African Studies. African explorers and their discoveries. Discovery and exploration of Africa Scientists who explored Africa

Despite the fact that the history of African exploration began before our era, this continent became seriously interested in travelers much later. We can say that the African continent was the last of the six to be discovered and developed. The researchers of Africa and their discoveries will be discussed in the article. So, let's begin.

Features of Africa

It is not surprising that it took centuries to study the continent. Together with the islands, Africa covers more than 30 million square kilometers. It is the second largest continent. This area of Africa accommodates 55 states - more than anywhere else.

The African continent is called the cradle of humanity, because it is here that the most ancient remains of the ancestors of modern man were found. Currently, about a billion people live in Africa.

First studies

The history of African exploration began about four thousand years ago. The pioneers were the Egyptians, who began to become interested in unexplored territories beyond the borders of their state. They explored almost the entire northern part of the continent, walked from the Gulf of Sidra to the west and to the Suez Canal to the east, and studied the lands through which the path of the great Nile River ran in the north.

The Phoenicians were the next to explore Africa geographically. 600 years BC they managed to walk on water around the whole of Africa and get a rough idea of its size. A century later, a native of Carthage, Hanno, circled it from the west to the shores south of Cape Verde.

In the 2nd century BC, Spanish fishermen made frequent voyages to the Canary Islands, and a couple of centuries later the eastern coast of the mainland became well known to Indonesian sailors. They were the first to find the island of Madagascar and founded the first colonies on it.

In the medieval period, starting from the 7th century, the Arabs set foot on the northern coast of the Black Continent. They explored vast areas, including deserts, and explored Lake Chad and some major rivers. In the 12th century, a map of northern Africa was compiled, the most accurate at that time.

At the beginning of the 15th century, the Chinese explorer Zheng He, passing through the Red Sea, rounded the Somali peninsula. Having traveled along the east coast of Africa, he found the island of Zanzibar.

Around the same time, the Portuguese became interested in the African continent, looking for a sea route to India. Then the history of the discovery and exploration of Africa by Europeans began, the period of great travels.

Henry the Navigator

Henry, or Enrique the Navigator, was a Portuguese prince who initiated many years of Portuguese exploration of Africa. Through his efforts, many expeditions were equipped to explore the western shores of the mainland, which served as the basis for the creation of a strong Portuguese colony.

In 1415, Henry and his father took part in a military campaign, which resulted in the capture of the Moorish fortress of Ceuta in the Strait of Gibraltar. From there, Portuguese ships moved along the African coast; During the period of such travels, the Azores and Madeira Islands were discovered. In 1434, after many fruitless attempts, a sea route to West Africa was found, and Henry himself received the nickname the Navigator.

Vasco da Gama

The next and perhaps most famous Portuguese navigator was Vasco da Gama. In 1497, he was appointed by King Manuel first as leader of an expedition to find a water route to India.

On July 8, the armada left Lisbon and headed along the western coast along the already known route. On November 4, travelers had to make a forced stop in an unnamed bay, which was dubbed St. Helena Bay. An armed clash with the natives also took place there, as a result of which Vasco da Gama was wounded in the leg by an arrow.

Having rounded the Cape of Good Hope, the flotilla anchored. Here the sailors stocked up on provisions and also exchanged local jewelry made from bone for the goods they brought with them.

After this, the Europeans moved along the eastern coast. They made a stop in Mozambique, but were met with hostility by the Arab authorities, well aware that the Portuguese could pose serious competition to them in the future. Vasco da Gama could not leave his desire to harm the expedition members unpunished, and just before sailing, he fired at the port city.

By February, the sailors reached Mombasa and Malindi, where they met Indian traders, and on May 20 they finally reached the Indian coast.

Mungo Park

Mungo Parke is a Scottish scientist and explorer who made two expeditions to West Africa.

His first journey took place in the spring of 1795, from the mouth of the Gambia River. The park intended to explore the interior of West Africa and try to find the city of Tombuku, known to Europeans only from the stories of local residents.

The traveler headed up the river, but after six days of travel he caught a local fever, which delayed him for almost two months. Not having time to recover from his illness, Mungo went further, deeper into the mainland.

On the way along the southern borders of the Sahara, he was captured and was able to escape only months later. In July 1796, a man reached the Niger River and made an interesting discovery - it has nothing to do with Gambia and Senegal, although previously Europeans were sure that the Niger was divided into these two rivers.

The purpose of the second voyage in 1805 was to explore the Niger, but from the very beginning the expedition was unsuccessful. Most of the Park's companions died from disease or were killed by the natives. The survivors were attacked near the town of Busa, where the traveler died in the Djolibe River while trying to escape the arrows of local residents.

Heinrich Barth

The explorer and geographer Heinrich Barth set off on his first journey in 1845. Leaving Morocco, he crossed almost all of North Africa and Egypt, going up the Nile. He passed through the Sinai Peninsula, Palestine, the countries of Asia Minor, Greece, where he tirelessly collected ethnographic and biological materials.

In 1850, Bart became part of another expedition heading to Murzuk. Despite the fact that its main goal was practical - to find a convenient route to Sudan - the participants decided not to miss the opportunity to explore hitherto undescribed territories. They moved through the desert of Hamad al-Hamra and safely reached Murzuk.

The travelers explored the Damergu and Air plateaus, explored the Lake Chad basin, the Niger River and its tributary. After his death in 1851 and 1852, Heinrich Barth was forced to lead the expedition. Alone, he continued his exploration of Sudan, crossed the Sahara and returned to London six years later.

David Livingston

Scotsman David Livingston went to Africa as a doctor and missionary. He successfully treated diseases and even opened several local schools, but the desire for research eventually forced him to change his occupation.

In 1848, Livingstone, passing through the Kalahari Desert, was the first to discover Lake Ngami. After this, the researcher decided to seriously study the rivers of South Africa in search of new routes deeper into the mainland. Two years later, he discovered the Zambezi River.

Inspired by the first results, Livingston undertook another expedition and in 1854 reached the ocean coast, and also marked several new rivers on the map.

The traveler's next goal was to follow the Zambezi to the Indian Ocean. After two weeks of travel, an impressively sized waterfall opened before his eyes, to which the man gave the name of the English Queen - Victoria. He reached the ocean in May 1856 and at the same time became the first traveler to cross the entire African continent from west to east.

Upon returning to England, Livingston published a book where he described his research in detail, and in 1866 he returned to the Dark Continent in the hope of finding the sources of the Nile. Unfortunately, the traveler did not have time to implement these plans - seven years later he became seriously ill and died.

Vasily Junker

Russian explorer Vasily Juncker first set foot on the African continent in 1875. His goal was to visit Tunisia and Egypt and test the veracity of the theory about the displacement of the Nile. Along the way, he visited Coptic monasteries and learned Arabic, which greatly simplified communication with the local population.

Later, Juncker made two more trips, as a result of which he thoroughly studied Central and East Africa, the languages and culture of the indigenous tribes.

Results

The less unexplored the continent became, the more Europeans arrived. The large states of Europe equipped more and more expeditions, seized new territories, and founded vast colonies. There was a struggle for lands rich in gold and diamonds, and Africa itself was divided into spheres of influence of the greatest powers for many years.

1. Working with a contour map:

a) write down the names and coordinates of the extreme points of Africa;
b) label large relief forms;
c) designate the climatic zones of Africa and label the main climate indicators for each zone;
d) label large rivers and lakes.

2. What is unique about the geographic location of Africa?

The unequal land area north and south of the equator, which is important in the manifestation of zonation of landscapes.

3. What assumptions about the nature of Africa can be made based on knowledge of its geographical location?

Hot and dry climate (high temperatures, low precipitation), resulting in deserts.

4. How will the geographic position of Africa change in millions of years if the current direction of movement of lithospheric plates remains the same? What changes will occur in the climate of the continent?

The African-Arabian Plate, which underlies Africa, is moving northeast. Over 100 million years, Africa will advance 2300 km (2.3 cm/year) and will be located beyond the Caspian Sea. Its climate will be temperate continental, which means hot summers and cold winters.

5. Determine what place Africa occupies among the continents in terms of area.

6. Which traveler explored the following territories of Africa (place the numbers)?

7. Africa was explored by travelers and scientists from many countries, and among them there were especially many representatives of Great Britain. How do you explain this?

This is due to the large number of colonies that belonged to Great Britain in Africa.

8. Using the physical map of the atlas, determine where the border between “high” and “low” Africa lies.

From northeast to southwest

9. What landforms predominate on the mainland? Why?

Most of the continent is characterized by flat terrain. This is due to the old platform underlying the continent.

10. Using the physical map of Africa in the atlas, determine which objects the following heights belong to:

4165 m – Toubkal town;
5895 m – volcano. Kilimanjaro;
4620 m – Ras Dasheng city;
5199 m – Kenya;
2918 m – Takhat town.

11. Establish the patterns of distribution of sedimentary and igneous minerals on the continent. Fill the table.

Conclusion: minerals of sedimentary and igneous origin is located on the Atlantic coast.

12. What type of climate is most common in Africa? Why?

Tropical climate type, because The main part of the continent is located between the tropics.

13. What does it depend on:
a) distribution of air temperatures on the mainland

From the location of the climate zone;

b) precipitation distribution

- from air circulation.

14. Using the climate map of Africa, determine:

a) the hottest – Dallol (Ethiopia);
b) the coldest – Sutherland (South Africa);
c) the driest is the Sahara Desert;
d) the wettest place on the continent is Debunja (Cameroon).

15. Why is the hottest place in Africa not located on the equator?

The equatorial climate is very humid (it rains often), which reduces the air temperature. Scattered solar radiation also predominates.

16. Which climate zone is characterized by:

a) dry hot summers and cool wet winters - subtropical;
b) dry hot winter and humid hot summer - subequatorial.

17. In June, July, August, atmospheric pressure belts over Africa shift: a) to the north; b) to the south. Explain your answer choice.

b, because Over the course of a year, the intertropical convergence zone shifts relative to the equator by hundreds of kilometers to the hemisphere in which summer begins.

18. Explain the reasons for the unequal moisture content of the continental areas crossed by the Southern Tropic.

This is due to sea currents and air masses above them. (West coast: cold currents - less humid air; eastern: warm currents - more humid air).

