General information. Introduction to macroeconomics - Matveeva T.Yu

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UDC 330.101.541 BBK 65.9

Matveeva, T. Yu. Introduction to macroeconomics [Text]: textbook. allowance /

M33 T. Yu. Matveeva; State University - Higher School of Economics. - 5th ed., rev. -

M.: Publishing house. house of State University Higher School of Economics, 2007. - 511, p. - 3000 copies. - ISBN 978-7598-0543-4

The textbook is an introductory level macroeconomics course. It examines the main problems of macroeconomic theory and policy and the most important macroeconomic models. Definitions of basic concepts are given; theoretical concepts are illustrated with graphs; basic formulas for calculating macroeconomic indicators are presented. The theoretical material of each topic is accompanied by a workshop - methodological materials containing more than two thousand tasks of various types (tests, problems, etc.) with answers and solutions. These materials

lys will help students understand the theory and test their knowledge, and teachers

we need to quickly and objectively evaluate them.

For applicants to the faculties of economics and management; students studying

economic theory at an introductory level; teachers of schools and universities, as well as for everyone who is interested in issues of economic theory and politics and wants independent

gain a thorough understanding of the complex world of macroeconomics.

UDC 330.101.541

PREFACE

This book is for those who are just beginning to get acquainted with macroeconomic theory. It was intended as a short summary of all topics in the macroeconomics course, with staying in the program of the preparatory department of the State University

site - Higher School of Economics (HSE), as a kind of cheat sheet that

would make it easier for applicants to prepare for entrance exams in social studies (economics). It was supposed to include only OS new definitions, most important formulas and graphs. However, during the work

It is obvious that every term, every formula, every graph must be

explained and interpreted, and the cheat sheet turned into a whole training manual property Then the idea arose to accompany the presentation of the theory with practical materials that would allow readers to test their knowledge and apply it to solving problems, tests, multiple choice tasks, to learn more deeply and consolidate studied material.

It must be said that manuals containing similar materials on macroeconomics

Moreover, in such a volume, there is practically none in Russian. Available in the library

kah, for example, State University Higher School of Economics and Moscow State University named after. M.V. Lomonosov, manuals for teachers

and students (study-guides, test-books, students" manuals, ipstructors" manuals) unavailable

us for the general reader. In addition, they are designed for specific training courses.

ki, the level of complexity of which does not always correspond to the introductory level and is poorly

acceptable for people just starting to study macroeconomics, especially in Russia. The materials contained in them must be in a certain way from branes and processed.

For this purpose, almost all existing publics of this kind were studied.

cation, the materials of which were adapted for the introductory course of macroeconomic theory and for Russian readers. A large number of new tasks and tasks were invented and developed that allow one to firmly master the fundamental skills

provisions of macroeconomics and understand the patterns of macroeconomic processes

(in total, the workshop includes more than two thousand tasks of various types). ·

When preparing the manual, the goal was not only to provide knowledge of the basics of Mac

roeconomics, explain complex macroeconomic processes in an accessible form

people who are getting to know them for the first time, but also to awaken interest in studying this science and show how fascinating it is. Why are some countries developing rapidly?

Preface

more than others; why is the standard of living of most Russian citizens lower than in

many other, for example European, countries; what needs to be done to achieve the following

generation lived better than the current one; Why is unemployment bad for an individual and

the economy as a whole and what measures can be taken to reduce it; what are the reasons

we and the consequences of inflation and whether it is possible to reduce inflation to zero; why not Paul

Do the population trust Russian banks and how can financial stabilization be ensured in the country; why is public debt dangerous? what taxes should be established in order, on the one hand, to stimulate economic development, and

on the other hand, to provide the state with the means to carry out its numerous

functions, in particular economic regulation; why is the Russian exchange rate falling?

ruble and what is necessary to stabilize it, etc.

Moreover, macroeconomics is a very useful science. After all, prices, wages wages, unemployment, inflation, money, consumption, savings, taxes- all this

integral part of our life, problems that directly affect us

each of us. Macroeconomics teaches people to analyze the economic situation,

navigate the surrounding reality, make the right decisions,

make the best choices, behave rationally, and achieve your goals in an optimal manner. Therefore, an important task when writing a theoretical part on The goal was to show the logic and mechanism of economic processes, the patterns of economic functioning, and on this basis try to develop an economic way of thinking among readers.

