Sexually transmitted diseases briefly. Sexually transmitted diseases. Human papillomavirus

Diseases that are sexually transmitted, are especially widespread today. At the same time, existing medical statistics indicate only official data. After all, quite often a person is in no hurry to go to medical institutions, since he may simply not know about the existence of some diseases that are sexually transmitted. Often trichomoniasis , gardnerellosis develop in women without pronounced symptoms.

A number of sexually transmitted diseases pose a danger due to the possibility of intrauterine transmission of infection to the fetus. In addition, such an infection can also be transmitted through saliva, breast milk, and during blood transfusion.

Spread of sexually transmitted infections

Viral infections are the following viruses: herpes simplex virus , AIDS virus , hepatitis B virus , .

You can become infected with such an infection not only during genital intercourse, but also through oral or anal sex. Depending on the disease, it takes from three days to two weeks before the first signs of the disease appear.

Causes of infections

It is an undeniable fact that sexually transmitted diseases are, first of all, a consequence of people’s too low sexual culture. In particular, we are talking about promiscuous sexual relations, multiple sexual partners, as well as ignoring diagnosis after casual and risky sexual contacts.

An equally important condition for preventing the spread of STIs is the need to be examined by both the person who suspects the development of such an illness and his sexual partner.

Symptoms

Speaking about the symptoms and signs of such diseases, it should be noted that quite often patients do not feel any changes in their condition at all, or the signs are very mild. But in this case we are talking about the so-called low-symptomatic and asymptomatic forms of such ailments.

The main symptoms of an STI directly depend on which pathogen has entered the human body, as well as on the state of the body as a whole.

However, in most cases, after the end , sexually transmitted diseases manifest themselves with a number of similar symptoms. The patient develops discharge from the genitals, which becomes more intense over time. Gradually, the sensation of itching and burning in the genital area also increases, and spots or small ulcers may appear on the skin in the genital area. During the act of urination or during sexual contact, an infected person sometimes feels pain. In addition, he may noticeably increase.

Complications of sexually transmitted infections

If the disease is not treated in a timely manner, sexually transmitted infections can provoke not only symptoms that relate to the condition of the genital organs, but also general damage to the body. One of the serious complications that arise over time with the development of STIs is.

The course of infections in an ascending manner (and this invariably happens if timely therapy has not been provided) leads to the development of inflammatory processes in the genitourinary system. With progression ureoplasmosis And chlamydia men sometimes develop, and women with such ailments end up getting sick inflammation of the uterus and appendages . In addition, the development of sexually transmitted diseases leads to a strong decline in a person and, as a consequence of such negative changes, diseases of the internal organs of a person may occur.

Sexually transmitted infections and women's health

Such infections have a very negative effect on a woman’s body. Unpleasant consequences can occur in relation to the reproductive capacity of a young woman. In addition, STIs can be transmitted from mother to baby. Women who have suffered from certain inflammatory diseases resulting from sexually transmitted infections are much more likely to develop. Some types of papillomavirus rapidly increase a woman's risk of cancer.

During pregnancy in women with syphilis, in approximately 40% of cases the pregnancy ends in the birth of a stillborn child. Approximately the same situation is repeated in pregnant women with gonococcal infection . Children who were born to mothers with untreated chlamydial infection And gonorrhea , very often suffer from a serious eye infection (so-called neonatal blenorrhea) immediately after birth. If left untreated, the child will go completely blind.

Diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections

To make a correct diagnosis if an STI is suspected, the patient must undergo complete laboratory testing. But given the possibility of making a diagnosis using a syndromic approach, doctors pay special attention to the existing symptoms. Certain sexually transmitted infections have clear signs that are easy to recognize. The syndromic approach to diagnosing sexually transmitted diseases is based on the use of specially developed schemes that specialists use to make a diagnosis and subsequent treatment. Therefore, such a diagnosis will be more accurate.

But the most important point in the process of diagnosing such diseases is still timely seeking help. If the disease is detected as early as possible, then with proper treatment, severe consequences can be completely avoided.

If any signs or symptoms appear, the patient should not be guided by the hope that they will disappear on their own, or experience fear or embarrassment. The lost time can be decisive, and as a result the disease will become chronic, and it will become much more difficult to cure it completely.

Hidden sexually transmitted infections

So-called hidden sexually transmitted infections are transmitted from person to person also during sexual contact. However, such infections are more difficult to diagnose and treat.

Among the most common STIs of this type, it should be noted chlamydia . This disease manifests itself as a consequence of infection of the human body with chlamydia. These organisms are considered to be intermediate between bacteria and viruses. Infection occurs through sexual intercourse, but in rare cases, the infection can be transmitted when visiting a sauna or swimming pool, by airborne droplets, or by other means. To determine the presence of this pathogen in the body, a person should undergo a special study using the DNA diagnostic method.

In most cases, this disease goes away without significant symptoms. However, men sometimes develop inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary system against the background of chlamydia. In addition, today it has already been proven that chlamydia can damage the genetic structure of sperm. In this case, chlamydia can enter the female body along with sperm. Under the influence of chlamydia, a woman can also develop inflammatory diseases. In addition, it is quite possible that fallopian tube obstruction , which threatens infertility and miscarriage in the future.

In addition, chlamydia can have a negative effect on other body systems, in particular the cardiovascular system. In the process of treating the disease, it is very important that the patient’s sexual partner also be tested for sexually transmitted infections and receive adequate treatment. This should be done even for those who do not have visible signs of chlamydia.

Another common infection of this type is papilloma virus person. There are about seven dozen different types of papillomaviruses. Moreover, their clinical manifestations are invisible for a very long time. The consequence of infection with papillomavirus is the appearance of papillomas and genital warts on the skin of the genitals and other organs. In addition, papillomaviruses can provoke precancerous changes in the cervix in women. Transmission of the virus occurs during sexual intercourse, at home, and also during the passage of a newborn through the birth canal.

Other common sexually transmitted infections

Very often modern doctors diagnose patients with gonorrhea . This infectious disease affects the mucous membranes of various organs. Causes gonorrhea gonococcus , which most often enters the body through a variety of sexual contacts. It is much less common for a person to become infected in everyday life, through household items. A child becomes infected from a sick mother when passing through the birth canal.

At syphilis The patient is affected not only by mucous membranes, but also by skin, internal organs, nervous system, bones, and joints. The causative agent of this dangerous disease is treponema pallidum . Its transmission most often occurs through sexual contact, and much less frequently through everyday life. Treatment of syphilis is based on the correct selection of antibiotics, treatment of those infections that develop in parallel, as well as general strengthening therapy.

Trichomoniasis is very dangerous for expectant mothers, since this disease can cause rupture of the membranes and miscarriage. The disease is characterized by itching in the genital area and intense discharge.

Virus hepatitis B affects humans due to transmission during various sexual contacts, as well as due to the sharing of intravenous needles. The intrauterine mode of transmission of the virus is also relevant.

Acute hepatitis is manifested by severe nausea, rash on the skin. The patient has a stomach and headache. Sometimes the symptoms are particularly acute: severe itching of the skin, jaundice,. In approximately ten percent of cases, hepatitis B acquires a chronic form, which is characterized by the development of inflammatory processes in the liver. In turn, this is fraught with development in the future liver cancer , which can be fatal. The disease can be completely cured if diagnosed in time and strictly follow the prescribed treatment regimen.

Prevention

The most effective method of preventing STIs is considered to be complete abstinence from sexual activity or sexual relations with only one uninfected partner. It is important to completely avoid any sexual contact with people infected with STIs.

Some sexually transmitted infections can be prevented by using condoms correctly during sexual intercourse. You need to use a condom for all types of sexual contacts, and it is important to ensure that the protection is of high quality and used correctly.

After unprotected sexual intercourse, you should definitely apply some preventive measures that to some extent reduce the risk of developing the disease. The genitals can be thoroughly washed with solutions chlorhyxedine or . However, this method of prevention is advisable only in the first hours after contact.

In addition, when visiting a dermatovenerologist, the patient can receive an injection of a special drug with an antibacterial effect, which can prevent the development of a number of sexually transmitted diseases. Such prevention is possible in the first days after risky contact. However, it is important to note that this measure can only be used in the most urgent cases.

From parents, a child can acquire not only a certain eye color, height or face shape, but also inherited ones. What are they? How can you detect them? What classification exists?

Mechanisms of heredity

Before talking about diseases, it is worth understanding what they are. All information about us is contained in the DNA molecule, which consists of an unimaginably long chain of amino acids. The alternation of these amino acids is unique.

The fragments of a chain of DNA are called genes. Each gene contains integral information about one or more characteristics of the body, which is transmitted from parents to children, for example, skin color, hair, character trait, etc. When they are damaged or their work is disrupted, genetic diseases that are inherited occur.

DNA is organized into 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs, one of which is the sex chromosome. Chromosomes are responsible for gene activity, copying, and recovery from damage. As a result of fertilization, each couple has one chromosome from the father and another from the mother.

In this case, one of the genes will be dominant, and the other will be recessive or suppressed. To put it simply, if the father’s gene responsible for eye color turns out to be dominant, then the child will inherit this trait from him, and not from the mother.

Genetic diseases

Inherited diseases occur when disturbances or mutations occur in the mechanism for storing and transmitting genetic information. An organism whose gene is damaged will pass it on to its descendants in the same way as healthy material.

In the case when the pathological gene is recessive, it may not appear in the next generations, but they will be its carriers. The chance that it will not manifest itself exists when a healthy gene also turns out to be dominant.

Currently, more than 6 thousand hereditary diseases are known. Many of them appear after 35 years, and some may never make themselves known to the owner. Diabetes mellitus, obesity, psoriasis, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia and other disorders occur with extremely high frequency.

Classification

Genetic diseases transmitted by inheritance have a huge number of varieties. To divide them into separate groups, the location of the disorder, causes, clinical picture, and nature of heredity can be taken into account.

Diseases can be classified according to the type of inheritance and location of the defective gene. So, it is important whether the gene is located on the sex or non-sex chromosome (autosome), and whether it is suppressive or not. Diseases are distinguished:

• Autosomal dominant - brachydactyly, arachnodactyly, ectopia lentis.
• Autosomal recessive - albinism, muscular dystonia, dystrophy.
• Limited by gender (observed only in women or men) - hemophilia A and B, color blindness, paralysis, phosphate diabetes.

The quantitative and qualitative classification of hereditary diseases distinguishes genetic, chromosomal and mitochondrial types. The latter refers to DNA disorders in mitochondria outside the nucleus. The first two occur in DNA, which is found in the cell nucleus, and have several subtypes:

Causes

Our genes tend not only to accumulate information, but also to change it, acquiring new qualities. This is a mutation. It occurs quite rarely, approximately 1 time in a million cases, and is transmitted to descendants if it occurs in germ cells. For individual genes, the mutation frequency is 1:108.

Mutations are a natural process and form the basis of evolutionary variability in all living beings. They can be useful and harmful. Some help us better adapt to our environment and way of life (for example, opposable thumb), others lead to diseases.

The occurrence of pathologies in genes is increased by physical, chemical and biological factors. Some alkaloids, nitrates, nitrites, some food additives, pesticides, solvents and petroleum products have this property.

Among the physical factors are ionizing and radioactive radiation, ultraviolet rays, excessively high and low temperatures. Rubella viruses, measles, antigens, etc. act as biological causes.

Genetic predisposition

Parents influence us not only through upbringing. It is known that some people are more likely to develop certain diseases than others due to heredity. Genetic predisposition to diseases occurs when one of the relatives has abnormalities in the genes.

The risk of a particular disease in a child depends on his gender, because some diseases are transmitted only through one line. It also depends on the person's race and the degree of relationship with the patient.

If a person with the mutation gives birth to a child, the chance of inheriting the disease will be 50%. The gene may well not manifest itself in any way, being recessive, and in the case of marriage with a healthy person, its chances of being passed on to descendants will be already 25%. However, if the spouse also has such a recessive gene, the chances of its manifestation in the descendants will again increase to 50%.

How to identify the disease?

The genetic center will help to detect the disease or predisposition to it in time. Usually there is one in all major cities. Before taking the tests, a consultation is held with a doctor to find out what health problems are observed in relatives.

A medical genetic examination is carried out by taking blood for analysis. The sample is carefully examined in the laboratory for any abnormalities. Expectant parents usually attend such consultations after pregnancy. However, it is worth coming to the genetic center during its planning.

Hereditary diseases seriously affect the mental and physical health of the child and affect life expectancy. Most of them are difficult to treat, and their manifestation can only be corrected by medical means. Therefore, it is better to prepare for this even before conceiving a baby.

Down syndrome

One of the most common genetic diseases is Down syndrome. It occurs in 13 cases out of 10,000. This is an anomaly in which a person has not 46, but 47 chromosomes. The syndrome can be diagnosed immediately at birth.

The main symptoms include a flattened face, raised corners of the eyes, a short neck and lack of muscle tone. The ears are usually small, the eyes are oblique, and the shape of the skull is irregular.

Sick children experience concomitant disorders and diseases - pneumonia, ARVI, etc. Exacerbations may occur, for example, loss of hearing, vision, hypothyroidism, heart disease. With downism it is slowed down and often remains at the level of seven years.

Constant work, special exercises and medications significantly improve the situation. There are many cases where people with a similar syndrome were quite able to lead an independent life, find work and achieve professional success.

Hemophilia

A rare hereditary disease that affects men. Occurs once in 10,000 cases. Hemophilia has no cure and occurs as a result of a change in one gene on the sex X chromosome. Women are only carriers of the disease.

The main characteristic is the absence of a protein that is responsible for blood clotting. In this case, even a minor injury causes bleeding that is not easy to stop. Sometimes it manifests itself only the next day after the injury.

Queen Victoria of England was a carrier of hemophilia. She passed the disease on to many of her descendants, including Tsarevich Alexei, the son of Tsar Nicholas II. Thanks to her, the disease began to be called “royal” or “Victorian”.

Angelman syndrome

The disease is often called “happy doll syndrome” or “Parsley syndrome”, as patients experience frequent outbursts of laughter and smiling, and chaotic hand movements. This anomaly is characterized by disturbances in sleep and mental development.

The syndrome occurs once in 10,000 cases due to the absence of certain genes on the long arm of chromosome 15. Angelman disease develops only if genes are missing from the chromosome inherited from the mother. When the same genes are missing from the paternal chromosome, Prader-Willi syndrome occurs.

The disease cannot be completely cured, but it is possible to alleviate the symptoms. For this purpose, physical procedures and massages are performed. Patients do not become completely independent, but during treatment they can take care of themselves.

Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University

Faculty of Medicine

by subject:

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES

Completed

1st year students,

group 1 SD 1

Checked

Klimenko Yu.A.

Kaliningrad 2011

1.WHAT IS AN STD?

2.HOW ARE STDS SPREAD?

3. COMPLICATIONS

4. TRICHOMONIASIS

5.CHLAMYDIOSIS

6.GONORRHEA

7.HERPETIC INFECTION

8. HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS

9.SYPHILIS

10.HIV - infection

11. Ureaplasmosis.

12.Genital candidiasis

13. Bacterial vaginosis (gardnerella).

14.List of references used.

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDs, STIs)

WHAT IS AN STD?

STDs are sexually transmitted diseases that arise as a result of the penetration of bacteria and viruses related to sexually transmitted infections into the human body.

The main pathogens are chlamydia, trichomonas, mycoplasma, gonococci, syphilis bacteria, herpes virus, human papillomas, hepatitis B and C viruses, and, of course, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Some diseases affect only the human genital organs, while others, such as hepatitis, syphilis, HIV infection, cause damage to the whole organism.

Infection of a person is not always accompanied by the appearance of complaints or symptoms that force him to see a doctor. There may be an asymptomatic course of the disease or spontaneous disappearance of its manifestations after a certain time after infection. However, this does not mean that the danger has been eliminated, but, on the contrary, may indicate a transition to a latent chronic form of the disease, more difficult to diagnose and treat.

HOW ARE STDS SPREAD?

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are usually transmitted through unprotected sex (oral, vaginal, anal). Some diseases, such as HIV infection, hepatitis, are transmitted through contact with infected blood. Most STDs are transmitted from mother to fetus: through the placenta during pregnancy or during childbirth.

Suspicious symptoms that you need to pay attention to and consult a doctor.

Discharge from the vagina, urethra, rectum;

Itching of the genitals and surrounding skin;

Sores or erosions on the genitals and surrounding skin;

Wart-like growths on the genitals and skin of the anogenetic area;

Dysuric phenomena - discomfort, burning, pain during urination;

Painful sensations in the lower abdomen, in the perineal area;

Pain during intercourse.

COMPLICATIONS

Sexually transmitted infections in women can cause serious complications in sexual, menstrual and reproductive function. In some cases, generalized forms occur with damage to various systems and organs of the human body.

STDs cause inflammatory processes in the internal genital organs of men and women (prostatitis, urethritis, cervical pseudo-erosion, inflammation of the fallopian tubes - salpingitis), which, in turn, creates a favorable background for the occurrence of infertility, miscarriage, ectopic tubal pregnancies, pathological course of pregnancy and infectious lesions of newborns.

WHAT TO DO IF YOU SUSPECTED AN INFECTION?

At the slightest suspicion of a sexually transmitted disease (STD), you should consult a doctor and undergo an examination.

You should not hope that the disease will disappear on its own.

Remember the danger of infecting others!

Be aware of the possible consequences of untreated STDs!

It is also necessary to remember about methods of STD PREVENTION:

Using condoms;

Limiting the number of sexual partners;

Regular examinations and examinations.

TRICHOMONIASIS

The causative agent of the disease is Trichomonas vaginalis.

Routes of infection, as with all STDs: sexual contact, household contact (less often).

Incubation period: from 7 to 28 days.

In women, the vagina, labia, and urethra are affected; in men, the urethra.

SYMPTOMS in women:

Gray-yellow, foamy vaginal discharge, sometimes with an unpleasant odor;

Itching, swelling of the urogenital zone;

Burning during urination;

Asymptomatic.

SYMPTOMS in men:

Minor discharge;

Dysuric phenomena;

Often asymptomatic.

COMPLICATIONS: inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs, cystitis, prostatitis.

CHLAMYDIOSIS

The causative agent of the disease is Chlamydia trachomatis.

Routes of infection are sexual contact with an infected person (vaginal, rectal), as well as from an infected mother to the fetus during pregnancy and childbirth.

The incubation period lasts from 2 to 6 weeks.

In women, the following areas are affected: the cervical canal, fallopian tubes, uterus (rarely), vagina (rarely), liver capsule, urethra.

In men it affects: urethra, prostate.

SYMPTOMS in women:

Vaginal discharge;

Periodic bleeding;

Pain during sexual intercourse;

Pain in the lower abdomen;

Dysuric phenomena;

Asymptomatic course (70%).

SYMPTOMS in men:

Pain during urination;

Periodic discharge from the urethra;

Minor irritation or itching in the urethral area;

Asymptomatic (50%).

COMPLICATIONS: pelvic inflammatory diseases, tubal pregnancy, miscarriage, perihepatitis, perinatal pathology, infertility, prostatitis. Extragenital complications that occur in both sexes: arthritis, conjunctivitis, proctitis.

bacteria virus disease

The causative agent of the disease is Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Routes of infection: sexual contact (vaginal, rectal, oral); from a pregnant woman to a newborn during childbirth.

Incubation period: from 2 to 10 days.

Lesions: ureginetal zone, cervical canal, urethra, rectum, throat, conjunctiva, joint capsules.

SYMPTOMS in women:

Yellow-brown purulent discharge from the vagina;

Dysuric phenomena;

Itching, swelling, discomfort in the urogenital area;

Pain in the lower abdomen:

Asymptomatic (80%).

SYMPTOMS in men:

Discharge from the urethra;

Irritation and pain during urination;

Asymptomatic (20%).

Representatives of both sexes experience redness and irritation of the conjunctiva, itching and discomfort in the rectal area, purulent mucous-bloody discharge from the rectum.

COMPLICATIONS: inflammatory processes of the pelvic organs; infertility; miscarriage; ectopic tubal pregnancy; inflammatory diseases of the testicles, prostatitis, infertility, arthritis; proctitis; conjunctivitis.

HERPETIC INFECTION

The causative agent is the herpes virus. There are two types of herpes virus. Type I virus, the so-called oral herpes, is characterized by rashes, usually on the lips. Type II virus is usually found on the genitals. However, both the first and second types of herpes viruses can cause both oral and genital localization of the rash.

The routes of infection are the same as for all STDs. Infection also occurs through direct contact with infected areas.

The incubation period is on average 6 days (from 2 to 21 days from the date of contact).

It is clinically manifested by rashes in the form of blisters, which rupture over time - erosion is formed, the healing of which occurs from 7 to 21 days. There are also colds and enlarged inguinal lymph nodes. After the disappearance of clinical symptoms, the virus is localized in the nerve fibers.

Excessive physical activity and stress are factors that provoke the appearance of repeated rashes.

Prevention of herpes is different from prevention of other STDs. It is necessary to abstain from sexual intercourse in the period from the onset of clinical symptoms until the complete healing of erosions, as well as the abolition of genito-oral contacts in case of herpetic rashes on the lips.

HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS

The causative agent is the Human Papilloma virus. There are many known types of this virus, among which there are low and high oncogenic viruses. The most dangerous are highly oncogenic papillomaviruses, which cause cervical cancer in women.

The symptoms in men and women are the same - in the form of small, clearly defined, raised, painless rashes the color of healthy skin (warts) in the urogenital and anal areas. Women may also have rashes in the vagina or on the cervix, which are revealed only by examining the cervix in a speculum, as well as itching. In men, there are rashes behind the foreskin and in the urinary canal, invisible during a superficial examination.

Note: in most people the disease may be asymptomatic, but relapses are possible. Women infected with papillomavirus need an annual cytological examination for the purpose of prevention and early diagnosis of cervical cancer.

A very common disease. Every year the number of patients with syphilis is growing inexorably. The routes of infection are the same as for other STDs. The incubation period is most often 21 days (from 10 to 90 days). There are three stages of the disease: primary, secondary and tertiary syphilis. And also latent - without pronounced clinical symptoms. Early manifestations include the appearance of painless erosion or ulcers on the genitals. In women, such a formation can occur in the vagina, on the cervix, but remain unnoticed by the woman. Syphilis must be treated, since further development of the disease leads to irreversible changes in the heart and brain, paralysis, blindness develop, and death is possible.

TREATMENT OF SEXUAL PARTNERS IS MANDATORY!

HIV infection

The source of HIV is an infected person at all stages of the disease, who remains this source throughout his life.

The main route of transmission of sexually transmitted infections is when sperm or vaginal secretions of an infected person enter a healthy body during sexual intercourse. Be very careful and selective in your intimate relationships. Be sure to use a condom. Today this is the only way of protection. Infection also occurs through injections with infected needles, so for prevention purposes, make sure that during manipulations medical personnel use only disposable instruments. Infection may occur during transfusion of HIV-infected blood.

Also, HIV infection is transmitted from an infected mother to the fetus during pregnancy, during childbirth, and also during breastfeeding. There are preventive treatment regimens for pregnant women to reduce the risk of HIV transmission from mother to fetus.

HIV infection occurs immediately after the virus enters the human body. But it is impossible to detect it with tests earlier than 2-6 months from the moment of infection.

As a rule, symptoms of the disease appear much later, sometimes 5-6 years after the virus enters the body. Against the background of HIV infection, there is increased sensitivity to any type of pathogen, that is, the person becomes completely defenseless. Infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, papillomotosis, toxoplasmosis, and so-called opportunistic diseases that do not pose a mortal threat to a normal healthy person often occur.

HIV-infected people have a very high risk of developing malignant tumors.

No one can be 100% sure that this will not affect him!

Mycoplasmosis

Mycoplasmosis is an infection caused by mycoplasma, sexually transmitted and characterized by damage to the urethra, cervix and vagina (in women).

It has been established that humans are the natural host of at least 14 species of mycoplasmas. The infection is caused by four species - Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma urealyticum.

Mycoplasma infection most often occurs through sexual contact. Mycoplasma is a microbe that is unstable to external influences and therefore quickly dies outside the human body. In this regard, infection through household contact (through towels, toilet seats, swimming pools, baths, dishes, etc.) is unlikely.

Symptoms of urogenital mycoplasmosis appear 3-5 weeks after infection:

Slight clear vaginal discharge,

Moderate or slight pain (burning) when urinating,

Symptoms of adnexitis (pain in the lower abdomen, menstrual irregularities, etc.)

Usually the symptoms are minor and practically do not bother the patient.

Complications of mycoplasmosis.

Chronic diseases of the pelvic organs (salpingo-oophoritis, endometritis),

miscarriage,

Infertility.

Ureaplasmosis

Ureaplasmosis is a sexually transmitted infectious disease characterized by damage to the urethra and vagina. The causative agent of ureaplasmosis is the microorganism ureaplasma (Ureaplasma urealyticum). Normally, ureaplasma exists in the human body, and causes the disease only under certain conditions.

Infection with ureaplasmosis occurs during sexual intercourse. Household infection with ureplasmosis (through towels, toilet seats, swimming pools, baths, dishes) is unlikely.

Symptoms of the disease:

Scanty, clear vaginal discharge,

Moderate pain and burning when urinating,

Pain in the lower abdomen due to inflammation of the uterus and appendages.

Symptoms appear 4-5 weeks after infection. Often the symptoms of ureaplasmosis are not pronounced (especially in women), so patients rarely consult a doctor.

Complications of ureaplasmosis

Ureaplasmosis poses a fairly serious danger to reproductive health. So the complications of this infection are:

Inflammation of the uterus, fallopian tubes, appendages, which in turn can lead to ectopic pregnancy and infertility

Promotes complications during pregnancy.

Genital candidiasis

Candidiasis is a disease characterized by intensive proliferation of yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida. This microorganism normally exists on the skin and mucous membranes of humans. Candidiasis is characterized by the intensive proliferation of these fungi, displacing other representatives of the normal human microflora. Most often, the development of candidiasis is associated with a decrease in the body's defenses.

Risk factors for the development of candidiasis.

IUD with long-term use.

Taking antibiotics, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, oral contraceptives.

Diabetes.

Immunodeficiency conditions (HIV, STIs).

Pregnancy.

Wearing tight, synthetic underwear.

Douching.

Intestinal dysbiosis.

Symptoms of the disease:

Itching of the vulva, vagina,

Redness of the external genitalia, vagina,

Pain in the vulva at rest, during sexual intercourse, urination,

White, curd-like discharge from the vagina.

There are 3 forms of genital candidiasis:

Candida carrier,

Acute genital candidiasis,

Chronic (recurrent).

Bacterial vaginosis (gardnerella)

BV is considered as a general infectious non-inflammatory syndrome associated with vaginal dysbiosis, characterized by an excessively high concentration of opportunistic microorganisms and a sharp decrease or absence of lactic acid bacteria in the vagina. The essence of bacterial vaginosis remains unclear. This disease can only conditionally be classified as an STI, since it is one of the most common manifestations of a violation of general homeostasis.

Bacterial vaginosis is characterized by significant changes in the vaginal flora and vaginal environment. The consequence of a decrease or absence of physiological lactobacilli is an insufficient amount of lactic acid and an increase in the pH of the vaginal environment. The neutral environment created in this way favors the development of various pathogenic microbes, some anaerobes, as well as Trichomonas. It is believed that gram-negative cocci of lactobacilli, which appear during vaginal infections, influence the development of pathogenic microbes, in particular Gardnerella vaginalis.

Causes of BV

The vaginal microflora is under constant influence of the body, and is also susceptible to some environmental factors. The development of bacterial vaginosis can be promoted by various endogenous and exogenous factors.

Endogenous:

Changes in hormonal status;

Reduced immunological reactivity;

Disturbance of intestinal microbiocenosis.

Exogenous:

Previous antibacterial therapy;

Previous and concomitant inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary tract;

The use of hormonal agents and immunosuppressants.

Symptoms of the disease.

Abundant, homogeneous, creamy vaginal discharge of a grayish-white color.

The discharge often has an unpleasant (fishy) odor, which results from the breakdown of amines produced by anaerobic bacteria.

Signs of vaginal inflammation are observed in half of the patients.

Itching and burning.

Unpleasant sensations during sexual intercourse.

Complications.

Recurrent inflammatory diseases of the reproductive system and genitourinary tract.

Pathological uterine bleeding.

Increase in complications after pelvic surgery and caesarean section.

Premature rupture of membranes during childbirth.

Chorioamnionitis.

Postpartum endometritis.

Weight loss and the appearance of pneumonia in a newborn.

It is the parents' genes that transmit character traits, eye color and external similarities to the child. Parents also give their child a number of genetic diseases. Nowadays, many couples who dream of conceiving a child seek help from a doctor to find out about genetic diseases. It is the geneticist who has the opportunity to tell patients about their genetics and identify diseases that are inherited. In this article you can learn about the most common diseases transmitted from parents to children.

What is genetic inheritance?

Each human gene has its own DNA. The genes of the parents are combined over time. One of the genes is suppressed, and the second is suppressed. If the father and mother have a pathological gene, then it is necessarily passed on to the unborn baby. If one parent is considered a carrier of such a gene, then the risks are reduced by 2 times.

If the gene of the born baby is suppressive, then he is guaranteed to get hereditary diseases. When the gene is suppressed, the baby is considered a carrier, and he will pass on various diseases to his future heirs. This is why situations arise when people, after a couple of generations, develop diseases that were previously encountered in their ancestors.

In fact, the risk of a baby getting a genetic disease is 5%. But this percentage can be affected by the following factors: poor nutrition, constant stress and living in cities with poor ecology.

There are diseases that can occur in every generation. Such diseases include hypotension, obesity, Alzheimer's disease, psoriasis and diabetes. There are also diseases that can appear only after decades. Now there are more than 3,000 diseases that are transmitted hereditarily.

What diseases can be inherited from parents to children?

Genetic diseases transmitted by inheritance:

1. Down syndrome. This disease manifests itself during the birth of the baby. It is characterized by disturbances in brain function.
2. Adrenogenital syndrome.
3. Cystic fibrosis. With this disease, there is a lot of sweating and a violation of external secretion. Due to the secretion of large amounts of mucus, which accumulates over time, the development of the lungs slows down. This disease can only occur in a child whose father and mother are considered carriers.
4. Color blindness is a visual impairment in identifying colors. It can occur immediately at birth or appear over time. Nowadays, medicine is quite developed and doctors perform operations to improve vision.
5. Hemophilia. This disease is characterized by poor blood clotting, which means there is a high risk of blood loss. Over time, blood can move into the internal organs, but the patient may not feel it.
6. Hypolactasia. This disease is characterized by poor tolerance to lactose found in mother's or cow's milk. As a result of drinking such milk, the baby may experience diarrhea. This disease may appear immediately at birth or over time.

This is only a small part of the diseases that parents can pass on to their children. Before the birth of a child, adults need to think in advance about the health of the unborn baby. Therefore, you must first undergo the necessary examinations.

Medical genetic examination

The examination begins with a consultation with a geneticist who is interested in the pedigree. After this, the doctor examines the patients for external signs, since some diseases can be identified visually.

Genetic testing can be done even during pregnancy. In this case, blood is taken from the umbilical cord for analysis.

Indications for genetic testing

It is not necessary to undergo this examination. People at risk should pay special attention to:

• people over 35 years old;
• persons who have relatives with hereditary diseases;
• close relationship of parents;
• one of the parents has a child with genetic diseases;
• women who have had miscarriages;
• persons, living near factories or places with poor ecology.

Genetic diseases that are inherited by children can cause great harm not only to the child himself, but also to the entire family. To prevent the birth of a sick baby and find out what diseases he may get in the future, it is recommended to visit a geneticist and have a blood test done for genetic testing.