19. Based on the climate map of Africa in the atlas, describe the climate of the following points.

20. The conditions of which climate zone in Africa are most favorable for the life of European settlers? Why?

Subtropical zone: hot (+27-28⁰С) dry summer, relatively warm winter (+10-12⁰С).

21. Why do most of the mainland rivers flow into the Atlantic Ocean?

This is due to the terrain - in the east (and southeast) there are high plateaus and mountains.

22. In what months of the year does the Zambezi River flood? Explain your answer.

December and January, March and April. At this time it rains, and the river is fed by rain.

23. Which river should you travel along to visit almost all the natural areas of Africa?

24. By what features of African lakes can one judge the origin of their basins? Give examples.

By size, depth, coastal topography. For example, Tanganyika: elongated and narrow, deep, and therefore of tectonic origin.

25. Fill out the table using the textbook text and atlas maps.

26. What is the peculiarity of the location of natural zones on the continent?

Africa is one of the few places on Earth where geographic zoning follows all the rules.

27. Which natural areas are characterized by:

a) baobab, antelope, doum palm, marabou, cheetah
Savannah

b) oil palm, yellow tree, ficus, okapi
Equatorial rain forests

c) spurge, aloe, turtle, hyena, jackal
tropical desert

28. Identify the natural area from the description.

“The color of the African seasons is the same all year round - green. Only in one period the green color is pure and bright, and in another it is faded, as if faded... In the dry season, the earth turns into stone, the grass into sponge, the trees crack from lack of sap. And the very first rain brings nature back to life. Having greedily drunk water, the earth swells with moisture and generously gives it to trees, herbs, and flowers. They drink and drink and cannot get drunk... Almost every day the rain either lashes with a powerful stream or sprinkles with fine water dust. The air temperature drops, and local residents shrug their shoulders chillily and complain: “It’s cold!” When the thermometer shows 18-20 degrees, some Africans believe that “frost” has arrived. They put on all the clothes they have, tie scarves around their heads, light fires in the streets, just to stop the trembling.” (L. Pochivalov)

Zone of humid equatorial forests.

29. Explain the reason for the low soil fertility of the equatorial forest.

Large amounts of precipitation; rapid decay caused by bacteria interferes with the accumulation of the humus layer.

30. Using arrows on the diagram, show the connections in the natural complex of tropical deserts.

31. In what natural areas in Africa are the most national parks and reserves created? Why?

Savannah, moist equatorial forests. These areas are home to a huge number of different animals.

32. What natural disasters happen on the mainland? What processes in the Earth's shells are they associated with?

Droughts, floods during the rainy season (atmosphere, biosphere).

33. Assess the consequences of increasing the area of the Sahara.

More desert means more dust storms; desertification of lands adjacent to the Sahara; changes in flora and fauna.

34. Using a map, draw up a project for connecting the river systems of Africa and justify its necessity.

It is important to provide the population of North Africa with fresh water for life and agricultural development (canals, water (river) networks will make it possible to irrigate the land).

35. Africa's population is approximately 1 billion Human.

36. On the contour map on p. 43 designate the largest peoples of the continent.

37. Mark on the contour map such types of economic activities of the continent’s population as hunting, farming, and mining.

38. What peoples of Africa live:

a) in the deserts - Bantu, Bedouins, Tubu, Mosi;
b) in the savannas - Tutsi, Nilotes, Maasai;
c) in equatorial forests - pygmies;
d) on the highlands and plateaus - Somalis, Nilotes, Dinka.

39. In which countries are:

a) Zaire River - Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola;
b) volcano Cameroon - Cameroon;
c) Victoria Falls - Zambia, Zimbabwe;
d) Lake Tana - Ethiopia;
e) Kilimanjaro volcano - Tanasia;
f) Cape Mountains - South Africa;
g) the largest reservoir is Uganda;
h) Nile Delta - Egypt.

40. Give three examples for each group of countries.

The largest countries by area are Sudan, Algeria, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
The smallest countries by area are Swaziland, Lesotho, and Gambia.
Landlocked countries - Chad, Niger, Mali.
The largest countries by population are Egypt, Ethiopia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Countries, most of which lie in deserts, are Niger, Chad, Libya.
The countries most of which lie in the equatorial forests are the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Countries where altitudinal zones are pronounced are Lesotho, Swaziland, and Kenya.

41. What sources of knowledge and in what order should you use to create a description of a country?

1. Atlas
2. Textbook, encyclopedia

42. Write a description of one of the African countries in the form of a diagram, logical outline or series of drawings.
(according to the plan from the textbook, p. 313)

Egypt

1. North Africa, Cairo.
2. Mostly flat terrain; several plateaus are identified; lowest point: Qattara Depression - 133 m; highest point: Mount St. Catherine (Sinai) 2629 m.
Minerals: oil, natural gas, iron ores, phosphates, limestone, manganese, zinc, lead.
3. Egypt is located within the subtropical (northern part) and tropical (most) climatic zones; a tropical desert climate predominates; average temperatures in July +29⁰С-+33⁰С, January +12-+15⁰С; The average annual precipitation reaches only 180 mm.
4. The largest river is the Nile.
5. Desert and semi-desert zone (dust storms, low annual precipitation, high temperatures, sparse vegetation).
6. 98% of the population are Arabs (tourism, agriculture, light industry).

43. Reveal the dependence of the nature of the dwellings of one of the peoples of Africa on natural conditions. You can make drawings.

44. Is it true that the population of North African countries is engaged only in livestock breeding? Explain your answer.

It's not fair, because... The population of some North African countries is also engaged in agriculture.

45. Why is South Africa considered one of the most economically developed countries in Africa?

South Africa is an industrial-agrarian country that occupies one of the first places in the world in the production of gold, platinum, diamonds, manganese, chromium and antimony; there are oil refining enterprises, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy plants, and mechanical engineering enterprises; The tourism business is also developed.

46. Make a forecast for the economic development of the Sahara.

Land use in the Sahara: pastures with pockets of cultivated land, camel breeding.

The initial stage of African exploration

(2nd millennium BC - until 6th century).

The beginning of the study of Africa dates back to ancient times. The ancient Egyptians explored the northern part of the continent, moving along the coast from the mouth of the Nile to the Gulf of Sidra, penetrating the Arabian, Libyan and Nubian deserts. Around 6th century. BC e. The Phoenicians made long sea voyages around Africa. In the 6th century. BC e. The Carthaginian Hanno the navigator undertook a voyage along the western coast of the continent. According to an inscription on a tablet he left in one of the temples of Carthage, he reached the interior of the Gulf of Guinea, where Europeans entered almost two thousand years later. During the period of Roman rule and later, fishing boats reached the Canary Islands, Roman travelers penetrated deep into the Libyan desert (L. C. Balbus, S. Flaccus). In 525, the Byzantine merchant, navigator and geographer Cosmas Indicoplov ascended the Nile River, crossed the Red Sea and traveled around the coast of East Africa. He left a 12-volume work, which served as the only source of information for its time about the Nile River and adjacent territories.

The second stage of African exploration - Arab campaigns (7-14 centuries).

After the conquest of North Africa (7th century), the Arabs crossed the Libyan Desert and the Sahara Desert many times and began to study the Senegal and Niger rivers and Lake Chad. In one of the earliest geographical reports of Ibn Khordadbeh in the 9th century. contains information about Egypt and trade routes to this country. At the beginning of the 12th century. Idrisi showed North Africa on a world map, which was much more accurate than the maps then existing in Europe. Ibn Battuta in 1325-49, leaving Tangier, crossed northern and eastern Africa and visited Egypt. Later (1352-53) he crossed the Western Sahara, visited the city of Timbuktu on the Niger River and then returned back through the Central Sahara. The essay he left behind contains valuable information about the nature of the countries he visited and the customs of the peoples inhabiting them.

The third stage of African exploration - travel of the 15-17th centuries.

In 1417-22, the Chinese naval commander Zheng He, in one of his many campaigns, passed the Red Sea, rounded the Somali peninsula and, moving along the eastern coast, reached the island of Zanzibar. In the 15-16th centuries. the study of Africa was associated with the Portuguese search for a sea route to India. In 1441 N. Trishtan reached Cape Cap Blanc. D. Dias in 1445-46. circumnavigated the westernmost point of Africa, which he called Cape Verde. In 1471 Fernando Po discovered an island named after him. In 1488, B. Dias discovered the extreme southern point of Africa, calling it the Cape of Storms (later renamed the Cape of Good Hope); in 1500, not far from this cape, during a storm, B. Dias died. Based on the reports of B. Dias, the route to India was developed by the Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama. In 1497-98, heading to India from Lisbon, he rounded the Cape of Good Hope and walked along the eastern coast to 3 ° 20 "S (the city of Malindi). In 1487-92 P. Covilha made a journey from Lisbon through the Mediterranean Sea to the mouth of the Nile, and then passed along the southwestern coast of the Red Sea to the city of Suakin. By the end of the 16th century, the contours of the continent were established. In the 17th century, in the interior of Africa, south of the equator, Lake Tana was discovered by Portuguese travelers (1613 ) and Nyasa (1616), the sources of the Blue Nile and the lower reaches of the Congo River were explored.In the west of the continent, the French expedition of A. Bru in the 17th century explored the Senegal River, and the English - the Gambia River.

The fourth stage of African exploration - expeditions of the 18th-20th centuries.

From the end of the 18th century. the desire to master new rich sources of natural resources stimulated the study of Africa by English, French and German travelers. Expeditions are concentrated in the interior regions of the continent. The British create a special “Association for Promoting the Discovery of the Interior of Africa,” which organized a number of important expeditions. M. Park in 1795-97 and 1805-06 studied the upper reaches of the Niger River, W. Audney, D. Denham and H. Clapperton in 1822-23 crossed the Sahara from north to south (from the city of Tripoli to Lake Chad) and proved that the river The Niger does not originate from this lake. The crossing of the Sahara in 1827-28 was made by the French traveler R. Caillet. In 1830, an English expedition explored the lower reaches and mouth of the Niger River (R. Lander and D. Lander).

At the end of the 18th - first half of the 19th century. The study of South Africa begins, the first explorer of which was the English traveler J. Barrow. In 1835, E. Smith explored the Limpopo River, and in 1868, S. Ernskine walked along its tributary, the Olifants.

Geographical and geological study of the Blue Nile basin was carried out in 1847-48 by the Russian expedition of E. P. Kovalevsky, the first of the Russian travelers to describe Abyssinia. In the middle of the 19th century. French (A. Lenant de Belfona and D'Arnaud) and German expeditions (F. Vernet) worked in the White Nile basin. The highest point of the mainland, the Kilimanjaro volcano, was discovered in 1848-49 by German missionaries I. Krapf and I. Rebman. The English expedition of J. Speke and R.F. Burton discovered Lake Tanganyika in 1856-59.In 1858, Lake Victoria was discovered by J. Speke, who later (1860-63) established, together with J. Grant, that the Nile River originates from this lake.

A great contribution to the study of Africa was made by the Scottish traveler D. Livingston, who discovered Lake Ngami in 1849, was the first European to cross South Africa from west to east (1853-56), simultaneously exploring a significant part of the Zambezi River basin and discovering the world's largest Victoria Falls (1855 ). In 1867-71 he explored the southern and western shores of Lake Tanganyika and discovered Lake Bangweulu. In Europe, Livingston's expedition was considered lost and the journalist G. M. Stanley, who met Livingston in 1871 on Lake Tanganyika, went in search of him. Then they together explored the northern part of this lake and found out that it was not connected with the Nile. Another expedition in search of Livingstone in 1873 was led by the English sailor and traveler W. L. Cameron. However, his help was late, because by that time Livingston had died of fever. Cameron continued his journey and in 1874 reached Lake Tanganyika and discovered its drainage - the Lukuga River.

The Sahara was explored by German travelers G. Rolfs, who in 1865-67 was the first European to cross Africa from the shores of the Mediterranean Sea (the city of Tripoli) to the Gulf of Guinea (the city of Lagos), and G. Nachtigall, who carried out a trip to the Lake Chad region in 1869-74. He was the first European to reach the Wadai Highlands and collected extensive material about the nature and population of the interior of Central Africa. He later published a three-volume work, The Sahara and the Sudan (1879-89). Russian biologist, doctor and traveler A.V. Eliseev in 1881, while still a student, went to Egypt, traveled up the Nile to Siut, and then wandered around Arabia for two months. Three years later, he visited Africa again, from the city of Tripoli he moved to Algeria, walked across the Sahara, visited Morocco; he authored many geographical works, including those about Africa. The Russian traveler V.V. Junker in 1876-78 made a long journey through Central Africa, during which he made geographical and ethnographic observations and clarified the hydrography of the sources of the White Nile River. On the next expedition in 1879-86 he explored the watershed of the Nile and Congo rivers; he summarized the results of his observations in the book “Travels in Africa (1877-78 and 1879-86)” (1949). In 1896-1900, the Russian traveler A.K. Bulatovich visited Ethiopia three times, surveyed the poorly studied southwestern and western regions of the country, and was the first European to cross the Kaffa mountain region. The territory of modern Angola and Mozambique was studied by the Portuguese A. A. Serpa Pinto (1877-79), who discovered the sources of the Cunene and Cubango rivers, E. Brito Capela and R. Ivensh (1877-79), who crossed the continent from west to east.

As a result of geographical research, by the end of the 19th century. Four great African rivers were studied: the Nile, Niger, Congo and Zambezi. At the beginning of the 20th century. The enormous natural resources of the African continent have been identified.

On the website you will find answers to the workbook and contour maps on geography grade 7 Korinskaya, Dushina. You can watch and read online (without downloading) on your computer, mobile phone and tablet for free and without SMS

1. Read the table of contents of the textbook and fill out the table.

2. Think about the basis for the following list:
Eurasia, Africa, America, Australia, Antarctica.
The proposed list is based on the names of parts of the world.

3. Name the continents:
A) The largest is Eurasia
B) The most populated - Eurasia
B) With the most indented coastline - North America
D) With the largest number of countries - Eurasia.

4. The figure shows data on the ratio of land and ocean area in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres and throughout the Earth. Determine which of them belong to which hemisphere.
A. All over the Earth
B. Northern Hemisphere
B. Southern Hemisphere

5. The surface of the Earth is conventionally divided into the Northern, Southern, Eastern and Western Hemispheres, as well as continental and oceanic hemispheres. Which hemispheres are shown in the picture?
Continental and oceanic hemispheres of the Earth.

6. Why do you think geography is called one of the most ancient and eternally young sciences about the Earth?
The most ancient, because it was born at the dawn of the development of human civilization, and forever young, since the face of the Earth is forever changing, for example, even due to the movement of tectonic plates or human activity, and the achievements of 6 science, which is constantly developing, help to gain new knowledge about it .

7. Assess the importance of geographical knowledge in a person’s everyday life. Give examples.
Geographical knowledge helps people, for example, navigate the terrain, not get lost in the forest, and choose a place to relax.

1. Determine from the text of the textbook what basic information about our planet was obtained by people during each of the stages of finding knowledge about the Earth. Fill the table.

2. From the text of the textbook, highlight the main reasons that led to the expansion of people’s knowledge about the Earth.
The desire to know the laws of nature, to learn how to control the natural processes of the Earth.

3. When were the most significant geographical discoveries made? Why?
In the era of great geographical discoveries. This is due to the discovery of America, the sea route to India around Africa, and Magellan’s trip around the world, which proved that the Earth is spherical.

4. How many trips around the world are shown on the map in the textbook? Name the navigators who did them.
1 - I.F. Kruzenshtein and Yu.F. Lisyansky.

5. What caused the need for the first voyages in the waters of the Arctic Ocean?
Development of new lands, search for new sea routes, fishing for fish and marine animals, trade.

6. Study the text of the textbook about the modern era of development of knowledge about the Earth, indicate its features.
Before the modern era, there was (and is) an accumulation of knowledge about the Earth with the help of which modern scientists put forward hypotheses about nature and identify certain patterns. It has become possible to study our planet from space.

7. Name the travelers and scientists who, in your opinion, made the most significant contribution to the development of geographical science.
Marco Polo, M.V. Lomonosov, M.P. Lazarev, F. Magellan, D. Cook.

8. Why is the role of international cooperation between geographers and the study of the Earth growing today?
Together, geographers can solve various and global environmental problems.

9. What new discoveries, in your opinion, can be made by geographers studying our planet?
The discovery of new species of animals and plants of some mineral, the study of the internal structure of the Earth.

1. Look at the atlas maps. Determine which cards dominate:
A) By territory coverage - continents and oceans.
B) By content - General geographical
Why? This is due to the fact that these maps contain information about the waters of the World Ocean, its currents, the relief of the continents, rivers, lakes, etc.

3. What is shown on maps with symbols?

4. Describe one of the atlas maps (your choice).
Map Name: Physical Map of the Pacific Ocean
Type of map by territory coverage - Continents and oceans
By scale - Small-scale
Content: General geographical (physical)
What is depicted on the map and in what ways - The relief of the ocean floor, currents (their directions, warm or cold) are depicted in the form of symbols.

5. What information can be obtained from a physical card?
Terrain, names of geographical objects and their location (coordinates).

6. How do you understand the words of a famous geographer that, unlike books and other sources of information, a map “tells” faster, more accurately, more clearly and more concisely.
The map shows clearly and only the necessary information to the “reader”.

7. A famous cartographer of our day claims that soon knowledge of a map will be as important as knowledge of grammar and mathematics. Express your opinion on this statement.
Maps are increasingly appearing on television screens, and the ability to understand them and obtain information using maps is becoming part of the general culture.

8. What do you think came first - writing or a map? Justify your answer.
Map, since previously the location of these objects could be sketched.

1. The number of continents on Earth is? (5)

2. The equator crosses the continent. (South America)

3. The Arctic Circle crosses the continent. (Eurasia)

4. Establish a correspondence between geographical objects and the continents on which they are located.
Continents and oceans. Assignments for preparing for the State Examination and the Unified State Exam.
1 A
2 D
3 B
4 V
5 G

1. Difference between continental and oceanic crust. Fill the table.

2. Read the textbook text about lithospheric plates and briefly write down the three main provisions of the theory of lithospheric plates.
1. The earth's crust consists of individual lithospheric plates.
2. Plates move through the upper mantle
3. Plates may collide and diverge

3. What processes occur in the lithosphere as a result of plate movement? Fill the table.

4. Highlight the patterns of placement on the planet:
A) Protrusions of continents and depressions of the oceans - Correspond to continental and oceanic crust.
B) Vast plains - Correspond to ancient sections of lithospheric plates - platforms.
B) Mountain regions - Located on the boundaries of lithospheric plates.

5. Which oceans do you think will increase in area in the future? Why?
Due to the melting of glaciers in Antarctica and the Arctic, the area of the Northern, Arctic and Atlantic oceans will increase.

6. What life-threatening phenomena occur in the lithosphere?
The movement of lithospheric plates, as a result, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions.

7. Which of the named landforms (ravine, volcanic mountain, plain formed at the bottom of a retreated sea, sandhill, mountain range, river valley, plain formed by solidified lava) were created as a result of the action of:
A) Internal relief-forming processes - Volcanic mountain, mountain range, plain formed by solidified lava.
B) External relief-forming processes - ravine, plain formed at the bottom of a retreated sea, sand hill, river valley.

8. Bring into the system knowledge about the processes that form the relief.

1. What is called:
A) weather is a set of values of meteorological elements and atmospheric phenomena observed at a certain point in time for a certain territory.
B) climate is a long-term weather regime characteristic of a given area due to its geographical location.

2. Consider the climate map of the world in the atlas. In what ways are the main elements of climate depicted?
Temperatures: maximum +56 (temperature indicated), average +16 (lines (isotremes) indicating the average temperature. Precipitation in different colors indicating their value (amount of precipitation)
Winds (arrows)

3. Trace the features of the course of the zero isotherm in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres on the climate map. Explain the established facts.

5. Make a description of the main types of air masses.

6. Using the climate map of the world in the atlas, determine which areas of the Earth have average annual precipitation.
A) less than 100 mm. Sahara Desert (Africa), Arabian Peninsula
B) more than 3000 mm. Andean foothills of Cherrapunji (India).

Explain the reasons for the uneven distribution of precipitation on our planet.
The main reason is the placement of belts of low and high atmospheric pressure. (It also depends on the position of the area relative to the World Ocean, on the proximity of the area to ocean currents, on the topography)

7. According to the diagram “Movement of air masses over the seasons and the formation of climatic zones,” mark the air masses with different colors and label the names of the climatic zones.