Based on a synthesis of eight years of experience in teaching macroeconomics courses

Miki of various levels (introductory and intermediate), the author sought to make educational

This manual is as universal as possible, suitable for use in the most

various purposes: when preparing for exams, developing homework,

role-playing works, olympiads, preparation for lectures, seminars,

meaningful study of the subject. Therefore, the range of use of the manual is very wide. It can be useful to teachers of economic and non-economic universities, school teachers, students, applicants, students of advanced education faculties

lification, people independently studying macroeconomics and simply interested

facing economic problems, etc.

The materials included in this manual have been successfully tested for fa

cult of pre-university training, are very widely used in the teaching process

studies of macroeconomics in the first year of the faculties of economics, sociology, political science and law (theoretical material is distributed to students in the form of lectures, it

placed on the website on the Internet), as well as in retraining and advanced training institutes

qualifications from the State University Higher School of Economics. The workshop materials form the basis of the Mac task bank.

economics for the entrance exam to the State University Higher School of Economics in social studies and all types of written work, including tests and examinations, for first-year students

course. These materials were published in the journals "school economic magazine" and

Economics at school (No. 3 and No. 4 for 2000, No. 1 and No. 2 for 2001), which, despite

for the additional editions required, were instantly sold out and are currently

Preface

have now become almost a bibliographic rarity, receiving very high what is the assessment of teachers of economic theory at universities and schools not only in Moscow, but also in other cities of Russia.

The manual includes twelve topics that outline the theoretical foundations of macroeconomics and discuss the most important macroeconomic models.

definitions of basic concepts are given, the most important formulas and graphs are given.

Theoretical provisions are accompanied by methodological materials, presentation "

which constitute a system of tasks for each topic studied (answers and detailed analysis of solutions to typical problems is given in the final section of the book!~. This is pos

allows you to deeply assimilate theoretical material, master logic, terminology and the basic tools of economic science and provides the opportunity to conduct

share your knowledge.

The textbook begins with a definition of the subject, consideration of the basic methodological principles and methods of macroeconomic analysis, especially

of macroeconomic indicators (topic 1). Then the main

indicators of the System of National Equities (topic 2), main (basic) macroeconomics

mic model of “aggregate demand - aggregate supply and its conditions”

balance (topic 3). Next comes an analysis of the main macroeconomic problems, such as economic growth and the economic cycle (topic 4), unemployment (topic 5), inflation (topic 6), money and monetary circulation (topic 7). Paying great attention It is devoted to the analysis of the principles of functioning of the banking system (topic 8) and the mechanism of monetary policy (topic 9), features of the formation of the state budget (topics 10 and 11) and problems of fiscal policy (topic 12).

Unfortunately, this manual does not cover some of the introductory topics.

macroeconomics courses, such as macroeconomic problems of open economics

ki, Skeynesian cross model, short-term aggregate supply models

nia, since they are not included in the program of the preparatory department and study

I'm in my first year. These topics will be presented in detail in a forthcoming textbook for first-year students of economics faculties. It will

is built on the same principles as this manual (in addition to theory it will contain

reap extensive methodological material). Work on this manual is planned for

to be completed in 2003

The author is deeply grateful to his colleagues from the Higher School of Economics and Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosova R.M. Nureyev, V.S. Avtonomov, O.I. Ananyin, I.L. Kavitskaya, A.A. Friedman, E.A. Tumanova, etc. Agapova, S.F. Seregina, L.B. Shchukina, A.V. Anosova, D.V. Akimov

for valuable advice, wishes and critical comments made during the work

you are working on the manual and preparing it for publication.

The author is also grateful to the students of the Faculty of Economics and the Faculty of Pre-University Training at the State University Higher School of Economics, whose “feedback” allowed us to identify the most difficult problems of the course and explain them in the most accessible and understandable form in the theoretical part of the manual. Besides, they were you

all assignments have been completed and all tasks included in the workshop have been solved, errors have been identified

Preface

ki, incorrect wording and inaccuracies that were eliminated in the process preparing the manual for publication.

Sincere gratitude- Heads of the publishing house of the State University Higher School of Economics E.A. Willow Novaya and E.A. Ryazantseva, editor E.N. Rostislavskaya, technical editor N.A. Veselova, without whom the textbook would not have been able to see the light of day.

especially Natasha, who provided invaluable assistance in preparing methodological materials

terials, as well as to her husband A.A. Sspunkov, who created the most favorable

Topic 1

and methodological

principles

macroeconomics

Subject of macroeconomics. Difference between macroeconomics

from microeconomics.

Main macroeconomic problems. Importance of Studying

macroeconomics

Macroeconomic methods

analysis. Aggregation.

Macroeconomic agents

and macroeconomic markets

Circulation of product, expenses and income. Macroeconomic

relationships.

Macroeconomic models.

Peculiarities

macroeconomic

Introduction to macroeconomics. Matveeva T.Yu.

5th ed., rev. - M.: Publishing house. House of State University Higher School of Economics, 2007. - 511 p.

The textbook is an introductory level macroeconomics course. It examines the main problems of macroeconomic theory and policy and the most important macroeconomic models. Definitions of basic concepts are given; theoretical positions are illustrated with graphs; basic formulas for calculating macroeconomic indicators are presented. The theoretical material of each topic is accompanied by a workshop - methodological materials containing more than two thousand tasks of various types (tests, problems, etc.) with answers and solutions. These materials will help students understand the theory and test their knowledge, and teachers will quickly and objectively evaluate it.

For applicants to the faculties of economics and management; students studying economic theory at the introductory level; teachers of schools and universities, as well as for everyone who is interested in issues of economic theory and politics and wants to independently understand the complex world of macroeconomics.

Format: djvu

Size: 10.9 MB

Download: drive.google

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE 7
Topic 1
SUBJECT AND METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF MACROECONOMICS 11
1.1. Macroeconomics subject 12
1.2. Macroeconomic analysis 14
1.3. Circulation of product, expenses and income 20
1.4. Macroeconomic models and their indicators 29
Workshop 32
Topic 2
MAIN MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS. SYSTEM OF NATIONAL ACCOUNTS 51
2.1. System of national accounts and its indicators 52
2.2. Gross Domestic Product 54
2.3. Methods for measuring GDP 59
2.4. Correlation of indicators in the System of National Accounts....66
2.5. Nominal and real GDP. Price indices 70
Workshop 75
Topic 3
AGGREGATE DEMAND AND AGGREGATE SUPPLY (AD-AS MODEL) 123
3.1. Aggregate demand and its factors 124
3.2. Aggregate supply in classical and Keynesian models 134
3.3. Aggregate supply in the long and short term and its factors 146
3.4. Equilibrium in the AD-AS 152 model
3.5. Shocks to aggregate demand and aggregate supply 156
Workshop 161
Topic 4
ECONOMIC GROWTH AND THE ECONOMIC CYCLE 201
4.1. Economic growth and its indicators 202
4.2. Factors and types of economic growth, its significance and costs 207
4.3. Public Policy and Economic Growth 213
4.4. Economic cycle, its phases, causes and indicators 216
4.5. Types of economic cycles 222
Workshop 224
Topic 5
UNEMPLOYMENT 243
5.1. Concept and indicators of unemployment 244
5.2. Types of unemployment. Natural rate of unemployment 247
5.3. Consequences of unemployment 252
5.4. State policy to combat unemployment 255
Workshop 256
Topic 6
INFLATION 281
6.1. Inflation, its indicators and types 282
6.2. Causes of inflation 284
6.3. Consequences and costs of inflation 286
Workshop 296
Topic 7
MONEY 315
7.1. Money and its functions 316
7.2. Types of money 319
7.3. Monetary aggregates 322
7.4. Equation of the quantity theory of money.
Consequences of money emission 325
Workshop 327
Topic 8
BANKING SYSTEM 345
8.1. Banking system and its structure 346
8.2. Commercial banks and their operations. Bank reserves 348
8.3. Money creation by commercial banks.
Bank multiplier 353
Workshop 359
Topic 9
MONETARY POLICY 373
9.1. The essence and goals of monetary policy 374
9.2. Monetary policy instruments 375
9.3. Types of monetary policy 382
9.4. The impact of monetary policy on the economy 383
Workshop 386
Topic 10
TAXES 403
10.1. Tax system and principles of taxation 404
10.2. Types of taxes 406
10.3. The Impact of Taxes on the Economy 410
Workshop 413
Topic 11
STATE BUDGET 423
11.1. Main types of expenses and revenues of the state budget 424
11.2. State Budget Concepts 426
11.3. State budget deficit and methods of financing it 428
11.4. Public debt, its types and consequences 432
Workshop 435
Topic 12
FISCAL POLICY 445
12.1. Goals and instruments of fiscal policy 446
12.2. The impact of fiscal policy instruments on aggregate demand 447
12.3. Types of fiscal policy 456
Workshop 460
RECOMMENDED READING 485
ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 488

Vedomosti
03.04.2007, № 58 (1832)
Andrey Kuzmichev

New items from book sales

Business "to the bone"

Why are the French involved in high fashion, the Germans in mechanical engineering, and the Swiss in international banking? Professor Nicole Biggart is seriously concerned about these seemingly simple questions. Together with fellow business researchers on both sides of the Atlantic, speaking from the perspective of “economic sociology,” she attempts to analyze “how, in reality, historical factors, institutions and patterns of relationships that develop in different societies ultimately turn into institutionalized sets of opportunities and institutional structures that provide a given society with advantages at the level of the world economy." However, this is only a small part of the vast scientific field presented in the book, which also contains interviews with leading scientists and reviews of scientific trends in the world and in Russia.

This fundamental work (40 author's sheets can be easily converted into signs and gives an impressive figure of 1,600,000) is a look from Russia at the new economy of the planet and those who are trying to study it. Having mastered it, you understand that those who call themselves economic sociologists, or those who have joined the fashionable movement, not only successfully study business, but also teach at the best business schools, managing to devote part of their time to consulting the world's largest corporations.

For example, Professor Howard Aldrich, who has been involved in the evolutionary sociology of farms and industries, firms, and entrepreneurship all his life, recalls that sociologists in the 70s. of the last century “began to be lured into business schools when the latter required scientific accuracy.” As an example, he cites Paul Hirsch's research on corporate governance, where the now familiar concepts of “golden parachute”, “golden handcuffs” and other popular terms first appeared.

The world of entrepreneurship is also not ignored by scientists. Anna-Lee Saxenian of Berkeley has been studying Silicon Valley and the 128 in the Boston area for many years, where MTI (the world's leading centers for advanced technology development) is located. So, the results of her research show that if earlier “there was a “brain drain” to places like Silicon Valley, where highly qualified personnel flocked from developing countries - India, China, Taiwan, Korea, etc. ”, now “these immigrants build networks that enable these industries to develop in their home countries."

There are no such centers of attraction for the best minds in Russia yet, and researchers are studying the evolution of the entire business. Academician Tatyana Zaslavskaya noted the small work of V. Titov on clothing markets. In her opinion, this is “an incredibly interesting analysis of the clothing market from the inside. A thesaurus is attached, and even raises the question of the specific language of the clothing market.” The study noted “that those whom people call “shuttle traders” call themselves entrepreneurs, and sellers workers.”

The book does not answer the question of what top managers in Russia call themselves, but you can learn a lot of interesting things about the language of venture capitalists. Professor Harrison White, who studies it, believes that the chances of becoming a venture capitalist are influenced by "an individual's belonging to a particular social class." In the study, the professor emphasizes that everyone in this class “interacts effectively with each other, easily learns new things, learns to think and speak differently. And if you can just listen and hear them, you can understand a lot. You don’t have to ask them questions, write a questionnaire. Just learn to understand their language."

The reader may be surprised to learn where the focus of global business research has moved in recent decades. “Over the past 20-30 years, the main theoretical ideas have come from Europeans,” says Professor Neil Smelser. One could argue with him, but where can one hide from, for example, the fact that in Britain the theory of organizations is the most developed part of sociological science, and even in Hungary scientific passions are seething: the problems of adaptation of companies to a new market environment, privatization have come to the attention of scientists , paying taxes. The same questions concern domestic researchers. But Tatyana Zaslavskaya laments: “If you take the masses, mass groups, for us they largely remain a kind of black box, because they are silent. How long will they endure and remain silent?”