Features of first aid to victims of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons. Weapons and equipment Biological weapons first aid

Methods of providing first aid in case of injury by nuclear, chemical, biological and incendiary weapons

Methods of providing first aid in case of injury by nuclear weapons

An individual first aid kit contains 12 tablets of a radioprotective agent in two crimson pencil cases. If there is a threat of exposure to penetrating radiation and when operating in areas contaminated with radioactive products of a nuclear explosion, six tablets are taken at once in advance. The effect of the drug begins 30-60 minutes after administration and lasts for 4-5 hours.

The round, ribbed blue pencil case contains tablets of etaparazine, an antiemetic. It is taken at the command of the commander, one tablet at a time, in cases of signs of a primary reaction to radiation exposure (nausea, vomiting) and to prevent a primary reaction to radiation.

Methods of providing first aid in case of chemical weapons injury

First aid for injuries caused by toxic nerve agents. The affected person must put on a gas mask (if an aerosol or droplet agent gets on the skin of the face, the gas mask is put on only after treating the face with liquid from the PPI). Administer the antidote using a syringe tube with a red cap from an individual first aid kit and remove the affected person from the contaminated atmosphere. If the convulsions are not relieved within 10 minutes, re-administer the antidote. If breathing stops, perform artificial respiration. If the agent gets on the body, immediately treat the infected areas with a PPI. If the agent gets into the stomach, it is necessary to induce vomiting, if possible, rinse the stomach with a 1% solution of baking soda or clean water, rinse the affected eyes with a 2% solution of baking soda or clean water.

Affected personnel are transported to a medical station.

First aid for exposure to toxic substances of blister action. Drops of mustard gas on the skin must be immediately degassed using PPI. The eyes and nose should be rinsed generously, and the mouth and throat should be rinsed with a 2% solution of baking soda or clean water. In case of poisoning with water or food contaminated with mustard gas, induce vomiting and then administer a slurry prepared at the rate of 25 g of activated carbon per 100 ml of water.

First aid in case of injury by generally poisonous substances. Put a gas mask on the affected person, crush the ampoule with the antidote for hydrocyanic acid and insert it into the under-mask space of the front part of the gas mask. If necessary, perform artificial respiration. If the symptoms of the lesion persist, the antidote can be re-administered.

First aid in case of exposure to toxic substances with asphyxiating effect. Put a gas mask on the affected person, remove him from the contaminated atmosphere, provide complete rest, make breathing easier (remove the waist belt, unfasten the buttons), cover him from the cold, give him a hot drink and deliver him to a medical center as quickly as possible.

First aid in case of injury by toxic substances of psychochemical action. Put a gas mask on the affected person and remove it from the affected area. When going out to an uncontaminated area, perform partial sanitary treatment of exposed areas of the body using PPI, shake out the uniform, rinse the eyes and nasopharynx with clean water.

First aid for exposure to toxic irritating substances. When exposed to irritating agents, it is necessary to wear a gas mask. In case of severe irritation of the upper respiratory tract (severe cough, burning, pain in the nasopharynx), crush the ampoule with the anti-smoke mixture and insert it under the gas mask helmet.

After leaving the contaminated atmosphere, rinse your mouth, nasopharynx, and eyes with a 2% solution of baking soda or clean water. Remove chemical agents from uniforms and equipment by shaking out or cleaning.

First aid for toxins And. Stop the entry of the toxin into the body (put on a gas mask or respirator when in a contaminated atmosphere, rinse the stomach if poisoned by contaminated water or food), take it to a medical center and provide qualified medical care.

Antidotes and how to use them. Atropine, taren and some other substances can be used as antidotes. Atropine, for example, is capable of neutralizing up to one lethal dose of a nerve agent.

Antidotes are used by personnel or independently when the first signs of damage by toxic substances appear, or by order of the unit commander.

Atropine, used for poisoning with nerve agents, is contained in the individual first aid kit in a syringe tube with a red cap (AI-1), and the container is in tablets in a red round case with four semi-oval protrusions on the body (AI-2).

In the first aid kit AI-1 in slot 1 there is a syringe tube (with a red cap) containing an antidote (antidote) against organophosphate toxic substances (VX, sarin, soman). The second compartment of this nest is a reserve one (some first aid kits may have the same second syringe tube).

Instead of syringe tubes, reusable automatic syringes with several nozzles containing an antidote against organophosphorus toxic substances can be inserted in slot 1.

The remedy for FOV poisoning - the contents of one syringe tube with a red cap should be used at the first signs of damage: blurred vision, difficulty breathing, drooling. The earlier the antidote is applied, the higher its effectiveness. Use the second syringe tube with a red cap 5-7 minutes after administering the contents of the first syringe tube in cases where the signs of damage continue to grow (intensify).

In order to provide mutual assistance in case of severe lesions, accompanied by severe difficulty breathing, convulsions, loss of consciousness, administer the medicine from two syringe tubes at once.

Used syringe tubes must be pinned to the clothes on the chest of the affected person to record the amount of antidote administered when carrying out further treatment measures.

In the first aid kit AI-2 in slot 2, in a red round pencil case with four semi-oval protrusions on the body, there is a means to prevent poisoning by organophosphorus toxic substances (taren antidote), 6 tablets of 0.3 g each.

If there is a threat of poisoning, take an antidote (one tablet), and then put on a gas mask.

If signs of poisoning appear and increase (deterioration of vision, sudden shortness of breath), you should take another tablet. Repeated use is recommended no earlier than after 5-6 hours.

When using an antidote, it is necessary to strengthen control over one’s own condition and the condition of other military personnel, especially when performing combat missions at night, during monotonous activities and elevated ambient temperatures.

To prevent side effects and disturbances in heat exchange that may occur when using the drug for poisoning with OPV, these antidotes should be administered only when there are the first signs of damage to OPV.

Methods of providing first aid in case of injury by biological weapons

In the first aid kit AI-1 in slot 4, two white rectangular pencil cases contain eight tablets of an antibacterial agent. In case of wounds, burns or the threat of bacteriological (biological) infection, eight tablets of the drug are taken simultaneously, and after 6-8 hours, eight tablets from the second pencil case are taken again.

In the first aid kit AI-2 in slot 3, in a large round pencil case without coloring, there is antibacterial agent 2 (sulfadimethoxine), 15 tablets of 0.2 g each. The drug should be used for gastrointestinal disorders that occur after radiation damage. On the first day, take 7 tablets (in one dose), and in the next two days - 4 tablets. This drug is a means of preventing infectious diseases that may arise due to the weakening of the protective abilities of the irradiated organism.

In slot 5, in two tetrahedral pencil cases without painting, there is antibacterial agent No. 1 - a broad-spectrum antibiotic (chlortetracycline hydrochloride), 10 tablets of 1,000,000 units each. It is taken as a means of emergency prevention in case of threat of infection by bacterial agents or in case of infection by them, as well as in case of wounds and burns (to prevent infection). First, take the contents of one pencil case - 5 tablets at once, and then after 6 hours take the contents of another pencil case - also 5 tablets.

When using these medications, it is necessary to strengthen control over one’s own condition and the condition of other military personnel, especially when performing combat missions at night, during monotonous activities and elevated ambient temperatures.

Methods of providing first aid in case of injury by incendiary weapons

Providing first aid to personnel begins with extinguishing incendiary substances that have come into contact with the skin or clothing, either by the victims themselves or with the help of comrades.

To extinguish small amounts of burning incendiary mixture or phosphorus, it is necessary to tightly cover the burning area with a sleeve, a hollow overcoat, a raincoat, an OZK raincoat, wet clay, earth, silt, or snow. In the absence of extinguishing means, the flame is knocked down by rolling on the ground.

After extinguishing burning incendiary substances, areas of uniforms and underwear at the site of burns are carefully cut and partially removed, with the exception of burnt pieces.

The remains of the extinguished incendiary mixture and phosphorus are not removed from the burned skin, as this is painful and threatens to contaminate the burned surface.

To prevent self-ignition of the incendiary mixture or phosphorus after extinguishing, a bandage moistened with water or a 5% solution of copper sulfate should be applied to the affected areas, and the uniform should be doused with the same solution.