8. Name dangerous atmospheric phenomena.
Strong winds, tornadoes, hurricanes, hail, droughts, hot winds, dust storms, fogs, blizzards, heavy snowfalls, ice, frosts, storms, downpours, hail.

9. Give examples of human adaptation to the characteristics of a particular climate and explain them. You can make drawings.

10. How will the Earth’s climate change if:
A) The land area will increase, the climate will become dry
B) The land area will decrease, the climate will become humid

11. Make a forecast of changes in the Earth’s climate, subject to an increase in heat emissions into the atmosphere as a result of human economic activities.
Destruction of the ozone layer, rising temperatures, melting glaciers, increasing ocean water levels, flooding of parts of the land.

1. Name the names of the navigators who made a significant contribution to the study of the World Ocean.

F. Magellan, D Cook, F. Bellingshausen, M.P. Lazarev, X-Columbus, A. Tasman, S. Dezhnev, Vasco da Gama.

2. Do you agree with the statement that without the ocean there would be no life on Earth? Why?

Life originated in water, which means that if there is no water there is no life.

3. Using the textbook map, determine:

a) the highest and lowest average annual water temperatures on the surface of the World Ocean

The lowest 0⁰С; the highest 28⁰С;

b) differences in water temperatures at the same latitudes

From 0 to 5⁰С and from 20 to 25⁰С.

4. Complete the diagram.

5. Classify water masses.

6. Based on the text of the textbook, highlight at least four reasons for the formation of currents in the World Ocean.

1. Wind influence;
2. Uneven supply of solar heat at different latitudes;
3. Influence of the atmosphere;
4. Properties of surface waters (salinity).

7. Show the differences in ocean currents on a diagram.

8. Based on the text of the textbook, determine what conditions affect the distribution of life in the World Ocean.

Give examples of organisms that live:

a) in the surface layer of water - plankton, water striders;
b) in the water column - squid, whales, fish, turtles;
c) on the bottom of the ocean - starfish, oysters, flounder.

9. List the biological riches of the World Ocean. Can they be considered inexhaustible?

The biological resources of the World Ocean include all animals and plants living in its waters (for example, fish, shellfish, cetaceans). They can be considered inexhaustible due to their colossal size, but it’s all a matter of time...

10. What changes can occur on Earth if you change the directions of the main surface currents in the World Ocean (for example, build a dam in the strait between the Florida Peninsula and the island of Cuba)?

There will be global climate change on Earth. If the dam is built, it will block the Gulf Stream => in Europe the climate will become much colder.

1. Name the shells of the Earth that form the geographic envelope.

Atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere.

2. What cycles exist in the geographic envelope?

Water cycle, biological cycle, air cycle, cycles in the earth's crust.

3. According to the text of the textbook, set the properties of the geographic shell.

1. There are living organisms everywhere in the geographic envelope.
2. GO contains substances in solid, liquid and gaseous states.
3. All processes in Go occur due to the solar and internal energy of the Earth.
4. All components of GO are connected into a single whole through the circulation of substances and energy.
5. All processes and components of civil defense are closely interconnected.

4. What is called latitudinal zoning?

This is a natural change in natural zones from the equator to the poles.

5. Based on the text of the textbook, identify the similarities and differences between the latitudinal zonation expressed on the plains and the altitudinal zonation in the mountains.

Similarities: vegetation changes along the belts; Latitudinal and altitudinal belts replace each other in a similar sequence: from the equator to the poles and from the foot of the mountains to the top.
Differences: the change in altitudinal zones in the mountains occurs much faster than the change in zones on the plains.

6. Formulate a pattern: the higher and closer to the equator the mountains, the more altitude zones there are.
The lower and farther from the equator the mountains, the fewer altitude zones.

7. How would the altitudinal zones in the Caucasus Mountains change if they were located:
a) at the latitude of the equator; b) near the Arctic Circle? Make drawings.

9. Why does any person need knowledge about the geographical shell, its structure and properties?

The geographical envelope is essentially our home. Therefore, it is important for us to know how it works so as not to destroy it and keep it just as beautiful for future generations.

1. The population of the Earth is 7 billion people. In which hemisphere do most people live?

In the Northern Hemisphere.

2. Based on the text of the textbook, establish the characteristics of the ethnic group.

3. By what criteria can countries of the world be grouped?

By geographic location, by area, by population, by religious composition, by level of economic development.

4. Using the world population density map in the atlas, determine how many cities there are in the world with a population of more than 3 million people.
44
On which continent are there the most of them?
Eurasia
Which one is not enough?
Africa

5. Using the comprehensive map of Australia in the atlas, determine the main types of economic activity of the population of this country.

Animal husbandry, crop production, mining.

6. Indicate on the map areas of high population density, as well as the main directions of human migration in the past and present.

7. Do you think the division of humanity into races will continue in the future? Why?

The division into races will remain, but the Caucasian race in the distant future will shrink too much or disappear.

8. Which continents do you think the population will increase in the future? Why?

The population of Eurasia (particularly in Asia) and Africa, whose countries have a high birth rate (historical factor).

1. Using the plan for describing the geographical position of the ocean in the textbook appendix, characterize the Pacific Ocean.

1. Located between: Eurasia, Australia, North and South America, Antarctica. Connected to all oceans.
2. Located on both sides of the equator, relative to the prime meridian - in the Western Hemisphere. They cross the Northern and Southern Tropics and the Northern and Southern Circles.
3. Located in all climatic zones, except the North Polar.

2. On the nature of which continent does the Pacific Ocean have the greatest influence? Why?

On the nature of Australia, whose climate is significantly influenced by ocean currents.

3. What is the reason for the differences between the natural aquatic complexes of the northern Indian Ocean?

The northern part of the Indian Ocean lies in the tropical zone. Under the influence of the surrounding land and monsoon circulation, several aquatic complexes are formed in this belt, differing in the properties of water masses.

4. Why do currents in the northern part of the Indian Ocean change their direction according to the seasons?

This is due to the monsoon type of atmospheric circulation (monsoon climate).

5. The Atlantic Ocean is the most studied ocean on the planet. Using the text and pictures of the textbook, systematize your knowledge about the stages of its study.

6. Why is the average salinity of the waters of the Atlantic Ocean higher than the average salinity of the waters of the World Ocean?

In the Atlantic Ocean, salinity is more evenly distributed, which generally translates into greater salinity in the ocean as a whole.

7. Explain the relative poverty of the species composition of the organic world of the Atlantic Ocean compared to the Pacific.

High salinity, relative youth of the ocean, no coral reefs.

8. What are the reasons for the great pollution of the Atlantic Ocean?

Extraction of oil and other minerals on the shelf, development of shipping, a large number of cities on the coasts.

9. What territories are part of the Arctic?

The outskirts of the continents of Eurasia and Northern. America and almost the entire Arctic Ocean with all its islands (except for the coastal islands of Norway), as well as adjacent parts of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

10. Name the most characteristic features of the nature of the Arctic Ocean.

1. Polar position;
2. Arctic air masses predominate;
3. Presence of ice;
4. The Arctic Ocean does not cool, but warms the territories of the Northern Hemisphere.

11. What names of researchers of the Arctic Ocean do you know?

G. Sedov, F. Nansen, O. Yu. Schmidt, I. D. Papanin, R. Amundsen.

12. Which continent supplies the Arctic Ocean with more fresh water? Why?

Eurasia: the largest rivers carry their waters into the ocean, for example, the Yenisei, Ob, Lena, etc.

13. In what direction does ice move in the Arctic Ocean? Who proved this?

In the direction of the currents. F. Nansen.

14. Explain the statement: “The Arctic Ocean, oddly enough, does not cool, but significantly warms the vast land areas of the Northern Hemisphere.”

This is due to the heat reserve in the waters of the Arctic Ocean, which is constantly replenished by the heat of the Atlantic waters (warm currents).

15. Which parts of the Arctic Ocean are rich in organic life? Why?

In that part of the Arctic Ocean, on the surface or at some depth of which the influence of relatively warm Atlantic waters is felt (for example, the Barents Sea, Kara Sea).

16. Name the types of human economic activity in the Arctic Ocean.

Fishing, offshore oil and natural gas production, maritime transport.

17. What will happen to the nature of the Arctic Ocean if the flow of water from the Atlantic and the influx of river water are reduced?

The salinity of the ocean will increase and the seas will freeze.

18. Fill in the blanks.

The largest number of deep-sea trenches is in the Pacific Ocean. They are arranged in rings, because here is the junction of lithospheric plates. This area is called the "Ring of Fire".

19. Identify the largest ocean ports:

a) Quiet - Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Singapore, Sydney.
b) Indian - Dubai, Mumbai, Chennai, Karachi.
c) Atlantic - Rotterdam, New York, Marseille, Hamburg.

20. Display on the map using symbols the types of economic activities of the population on the ocean shelf.

1. Working with a contour map:

2. What is unique about the geographic location of Africa?

The unequal land area north and south of the equator, which is important in the manifestation of zonation of landscapes.

3. What assumptions about the nature of Africa can be made based on knowledge of its geographical location?

Hot and dry climate (high temperatures, low precipitation), resulting in deserts.

5. Determine what place Africa occupies among the continents in terms of area.

6. Which traveler explored the following territories of Africa (place the numbers)?

7. Africa was explored by travelers and scientists from many countries, and among them there were especially many representatives of Great Britain. How do you explain this?

This is due to the large number of colonies that belonged to Great Britain in Africa.

8. Using the physical map of the atlas, determine where the border between “high” and “low” Africa lies.

From northeast to southwest

9. What landforms predominate on the mainland? Why?

Most of the continent is characterized by flat terrain. This is due to the old platform underlying the continent.

10. Using the physical map of Africa in the atlas, determine which objects the following heights belong to:

4165 m – Toubkal town;
5895 m – volcano. Kilimanjaro;
4620 m – Ras Dasheng city;
5199 m – Kenya;
2918 m – Takhat town.

11. Establish the patterns of distribution of sedimentary and igneous minerals on the continent. Fill the table.

Conclusion: minerals of sedimentary and igneous origin are located on the Atlantic coast.

12. What type of climate is most common in Africa? Why?

Tropical climate type, because The main part of the continent is located between the tropics.

13. What does it depend on:
a) distribution of air temperatures on the mainland

- on the location of the climate zone;

b) precipitation distribution

- from air circulation.

14. Using the climate map of Africa, determine:

a) the hottest – Dallol (Ethiopia);
b) the coldest – Sutherland (South Africa);
c) the driest is the Sahara Desert;
d) the wettest place on the continent is Debunja (Cameroon).

15. Why is the hottest place in Africa not located on the equator?

The equatorial climate is very humid (it rains often), which reduces the air temperature. Scattered solar radiation also predominates.

16. Which climate zone is characterized by:

a) dry hot summers and cool wet winters - subtropical;
b) dry hot winter and humid hot summer - subequatorial.

17. In June, July, August, atmospheric pressure belts over Africa shift: a) to the north; b) to the south. Explain your answer choice.

b, because Over the course of a year, the intertropical convergence zone shifts relative to the equator by hundreds of kilometers to the hemisphere in which summer begins.

18. Explain the reasons for the unequal moisture content of the continental areas crossed by the Southern Tropic.

This is due to sea currents and air masses above them. (West coast: cold currents - less humid air; eastern: warm currents - more humid air).

19. Based on the climate map of Africa in the atlas, describe the climate of the following points.

20. The conditions of which climate zone in Africa are most favorable for the life of European settlers? Why?

Subtropical zone: hot (+27-28⁰С) dry summer, relatively warm winter (+10-12⁰С).

21. Why do most of the mainland rivers flow into the Atlantic Ocean?

This is due to the terrain - in the east (and southeast) there are high plateaus and mountains.

22. In what months of the year does the Zambezi River flood? Explain your answer.

December and January, March and April. At this time it rains, and the river is fed by rain.

23. Which river should you travel along to visit almost all the natural areas of Africa?

24. By what features of African lakes can one judge the origin of their basins? Give examples.

By size, depth, coastal topography. For example, Tanganyika: elongated and narrow, deep, and therefore of tectonic origin.

25. Fill out the table using the textbook text and atlas maps.

26. What is the peculiarity of the location of natural zones on the continent?

Africa is one of the few places on Earth where geographic zoning follows all the rules.

27. Which natural areas are characterized by:

a) baobab, antelope, doum palm, marabou, cheetah
Savannah

b) oil palm, yellow tree, ficus, okapi
Equatorial rain forests

c) spurge, aloe, turtle, hyena, jackal
tropical desert

28. Identify the natural area from the description.

Zone of humid equatorial forests.

29. Explain the reason for the low soil fertility of the equatorial forest.

Large amounts of precipitation; rapid decay caused by bacteria interferes with the accumulation of the humus layer.

30. Using arrows on the diagram, show the connections in the natural complex of tropical deserts.

31. In what natural areas in Africa are the most national parks and reserves created? Why?

Savannah, moist equatorial forests. These areas are home to a huge number of different animals.

32. What natural disasters happen on the mainland? What processes in the Earth's shells are they associated with?

Droughts, floods during the rainy season (atmosphere, biosphere).

More desert means more dust storms; desertification of lands adjacent to the Sahara; changes in flora and fauna.

34. Using a map, draw up a project for connecting the river systems of Africa and justify its necessity.

It is important to provide the population of North Africa with fresh water for life and agricultural development (canals, water (river) networks will make it possible to irrigate the land).

35. Africa's population is approximately 1 billion people.

36. On the contour map on p. 43 designate the largest peoples of the continent.

37. Mark on the contour map such types of economic activities of the continent’s population as hunting, farming, and mining.

38. What peoples of Africa live:

a) in the deserts - Bantu, Bedouins, Tubu, Mosi;
b) in the savannas - Tutsi, Nilotes, Maasai;
c) in equatorial forests - pygmies;
d) on the highlands and plateaus - Somalis, Nilotes, Dinka.

39. In which countries are:

40. Give three examples for each group of countries.

The largest countries by area are Sudan, Algeria, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
The smallest countries by area are Swaziland, Lesotho, and Gambia.
Landlocked countries - Chad, Niger, Mali.
The largest countries by population are Egypt, Ethiopia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Countries, most of which lie in deserts - Niger, Chad, Libya.
The countries most of which lie in the equatorial forests are the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Countries with pronounced altitudinal zones are Lesotho, Swaziland, and Kenya.

41. What sources of knowledge and in what order should you use to create a description of a country?

1. Atlas
2. Textbook, encyclopedia

42. Write a description of one of the African countries in the form of a diagram, logical outline or series of drawings.
(according to the plan from the textbook, p. 313)

43. Reveal the dependence of the nature of the dwellings of one of the peoples of Africa on natural conditions. You can make drawings.

44. Is it true that the population of North African countries is engaged only in livestock breeding? Explain your answer.

It's not fair, because... The population of some North African countries is also engaged in agriculture.

45. Why is South Africa considered one of the most economically developed countries in Africa?

46. Make a forecast for the economic development of the Sahara.

Land use in the Sahara: pastures with pockets of cultivated land, camel breeding.

1. Working with a contour map:

a) write down the names and coordinates of the extreme points of Australia;
b) designate the climatic zones of Australia and indicate in numbers the change in the average annual precipitation in the territories that intersect the parallels of 20 and 30⁰.

1 – Cape York 142⁰ E. 10⁰ S
2 – Cape Site Point 146⁰E. 39⁰S
3 – Cape Steep Point 113⁰ E. 26⁰ S
4 – Cape Byron 153⁰E. 28⁰S

2. Compare the geographical location of Australia and Africa. Fill the table.

3. Make a forecast of changes in the geographical position of Australia, based on the theory of lithospheric plates.

The Indo-Australian plate, on which Australia is located, is moving northeast at a speed of 67 mm per year. In millions of years, the continent will approach Eurasia, and in billions, it may reach North America.

4. What geographical features of Australia are named after travelers, explorers and other people?

Tasman Sea, o. Tasmania, Bass Strait, Cape Byron, lake. Air North.

5. What large parts of the continent’s topography can be identified from a physical map?

1. Western Australian Tablelands
2. Central Lowland
3. Great Dividing Range

6. Is it true that Australia is the hottest and driest continent on our planet?

The statement is not true.

7. Using the climate map of the atlas, make a description of the climate of places in Australia. Fill the table.

8. Which areas of Australia and Africa have similar climates? Why?

Northern Australia and central Africa. This is due to the fact that the continents cross the tropics (Australia - the South Tropic, Africa - the North and South Tropics; the climate is subequatorial).

9. When does it get a lot of rainfall on the island of Tasmania? Why?

In winter (June, July, August). Tasmania is located in a subtropical climate zone, in which precipitation is associated with the arrival of air masses from temperate latitudes.

10. Why is Australia poor in surface water?

This is due to the dominance of a dry tropical and subtropical climate on the mainland. (Most rivers on the mainland are fed by rain).

11. It is known that there are few rivers and fresh lakes in Australia. How did they solve the problem of providing the population and economy with fresh (or almost fresh) water?

The problem of providing the population and economy with fresh water was solved through the construction of water desalination facilities.

12. What is the peculiarity of the location of natural areas in Australia?

A large area of Australia is occupied by savannah and tropical desert zones, which are located in the central and western parts of the continent.

13. What are the differences between the Australian deserts and the Sahara:

a) by climate
Australia's deserts receive more rainfall and the climate is less dry and hot;

b) by vegetation
The deserts of Australia do not contain significant areas of "absolute" desert, practically free of vegetation;

c) in the animal world
The fauna of the Australian deserts is the most diverse;

d) by inland waters
The Sahara is a drainage region, most of the Australian deserts are in the drainage region; Unlike the Australian deserts, the Sahara is rich in groundwater.

14. What plants and animals brought to the mainland contribute to the disruption of connections between the components of nature?

Dogs, sheep, rabbits, cows.
Cacti, aloe, oak, poplar.

Which components of Australia's nature are most modified by humans?

Vegetation and fauna; Savannahs and woodlands have been plowed over large areas or turned into pastures.

15. Where are Australia's largest cities located? Why?

In the southeast, east and extreme southwest of the country. These areas have the most favorable natural conditions and, earlier than others, were settled and developed by settlers from Europe (natural conditions and historical factors).

16. How would Australia's climate change if the Great Dividing Range were located on the west coast of the continent?

Australia's climate would become wetter -> the area of deserts would decrease.

17. Determine from the map which islands of Oceania are:

a) mainland
New Guinea, New Zealand;

b) volcanic
Fiji, New Caledonia, Samoa;

c) coral
Gilbert, Tuamotu.

18. What natural resources do the islands of Oceania have? How do people use them?

Agroclimatic and natural resources. The basis of the economy of most countries in Oceania is agriculture and fishing. Mining is also carried out.

19. Which components of Oceania’s nature have been particularly damaged by human economic activities?

Flora and fauna, soils, surface waters.

1. Working with the contour map on p. 53:

a) write down the names and coordinates of the extreme points of South America;
b) label the seas and oceans washing South America, peninsulas, bays, islands;
c) label the main landforms;
d) show the main mineral deposits;
e) designate the climatic zones of South America and label the main climate indicators for each zone.

1 – Cape Gallinas 12⁰ N, 71⁰ W
2 – Cape Froward 53⁰ S, 71⁰ W
3 – Cape Parinhas 4⁰ S, 81⁰ W
4 – Cape Cabo Branco 7⁰ S, 34⁰ W

2. Why does the continent have rather simple outlines?

The impact of the ocean on the coastline is not significant, because The shores are composed of hard rocks.

3. Compare the geographical location of South America and Africa. Fill the table.

4. Using the physical map of South America in the atlas, compare the area of the shelf off the eastern and western coasts of the continent. Explain the result.

The shelf area off the eastern shores is larger, because near the western ones, which are washed by the Pacific Ocean, a large number of deep-sea trenches are concentrated.

5. Make a forecast of changes in the geographical position of the continent based on the theory of lithospheric plates.

South America is moving west. As a result, in about 200 million years it will merge with Eurasia.

6. Which traveler explored the following territories of South America (place the numbers)?

7. Why is there less scientific research done in South America than in Africa?

In Africa there were colonies of more developed states at that time - Great Britain and France, which carried out exploration of the territories.

8. Compare the topography of South America and Africa.

9. The relief of the Amazonian lowland and the Brazilian plateau was formed on the same platform, but it is different. Why?

The Brazilian plateau was formed as a result of the long-term destruction of the South American plate and vertical movement, and the relief of the Amazonian lowland is in its troughs.

10. Is the climate of Africa or South America more diverse? Why?

South America. This is due to the more diverse topography of the mainland.

11. Determine the types of climate from the climatograms given in the textbook: fig. 72, p. 171.

a) Subequatorial
b) Tropical
c) Equatorial

12. Determine the average annual amplitude of air temperatures:

a) in the Amazonian lowland 0⁰С;
b) on the Brazilian plateau 0⁰С;
c) on the Pacific coast near the Southern Tropics 8⁰С.

13. Which territory is characterized by the following climate description: “The temperature in summer is +20⁰С, in winter +13⁰С, fogs are frequent, from which drizzle settles and dew forms. Precipitation here is rare, sometimes not a drop falls in a year”?

Pacific coast.

14. Why does the equatorial belt of South America receive more precipitation than the same zone in Africa?

The Andes prevent the passage of air masses from the Atlantic Ocean, resulting in large amounts of precipitation.

15. How do climatic conditions change on the western coast of the mainland when warm waters replace the Peruvian Current?

It's raining heavily in the Atacama Desert.

16. Compare the climate of South America and Africa. Fill the table.

17. What are the reasons for the flood of the Amazon and why does the water level rise twice a year?

The abundance of the Amazon is explained by the fact that its northern and southern tributaries are located in different hemispheres. Accordingly, floods occur at different times of the year (on the right tributaries - from October to April (summer season in the Southern Hemisphere), on the left ones - from April to October (summer season in the Northern Hemisphere)).

18. Name the months of the year during which the Parana River floods. Explain the reasons for this.

The river is fed by rain. Maximum rainfall in summer is January – May.

19. Are natural areas more diverse in South America or Africa? Why?

In South America. This is due to the more varied climate.

20. Name the characteristic features of the moist equatorial forests of South America.

The average annual air temperature is 25-30⁰С; annual precipitation – more than 2000 mm per year; rivers and lakes are full throughout the year; forests are characterized by a three-tier structure of the tree canopy; The flora and fauna of tropical forests is very diverse.

21. Using the atlas map, determine in which natural zone of South America many nature reserves have been created. Why?

The equatorial rainforest is a region of the Amazon. A mass of forests that influences the Earth's climate and the hydrology of the Amazon and contains a huge number of different species of plants and animals.

22. Which part of the Andes (near the equator or near the South Tropic) has more altitude zones? Why?

The largest number of belts is near the equator, where the foothills of the mountains are covered with equatorial forests, and on the peaks there is eternal snow and ice.

23. Are the natural conditions of South America favorable for the life and economic activities of the population?

Relief – has an adverse effect only in the highlands of the Andes.
Climatic conditions are favorable mainly in the pampa (subtropical continental and temperate climate).
Inland waters are the richest (abundant).

Difficulties - impenetrable jungles, swamps, numerous streams.
Opportunities – extraction of wood, rubber, oil; construction of hydroelectric power station.

25. Using arrows of different colors, reflect the stages of settlement of South America.

26. Name the reasons for the diversity of the ethnic composition of the mainland's population.

The main reason is the historical development of the mainland. The indigenous people of South America are the Indians; Since the 16th century, colonization began by Europeans, who began to import black slaves from Africa to work on plantations.

27. Reflect on the diagram using arrows the complexity and diversity of the racial composition of the population of South America.

28. How do the living conditions of the Amazon Indians and the Andean Indians differ?

Amazon: seasonally flooded plain, jungle.
Andes: little oxygen, huge temperature changes, high humidity.

29. Why, despite the mountainous terrain, is there a high population density in the west of South America?

The decisive factor is the historical factor (ancient Indian civilizations).

30. Name the official languages of the mainland countries.

Brazil - Portuguese;
Peru – Spanish and Quechua;
Argentina - Spanish;
Guyana - English.

31. Give examples of countries:

a) with a large area - Brazil, Argentina, Peru;
b) with a small area - Uruguay, Guiana, Suriname;
c) landlocked – Paraguay, Bolivia;
d) with mountainous terrain - Bolivia, Chile, Peru;
e) with a large number of neighbors - Brazil.

32. In which countries are the following objects located:

a) Angel Falls - Venezuela;
b) Lake Maracaibo - Venezuela;
c) Chimborazo volcano – Ecuador;
d) Atacama Desert - Chile;
e) the mouth of the Parana - Argentina, Uruguay;
f) the origins of the Amazon - Peru;
g) most of the pampa is Argentina.

33. On a map of Brazil, use symbols to reflect the natural resources of the country and the types of economic activities of the population for their use.

34. Using the atlas population density map, determine where most of the population of Brazil lives. Why?

On the Atlantic coast. This is due to the historical development of the territory.

35. Explain the reasons for moving the capital of Brazil inland.

Economic and social reasons: for the opportunity to develop the internal regions of the country.

36. How did the construction and use of the Trans-Amazonian Highway affect nature and the economic activities of the population?

For nature: deforestation, environmental degradation.
For economic activities: development of surrounding areas (economic and cultural growth), improvement of trade turnover and passenger transportation.

37. What is the richness and diversity of Argentina's nature?

In natural areas: from polar ice and tundra to the pampas and tropics.

38. Why is the use of Peru’s natural resources so difficult?

Inaccessibility of the territory where these resources are located (mountainous areas, rural areas); Peru's relatively weak economic development.

39. In which continental countries has nature suffered the most as a result of human activity? Why?

Brazil, Chile (deforestation, mining, industrial production); Venezuela (oil production).

1. Minerals – high;
2. Climate – low;
3. Water – medium;
4. Soil – low;
5. Flora and fauna – average.

1. What parts of the earth's surface does the region called Antarctica include?

The southern polar region of the globe, including Antarctica and the adjacent areas of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans.

2. Reflect in the table information about the discovery and study of Antarctica.

3. Describe the geographical location of Antarctica according to the plan in the textbook appendix.

1. Crosses the Antarctic Circle (entirely located in the polar region of the planet), located in the Southern Hemisphere, intersected by the prime meridian.
2. Northern extreme point - Cape Sifre 63⁰ S, 57⁰ E.
3. Located in the sub-Antarctic and Antarctic climate zones.
4. It is washed by the waters of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans.
5. Separated from other continents by a huge oceanic space (the closest is South America).

4. Determine in degrees and kilometers the distance from Antarctica to:

a) Africa 36⁰, 3980 km;
b) South America 9⁰, 1000 km;
c) Australia 28⁰, 3100 km.

5. Establish differences in the relief of the western and eastern parts of Antarctica. Justify your answer.

At the base of the eastern part is an ancient platform (the surface is an elevated plateau), and the western part lies within the Cenozoic fold (it is a young mountain structure).

6. Using the climate map of Antarctica, determine:

a) the average air temperature in January in the center of the continent is -23⁰С, on the coast 0- +5⁰С;
b) the average air temperature in July in the center of the continent is -60⁰С, on the coast - 18⁰С;
c) minimum air temperature -89.2⁰С;
d) maximum air temperature +14.6⁰С.

7. Name typical representatives of the organic world of Antarctica.

Mammals – seals;
Birds – petrel, skuas, penguin.

8. Using the textbook text, make a drawing of an Antarctic oasis.

9. Try to draw an iceberg formation from the Antarctic ice shelf.

10. In what components of the continent’s nature does latitudinal zoning manifest itself?

In the distribution of precipitation and temperatures.

12. Name the direction of possible use of the natural resources (and even geographical location) of Antarctica for scientific and economic purposes.

Exploration and extraction of minerals, perhaps melting ice to produce fresh water, designing cities of the future in Antarctica.

13. Propose a list of environmental measures that need to be carried out in Antarctica.

Fishing restrictions;
reducing the number of equipment that pollutes the environment;
removal of all waste for disposal outside the mainland.

3. Determine the extent of North America in degrees and kilometers using:

a) meridian 100⁰W. — 51⁰, 5676 km;
b) Arctic Circle - 40⁰, 1060 km;
c) Northern Tropic - 9⁰, 1060 km.

4. In what direction from the Labrador Peninsula are located:

5. Which of the travelers discovered or explored the following territories (place the numbers)?

6. Name the explorers whose names can be found on the map of the continent.

Amerigo Vespucci, George Vancouver, Henry Hudson, William Baffin, Bering Vitus Jonassen.

12. The Florida and California peninsulas are located in the same climate zone, but their climate is different. Explain the reasons for this fact.

The climate of Florida is determined by the warm Caribbean Sea and the Gulf Stream, while California is determined by the cold Pacific currents.

13. Using the climate map of North America in the atlas, characterize the areas of the temperate climate zone:

a) with a maritime climate
tWed January 0. -8⁰С
Wed July +10, +12⁰С
average annual precipitation 2000-3000 mm

b) with a continental climate
Wed January -8, -16⁰С
Wed July +16, +24⁰С
average annual precipitation 500-1000 mm

14. Using one of the climatograms in the textbook, determine the type of climate and explain how you found the answer.

Subarctic climate (p. 212, first climatogram).

15. Which ocean has the greatest influence on the climate of the continent? Why?

The Atlantic Ocean has the greatest influence on the climate of North America, because... there are no mountains on the east coast that would prevent air masses from penetrating inland from the Atlantic.

16. Which areas of the continent are well supplied with fresh water, and which ones lack it?

Much of the interior plateau of the Cordillera, Northern Mexico (especially the Mexican Highlands), much of the island of California, and the northern coast of the Gulf of California are water deficient. The western regions of the continent are well supplied with fresh water.

17. Where on the mainland are the largest number of lakes located? Why?

In the northwestern part of the continent (Great Lakes), because these lakes are of glacial origin (soft rocks were plowed up by the body of the advancing glacier, and after the glacier retreated, the resulting craters were filled with melt water).

18. Name the natural areas of North America:

a) the biggest
Zones of tundra and forest-tundra, forest-steppes and steppes

b) the smallest in area
Zones of semi-deserts and deserts, savannas and woodlands.

19. Which natural areas are characterized by the following plants and animals:

a) tulip tree, sugar maple – mixed forests;
b) fescue, bearded vulture, bison, coyote - steppes;
c) black and white spruce, fir, beaver, aspen poplar, wolverine, elk - taiga;
d) berry bushes, musk ox, arctic fox, caribou - tundra.

20. What types of soils are typical for the zones:

a) tundra – tundra-swamp;
b) taiga – podzolic;
c) prairies - chernozem and chestnut.

28. Using the population density map in the atlas, which part of North America has the most cities? Why?

In the southeastern part of North America, which is associated primarily with the history of the settlement of the mainland.

Canada is rich in a variety of mineral, forest and water resources.
The USA is endowed with (almost) all natural resources.
Mexico is endowed with a variety of mineral resources.

Which country has the greatest natural resources? Why?

USA, because characterized by a wide variety of natural conditions.

30. Using the population density map in the atlas, determine which part of Canada has the highest population density. Why?

The most favorable climatic conditions are in southern Canada (200-500 kilometer zone along the border with the United States), therefore, the main settlement zone (highest density) is located here.

31. Write down the names of the books from which you learned about the nature and life of people in North America.

I. P. Mamdovich “History of the discovery and exploration of North America”; D. Bakeless “America through the eyes of the discoverers”; “Countries and Peoples” volume “North America” (from fiction: Jack London “Smoke Bellew” (about the nature of the Alaska Peninsula); D. Defoe “Robinson Crusoe” (about the nature of the Caribbean islands)).

1. Working with the contour map at the station. 77:

a) write the name and coordinates of the extreme points of Eurasia;
b) label the seas washing Eurasia, peninsulas, bays, islands;
c) label large lakes, rivers and mark the predominant type of their feeding (D - rain, L - glacial, S - snow, Sm - mixed), and for rivers also the time when they flood (1 - winter, 2 - spring, 3 – summer, 4 – autumn).

2. Describe the geographical location according to the plan in the textbook appendix.
Area - 53.4 million km2.

1) Position relative to the prime meridian, equator.
Eurasia is not crossed by the equator, so it lies entirely in the northern hemisphere. The continent is intersected by the prime meridian and the 180th meridian. Eurasia lies in the eastern and western hemispheres.

2) What oceans and seas is it washed by?
Eurasia is washed by the waters of all four oceans. In the north is the Arctic Ocean, in the east is the Pacific Ocean, in the south is the Indian Ocean, in the west is the Atlantic Ocean.

3) Continents are neighbors.
Eurasia borders Africa through the Suez Canal and the Strait of Gibraltar. The continent borders North America through the Bering Strait.

4) Heat zones.
Eurasia lies in hot, temperate and cold thermal zones.

5) Extreme points, coordinates.
The extreme northern point is Cape Chelyuskin (78° north latitude, 104⁰ east longitude.)
The southernmost point is Cape Piai (1⁰ north latitude, 103° east longitude.) The westernmost point is Cape Roca (39° north latitude, 9° west longitude.) The easternmost point is Cape Dezhnev (66⁰ north latitude, 170° east longitude). .)

3. Using the textbook data, determine what part of the Earth’s area is occupied by Eurasia (in percent).
The area of the Earth is 510,000,000 km2. The area of Eurasia is 54,000,000 km2.
510000000 – 100%
54000000 - x
x = (54000000 * 100) / 510000000 = 10.5%.

4. Determine the extent of Eurasia in degrees and in kilometers:

a) from north to south.
To find out the extent of Eurasia from north to south, it is necessary to determine the latitude of the extreme northern and southern points of the continent. The latitude of Cape Chelyuskin is 78° north latitude. The latitude of Cape Piai is 1° north latitude.

78° - 1° = 77°.
Since the length of the 1° meridian is 111.3 km, then 77° * 111.3 = 8126 km

b) from west to east.
To find out the extent of Eurasia from west to east, it is necessary to determine the longitude of the extreme western and eastern points of the continent. The longitude of Cape Roca is 9° west longitude. The longitude of Cape Dezhnev is 170° west longitude.
Find the distance in degrees between the points.
9° +180° + (180° – 170°) = 199°.
Since 1° along the 40th parallel is equal to 85.4 km, then 199 * 85.4 = 16,996 km.

Calculate distance

a) from Cape Chelyuskin to the North Pole in degrees
90 – 78 = 12(degrees),
in kilometers
12 * 111, 3=1336 km

b) from Cape Piai to the equator in degrees
1 – 0 = 1 (degree),
in kilometers
1* 111.3 = 111.3 km

5. Which coasts of Eurasia are the most indented? Why?
The shores of the Scandinavian Peninsula are the most rugged, which is explained by the activity of an ancient glacier. The coasts of Southern Europe are also heavily indented. The reason for this is that the Mediterranean Sea cuts deep into the land.

6. Which geographical objects of the mainland are named after travelers:
V. Barents – Barents Sea, Barents Island
S. Chelyuskin - Cape Chelyuskin.
V. Bering - Bering Sea, Bering Strait, Bering Island, Bering Glacier.
S. Dezhnev - Cape Dezhnev.
D. and Kh. Laptev - the Laptev Sea.

7. How will the outlines of Eurasia change if its coastline coincides with the boundary of the continental crust? Reflect the answer with a dotted line on the contour map on p. 77.

8. Write down the landforms that intersect:

a) meridian 80°E.
West Siberian Plain, Kazakh small hills, Tien Shan Mountains, Kun Lun Mountains, Tibet, Himalayas, Indo-Gangetic Lowland, Deccan Plateau.

b) parallel 40° N. w.
mountains of the Apennines, Balkans, Turanian Lowland, Tien Shan.

9. Where are most of the mountain systems of Eurasia located? Why?
The mountains of Eurasia are located in the south and east of the continent. They were formed as a result of the collision of lithospheric plates.

10. Where are the zones of earthquakes and modern volcanism located in Eurasia? Why?
The largest number of earthquakes and volcanism in Eurasia are concentrated in places where lithospheric plates collide. As a result of this, the Alpine-Himalayan and Pacific seismic belts were formed. The largest volcano in Eurasia is the Klyuchevskaya Sopka volcano in Kamchatka. There are also active volcanoes on the Apennine Peninsula and the island of Iceland

11. How was the Indo-Gangetic lowland formed? Which plains of Eurasia have a similar origin?
The Indo-Gangetic lowland was formed by sediment from the Indus and Ganges rivers. The Mesopotamian Lowland was also formed by sediments from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and the Padan Lowland by the Po River.

12. Establish the patterns of distribution of mineral resources in Eurasia. Fill the table.

13. Why are mineral deposits of igneous origin located not only in the mountainous regions of Eurasia, but also on the plains?
Since the plains correspond to platforms, they are based on crystalline rocks of igneous origin. Sometimes these rocks come to the surface, forming shields.

14. Which areas of Eurasia are especially rich in oil? Why?
These are the Arabian Peninsula, Western Siberia, and the North Sea shelf. This is due to significant accumulation of sedimentary rocks.

15. In what part and due to what do you think will the area of Eurasia increase? Why?
The area of Eurasia is increasing due to the uplift of some territories. This is the Scandinavian Peninsula, the Jutland Peninsula.

16. Identify places in Eurasia:
a) the coldest is the city of Oymyakon (-70°C)
b) the hottest - the Arabian Peninsula
c) the driest is the Rub al-Khali desert (Arabian Peninsula) (35 mm of precipitation per year)
d) the wettest is the city of Cherrapunji (12,000 mm of precipitation per year)

17. What is the influence of the oceans washing it on the nature of Eurasia:
Quiet - the east coast is characterized by a monsoon climate, as well as the influence of the warm Kuroshio Current.
Atlantic - the influence of the warm North Atlantic Current and westerly winds from the ocean
Indian - the influence of monsoon winds from the ocean.
Arctic - cold and dry air masses.

18. Using the climate map of Eurasia in the atlas, establish the features of the course of the zero isotherm on the continent. Explain your reasons.
The zero isotherm in the west of the continent occurs in its northern part, which is explained by the influence of the warm North Atlantic Current. In the interior of the continent it drops far to the south, because the continental climate increases. In the east of the continent, the isotherm again rises to the north, as the warm Kuroshio and North Pacific currents pass in the east.

19. In what climatic zones is Eurasia located? Why?
Eurasia is located in the Arctic, subarctic, temperate, subtropical, tropical, subequatorial, and equatorial climate zones. This is explained by its significant length from north to south.

20. Fill out the table.

21. In which climate zone of Eurasia are there especially many climatic regions? What is the reason for this diversity?
In the temperate zone. This is explained by its significant length from west to east.

22. To which climatic zones do the climatograms given in the textbook belong?

23. Using the text of the textbook and the climate map of Eurasia in the atlas, compose a description of the climate of the Apennine Peninsula and the Korean Peninsula. Fill the table.

Conclusion: The climate of these peninsulas differs in its characteristics, since the Apennine Peninsula is characterized by a subtropical and temperate type of climate, and the Korean Peninsula is characterized by a moderate monsoon climate.

24. Using the climate map of Eurasia in the atlas, make a description of the climate of the Hindustan Peninsula and the Arabian Peninsula. Fill the table.

25. Which continental areas have the most favorable climate for human life? Why?
The most favorable climate is one with moderate temperatures in summer and low temperatures in winter with sufficient precipitation. Such territories are Western and Central Europe.

26. The climate of which areas of Eurasia would change if the height of the Himalayas were no more than 1000 m?
The climate of both South Asia and Central Asia would change. The wet summer monsoon would penetrate further inland, and the winter monsoon would bring drier, colder air to South Asia.

27. Which ocean basins include most of the territory of Eurasia?
The Arctic Ocean.

28. In what months do the rivers of Southern Europe flood? Why?
The rivers of Southern Europe flood during the winter months. The reason for this is that this territory lies in a subtropical climate zone of the Mediterranean type. And in winter, this part of Europe is under the influence of a tropical air mass, which is dry and warm.

29. What is the similarity of the regime of the rivers of Eurasia belonging to the basins of the Pacific and Indian oceans?
The rivers of the Pacific and Indian Ocean basins are similar in that the main source of their nutrition is monsoon rains. High water on these rivers occurs in the summer.

