into wet cough. Examination: the skin is pale, the sclera has dilated vessels, a rash is possible around the joints. On auscultation – scattered dry and moist rales; on the image – foci of compaction (focal, segmental or interstitial, often near the roots of the lungs). Consequences: bronchiectasis - dilation of the bronchi, pneumosclerosis - replacement of active lung tissue with connective tissue.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis of urogenital mycoplasmosis is based on the method ( polymerase chain reaction), in which the DNA of mycoplasmas is determined. They also use the classic method, with sowing the material on a liquid medium and then reseeding it on a solid one. Mycoplasmas are identified by the fluorescence of colonies after the addition of specific antisera. Serological methods for detecting mycoplasmas are the complement fixation reaction (CFR) and the indirect agglutination reaction (IRGA).

cultural method - bacteriological culture

As material For laboratory testing, a smear from the urethra and discharge from the prostate gland, a smear from the rectum, semen, and morning urine (the first portion) are taken from men. In women - a smear from the cervix, vestibule of the vagina, urethra and anus, the first portion of urine in the morning. To diagnose bacterial vaginosis ( gardnerellosis) it is not the presence of mycoplasmas that is critical, but their number, so they do a culture and evaluate the number of bacterial colonies of the pathogens.

Importantprepare properly so that the analysis is reliable. Women are recommended to give urine and smears before menstruation or 2-3 days after it ends. Men should not urinate for 3 hours before submitting urine and urogenital smears. In parallel with PCR for mycoplasmosis, a reaction is carried out for chlamydia and ureaplasmosis. If respiratory mycoplasmosis is suspected, a throat swab and sputum are taken.

Treatment

Treatment of mycoplasmosis begins with antibiotics, to which chlamydia and ureaplasma are also sensitive. For the treatment of urogenital and respiratory forms, drugs of the macrolide group are chosen - erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin. Azithromycin Take only on an empty stomach, one hour before meals or 2 hours after meals, once a day. Dosage for adults for acute urogenital mycoplasmosis - 1 g once, for respiratory - 500 mg on the first day, then 250 mg, course for three days. Azithromycin is not prescribed to pregnant and lactating women.

Back-up antibiotics – tetracyclines ( doxycycline), but in approximately 10% of cases of mycoplasmosis resistance develops to them. For bacterial vaginosis, tablets are added metronidazole(Trichopol) at a dosage of 500 mg x 2, course 7 days or 2 g once. Trichopolum is not prescribed to pregnant women before the second trimester and breastfeeding women. Treatment is supplemented with creams ( clindamycin 2% x 1, at night, course 7 days) and gels ( metronidazole 0.75% x 2, course 5 days), which are inserted into the vagina.

Immunomodulators are prescribed ( echinacea, aloe, cycloferon), with concomitant viral infections - interferon, probiotics ( Linux, lactobacterin) and prebiotics (fiber). To protect the liver during antibiotic therapy, hepatoprotectors will be needed ( karsil, essentiale), to reduce the level of allergy – Claritin, suprastin. Vitamin-mineral complexes are taken as general strengthening agents.

Preventionmycoplasmosis comes down to stabilizing the immune system - good nutrition, regular exercise, minimal stress, and a reasonable choice of sexual partners. For respiratory mycoplasmosis, patients are isolated for 5-7 days (for acute respiratory infections) or for 2-3 weeks (for mycoplasma pneumonia). There is no specific prevention.

Mycoplasmosis in cats and dogs

Several types of mycoplasmas have been isolated in cats and dogs, which cause diseases when the immune system is weakened: Mycoplasmafelis, Mycoplasma gatae(in cats) and Mycoplasmacynos(in dogs). Bacteria are found in completely healthy animals and in diseases associated with chlamydia and. Dogs look Mycoplasmacynos are sown from the respiratory tract, but only puppies or adult allergic dogs suffer from respiratory mycoplasmosis. Mycoplasmas quickly die outside the animal's body.

For healthy people, these pathogens are not dangerous and there are no confirmed facts of transmission of mycoplasmas from animals to humans.

Symptomsmycoplasmosis in cats and dogs- conjunctivitis with lacrimation, hyperemia of the mucous membrane of one or both eyes, discharge of pus or mucus, swelling and spasm of the eyelids. Of the respiratory forms, rhinitis prevails; with the development of urogenital infection, urethritis and cystitis, vaginitis and endometritis, as well as inflammation of the prostate gland and balanoposthitis (inflammation of the skin of the head of the penis and the inner layer of the foreskin) are diagnosed. The spread of mycoplasmas causes arthritis with the destruction of intra-articular cartilage. The formation of subcutaneous ulcers is possible.

Mycoplasmas In pregnant cats and dogs, it can cause premature birth; if infected before pregnancy, congenital deformities can develop in kittens and puppies.

Diagnostics mycoplasmosis is carried out using the PCR method, the material used is sputum and swabs from the trachea (bronchial tubes), smears from the conjunctiva and genitals. Mycoplasmosis is treated with doxycycline, but it is contraindicated in puppies and kittens under 6 months of age. For conjunctivitis, ointments with chloramphenicol or tetracycline, drops with novocaine and hydrocortisone are used topically. With prolonged use of hormonal drugs, ulceration of the cornea of ​​the eye is possible. Reserve antibiotics – erythromycin, gentamicin, photorquinolones ( ofloxacin). There is no vaccine against mycoplasmosis; the main prevention is proper nutrition and adequate physical activity of animals.

Video: mycoplasmosis in the program “Live Healthy!”

Belonging to the class Mollicutes (soft-skinned), family Mycoplasmataceae. The family includes the genus Mycoplasma and the genus Ureaplasma, which are important in human pathology. Mycoplasmas are isolated in diseases of the upper respiratory tract, tracheobronchitis, atypical pneumonia, pyelonephritis, pelvic inflammatory diseases, postpartum fever, non-gonococcal urethritis, infertility, spontaneous abortions. The genus Mycoplasma consists of 10 species. The genus Ureaplasma consists of 5 species, one of which, Ureaplasma urealyticum, is important in human pathology. Mycoplasmas parasitize humans, animals, and plants. Many live in soil and water.

Rice. 3.122

Mycoplasmas- extracellular pathogens, attach to the epithelium through special proteins - adhesins. The absence of a cell wall determines the resistance of mycoplasmas to penicillins, cephalosporins and other antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis.