Educational materials related to this teacher. Obolensky Valerian Valerianovich Valerian Obolensky

Biography

The future poet was born in the village of Kshen, Timsky district, Kursk province (now Sovetsky district, Kursk region) in the family of a landowner. The Borodaevsky family has been known for a long time. He is listed in genealogical books as an ancient Russian noble family. Valerian's grandfather Osip Osipovich was a hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, his father Valerian Osipovich was the director of the Kursk men's gymnasium, a member of the Timsk district zemstvo assembly, his uncle Sergei Osipovich was an artist. Valerian had four brothers. All of them chose the military path and successfully advanced along it.

Valerian graduated from the Kursk Real School, then in St. Petersburg (he studied in 1894-1900). He worked in the mines of Donbass, then as a factory inspector in Pabianice (now Poland) and in Samara.

In Samara, Borodaevsky met the writer Alexei Tolstoy, after which he decided to devote his life to literature.

In 1905, Borodaevsky married in Moscow a girl from a neighboring estate, a class lady from the Elisabeth Gymnasium, Margarita Andreevna Knyazeva. She played an important role in her husband’s fate, completely sharing his views.

At the end of 1908, Borodaevsky left engineering and settled on the Petropavlovka estate in the Timsky district of the Kursk province (now a village in the Sovetsky district of the Kursk region).

Soon Borodaevsky left for St. Petersburg. There, in 1909, he published at his own expense a collection of poems, “Passionate Candles.” In the capital of the Russian Empire, Borodaevsky met the poet Vyacheslav Ivanov, with whom his friendship lasted for many years. In the same 1909, Vyacheslav Ivanov, in his own publishing house “Ory”, with his preface, published Borodaevsky’s collection “Poems. Elegies. Odes. Idylls." Borodaevsky entered the circle of St. Petersburg poets, often visited the famous “tower” of Ivanov, where he met Anna Akhmatova, Nikolai Gumilyov, Andrei Bely, Fyodor Sologub, Alexander Blok and other poets.

In 1912-1914, Borodaevsky lived either in St. Petersburg or in Petropavlovka (Vyacheslav Ivanov and Yuri Verkhovsky visited his estate), then abroad - in Italy, Germany. Abroad, the poet met with the anthroposophist Rudolf Steiner and, apparently, accepted some of his views. It is possible that in the future, Steiner’s teachings negatively influenced Borodaevsky’s character: in the last years of his life, especially under Soviet rule, he became withdrawn and uncommunicative.

In 1914, the Moscow publishing house "Musaget" published a book of Borodaevsky's poems, "The Solitary Valley." In this collection, as Sergei Gorodetsky puts it, the poet “fights the school that created him - symbolism - and overcomes it.”

In 1917, the poet developed vigorous political activity in Kursk, welcoming the February Revolution. But gradually his ardor fades away: the poet’s soul does not accept the new government. The same was his reaction to the October Revolution, after which he left for Kyiv, where he worked as an official in various institutions. In April 1919, Borodaevsky returned to Kursk and from mid-May he got a job as an engineer in the transport and material department of the Kursk Economic Council. The poet worked in various areas of the national economy and even in May - June 1920 he was a clerk in the 2nd typhus hospital, since rations were provided there.

Borodaevsky took part in the work of the Union of Poets, which was created in Kursk in March 1920. Valerian Valerianovich studied versification techniques there with young poets. Poetry evenings with their participation took place; they were published in local magazines “People's Education” and “Culture and Art”. Valery Bryusov spoke positively about the Kursk Union of Poets. In 1921, Borodaevsky performed in Kursk at an evening dedicated to the memory of Alexander Blok. In 1980, this speech was published by the Moscow almanac “Poetry Day”.

A serious mental illness complicated the poet’s last years. Valerian Borodaevsky died in Kursk. He was buried at the Nikitsky cemetery. Later, an urn containing the ashes of his wife was moved there.

The poet’s grandson, Doctor of Economic Sciences Andrei Dmitrievich Borodaevsky, lives in Moscow.

In 2006, the publishing house of Kursk State University published a book by Kursk local historian, candidate of historical sciences Yuri Bugrov, “To a Secluded Valley,” which tells about the life and work of Valerian Borodaevsky. A collection of Borodaevsky's surviving poems was published in 2011 in Moscow.

Creation

Borodaevsky's work belongs to the neoclassical movement that developed within the framework of symbolism in the era of its crisis and collapse, when the pathos of innovation was replaced by the pathos of continuity. The poet often turned to philosophical and religious quests. In his post-October poems, he combined elements of Acmeist figurativeness—“thingness”—with symbolic vagueness and polysemy.

The poems from the series “Behind Bars,” written by Borodaevsky in the early 1920s, are so devoid of signs of time that it is sometimes not clear what kind of life they are talking about: Soviet or pre-revolutionary. Some of Borodaevsky's philosophical articles have been preserved in manuscripts.

Bibliography

Front page: Borodaevsky Valerian. Poems: Elegies. Odes. Idylls. St. Petersburg: Ory, 1909.

1. Passionate Candles: Stanzas. SPb.: Type. “Pech. art", 1909. - 72 p. - 100 copies.
2. Poems: Elegies. Odes. Idylls / Preface Vyach. Ivanova. St. Petersburg: Ory, 1909. - 87 p. - 500 copies.
3. The Lonely Valley: The Second Book of Poems. M.: Musaget, 1914. - 144 p. - 500 copies. - Renamed upon exit. Originally called: In the bosom of the native land. With an engraving on the cover by V. Favorsky.
4. Staff in Bloom: Collected Poems / Comp., prepared. text and notes A. D. Borodayevsky, Yu. A. Bugrov, I. P. Mikhailova, V. A. Rezvoy; Afterword E. V. Glukhova. M.: Aquarius, 2011. - 400 p.

Literature

• Bugrov Yu. Singer of the Kursk region // Literary Russia. - 1983. - October 28.
• Gelperin Yu. M. Borodaevsky Valerian Valerianovich // Russian writers, 1800-1917: Biographical dictionary. - T. 1. - M., 1989. - P. 314-315.
• Petrusenko N.V. V.V. Borodaevsky - poet of symbolism // New historical bulletin. - 2001. - No. 3(5).
• Ryzhkov Pavel. The grave of the poet Valerian Borodaevsky is in desolation // Kursk Bulletin. - 2003. - No. 37. - May 16.
• Zubets Irina. Left the voice of a generation // Literary Russia. - 2007. - No. 52. - December 28.
• Bugrov Yu. A. To a lonely valley. The life and work of the poet Valerian Borodaevsky. - Kursk: Kursk State University, 2006. - 97 p.

Links

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

• Borodaevsky
• Borodaevsky, Sergey

See what “Borodayevsky, Valerian Valerianovich” is in other dictionaries:

Borodaevsky, Valerian Valerianovich- Borodaevsky Valerian Valerianovich (1875–1923) was a mining engineer (hence “oh, smart wheels!”), then a landowner, died in Soviet service in Kursk. His poems, heavy and intense, were guided by the tradition of the philosophical lyrics of F. Tyutchev and... ... Russian poets of the Silver Age

Borodaevsky Valerian Valerianovich

BORODAEVSKY Valerian Valerianovich- Valerian Valerianovich (12/12/1874 (according to other sources, 01/1/1875), village of Kshen Timsky district, Kursk province. 05/16/1923, Kursk), poet. From the nobility, he studied at the Kursk Real School, in 1894-1900. at the Mining Institute in St. Petersburg. After graduation I worked... Orthodox Encyclopedia

Valerian Valerianovich Borodaevsky- (December 12(24), 1874, according to other sources January 1(13), 1875 May 16, 1923) Russian poet. Contents 1 Biography 2 Creativity 3 Lifetime publications ... Wikipedia

Borodaevsky Valerian- Valerian Valerianovich Borodaevsky (December 12 (24), 1874, according to other sources January 1 (13), 1875 May 16, 1923) Russian poet. Contents 1 Biography 2 Creativity 3 Lifetime publications ... Wikipedia

Borodaevsky- Borodaevsky, Valerian Valerianovich poet. Borodaevsky, Sergei Vasilievich economist. Borodaevsky, Sergei Osipovich artist. See also Borodaevsky noble family ... Wikipedia

Valerian Borodaevsky- Valerian Valerianovich Borodaevsky (December 12 (24), 1874, according to other sources January 1 (13), 1875 May 16, 1923) Russian poet. Contents 1 Biography 2 Creativity 3 Lifetime publications ... Wikipedia

I strongly welcome you. Pavel, good afternoon. Good afternoon, Dmitry Yurievich. What do you have? We move on to the moment of the formation of “Narodnaya Volya” directly. And today, I hope, we will devote the main story to the explosion that they caused in Moscow. I would like to remind you that I still try to build my narrative around certain geographical points, mainly in St. Petersburg and Moscow. So I will briefly talk about everything else. As I said, a lot and often, in previous issues... By the way, if we are watched by residents of Moscow who live near the metro station “Rimskaya” or “Ilyich Square”, then you will be surprised that literally not far from you the Tsar’s train. Then these were the outskirts of Moscow. Can you imagine, this is a stone's throw from the Third Transport. That is, this is now quite a comfortable zone. Almost the center. By Moscow standards, yes. Accordingly, a split was emerging in the Land and Freedom party. This led to the fact that... Well, that is, I talked about Morozov’s assassination attempt when Alexander II was running from him. Even then, in fact, they almost threw themselves at each other with pistols. I talked about how they met. And, in general, it was clear that something had to be done about it. The issue needs to be resolved. An All-Russian congress was announced, which they decided to hold in the city of Voronezh. But before coming to this congress, some of the Zemlya Volya members agreed to meet in Lipetsk in order to make a preliminary agreement and come there already prepared. What was the point of meeting in Lipetsk and not in Moscow? Conspiracy? Naturally. There was even such a play written at the beginning of the 20th century, “Lipetsk Waters”. It was such a resort. I didn't even hear it. Well, you can imagine. Do you have it now? Unfortunately, I was not in Lipetsk. In general, I apologize to the viewers from the city of Lipetsk and a number of other cities. Russia is a vast country, and it’s as if you won’t know everything. You see, we also have Polustrovo water. Good. I haven't seen it lately, by the way. Polustrovo, these are mineral springs. In theory, there could also be our resorts. We have mineral springs, for example, in the resort itself, in Sestroretsk I go. There is the only swimming pool with mineral water in our area. And the mineral water itself flows from the taps. I'll go there next week. With a sudden check. Here. This is a fairytale. This is one of the delights of living in this resort area. But that's not the point. It was a resort. Why is it important? A large number of people came there. Accordingly, it was possible to meet unnoticed. Gathered around the source with glasses of mineral water. Or how Peter I taught people to drink mineral water. Nobody wanted to drink this stinking liquid. Therefore, he first offered a glass of vodka to everyone who drank a glass of mineral water. And then the number of applicants increased significantly. These were the health procedures at that time. Why were they going there? Firstly, it was necessary, in principle, to understand who these people were and what they were ready for. Develop some kind of at least conditional, preliminary program so that when you meet with all members of the “Land and Freedom” party, you can make a ready decision and say: “Let’s do this.” Because there was a certain balance, a monetary balance. There were finances in pariah, there was technical support. Printing houses and more. There were connections. There was some kind of farming. They wrote about this, but in passing. It was actually important. Accordingly, such Mikhail Frolenko went south. And here, you know, “Ocean’s 11”, the classic scheme of the American action movie. When several people are about to rob a bank. And the man assembles a team. Absolutely the same story happened here. For example, this Mikhail Frolenko went south. And here it is very interesting to say that both Perovskaya and Zhelyabov were in the south. He did not go to Perovskaya. He did not go because he knew her as a sworn populist who would never engage in terrorist activities in her life. It's 1879. There is nothing left before the assassination of Alexander II; in 1881 he was killed. That is, you can imagine how people's views have evolved quite quickly. He came to Zhelyabov. People have quite strong beliefs. Not just persistent, I would say, reinforced concrete convictions. And this is a very important point. Because “Narodnaya Volya” is such a cornerstone in our revolutionary history. Again, I say this again because we will see from the example of Savinkov how beliefs can change a little in the course of terrorist activity. He did not go to Perovskaya. He went, accordingly, to Zhelyabov. He, so to speak, recruited Zhelyabov. And after that he stopped by... This wonderful book describes how he stopped by Barannikov and Olovennikova. Barannikov, this is one of the participants in the murder of the chief of gendarmes Mezentsov, and this is one of those who received Alexander Solovyov. They settled in the village with this Olovennikova and lived such a life... Well, that is, he could no longer live under his last name, he had documents under the name Koshurnikov. And according to these documents, he was a seminarian who was expelled from his second year. In general, things didn’t work out with the neighbors somehow. He tried to hunt, but some local character told him: “Now is not the time for hunting, so you can pass for a poacher.” He first turned to Barannikov, and then in the evening they met his wife for tea. And like this: “Olovennikova listened as if spellbound. This future was so tempting that Maria Nikolaevna could not imagine it without her participation. Enough, enough! Good things come in small packages! Frolenko realized that she would be in Lipetsk with her husband.” On the way back, Frolenko stopped in the city of Orel. And at the same time the king arrived there. Well, that is, passing through. But Frolenko had nothing with him, not even a revolver. Therefore... But there was an opportunity. A few words about who Mikhail Frolenko was. At one time, he managed to arrange an escape for three people from a Kyiv prison. How did he do it? He first got a job there as a security guard. Naturally, at first he was not allowed to see political figures; he guarded criminals. He was simply a brutal Cerberus. He was the most hated guard. Thus, he achieved... Professional growth. Yes. And he was transferred directly to the political ones. Accordingly, he took out two soldier suits. Stefanovich, Bokhanovsky and, in my opinion, the third one there was Deitch fled. He took out these two suits. I brought it to them. And the funny thing is that when he led them at night, one of these comrades caught him on something, and a siren sounded. Frolenko was not taken aback, he told another guard that he was the one who caught it. It's nerves. It's not just nerves. These are some kind of veins. Moreover, he changed clothes for two of them, but Deitch had nothing to change into. That is, he walked in prison uniform like that. Accordingly, they penetrated outside the prison. Yes, there was a signal rope there. For the signal rope. Prison stretch. Moreover. New trouble after this. I lost the fugitives in the darkness. That is, they went out into some room, he lost them. Rams. But in the end he pulled himself together, he found them. And when they reached the exit, it turned out that these two were in soldier’s clothes, as if they were escorting a third. Accordingly, they went to the Dnieper. There Valerian Osinsky was waiting for them on a boat and they sailed away. Here, please, is a specific story of how this could be accomplished. And having notified this certain company, they went to Lipetsk. In this book there is... What is this picture? This is from this book, amazing picture. Plan where they were meeting. Very conditional of course. There is a forest and sand. They always tried to gather in the fishing line. They disguised themselves as a group of young people going to the forest for a picnic. They hired several cabs and went there singing and dancing. Moreover, a characteristic episode occurred there, which many recalled. We started talking about strength and so on. And Zhelyabov, jumping off his carriage when the second one was moving, grabbed it by the rear axle and braked. And with both hands he slightly lifted this cart with the people sitting on it. The skin on his hands was even a little cracked. This, of course, impressed everyone. It must be said that many people did not know Zhelyabov at that time. That is, these were people who gathered, some knew someone, and some were relatively new. It already had a certain reputation because the revolutionary environment is such a subculture. News travels quite quickly there. Moreover, Zhelyabov was immediately elected secretary there, which says a lot. That is, he immediately showed himself in such a way that they understood... That is, it was necessary to regulate because everyone came to express their opinion. When everyone starts expressing an opinion, some kind of moderator is always needed. Round table - a moderator is needed. “And now the floor is passed to Dmitry Puchkov.” Zhelyabov was immediately chosen as such. And after that, accordingly, they sat there for a long time. When they got out, the cab drivers had already spat on them and drove away. Because how long can you wait? They walked. And after that, when they more or less agreed, they went to Voronezh. It must be said that among their program guidelines was, for example, that: “The property of private individuals or societies that do not take part in the government’s fight against us will be inviolable for us.” This is an interesting point, very important. And one more thing I would like to draw your attention to. Point 9 is the “Preliminary Program”: “To manage current practical affairs, an administrative commission of 3 people and 2 candidates for it is selected in the event of the arrest of any of the three before the new general congress. The commission must only strictly implement the resolutions of the congresses. Without deviating from the program and charter.” That is, there was no actual leader in the party. There was an executive committee, and there was this administrative commission of 3 people. That is, everything was accepted collectively. This is truly a unique situation. We know very well that for the process to proceed, someone must lead. But here people sang so competently. They knew how, on the one hand, to suppress their ambitions so much, and on the other hand, to very competently accumulate their energy into the right thing, that this is how they succeeded. The executive committee was a kind of living organism. That is, Vladimir Ilyich is the leader of the Bolshevik Party. Who was the leader of the Narodnaya Volya party? There was no such thing. There were leading representatives. Zhelyabov, Perovskaya, ideologist Tikhomirov, Kibalchich a technician, Morozov another theorist. And so on. But it is impossible to name just one person, boss, director, president, etc. This is a telling moment. And they came to Voronezh. Here is their place for the Voronezh Congress, also this is the diagram. In fact, I was in the city of Voronezh. Unfortunately, I was there for a very short time. I didn’t have enough time to get there, there is a memorial sign where they gathered. Naturally, now it is already within the city limits of Voronezh, but then it was in the outskirts. And there... I was also in Voronezh, but I only visited the grave of Yuri Khoy from the Gaza Strip group. I didn’t get to Yuri Khoy’s grave. We were very lucky with our guide there. She told us about this meat grinder during World War II. Just before this I went to Rzhev. There I found out about the Rzhev meat grinder. And I didn’t know anything about Voronezh, what was happening there. The most interesting thing I learned there, I’ll tell you in a nutshell. It turns out that the Hungarians were stationed there, and when Voronezh was taken back, there was an order not to take the Hungarians alive as prisoners. When the Germans took over, they said: “Just wait, the Hungarians will come and you too...” What is this connected with? I don't want to repeat completely terrible things. This is the situation. The Spaniards who stood near Leningrad were, on the contrary, such good-natured people. But the Hungarians were fierce there. And a very logical thought was expressed at this congress by Popov, who in the same way opposed Solovyov’s assassination attempt on Alexander II: “It is easy to reduce all the activities of our organization to political struggle, but it will hardly be equally easy to indicate the limit beyond which socialists are not allowed to go.” This is a seemingly lying thought that is completely on the surface. What is it expressed in? So, we set ourselves the goal of killing Alexander II, for example. We killed him, and then what? Well, that’s it, they killed and killed. We won't kill anyone anymore. But appetite comes with eating. We will see further that when Alexander II was killed, it was clear to those Narodnaya Volya members who remained free that something had to be done further. Somebody else. Someone else needs to be killed. And then, using the example of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, we will see that when Azef was exposed, it was necessary to undertake some kind of central terrorist act in order to rehabilitate the honor and conscience of the party. But people, as usual, have fire in their eyes and pain in their butts. And it was precisely at this Voronezh congress that Zhelyabov not only got along, but began to communicate closely with Sofia Perovskaya. He tried to convince her to join the terrorists. Well, we call them terrorists now. And then they were called differently. How? They were called the administration. Such a name, it flashes in my memories. They rode with him on a boat. And he complained that nothing could be done with this woman. This is a phrase that is also known in memoirs. Nevertheless, this Voronezh congress took place. He led to the fact that it became clear to everyone that a split was planned, but no final decision was made there. Camps have been identified. When they returned to St. Petersburg and settled in Lesnoy, it became clear that together... They decided: “Yes, we are separating. We still have some common...Money and so on.” But when they returned, it turned out that this was impossible in practice. As a result, the inheritance was divided. And it must be said that this newly formed party “People's Will” received the lion's share of all this. And printing equipment. And most importantly, the so-called “heavenly office” is the entire archive of fake stamps, forms, passports, etc. I recently took a tour here in the former Leshtukov Lane, now Dzhambul Lane. We will talk about this apartment separately. She's iconic. It is significant because it was there, in house number 15, on this Leshtukov Lane, that a meeting took place, where the name of the party was chosen. This happened through secret voting, everyone wrote their options, threw them in and pulled them out. The name of the party “People's Will” was considered the most successful. Accordingly, when this party was formed, Perovskaya eventually joined it. Not only Perovskaya, a number of other people. And they outlined an assassination plan. The assassination plan was to blow up the royal train. They planned to blow up the Tsar's train on the Tsar's way from Crimea. As a rule, the Emperor traveled from Crimea in two ways. The most common route was to travel by steamship to Odessa, and then by steam locomotive to Moscow. The first explosion was supposed to be prepared in Odessa. If I'm not confusing anything, Vera Figner just went there. The second path was supposed to be near the city of Aleksandrovsk. That’s where Zhelyabov went with Anna Yakimova. Everything always happened according to the same pattern. Some supposedly married couple comes and organizes something. What was the city of Alexandrovsk like at that time? How can I put it mildly, the booty of the world. That is, this is such a backwater. Naturally, when Zhelyabov arrived there... And he played a prank on such a rich merchant. He took a cab and on the way said: “Do you have any kind of production here?” - “What a production.” - “But I want to build a tannery.” The City Duma naturally perked up. Because it's always good when something like this appears. Jobs, money. Yes. This book even contains the official petition that he submitted: “I wish to establish a tannery in the city of Aleksandrovsk. Rawhide, tanning and other leather production. I have the honor to ask the city government, first, to allow me to set up the above-mentioned plant. Second. Allocate for this purpose one thousand two hundred square fathoms near the fortress on the terms of sale with continued lease. Timofey Cheremisov.” Timofey Cheremisov, this is the name under which Zhelyabov performed. But he asked for a site that was not very good from the point of view of the City Duma, right next to the railway track: “The public flattered themselves with the hope that the Lozovo-Sevastopol road would be expanded. Another line will be pulled up and the railway will be laid in the place that Cheremisov claims. But the land belongs to the city, it can be sold at a profit.” We decided to allocate another area, across the road, near the village of Voznesenki. In general, they settled in there, fenced everything off and started digging. How they did the digging, I will now tell you in detail about Moscow history. Because this is not the main topic of our story today. But the point is that everything was fine with them, they dug this hole. Not a pit, a tunnel, to be more precise. And when the train started, Zhelyabov had to close the wires. You say “set it on fire” when we start, but he said “fry it.” Accordingly, the mine did not work. Why it didn't work is still unknown. There are different versions. Some say that Zhelyabov mixed up the wires. Others say that there is something else, some reasons. But overall, it didn't work. What was it? What are they doing there, dynamite, gunpowder? It was a special dynamite, which was already then... In general, it must be said that before this Zhelyabov was still in Simferopol, they went to test it. In general, the problem of explosives was relevant. They are not sold in fruit shops. For example, they went to test shells that were ignited from a fuse, and it turned out that they could throw a brick with the same success. Because it will explode when this cord burns out. You need to throw 8-10 of these things at once. This is unrealistic. Therefore, it was necessary to develop our own special system. This is exactly what Kibalchich did. We'll talk about this later. Taking advantage of this opportunity, at one time a professional sapper came to visit me on excursions. I roughly know the structure of these mines, and he planned to make a model, realistically, of how it all happened. And, perhaps, when we talk about the assassination of Alexander II, I will ask him. I take this opportunity to ask him that he will probably watch this episode. I’ll invite him, he’ll make this mock-up and tell it clearly from his professional sapper point of view. Because the design of these projectiles was ingenious. Accordingly... That is, Kibalchich not only developed rocket engines. Yes. Not only and not so much actually. Today we will talk about one person who actually participated in Hartmann’s escape. Hartmann is the character we are now moving on to. This will be our main story. Yochelson, he actually later became a famous ethnographer. He received a gold medal from the Russian Imperial Geographical Society. That is, again, we are faced with this eternal problem that the people were worthy, each talented in some area. Zhelyabov would have made some kind of statesman. Now, maybe they will throw hats at me, but realistically, perhaps, at the level of Stolypin. Kibalchich is a herald of cosmic stories, but in the end he does this. This is the tragedy of our history, unfortunately. And, accordingly, all hope was in Moscow. In Moscow, Sofya Perovskaya is with Lev Hartmann, they... Sorry, I’ll interrupt a little more. What about digging a tunnel? I'll tell you now. Everything is described in detail. By the way, some viewers believe that there are not so many of them, but, nevertheless, it is easier to listen to a professional historian or read a book. Please. But today I will tell you what is not written in any book. I specifically printed out articles from the New York Times newspaper of that time. Because we will talk about a unique story. How the West did not extradite the terrorist who attempted the life of the Russian Sovereign, what was the reason for this, and so on. This point is in line with my project “Russia: Someone else’s View”, due to the media hype I managed to defend this person. I would like to make some remarks. If you want to watch historians who dig at full bayonet, watch. Nobody interferes. This event of ours has other goals: to present what and how in a popular form. I want to dig further - no one bothers me. On the contrary, we only call for this. It's just a matter of presenting the format. Some people like a different presentation, a different format. Yes please. We have the Internet, it is the most democratic resource. No matter what anyone says. Everything's there. Please search. I’m already silent about literature. So, Sofya Perovskaya and this Lev Hartmann, as husband and wife, bought a house. Yes, by the way, I want to draw your attention. The fact is that they bought these plots, houses... There was money. There was money, and quite a lot of money in fact. Because this house near Moscow, somewhere here was... In my opinion, around three thousand rubles. I recently read a book about our famous scientist Pavlov. At first, due to poverty, he received a student scholarship of 150 rubles a year. And then, for good success, he was awarded an imperial scholarship of 300 rubles a year. It was already possible to live decently on it. They bought the house for three thousand rubles. In fact, this is quite a decent amount of money, which suggests that they had it. Accordingly, Perovskaya was under the name of Marina Semenovna Sukhorukova, the wife of this Sukhorukov himself. Here I would like... You remember this Mr. Kravchinsky, our great writer, “Andrei Kozhukhov” novel. Here he will be very on topic with his high flight. This is how he described it in his memoirs: “On one of the outskirts of the first-throne Russian capital, where this semi-Asian city is not inferior in size to ancient Babylon or Nineveh.” Nineveh, there was such a city in Assyria. There was also a temple of the goddess Ishtar. “Finally defeated by space, it merges with the vegetable gardens, orchards and vacant lots that surround Moscow on all sides - in this almost rural part of the city stands, or at least once stood, a dilapidated one-story house with a mezzanine, blackened by time and dilapidated . However, although we are in the capital, this wretched abode is not striking in contrast with the surrounding buildings.” Indeed, in fact, I brought one book, I want to show you a panorama of Moscow, 1896. Look, this is the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. That is, this is the center. Apparently, this photograph was taken from the Sparrow Hills. No stadium, nothing. Nothing at all. Although this is now one of the “most criminal” parts of the capital. There are actually some barracks here. Accordingly, they bought this house there. For two thousand three hundred. The fact is that this house belonged to the peasant woman Tikhomirova, who mortgaged the house to the tradesman Kononov. Pawned, in the sense of a mortgage. When the deadline for laying the book arrived, Kononov suggested that Tikhomirova sell the house. This same Sukhorukov, Lev Hartmann, arrived and bought it not for two thousand, but for two three hundred. The purchase was notarized on September 13, 1879. The task was that they had to pretend to be some kind of married couple, which they did with success. Moreover, Perovskaya played the merchant’s wife. With a “cursive” speech. This is important, I’ll tell you about one episode later. And several more people gathered there and began digging a tunnel. How did they dig the tunnel? This is all described in great detail. The gallery was next, it was like a prism. The height of this prism is 18 inches, the sides are 28 inches, the base is 22 inches. I mean, this is what she looked like. Vershok, this is about 0.044 meters. A small opening like this. How they did it further. They first dug with a small English shovel and made a rough excavation. And with a garden scoop, used for finishing holes and representing a cylinder cut in height, like our housewives usually do, called a “scoop,” they gave greater regularity to the sides. On the day, when working from 7 a.m. to 9 p.m., they managed to dig from two to three arshins. Arshin, this is about 7 meters. They dug out about one and a half to two meters in one day. Alexander Mikhailov, nicknamed Dvornik, remembers, I think, next time I’ll tell you more about him: “The work inside was tiring and difficult due to the awkward position of the body, lack of air and dampness of the soil, and for greater freedom of movement it was necessary to be there in only two shirts , while work began only after October 1, and the cold dampness made itself felt.” Imagine this situation. I can't wrap my head around this. Damp earth. They, of course, somehow propped it all up with boards. You climb up there wearing two shirts. It's October. You're digging it all up. Next was the task of removing the soil. This was the most difficult topic because they either pulled this earth on matting or on a metal sheet. It was extremely difficult, they tried to improve this process, they made gates. In old engravings showing the installation of columns for St. Isaac's Cathedral, this is a cross that is pulled like this. Ship's capstan. Yes. After this earth was taken out, it was first dumped in the back room, and then at night, when no one was looking, it was scattered around the yard. Uniform layer. That was the technology. Well, I want to point out that no one was following them. Otherwise they would have seen everything at once. Yes. Naturally, no one was watching them. This is, firstly. Secondly, there was an amazing conspiracy established. Because in appearance it was just a house near the railroad tracks. Moreover... How many meters did they have to dig? Approximately. Listen, it was said somewhere here how much they... They first dug 15 fathoms. A fathom is two and a half meters. That is, they have already dug 30 meters. And, moreover, when it was already 30 meters, they tried to use this gate. Moreover, you can imagine that it’s a 30-meter stretch. There are no rails, no trolleys. And then they began to approach directly to the railway track. And imagine, you are lying, digging and a train is moving. This is all shaking, making noise, buzzing. In fact, Alexander Mikhailov recalled that having climbed into this tunnel, he looked into the eyes of death for the first time and was not afraid. Well, I can believe him because I probably would have shit my pants there. They put you in a pressure chamber, they did it to me a couple of times, I specially close my eyes and don’t open them, so as not to imagine anything. Because if you don’t let your thoughts go in the right direction, some things begin to seem to you. They say that in India there is a technique of burying someone alive in a coffin for a while. We also practice at business trainings. You might go crazy. They say it helps a lot. I literally saw these trainings in my grave. I don't know why this is being done. Well, that is, if you also take into account that they are not miners, how to install these supports so that it doesn’t collapse on you. And this is not a rock where you drilled a drift and everything is fine, but everything crumbles. And the locomotive knocks and falls from the ceiling. Scary. Yes. A characteristic detail. The campaign, however, lived quite cohesively. People were minding their own business. In the evenings they dined with jokes and jokes. At the same time, everyone had a revolver. There was a jar of nitroglycerin in the corner. Not everyone, Perovskaya, had a revolver. If anything, she should have shot the can. To kill everyone? To kill everyone. And everyone knew it. This is how these people lived. Tough. How to deal with these? Man everything... There are ways. Yes, but at that time the tsarist government had no trace of these methods. They didn't understand who they were dealing with. They dealt with ideologically savvy, convinced people with a strong will. And we will speak frankly, with fairly firm principles. Which commanded respect, and still commands respect, from many researchers. Exactly about the members of Narodnaya Volya. Apparently, excuse me, I’ll interrupt, class society does not presuppose that the higher strata know what is happening in the lower strata. No one is interested in this. They lived like this for a thousand years, no one killed the kings. And they shouldn't kill anymore. And then they tried to deepen the mine gallery with an earth drill. It was about three inches in diameter. This is a fairly thick drill. And through the resulting hole, push the mine under the rail. A drill seven and a half arshins long was ordered. I wonder how they measured, with a rope at the bottom and a rope at the top? Arshin, that’s almost two meters. This drill was, it turns out, fifteen meters long. With inserted knees. “And he was put into action. To work with it, we climbed into the resulting crypt and, lying chest-deep in the water, drilled with our necks against the dam and our feet in the mud. The work was slow, inconvenient and... But I can’t find the words to describe it fully.” I readily believe that Mikhailov recalls all this: “The work with the drill lasted for a week. Despite the conditions, we drilled seven arshins.” When they realized that it was useless to dig further, they drilled with this drill and pushed a mine directly there. Well, that's probably the reason it didn't explode. No no. This is the third story. This mine exploded. It was not blown up in Aleksandrovsk. And so Zhelyabov sends a telegram from Simferopol addressed to Sukhorukov, November 17: “Moscow. Dog playground. Silantiev.” The Dog Playground is a place in the area of ​​modern Arbat, which no longer exists because the New Arbat was built there. And these high-rise buildings were built, which Muscovites call “Mishkin’s books.” It was Mikhail Posokhin who invented them. Accordingly, this dog park disappeared. Cinema “October”, House of Books. An excellent House of Books in Moscow, by the way. So. “Grandma was seen out in the morning, welcome. The price of wheat is 2 rubles, our price is 4.” That is, the royal train will be the second, and the carriage will be the fourth. While they were digging, at some point it began to snow. Accordingly, traces of the scattered earth began to be covered up. And at some point a thaw began. They go out and see that there is a recess above their gallery. But it filled with water. The next morning a water truck was supposed to pass along this road. And they sat and watched in horror that he was about to fall through there. Luckily for them, he didn't get through. There was also one more episode. A house nearby caught fire. What do you mean, a depression formed above this underground passage? Yes. A depression has formed. They installed the support poorly. Apparently. Well, they did it as best they could. So the house nearby caught fire. From what? Houses were burning from a ton of things. In general, whether Moscow, St. Petersburg, or other cities, they burned perfectly because everything was made of wood. The people came running and decided to break into the Sukhorukovs’ house to save them, take out all their belongings, and help. And Perovskaya understands that if they run in now, there’s this. There's a decent front one, and then there's just a shaft. A hole in the wall and this whole earth. She was not at a loss. That's how smart and resourceful people were. She grabbed the icon, jumped out to these people and said: “It’s God’s will, the fire won’t be enough for us!” That is, the people believed and did not go. And she has such a way of speaking. At some point, when they couldn’t get enough money, they decided to mortgage this house and began looking for a buyer. Moreover, a buyer was found. A certain merchant who came there when Perovskaya was alone. He came to look at the house, she couldn’t let him go any further. More precisely, she was not alone, but they were just digging. He came and she: “Oh, there’s something I can’t do, what are you talking about?” In general, she talked to him there and said: “I don’t have a husband, I can’t do anything without him.” The merchant left. And these, Hartmann and Mikhailov, holding their stomachs, laughing, played this role so masterfully. And, in general, the train started moving. They should have blown up and they did. Perovskaya gave the signal. Shiryaev had to close the wires. Because they received a telegram that “grandmother was sent,” that the royal train was in the second, fourth carriage. Accordingly, they missed the first train. There were always two trains. The Suite train, where all this junk was traveling, and all the servants. And, accordingly, the royal train. And they changed places. The royal train went first, and the suite went second. They blew up the suite's train. Accordingly, the report on this terrorist attack gives a very interesting detail that: “As a result, both locomotives came off the train unharmed. And having passed...” This is also an indicative moment. Both locomotives. You remember I talked about Koni and Witte. Witte said that it is impossible to run two locomotives, it is dangerous. Until that moment, they still traveled with two locomotives. The Svitsky train consisted of three luggage and four second-class passengers, two first-class passengers, a workshop and service cars. The mine exploded just as the first two baggage cars were passing. As a result, both locomotives broke away from the train unharmed and, having traveled 200 fathoms, stopped at the bridge over the Yauza. That is, the explosion occurred 200 fathoms from the bridge over the Yauza. There is now the Andronikov Monastery there. It's just not even one station from Kursky Station. It takes me 5, well, 10 minutes by bike from Kursky Station. Why didn't they mine the bridge? How do you mine a bridge? Why did they do the digging? It can be done unnoticed. But the bridge was still guarded. There was a special gendarmerie that dealt specifically with the protection of railways. They weren't idiots. If they could have mined the bridge, they would have mined the bridge. Naturally, they followed the path of least resistance. In this case, for the purpose of conspiracy and other things, they planted a mine, the mine was detonated. And what is the result? And here is the result, Prince Obolensky writes: “A baggage car with Crimean fruit was blown up. There were no human casualties.” But the carriage fell, it didn’t fall, what happened? They were just crushed. That’s exactly what happened to them: “There was marmalade left from two carriages of the entourage’s train.” That is, they were completely torn apart by these two cars. And the power of the charge, how much did they put in, what kind of explosive was it, in what quantity? It was such a cylinder, I’m not a sapper, so I won’t tell you the power. Considering that they smashed two carriages to smithereens, you can imagine. Did a funnel form? Certainly. Diameter? This data is not here. I will prepare data on the crater that formed after the royal train especially for you, this data is available. I have a special book where all the testimony is collected, everything is described in detail. From the journals that were kept there. Everything is written down there down to meters, up to millimeters, down to the minutes. The explosion was quite powerful. A very interesting reaction followed. “Moskovskie Vedomosti”: “Let’s not talk about the stunning nature of this news. It managed to fly around all of Moscow even before it was printed. One assumption can be heard from all lips: this crime was carried out not by the hands of a Muscovite, but by alien and dark forces.” That is, again, everyone thought that these were some kind of Turks, Poles. A Muscovite is not capable of this. A Muscovite is not capable of this. Yes. St. Petersburg. This was partly true. Sofya Lvovna Perovskaya was there, she is ours, from St. Petersburg. The daughter of a former governor, after all. Both laughter and sin, as they say. Tsarevich Alexander wrote in his diary on November 22: “Dad returned from Livadia, having spent two days in Moscow, where there was again an attempt on his life. And the track under the railway train was blown up. But, fortunately, it was not his train, but the second one coming from behind. It’s just terrible, what a nice time.” Written by the heir. And here comes the question about conspiracy and everything else. “Novoye Vremya” wrote an article at one time and “Narodnaya Volya” in its “Leaflet No. 3” trolled this “New Time” very coolly. What they wrote: “New Time,” for example, was terribly indignant at the fact that the conspirators conducted their business secretly, with the expectation that they lit a lamp in front of the Icon, had a portrait of the king on the wall, and so on.” This is true. Then, when they came to this house and began to search it, they discovered everything. “In modern times,” it would be desirable for the conspirators to emboss some tangible sign of their aspirations in their home. Something, for example, like a red banner. For example, portraits of famous communards were hung on the walls. Pictures of revolutionary content that would catch the eye of everyone passing by. And, finally, getting down to business, they would shout “Marseillaise” to everyone in Ivanovo. The conspirators did not act this way, that’s why they are conspirators. And “New Time”, due to its stupidity, is seriously offended by them for this.” I think this is really cool trolling. Just five points. Naturally, after this, Sofya Perovskaya came to the safe house on this very Dog Playground. There, waiting for her was Galina Chernyavskaya, a Narodnaya Volk. And naturally, a manhunt was declared, relatively speaking. Perovskaya had to go to St. Petersburg. Again, the scheme is the same, we will also see in Hartmann’s example. She was completely transformed. Before this she was such a merchant’s wife, but here she is such a society lady, wearing a hat. He always comes to the station with the last third bell, gets into the carriage and goes to St. Petersburg. But on the train there is, accordingly, a convoy leading Nikita Timofeevich. This is the same merchant who came to look at this house in order to recognize the owner. That's the meeting. Yes. But he didn’t recognize her, she was so transformed. Therefore, she arrived safely in St. Petersburg. And in the search documents it was stated that: “The owner of the house is a young man of about 25, blond. And the woman who lived with him was also blonde, about 18 years old and very pretty.” That is, again I want to draw your attention to the fact that everyone mowed down Perovskaya for 5, or even 10 years. Everyone took her for a girl and everyone wrote that she was very pretty, pretty, and sometimes even beautiful. “Later, the Third Department established that the attackers, before moving into the house, lived in Krivoy Lane, on Chistye Prudy. And they interrogated the owner of the apartment, Alexandra Vasilievna Kuzmina. She explained that her tenants were respected people, quiet, and non-drinkers. She confirmed that Maria Semyonovna, that is, Perovskaya, is just a girl. His face is beautiful, pink, and his hair is blond. She said about Sukhorukov himself that his hair and beard are light brown, but they fall into red and he has scars on his neck.” This was the problem for Hartmann. Accordingly, both Hartmann and Perovskaya came to St. Petersburg. And then the question arose: what to do? They are looking for them everywhere. It was decided to send Hartmann abroad. Why? His nerves began to fail. That is, Perovskaya, she is an iron woman, although they gave her 18 years. But this eighteen-year-old girl would have given odds to many persistent spies. And Hartmann’s nerves began to fail. Just Vladimir Yokhelson, about whom I spoke, is a Narodnaya Volya member who, while trying to return to Russia in 1884, was arrested, convicted, and sent into exile. There, in this exile, he became an ethnographer. He joined the Russian Imperial Geographical Society and became a famous scientist in this field. And then he was a Narodnaya Volya member. And so he writes about Hartmann: “He was overcome by one thought: not to surrender himself into the hands of the authorities alive.” By the way, when Hartmann dug a trench, he always took poison with him. Just in case. That is, he thought that if he fell asleep there, he would not die a painful death, but immediately throw away his skates. However. This is such a characteristic of people. “So he started to get nervous. According to Alexander Mikhailov, who visited him, at the slightest noise in the hotel corridor, Hartmann barricaded his door from the inside with tables and chairs. With such precautions he could easily attract attention and give himself away. That’s why it was decided to send him abroad.” If I'm not confusing anything, they had a safe house on Gorokhovaya Street. And, in my opinion, it was Yokhelson, who returned after the revolution, went to find this apartment and did not find it. The street has changed so much. It was built up with houses. So, Hartmann and everyone else gathered at this safe house. And before sending him off abroad, a party was thrown at which, as Jochelson recalls, they danced in socks and stockings. So as not to stomp. Yes, so as not to stomp. But, in his words: “The fun was on the volcano.” Because everyone was armed. Accordingly, at the slightest danger, this batch would begin there, just tough. Because I’ve already explained what kind of people they were, they won’t bother to say anything. But everything worked out the next day, right in the morning, from this Hartmann... In my opinion, Presnyakov was like that, a master of makeup. They began to turn him from blond. They made him these black sideburns and painted him. He had these scars from childhood because of scrofula or something. This muffler is here. They made him an English dandy. Completely transformed. And it was just another Vladimir Ilyich who was supposed to transport him abroad, but this time Yokhelson. This was all invented by Alexander Mikhailov, a conspiracy genius, he thought everything out simply down to the smallest detail. Yochelson was given clear instructions. Moreover, Yokhelson left his passport there, on Gorokhovaya, so that when he was received this document would not be snatched. Because abroad, from Warsaw Station. This is the same station where Konstantin Viktorovich Pleve, the Minister of Internal Affairs, will later be killed. We will talk about this separately. Railway station. There, again, three calls. First call, second call. Jochelson is already starting to get nervous because by the third bell the entire platform had already cleared up. Nobody here. And literally two seconds before the third bell, it’s not the Hartmann platform that quickly runs away. He practically didn’t recognize him, he was so truly transformed. They get on the train. In the dressing room, Hartmann changes his clothes. He puts on a different headdress. He goes into the carriage and sits in a different place than Yochelson, they are sitting on opposite sides. There were several checks during the train's journey. However, they reached Kovno safely. There they could more or less exhale because they were getting closer... I want to remind you that Warsaw at that time was part of the Russian Empire. Yes, just in case. And even more so in Kovno. Jochelson described it very coolly: “In his pulled-down old hat, with his shaved face, he already looked more like a Chukhon than an Englishman.” This is when he transformed. That is, at first he was an Englishman, and then he became a Chukhonian. “Everything went quiet in the carriage. Times were difficult, and the passengers were reluctant to talk to each other. Some sense started a disapproving conversation about the “skubents” who were guilty of causing disturbances to the honest public, but the neighbors did not respond. In Dvinsk I went to the ticket office to buy two tickets further, to Kovna. After Dvinsk, I sat closer to Hartmann, and we were already traveling to Kovna, like passengers who had met on a train. Hartmann did not leave the carriage at all. Before Dvinsk, he used the services of a conductor, and then I myself bought provisions for both of us. We calmed down, and in general there was more freedom and peaceful revival in the carriage.” Here. In Kovno, they accordingly went to the inn, where Jochelson had already stayed a couple of times, and the owner knew him well. They occupied a certain cell, saying that tomorrow they would go back to St. Petersburg. “After dinner, we settled down on hard bunks. Hartmann, as usual, placed a table against the hooked door. I didn't bother him. The noise and singing of walking recruits could be heard from the tavern. Recruitment was taking place in Kovno at that time. The owners and servants were busy, and they did not pay attention to us.” And then there was some noise and stuff. A fight started there. Because when new recruits are seen off, what could they do without it? Someone was sent to the station, and the owner asked us through the door to become witnesses. “I replied that we would come, but instead we got dressed and went out into the street in reverse. There, under the cover of the gathered crowd, we stood until the brawlers were taken to the police. When everything calmed down, we returned to our closet.” In general, after this he needed to go to the smuggler Zalman. The Jews were mainly involved in this, transporting people back and forth abroad. “But the incident with the recruits forced me to change the plan somewhat. At that time, the former Mogilev rabbi Soloveitchik lived in Kovno in his own wooden house. His daughter Marianne received a German upbringing and sympathized with German socialism. She was married to a local merchant and lived with her father and married brother. They were all excellent people." This is about technology, how they were transported. “I went alone at first. As usual, Marianne willingly agreed to host my friend for the day, without asking who he was.” And then they waited for this same Zalman and were supposed to cross with him. “I had instructions to escort Hartmann to Berlin, but Zalman finally protested, saying that it was more difficult to transport two people across the border, that it was unnecessary, and that he would take care of everything himself. I had to agree with him. In the evening of the same day, Hartmann, again wrapped in his colorful scarf, walked with me to the station in the third-class lounge, again just before the train departed, and I pointed out to him Zalman, whom he was to follow into the carriage. This ended my duties in relation to Hartmann's crossing. Accordingly, it was Zalman who smuggled him across the border. Hartmann ended up in Paris. And in Paris he began to perform a certain function as a foreign representative of “People's Will”. Well, let's go. He himself wanted to be useful there in some way. But he was arrested. On the eve of the explosion in the Winter Palace, on February 4, he was arrested. And then there was an explosion in the Winter Palace. By whom? Who arrested? Paris police. There was an explosion in the Winter Palace, which we will talk about later, organized by Stepan Khalturin. The government sent Muravyov to Paris. Muravyov, this is the future prosecutor at the PervoMartov trial. This is Sofia Perovskaya’s childhood friend, whom they met in the Pskov region. This is how fate will bring them together. This same Muravyov went there so that Hartmann would be handed over to the Russian government. “In order to influence public opinion in France and thus influence the French government, which was ready to satisfy Russia’s demand, the Executive Committee decided to appeal to the French people. Mikhailov told me that it had been decided that I should go to the first large German city and from there send out an appeal to the indicated addresses.” It is very interesting to say here that the mission that was entrusted with negotiating with the French government belonged to Mr. Orlov. And here is Evgeny Mikhailovich Feoktistov, this is a writer, a very famous journalist among us before the revolution. And he was even the head of the main department for press affairs at the Ministry of Internal Affairs. He recalled: “Arriving a few months later in St. Petersburg, he openly told me and my wife how he tried to fulfill his task. The fact is that he did not want to achieve success at all. “If Hartmann were extradited,” he said, “it is not difficult to guess what fate would befall him; in any other country you can completely trust the court, but I know what our court is like when it comes to a political crime; the unfortunate man would be sentenced to death without even being given a proper hearing.” That is, a statesman who goes abroad. Well, replace Hartmann with, I don’t know, some 1990s Chechen field commander in London. Akhmed Zakaev. Yes. And so he goes there, but such a flair is created around this through the press that it is somehow inconvenient to return Hartmann. What will happen to him, the unfortunate man? This is on the one hand. On the other hand, everyone wrote in favor of Hartmann, for example Victor Hugo: “You cannot give this man away. Extradition laws stop before political acts. This law is observed by all peoples. And France will comply with it. You will not give this man away!” Giuseppe Garibaldi: “Hartmann is a brave young man for whom all honest people should have respect and gratitude. Minister Freycinet and President Grevy will not retain the name of honest republicans if they hand over a political exile. It would be worthy of the hyenas of Versailles.” Deutsch, the same one who was freed by Frolenko from the Kyiv prison, recalled: “The agitation in favor of Hartmann’s release assumed incredible proportions. Several times a day, newspapers published special supplements regarding the Hartmann case. The peddlers continually shouted his name, and for a time he became the most popular man not only in Paris, but throughout the entire civilized world.” Well, that is, I see that the Tsar-Father in Europe was hated with fierce hatred, since such a thing was promoted. Here we are faced with an eternal problem, which is what my project “Russia: Someone else’s View” is dedicated to. This is the power of the media in, so to speak, politics, diplomacy and everything else. Those who are not very familiar with my project, watched one or two episodes, and decided that I was such an “ultra-video” character: “Those damned Pindos, they made a film about us again.” But in fact, all this affects many aspects, for example, the tourist flow to a particular country. That is, if they constantly show you that Russia is the Gulag, the mafia, prostitutes and everything else, then naturally you will have this impression. The average American doesn't give a damn about Russia, Zimbabwe, or France. He lives, as it were, in his own world. I'm talking about the average American. And he doesn't go anywhere. And he won't go. And he doesn't go anywhere. And if he does travel, it is with such very vague ideas of what awaits him. So, I certainly don't mean that the Hollywood machine has brainwashed them right out of their ass. Although I washed it. She contributes to all this, you know? And here's a concrete example. Let's put aside all emotions, historical context, and just look at the bare facts. A certain character, very worthy. Yes, I have no doubt, both Perovskaya and Zhelyabov, they are all very worthy people, but, nevertheless, this worthy man was puzzled by the idea of ​​killing the head of state. I would like to remind you that this head of state freed Russia from serfdom. At his instigation, the most important reforms were carried out in the judicial, military, and elsewhere spheres. Well, yes, as they said, “one step forward, two steps back,” but, nevertheless, at least he took it. Others didn't. Yes. His daddy never decided to free the peasants. Although I understood that this moment would come sooner or later. They are making an attempt on his life. It’s good that in this case no civilians were harmed. Although if it had exploded in another place, this train, there could have been casualties. Collateral damage. Yes. And so he goes abroad, he is arrested there. Not us, but the French police. And the French government, in principle, is ready to extradite. This is where the media storm begins. Like this? We are in this terrible Russia, where even the government official Orlov says: “How can we hand over Hartmann, he will be hanged here.” This is just a typical example of government hypocrisy: “We will arrest, everything is according to the law. But wait. Just a minute...” Recently there was a feature film called “Johnny D” at our box office. About the villain Dillinger, who robbed banks in the USA. The court scene, the lawyer jumps up and yells, what does Dillinger have to do with Russia in the 1930s? And the lawyer yells: “This is not Tsarist Russia, this is a free country.” If people think that this doesn’t stay in anyone’s mind, I’ll disappoint you; it’s precisely this that remains in the head. When they deftly and subtly sell you something in works of art. In general, that's it, yes. More than me, of course... Orlov was a messenger. He was a Russian envoy, an ambassador, in short. The behavior of this ambassador struck me most of all. And thanks to this hype, Hartmann was defended. He was not extradited. Great. You can imagine how much damage was done to the image of Russia in general. That is, she is all like that, but we will not hand over a terrorist to you. The regicide. The Kingslayer, yes. They managed to defend him. This immediately reminds me, maybe you remember how two Lithuanian relatives, the Brazinskas, hijacked a plane to Turkey and killed flight attendant Nadezhda Kurchenko. They were immediately sheltered by the United States because they were breaking out of this kingdom of unfreedom. And so on. Totalitarian Scoop and all that. Hypocrites. Now we move on to English-language sources of information. To begin with, I want to read out one quote. I'm sorry, I didn't have time to write down the translation. So I will translate right here. This is the book “The Life of Friedrich Engels”. You can find all this yourself on the Internet. In this book, on page 708, there is a wonderful paragraph dedicated to Hartmann, as well as to the revolutionaries who were known as “People's Will”. Leo Hartmann, here he is Leo, and there he is Leo. Leo Hartmann arrived in London. Does it start with an “H” or a “G”? They wrote like Hartmann. After this he arrived in London. Because it was no longer convenient for him to stay in France. “In 1880, at the age of 30. He was welcomed by Marx and Engels, who were very sympathetic to the heroic nihilists.” In general, this word is “nihilist”, I have already told you, “Faith, or Nihilists”, an amazing work by Oscar Wilde. That was the official term, the New York Times called them “nihilists.” Marx and Engels greeted him there. But, naturally, it was very difficult for Hartmann to live in England, and Engels complained that he was faced with constant difficulties. Hartmann was a chemist and knew a little about electricity. Engels, after consulting with a certain friend Schorlemmer, became convinced that Hartmann was indeed a good chemist. But, unfortunately... This is amazing, in a book about Friedrich Engels. Engels became convinced that Hartmann was no businessman. This is what it says in this book. It would seem that this has nothing to do with business and the ideas of communist stories, but, nevertheless. In September 1882, Engels wrote to Marx that Hartmann had patented some new type of electric battery. And he even sold his invention for three thousand pounds, a very decent amount for those times, to some strange person. “I highly doubt he will get his money for this patent.” On December 15, Engels stated that: “Hartmann's battery actually turned out to be incapable of illumination. But perhaps it will be useful...” In mine demolition. “...In the electric telegraph.” A few days later, Engels wrote with relief that Hartmann had left England for the United States. And that this, in general, is for the better for all of us. That is, it seems that Hartmann came as such an unexpected surprise. On the one hand, he needs help because he is a Russian nihilist. But on the other hand, he’s neither in business, neither here nor there... I think it was a little the other way around, that he immediately turned to Engels with some business proposals. Engels, being a capitalist, listened and said: “Not a businessman.” That is, you cannot make money with him. And so Hartmann arrives in the USA. Here you go, this is a “screen” from the New York Times newspaper. Here you can see it: “Leo Hartmann, Nihilist.” So it's entitled... What is “Nihilist”? In Russian, is it “negative”? Well, negative, yes. And here it is described in detail about the fact that Hartmann came here. How she and Sofia Perovskaya staged this explosion near Moscow. Moreover, there is very interesting terminology here about his biography. And so he, for example, was a participant in a certain “Red Terror” propaganda. This is a kind of extremist section of nihilism. Red terror? Propaganda of the Red Terror. An extremist sect of nihilism, that’s how it was presented. Naturally, he was pursued by the police. I can leave it all to you, I have it all. How do they know about Sofya Perovskaya? And this is what he said, this is all in his words. Conspirator, damn it. This was already, in my opinion, in 1881, when everything was clear there. It is written here in great detail how they dug the tunnel. It's described in great detail... Did you want to know how they made the bomb? Everything is written perfectly here in English. Glycerin there and so on. Detailed instructions on how they made this bomb. It says something about Alexandrovsk and Odessa. But, the most important thing is that the ending of this whole story, which was published, is that Hartmann arrived in a beautiful, free country. And even here he was in danger, but the United States will not extradite him and I thank them for that. I have a publication from 1886. That's about his arrival. This is already from Philadelphia. Philadelphia is just a stone's throw from New York. “Leo Hartmann, the Russian nihilist who arrived in the city...” I still can’t learn the names of the days in English. “In the company of six other people...” “They rented a room in which they set up the production of dynamite, of which they made 40 kilograms.” Not bad. Accordingly, he arrived, with six other people with him. And in an interview, he just said that he came to receive citizenship. And somewhere here I had a note... That's it, I guess. October 25, 1886, New York Times. The note is called “Citizen Anarchist”: “Leo Hartmann, who was accused of intending to kill the Russian Emperor Alexander II six years ago by blowing up a train...” I don’t want to translate all this because I told it all. “They couldn’t kill him. He was in London. He was welcomed in London.” Received with honor. Yes. Moreover, he was received there by a certain John Most, experts in the anarchist movement may know who this is, I’m not an expert. The anarchist John Most who greeted him is now serving time for inciting mobs to murder, arson and robbery. That is, they imprison you for this. And from Russia they support such people. Why did Hartmann openly declare about Perovskaya? Because he arrived in July 1881. In March 1881, the Tsar was killed, then everyone already knew about Perovskaya. And one month later, on August 18, 1881, he expressed his intention to become a US citizen. He was beautifully dressed and loved to talk about his adventures in his homeland. How he laid a mine. Did you tell me for money? Yes. Like a train exploded. How socialists, anarchists and other colleagues greeted him. That is, he arrived in 1881, in 1886 he became a US citizen. He looked somewhat sullen, which did not fit with his image as an electrician, which is what he currently does. Accordingly, here is a story from our Russian reality. The king was not killed this time, and in general, from that moment he began to believe in his lucky star. That there have been so many attempts on his life, and yet they still can’t stop him, neither the bullets nor anything else. But this is all for the time being. What do we see? Instead of strengthening the intelligence services. Yes. Firstly, we see that the intelligence services are a complete failure. That is, in general. There was nothing else lying nearby or lying around at that moment. They will then begin to catch up by 1881, and then, well, it’s just... If you rewind the film, in the middle of the day in the capital of the Russian Empire, the chief of gendarmes is killed with a dagger. This probably says something. Firstly, the special services are completely zero. There is no international influence. A terrorist who attempted... Oh, and one more thing. Hartmann arrived in the USA, and before that Greenfield was shot, what was this president's name? Sorry, it slipped my mind. And Hartmann comes, somehow he didn’t feel very good in this situation at first. Nothing, time has passed, I became an American citizen. There is no international influence. That is, it’s just a tap on the nose: “We have a terrorist. In principle, we are ready to give it away, but we have public opinion here, which we cannot ignore.” Which we ourselves form. Then he develops active, vigorous activity there; he tells everywhere how he did it. And he talks about how wonderful the Executive Committee is. Moreover, here in one of the notes there is that when the Tsar was killed, and the coronation of Alexander III was planned, Hartmann stated that the Tsar would not be crowned because “Narodnaya Volya” would take certain steps. That is, he presented the story in such a way that “Narodnaya Volya” was not destroyed, although in fact it was defeated, and now it will explode. That is, it supported a certain surge. That's it, I came to a foreign country, received a passport there and lived quietly. Russia could not do anything about it. It should be noted that she didn’t even send assassins. Don't let anyone get you. The killers were sent, but not by the government. When I talked about Sergei Yulievich Witte, I talked about the “Sacred Squad”. This “Holy Squad”, it set itself the goal of precisely fighting these terrorists. Because everyone saw that the special services were not coping. Guys, we need to do something, why are we worse than them? Accordingly, Witte was sent to Paris precisely to kill this Hartmann. And a certain Polyansky went there too. That is, Witte recalls that Polyansky had a mission to kill Hartmann. The same Hartmann. “Despite this failure, there was still a rumor that Hartmann wanted to make another attempt on the life of the new emperor, so Polyansky was given the mission to kill Hartmann.” Witte met with this Polyansky the next day: “On the third day he made a sign to me, a sign that in our society of the “Holy Squad” was given to recognize each other. I, in turn, answered him with a sign. Then he came up to me and asked: “You probably came to kill me if I don’t kill Hartmann? I must warn you that if I have not yet killed Hartmann, it is only because I was detained. Tomorrow we will get up at 5 o’clock in the morning and go together. I will prove to you that it is completely up to me to kill Hartmann; I can kill him every day, but only from St. Petersburg I was given an order that I should not do this for now, until further notice. This probably happened due to the fact that they were expecting your arrival.” The organization is simply excellent. Witte was sent there to find out that this Polyansky was calving there. “In the morning we went with him. I saw (it was in Quartier Latin) how Hartmann came out, and two apache or hooligans stood near the gate from which he came out. They followed him, then these hooligans approached Polyansky and began to make a scene for him. That for three days now they have been ready to start a fight with Hartmann (their plan was to start a fight with him and kill him during the fight) and that they are not doing this only because Polyansky does not allow it. Then they declared that, although Polyansky pays them one hundred francs every time, they were tired of all this. And if he doesn’t allow them to kill Hartmann tomorrow, then we, they say, will drop this case. I went to the Voisin restaurant. Zografo really was there, I showed him a sign, he answered me right away, and the three of us sat down at a table.” “When I returned back to Kyiv, it was because of this stupid story with Hartmann, as well as the story with the owner of the hiring office. Who, apparently, was also listed in this society. Since, in addition, a lot of rumors spread throughout Russia about the existence of this society, and that all sorts of rubbish headed there who wanted to make a career for themselves; this society in a very short time became “the talk of the town.” It was as a result of all this that I felt the need to get out of this nasty, ultimately at least funny, if not dirty and disgusting business.” That is, in fact, Hartmann Witte left this “Sacred Squad”. Who was Witte, the same one? Yes. The same Sergei Yulievich Witte. He entered there... If you believe his memories, he even created it. Doesn't matter. Created, not created, he was its member. Indeed, they wanted to somehow counteract this terrorism. Of course, when the king is killed, and they are all statesmen and monarchists. Witte, a statesman, we remember what heights he later reached. By the way, when I told you about it, I had not yet mentioned one of his greatest achievements: he once again introduced a wine monopoly in our state. And by the First World War, in my opinion, up to 25 percent of state budget revenues came from vodka. Therefore, the great, wisest Emperor Nicholas II declared prohibition during the First World War. Thus, firstly, he deprived the state of revenues. Secondly, it stimulated bootlegging. Development of organized crime. Yes. That is, we all remember Chicago in the 1930s. Accordingly, he saw how all this was happening and said: “Well, go to the bathhouse. Do it yourself. You cannot humanly kill Hartmann.” As we say: “Neither steal, nor guard.” Yes. This is such a wonderful story with Russia that we have lost. The memorable date of November 7 is approaching. This is what everyone needs to remember before starting any squabbles, disputes, and so on. Because all this did not happen from scratch. That's it in a nutshell. I think that's enough for today. Next time we will be transported to St. Petersburg. And I think that next time I will talk about Alexander Mikhailov. About the activities of agent Kletochnikov in the Third Department. They managed to introduce, roughly speaking, their spy into the Tsarist FSB, who even received an order there. Well done. Yes, he was a diligent worker. I drained everything. Well, and accordingly, about the other planned assassinations. And most importantly, I will already begin to talk about some specific points in the city of St. Petersburg that are connected with the history of the Narodnaya Volya party. And you will be able to walk around the city and look at certain buildings in a different way. That's it in a nutshell. I would like to remind you that I still have excursions. Although I think that’s it, next time it’s the last time, but people are coming. In Moscow, people generally won’t let me go for two hours. Then they bombard me with more questions. So this usually happens on weekends. Links are in the description under this video. Well, or just type “Pavel Peretz” in a search engine. And there I will be all, in all the beauty. We watch the videos and like them. Let's like it, guys. Subscribe to the channel. Thank you, Pavel. That's all for today. Until next time.

Valerian Valerianovich Osinsky (Obolensky)

Osinsky (Obolensky) Valerian Valerianovich (03/25/1887, village of Byki Lgovsky, Kursk province - 09/1/1938, Moscow). Ryazan district. No. 5 - Bolsheviks.

Moscow. From the nobility, the son of an official. Graduated from the 3rd year of the Law Faculty of Moscow University. Statistician and writer. In the revolutionary movement since 1905. In the RSDLP since 1907, Bolshevik. In 1911 he was exiled to Tver, in 1913 - to Kharkov with a replacement for traveling abroad. In 1916 he was drafted into the army as a military quartermaster. In 1917, delegate to the VI Congress of the RSDLP(b). Elected to the Constituent Assembly from the Voronezh and Ryazan districts, participant in the meeting on January 5. The first chairman of the Supreme Economic Council (1917-1918), one of the leaders of the “left communists”. In 1921-1923, Deputy People's Commissar of Agriculture. In 1923-1924 plenipotentiary representative in Sweden. Since 1926, manager of the Central Statistical Office, since 1929, deputy chairman of the Supreme Economic Council. Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences and VASKhNIL. Arrested in October 1937, on September 1, 1938 he was sentenced to death by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR. Rehabilitated in 1957.

Source: I-2, on. 31, no. 640; I-19, f. 272, on. 1, house 1807; IV-12; IV-66; VII-11; VII-20.