30. The rivers of which areas of Eurasia do not freeze? Give examples.
Rivers that lie in the equatorial, subequatorial, tropical and subtropical climate zones do not freeze. These include: rivers of South Asia (Indus, Ganges), Southeast Asia (Yangtze, Yellow River), Southern Europe (Po).

31. What is the role of inland waters of Eurasia in the life of the population?
The importance of inland waters for the life of the population is very great.
1. A source of fresh water for a large part of the population.
2. Large transport routes.
3. Source of cheap electricity.
4. Fishing.
5. Tourism object.

32. Which rivers of Eurasia bring a lot of trouble to people living along their banks? Why do these disasters happen? How do people prevent them?
Natural disasters associated with rivers include floods, congestion, and erosion of banks. These rivers include the rivers of Western Siberia and mountain rivers of the temperate zone. The reason is climate change and human economic activity. People are fighting these phenomena: they plant forests along the banks, blow up traffic jams, and build dams.

33. On the map of natural zones of Eurasia in the atlas, determine which zone occupies:
a) the largest area is taiga.
b) the smallest area - equatorial forests, arctic deserts.

34. Explain the features of the location of natural areas of the continent:
In the north of the continent, natural zones stretch in a continuous strip. To the south of the taiga they change not only from north to south, but also from west to east. In the west and east of the continent there are zones of broad-leaved forests, and inside the continent there are zones of forest-steppes and steppes, semi-deserts and deserts. This location is explained by a decrease in precipitation from the outskirts of the continent and an increase in continentality towards the interior. In general, the natural zones of Eurasia are more diverse than on other continents of the globe.

35. Identify the similarities and differences in the alternation of natural zones of Eurasia and North America, located along the 40th parallel.
Similarities: in the eastern part of the continent of both continents there are natural zones of steppes and forest-steppes.
Differences: since Eurasia has a significant extent from west to east, the number of natural zones on it is greater. In North America it's 40°C. w. there are no deserts.

36. On which plains of Eurasia is the law of latitudinal zonation most clearly manifested?
The change in natural complexes along latitude is clearly visible on the East European Plain and West Siberian Plain.

37. Which natural areas of the continent are characterized by:
a) dwarf birch, lemming – tundra and forest-tundra
b) vanilla, teak and sal trees, elephant - savannah and woodland zone
c) myrtle, holm oak, wild rabbit - zone of evergreen hard-leaved forests and shrubs (Mediterranean)
d) feather grass, fescue, bustard - steppe zones
e) camphor laurel, camellia, magnolia, bamboo bear - zone of variable wet (including monsoon) forests.

38. Describe or draw the appearance of summer tundra, winter taiga, hard-leaved evergreen forests and Mediterranean-type shrubs (two zones to choose from).
Natural zone: Tundra is a natural zone in the north of the continent, which is characterized by a subarctic climate. Winters are very harsh and summers are slightly warmer. There are a lot of swamps. In warm weather, the tundra comes to life. A huge number of birds arrive: geese, geese, pink gulls, swans. A huge number of flowers are blooming, berries are ripening: lingonberries, blueberries, cranberries.
Eurasia - 7th grade, Dushina.

Natural zone: Taiga is a zone of temperate coniferous forests. Winter in this zone is quite cold and snowy. At this time, life in the taiga comes to a standstill. Small rodents hide under the snow. In severe frosts, some birds also hide in the snow: black grouse, wood grouse, hazel grouse. Some animals, however, are forced to hibernate for a long time. These include the brown bear and the common badger.
Eurasia - 7th grade, Dushina.

39. Give examples of the mountains of Eurasia, where the altitude zones are:
a) a lot: the Himalayas, Tien Shan, Caucasus, Pamir.
b) few: Ural, Scandinavian,
Explain the reasons for the differences:
1. There are many altitudinal zones, because these mountains have significant heights and are also located closer to the equator.
2. There are few belts, since these mountains are of insignificant height.

40. Compare the Karakum, Taklamakan, Rubel-Khali deserts. Fill the table.

Indicate the difference in the nature of these deserts and their reasons:
Rub al-Khali is the hottest desert because it is in a tropical desert type of climate.
Taklamakan is one of the harshest - an inland desert surrounded on all sides by mountains.

41. Indicate the largest and smallest peoples of Eurasia. Fill the table.

42. Indicate climatic zones and natural zones:
a) with the highest population density: temperate, subtropical, subequatorial.
Natural zones: steppe, forest-steppe, savannas, mixed and deciduous forests.
b) with the lowest population density: arctic, subarctic, tropical.
Natural areas: arctic deserts, tundra, tropical deserts

43. Name the five peoples of Eurasia who live:
a) on the plains: Poles, Danes, Germans, Moldovans, Belarusians
b) in the mountains: Nepalese, Kyrgyz, Tibetans, Pashtuns, Tajiks

44. What peoples of the mainland live in the zone:
a) taiga: Finns, Swedes, Norwegians, Evenks.
b) mixed and deciduous forests: Belarusians, Germans, Poles, Latvians, Estonians.
c) deserts: Arabs of the Arabian Peninsula, Uzbeks, Turkmens.
d) Savannah: Tamils, Sinhalese, Oraons, Veddas.
e) equatorial forests: Malays, Dayaks, Ibans.

45. Mark on the contour map on p. 90 the territories where the rural population is engaged in hunting, farming, nomadic and semi-nomadic livestock raising, and maritime fishing. Make up your own symbols.

46. Mark on the outline map on p. 90 the largest cities of the mainland, sign their names. Highlight capitals in font.

47. Make a “catalog” of Eurasian countries, grouping them according to various criteria. Determine the basis for grouping yourself. Present the result of your work in the table.

48. On the political map of Eurasia, determine which Eurasian countries have:
a) land borders with only one or two countries: Portugal, Monaco, San Marino, Vatican City, Ireland;
b) a large number of neighboring countries: Russia, Ukraine, China, Belarus, Austria, Switzerland, Germany, France.

49. In which countries are:
a) Bosphorus Strait - Türkiye;
b) Mount Chomolungma - Nepal, China
c) Dead Sea - Israel, Jordan;
d) Hekla volcano - Iceland;
e) Krakatoa volcano - Indonesia;
f) Lake Lop Nor - China;
g) Lake Geneva - Switzerland, France;
h) Elbe River – Czech Republic, Germany;
i) Yangtze River - China.

50. Show on a map the features of the economic activities of the Chinese population. Sign the major cities.

51. Using maps and other sources, make a description of one of the countries of foreign Europe or foreign Asia. Express it in a drawing, diagram, map; Use symbols instead of words.

52. Describe the geographical location of one of the cities in Europe and one of the cities in Asia. Fill the table.

53. Give an example of the influence of the natural environment on the type of housing, the material from which they are built, national clothing, food, customs and rituals of the peoples of Eurasia. Make a drawing.
Northern peoples live in the harsh conditions of the Arctic and subarctic climate zones. The main occupation of these peoples is fishing for sea animals and reindeer herding. Therefore, their homes are made from the skins of sea animals or reindeer. The main food products are the meat of these animals. Clothing in winter should protect from severe frosts, in summer - from midges and mosquitoes.
Among the northern peoples, blind (without a cut, worn over the head) clothing prevailed.
Eurasia - 7th grade, Dushina.

Another workbook

Africa

1. Which of the travelers explored the following territories of Africa (place the numbers):

North Africa..1. D Livingston
Central Africa2. V.V. Juncker
East Africa3. E.P. Kovalevsky
South Africa..4. A.V. Eliseev
5. N.I. Vavilov

2. Using the physical map of Africa in the atlas, determine which objects the following heights belong to: 4165 m; 5895m; 4620m; 5199m..; 2918m..

3 Establish the patterns of distribution of sedimentary and igneous minerals on the continent. Fill the table.

Minerals
Rock group by origin
Mainland area

Oil
Sedimentary
Coast of the Gulf of Guinea.

4. Using the climate map of Africa, determine:
a) the hottest
b) the coldest
c) the driest
d) the wettest place on the continent

5. Using the climate map of Africa in the atlas, describe the climate of the following points.

Paragraph
Average t
Amplitude
t
Average annual precipitation
Precipitation regime
Air masses
Climate type

January
July

summer
winter

Debunja

6. Fill out the table using the textbook text and atlas maps.

Lake name
Origin of the basin
Features of nature

Victoria

Tanganyika

7. Which natural areas are characterized by:
a) baobab, antelope, doum palm, marabou, cheetah.

b) oil palm, yellow tree, ficus, okapi

c) spurge, aloe, turtle, hyena, jackal

8. Identify the natural area by description:

“The color of the African seasons is the same all year round - green. Only in one period the green color is pure and bright, and in another it is faded, as if faded. In the dry season, the earth turns into stone, the grass into sponge, the trees crack from lack of sap. And the very first rain brings nature back to life. Having greedily drunk water, the earth swells with moisture and generously gives it to trees, grasses and flowers. They drink and drink and cannot get drunk. Almost every day the rain either lashes with a powerful stream, or sprinkles with fine water dust. The air temperature drops, local residents shrug their shoulders chillily and complain: “It’s cold!” When the thermometer shows 18-20 degrees, some Africans believe that “frost” has arrived. They put on all the clothes they have, tie scarves around their heads, light fires in the streets, just to stop the trembling.” (L. Pochivalov).

9. Explain the reason for the low soil fertility of the equatorial forest:

10. On the diagram, use arrows to show the connections in the natural complex of tropical deserts.

13 SHAPE \* MERGEFORMAT 1415

11. In what natural areas in Africa are the most national parks and reserves created? Why?

12. Population of Africa million people

13. What peoples of Africa live:
a) in deserts
b) in savannas
c) in equatorial forests
d) on highlands and plateaus

14. In which countries are:
a) Zaire River
b) Cameroon volcano
c) Victoria Falls
d) Lake Tana
e) Kilimanjaro volcano
e) Cape Mountains
g) the largest reservoir
h) Nile Delta

15. Give three examples for each group of countries:

The largest countries by area...

The smallest countries in terms of area.

Landlocked countries...

The largest countries by population are

Countries, most of which lie in deserts...

Countries, most of which lie in equatorial forests,...

Countries in whose territory the altitudinal zone is expressed -..

16. Reveal the dependence of the nature of the dwellings of one of the peoples of Africa on natural conditions. You can make drawings.

Dry tropical climate

There is practically no soil

Vegetation cover is sparse

Lots of reptiles