Materials from the book were used. L.G. Protasov. People of the Constituent Assembly: a portrait in the interior of the era. M., ROSPEN, 2008.

February-March plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, 1937,
author V.I. Mezhlauk.
Osinsky N., Bukharin N.I., Radek K.
Drawing, pencil, piece of notebook, no.
Author's inscription: “t. Osinsky according to Plato."
F. 74. Op. 2. D. 170. L. 88.
Drawing from the site http://www.idf.ru/ - Cartoons V.Mezhlauka .

Osinsky N. (real name and surname - Valerian Valerianovich Obolensky) (March 25, 1887, the village of Beklemishevy Byki, Lgov district, Kursk province - September 1, 1938), party and statesman, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1932), academician of the All-Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (1935). The son of a stud farm manager. He received his education at the Faculty of Law of Moscow University (1916). In 1907 he joined the RSDLP, a Bolshevik. Conducted party work in Moscow, Tver and Kharkov. In 1908-09 he was an otzovist. He was arrested three times, but was not seriously persecuted. From 1916 he served in the army as a military official. In 1917, member of the Moscow Regional Bureau of the RSDLP(b). In Oct. 1917 member of the Kharkov Military Revolutionary Committee. In November - December 1917, the chief commissioner was the manager of the State Bank of the RSFSR. On Dec. 1917 - March 1918 first prev. Supreme Economic Council of the RSFSR. One of the leaders and authors of the “platform forty-six” - a program document of the “left communists”. From March 1918 he worked in the metal department of the Supreme Economic Council, the editorial office of the newspaper Pravda, and the Soviet propaganda department of the Supreme Economic Council. In 1919 he was authorized by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee in the Penza and Tula provinces. In 1920 before. Tula Provincial Executive Committee, from Aug. 1920 member of the board of the People's Commissariat of Food. In 1920-21 one of the leaders of the “democratic centralism” group. Since March 1921 deputy. People's Commissar of Agriculture, Deputy prev VSNKh. In 1921-22 and Dec. 1925 - June 1937 candidate member of the party Central Committee. In 1923-24 he joined L.D. Trotsky, then broke up with him and repented. In March - October 1924, plenipotentiary representative in Sweden, then in 1924-1925 - on a business trip to the USA. Since July 1925, member of the Presidium of the State Planning Committee of the USSR. From 4.2.1926 to 3.3.1928, manager of the Central Statistical Office of the USSR. In 1928-1929, member of the Presidium of the Communist Academy. In May - December 1929, member of the Presidium of the USSR State Planning Committee. On Dec. 1929 - Dec. 1930 deputy prev Supreme Economic Council of the USSR. Since Apr. 1931 member of the editorial board of the newspaper Izvestia. From Jan. 1932 to August 1935 head of the Central Administration of National Economic Accounting and deputy. prev State Planning Committee of the USSR. In December 1932 - March 1937 before. State Commission for Determining the Yield and Gross Harvest of Grain Crops under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Based on party decisions, he prescribes planting standards in various provinces, often regardless of local tradition and soil suitability. Since 1935, director of the Institute of the History of Science and Technology of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Arrested on October 13, 1937. Sentenced to death. Shot. In 1957 he was rehabilitated and reinstated in the party.

Materials used from the book: Zalessky K.A. Stalin's Empire. Biographical encyclopedic dictionary. Moscow, Veche, 2000

Obolensky Valerian Valerianovich (party pseudonym N. Osinsky; March 25 (April 6), 1887, the village of Bykakh, Lgov district, Kursk province - September 1, 1938) - Soviet economist, state and party leader, publicist.

He completed three courses at Moscow University (1908).

In 1917, together with G. L. Pyatakov, he was aimed at “suppressing the sabotage of officials” of the State Bank.

After the victory of the October Revolution of 1917, he was appointed the first manager of the State Bank of Soviet Russia, then, in December 1917, the first chairman of the Supreme Council of the National Economy (VSNKh) - resigned in March 1918 (together with N.I. Bukharin and several other prominent members of the Soviet leadership who belonged to the group of left communists). He worked in the Supreme Economic Council in ordinary positions, authorized by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee in the Penza and Tula provinces.

1920 Chairman of the Tula Provincial Executive Committee.

In August 1920 he became a member of the board of the People's Commissariat of Food.

Since March 1921, Deputy People's Commissar of Agriculture:

In 1923-1924, plenipotentiary representative of Soviet Russia in Sweden

Since July 1925, member of the Presidium of the State Planning Committee of the USSR

Since February 1926, manager of the Central Statistical Office

1932-1935 - Head of the TsUNKHU of the USSR State Planning Committee - Deputy Chairman of the USSR State Planning Committee

1932-1937 Chairman of the Central Committee of the Commission for Determining Yields

In 1935-1937 Director of the Institute of the History of Science and Technology of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1932), academician of the All-Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (1935).

Participated in the organization of the All-Union Population Census of 1937

Party and public life

Since 1907, member of the Bolshevik Party. Conducted party work in Moscow, Tver, Kharkov.

Having joined the Bolshevik Party, he took as his party nickname the surname of Valerian Osinsky, a Narodnaya Volya member who was hanged during the time of Alexander II, and was better known as Osinsky, and N. Osinsky was a literary pseudonym.

In 1920-1921 one of the leaders of the “democratic centralism” group.

In 1923-1924 he joined L. D. Trotsky, then broke with him and repented.

Worked in the editorial office of the newspaper Pravda.

Candidate member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party in 1921-1922 and 1925-1937.

Wife - Ekaterina Mikhailovna Smirnova

Vadim Valerianovich Obolensky (born 1912) - graduated from the Military Academy of Mechanization and Motorization of the Red Army

Valeryan Valerianovich Obolensky (1922-1941)

Daughter - Svetlana Valerianovna Obolenskaya (born 1925)

Before 1917 he was arrested three times.

October 13, 1937 arrested. At the same time, his son Vadim Osinsky, born in 1912, design engineer at NII-20 of the People's Commissariat of Defense Industry of the USSR, who lived with him, was arrested.

In March 1938 he was brought in as a witness in the Bukharin-Rykov trial. On September 1, 1938, he was sentenced to capital punishment and executed on the same day. Rehabilitated in 1957

Materials from the site http://dic.academic.ru were used

My father, Valerian Valerianovich Obolensky-Osinsky, having joined the Bolshevik Party in 1907, took as his party nickname the surname of the populist Valerian Osinsky, who died on the gallows during the time of Alexander II, and was better known as N. Osinsky. This was also his literary pseudonym. He was born on April 6 (NS) 1887 in the village of Byki, Lgov district, Kursk province. There his father was the manager of a stud farm.

“There is an intellectual family of Obolenskys in Russia,” my father wrote in 1926, refuting the assertions that appeared in the American press that V.V. Obolensky was a prince, that the Bolsheviks managed to get themselves “Prince Valerian.” My grandfather Valerian Egorovich Obolensky, the son of a small landowner in the Oryol province, who became impoverished and left nothing for his children, nevertheless made his way into the world, graduated from the Veterinary Institute in Kharkov and became a famous specialist. He loved his six children very much and was attentive to their education. Thanks to his care, my father spoke German and French from childhood (later he knew - to varying degrees, of course - six languages).

My father studied in Moscow, at a gymnasium. In the fall of 1905, he entered Moscow University at the Faculty of Law (Economics Department) and immediately became involved in the activities of the student Social Democratic club. During the December 1905 uprising in Moscow, he was a “flying reporter” for the Izvestia of the Moscow Council of Workers' Deputies, then emigrated to Germany, where he spent a year studying political economy. Returning to Moscow, he resumed his studies at the university. As one of the leaders of the student strike organized after the death of L.N. Tolstoy, he was arrested. Only in 1916 did he manage to pass the final exam and receive a university diploma. By this time, he had already become an active figure in the RSDLP - the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party.

After the October revolution, he was summoned by Lenin to Petrograd, appointed commissioner of the state bank and played a major role in taking over it. Then he became the first chairman of the Supreme Economic Council. In the 1920s he was Deputy People's Commissar of Agriculture and Plenipotentiary Envoy to Sweden. He traveled to America twice and studied agriculture, automotive engineering and road construction there. An educated and already experienced economist, at the end of the 20s he headed the Central Statistical Office and fought there “for the correct figure,” for which he was removed in 1935. He was the first director of the Institute of National Economy (the current Institute of World Economy and International Relations), and worked very actively in the editorial office of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.

My father was passionate about the automobile business and was one of the first organizers of the automobile industry in our country. “An American car or a Russian cart” was the title of one of his books and a number of articles. He took a great part in the construction of the Gorky Automobile Plant, in one of his letters he proudly called it “my plant.” He was the initiator of the creation of the Avtodor society, the first editor of the magazine Za Rulem, wrote many articles about the construction of highways, about traffic rules, he himself drove an excellent car and more than once participated in car races in the 20s and 30s. According to rumors, when he left New York, after his second trip to America (he studied automotive engineering at Ford factories), Henry Ford himself came to see him off, got out of the car and gave it to his father. In newspapers of the 30s, I found dozens of articles by N. Osinsky about the automobile business, public utilities, and economic problems.

My father was closely associated with the industrial construction of the 30s, especially with the construction of automobile factories. In 1931, while undergoing treatment in Kislovodsk, he, unable to rest idle, began a serious study of Hegel’s philosophy. “I feel very sorry,” he wrote from there in one of his letters, “when I read in the newspapers that “my” factories are being launched, and I’m sitting over Hegel; it’s disgusting that at the same time they write a lot of anniversary lies. For example, that AMO will produce the best truck in the world (this is an ugly, “leavened-patriotic” lie, because “Avtokar” is a car of very average value), that AMO has the best forge in the USSR and almost in the world, again a lie, because in Stalingrad it is better and in Nizhny It will be better that the Amovites completed the task on time... All this lies only spoils the impression of wonderful facts.”

Work, work without end. “Like a stingy knight, I tremble over time,” he said. The main thing that we children knew about him: dad works, he shouldn’t be disturbed. But his range of interests was very wide. He wrote many articles about literature and theater. I would like to remind you that Osinsky was the first party publicist who, in 1922, supported the published collection of poems by Anna Akhmatova. Even in her old age, Akhmatova remembered his review, which was probably so important for her at that difficult time for her.

My father loved and knew literature, both domestic and foreign. In February 1937, on the days when the centenary of Pushkin’s death was celebrated, he spoke at the anniversary session of the Academy of Sciences with a report on the great poet. That was the first and last time I listened to his public speech.

He, of course, did not belong to Stalin’s “inner circle” and, I believe, despised him and was not friendly with anyone from this circle. They say that he was not at all afraid of Stalin. With disgust, he told his mother that foul language reigns at Politburo meetings, and this was started by Stalin. Together with their mother, at the dacha in Barvikha, they buried a tin box with the text of Lenin’s “Testament” in the forest. In the mid-30s, my father tried with all his might to move away from party and government work. But nothing could save him from reprisal, which was already very close.

In June 1937, by order of Stalin, it was suddenly announced at a meeting of the Central Committee that Osinsky had been removed from the list of candidates for membership of the Central Committee, and he left the meeting. This was, of course, a sign of impending trouble. He was arrested on the night of October 14, 1937, and at the same time his older brother Dima was taken away with him. That night I woke up because my mother sat down on my bed and put her hand on my shoulder. There was a light in the room that seemed unusually bright and bare. My brothers watched with dull attention the strangers rummaging through our children's books. “Quiet,” my mother told me, “lie still, dad and Dima were arrested.” I froze, depressed by the half-understandable words, also sat down and began to follow the search.

Mom told me many years later: at night, she, sleeping in her room, at the opposite end of the corridor from dad’s office, woke up from a bright light flashing in the hallway. She ran out, half dressed, not understanding what was happening. Father was led to the door. “Goodbye!” he shouted. “Sell books, sell everything!” There was no one to sell and nothing to sell. My mother was arrested three days later, my father’s office was sealed at the time of the arrest, and it was forbidden to take anything out of the apartment. Those who came for their father entered the apartment without calling, opening the door with their tools. Now they were in a hurry to take him to the elevator. Dima has already been taken away.

Before arrest On October 17, 1937, Ekaterina Mikhailovna Obolenskaya-Osinskaya worked as head. department of preschool literature at Detizdat (Children's Publishing House). Her camp life is like this. At first I was in a camp in Potma, Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Then in Medvezhegorsk (Karelia) at general work (in the field), but she became seriously ill and was sent to the infirmary. Then with the infirmary on the stage to Solikamsk. She spent most of her term in Solikamsk. She passed the exam to become a nurse and in Solikamsk worked as a nurse in the infirmary. This is what saved her. She was released in the fall of 1945.

OBOLENSKY VALERIAN VALERIANOVICH - Soviet statesman and party leader, economist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1932-1938) and VASKhNIL (since 1935).

From the nobility. He graduated from the economic department of the Faculty of Law of Moscow University (1916). In the social-ci-al-de-mo-kra-tic movement since 1905. Member of the RSDLP since 1907, Bolshevik. In 1913, one of the or-ga-ni-za-to-drov and editor-dok-to-ditch of the large-she-vi-st-legal newspaper “Our Way”. More than once I was subjected to arrest and exile. Since 1912, he began to write his articles and books under the pseudonym N. Osinsky (he took it in memory of his birth in 1879 in -vol-tse V.A. Osinsky).

After the October Revolution of 1917, the chief commissioner was the manager of the State Bank (November - December; the ability to overcome - the sa-bo-ta-zha of bank employees, teaching-st-vo-val in the operation for the withdrawal of the bank’s funds “at the right- Railways of revolution"). Candidate for membership in the Central Committee of the RSDLP(b)-RCP(b)-VKP(b) (1917-1918; 1921-1922; 1925-1937). Chairman of the Supreme Economic Council of the RSFSR (December 1917 - March 1918); one of the leaders of the “left-wing com-mu-ni-sts”, after the sub-pi-sa-nation of the Bre-st-world of 1918, resigned ku. In the autumn of 1918 - spring of 1919 in the department of the Soviet pro-pa-gandy of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. In 1919-1920, during the period of pro-ve-de-niya po-li-ti-ki “vo-en-no-go kom-mu-niz-ma”, authorized - Nominee for pro-voluntary affairs of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Central Committee of the RCP (b) in the Penza, Tula and Vyatka gubernias, chairman of the executive committee of Tul- sgo-gu-ber-sko-go so-ve-ta. Member of the board of the People's Commissariat for Freedom of the RSFSR (1920-1921), participated in the organization no-for-tion of pro-d-up-st-ki, came to the conclusion that it caused a serious crisis in agriculture. He believed that the village as a whole was equal to socialism and decided to reject the “community”. You put forward the idea of ​​mi-li-ta-ri-za-tion of agricultural labor and the implementation of state regulation of agricultural production. At the same time, he was against any excessive centralization in industrial management. One of the leaders of the op-positional faction in the RCP(b) - the group “de-mo-kra-ti-che-go-go-cent-tra-liz-ma”, you-stu -fell against the direct party of the ru-co-dstva of the Co-ve-ta-mi and the pro-soy-for-mi, for expansion rights of local self-government organizations and development of internal de-mo-kra-tiya. Deputy People's Committee of the Land-le-de-lia of the RSFSR (1921-1923). In 1922, you beat N.D. from me. Fight for the border.

Diplomatic representative (since April 1923), full-time representative (April - October 1924) of the USSR in Sweden. In 1924-1925, in Co-Man-di-rovka in the USA, he studied agriculture, construction of highways and auto-mobile construction. nie (particularly, according to the enterprise of G. Ford). Member of the Pre-zi-diu-ma of the State Plan of the USSR (1925-1926). Manager of the Central Statistical Office of the USSR (1926-1928; opponent of the statistics, supporter of its accessibility for all gra -zh-dan), one-time di-rector of the Institute of World Economy and Worldwide Po-li-ti-ki Com- mu-ni-sti-che-skaya aka-demiya (1926-1927). One of the en-tu-zia-sts of the us-ko-ren-no-go development of auto-mo-bi-le-building in the USSR. Initiator of the creation of the Dob-ro-vol-no-go society for the development of a car-mo-bil-no-go trans-port “Av-to-dor” (1927; in 1928-1937, Obolensky was also the responsible editor of the magazine “Za ru-lem”) and the construction site of Nizhe-go- family-owned (Gor-kov-sko-go) car (in 1929 in collaboration with the Ford Motor Company) ). In a letter to I.V. On January 1, 1928, I stood up for a friend and a colleague in the revolutionary struggle, his wife’s brother, V.M. . Smir-no-va, one of the li-de-drovs of the op-po-zi-tsi-on-noy “Group of 15” in the All-Union Communist Party (b), at-go-vo-ren- but to exile in Siberia, called on Sta-lin not to complain about the spiritual and physical destruction of the op-po-zi -tsio-ne-drov - ve-te-ra-nov of the revolutionary movement. Member of the pre-zi-diu-ma of the Kom-mu-ni-stic Academy of Sciences (1928-1929). Member of the Main Editorial Board of the 1st edition of the TSB (since 1929). In 1929-1930, Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Economic Council of the USSR, Chairman of the Board of the All-Union Association of Automotive and Tractor Industry. Member of the editorial board of the newspaper “Iz-ves-tiya” (1931). Head of the Central Department of Human-Economic Accounting and Deputy Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the USSR (1932-1935), head of the Commission on Race -review of the program and organizational plan of the All-So-Uz-noy re-pi-si on-se-le-niya (per-in-on- began to cry in 1933, more than once re-no-si-las, pro-ve-de-na in 1937). Director of the Institute of History of Science and Technology of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1935-1937). In October 1937, he was arrested and in 1938, by the general co-b-ra-ni-em of the USSR Academy of Sciences, he was deprived of the title of aka-de-mi-ka. During the trial in the case of “an-ti-so-vet-sko-go-trot-ki-st-s-go bloc” ( March 1938) gave evidence against N. I. Bu-ha-ri-na. Military Col-le-gi-ey of the Supreme Court of the USSR on September 1, 1938, awarded to the highest measure of the Supreme Court of the USSR on September 1, 1938 -not participating in a counter-revolutionary ter-ro-ris-tic organization. Ras-str-lyan. In 1957, re-bil-ti-ro-van, posthumously reinstated with the rank of aka-de-mi-ka of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Essays:

Rosen-shtein M.A. Gu-zhe-vaya re-carriage of pro-duk-tov on-le-vod-st-va. - Obo-lensky V.V. Sea grain freight (Black Sea-Azov coast). Har., 1914;

Grain harvests in Southern Russia (1889-1912). M., 1915;

Stroitel-st-vo so-tsia-liz-ma. M., 1918;

De-mo-kra-ti-che-skaya re-pub-li-ka and So-vet-skaya re-pub-li-ka. M., 1919;

Go-su-dar-st-ven-noe re-gu-li-ro-va-nie kre-st-yan-sko-go-host-st-va. M., 1920;

The world's economy in the assessment of our eco-no-ministries. M., 1923;

Worldwide crisis of rural economy. M., 1924;

World's economy and cry-zi-sy. M., 1925;

Essays on the world's rural market. M., 1925;

American agricultural economy according to the latest research. M., 1925;

According to the agricultural states of North America. M., 1926;

My false teachings about the United States of North America. M., 1926;

Inter-native and inter-continental migrations in pre-war Russia and the USSR. M., 1928;

Av-mo-bi-li-za-tion of the USSR. M., 1930.