During the summer, a bandage moistened with water should be kept moist until arriving at a medical aid station.

In the absence of copper sulfate solution, a bandage should be applied to the affected areas of the body using an individual dressing bag or a special bandage.

First aid for nuclear weapons. If military personnel are damaged by nuclear weapons, rescue, medical and evacuation measures are carried out. They are carried out with the aim of searching for the wounded and injured, providing them with first aid and evacuating them to medical units (units). This work is carried out by the personnel of the unit caught in the affected area who have retained their combat capability. To assist in carrying out rescue operations, the forces and means of senior commanders—detachments to eliminate the consequences of the enemy’s use of weapons of mass destruction—can be sent to the affected area.

The personnel of the detachment to eliminate the consequences of the enemy’s use of weapons of mass destruction must take a radioprotective drug and an antiemetic before entering the affected area. To protect against external and internal contamination by nuclear explosion products, respiratory protection products (filtering gas masks and respirators) and filtering and insulating skin protection products are used.

The source of destruction is conventionally divided into sectors, with each squad receiving a section, and several soldiers (search group) receiving an object. The search for victims is carried out by walking around (detour) and thoroughly examining the designated area or sector by search groups, which are equipped with stretchers, military medical bags (one per group), special straps for extracting victims from hard-to-reach places and medical capes. The search should begin from areas located closer to the epicenter of the explosion, where there are victims with the most severe, mostly combined, injuries. During the search, special attention is paid to areas of the area where there could be a concentration of people. First of all, trenches, communication passages, dugouts, shelters, military equipment, hollows, beams, ravines, gorges, forest areas, destroyed and damaged buildings are examined.

When examining smoke-filled premises, one of the members of the search group is outside, the other, holding a rope intended for communication with him, enters the smoke-filled room. In a burning building, you need to move along the walls. In order not to leave someone in a burning building, you need to ask loudly: “Who is there?”, listen carefully to see if there are any groans or requests for help. If corridors (stairs) are destroyed or impassable due to high temperature, then passages are arranged to carry out (exit) people using windows, balconies, and openings in the walls of buildings. The order of evacuation is determined by the degree of danger threatening the victims.

Search teams, having discovered the victims, provide them with first aid. It includes: extracting victims from under the rubble and from hard-to-reach places; extinguishing burning clothing; stopping external bleeding; application of aseptic dressings; putting on a respirator; immobilization of fractures; administration of analgesic, radioprotective and antiemetic agents; carrying out partial sanitization; establishing the order of removal (removal) of affected people and their evacuation from the contaminated area.

You can extinguish burning clothing on a victim in one of the following ways: cover it with sand, earth, snow; cover the burning area with a combined arms protective raincoat, overcoat, or cape; to fill with water; press the burning areas to the ground.

To combat the manifestations of the primary reaction to radiation, an antiemetic is taken from the individual first aid kit. If there is a danger of further exposure (in case of radioactive contamination of the area), a radioprotective agent is taken.

Partial sanitary treatment in case of contamination with radioactive substances consists of mechanical removal of radioactive substances from open areas of the body, uniform, skin and respiratory protection. It is carried out directly in the infection zone and after leaving the zone. The person providing assistance should be positioned downwind of the victim.

In the contaminated area, shake off or sweep away radioactive dust from uniforms (protective equipment) and shoes using improvised means, trying not to cause additional pain to the affected person. From open areas of the body (face, hands, neck, ears), radioactive substances are removed by rinsing with clean water from a flask.

Outside the infection zone, repeated partial sanitization is carried out and respiratory protective equipment is removed. To remove radioactive substances from the mouth, nose, and eyes, the victim should be allowed to rinse the mouth with water, wipe the external openings of the nose with a damp cloth, and rinse the eyes with water.

Prevention of overexposure of personnel of search and rescue groups is carried out by limiting the time they work in areas with high levels of radiation, based on the radiation dose established by the commander.

First aid for chemical weapons injury. The basis of chemical weapons are toxic chemicals. Their high toxicity and rapidity of action necessitate the timely use of personal protective equipment (gas masks, protective clothing) and medical personal protective equipment (anti-chemical bags, antidotes).

When military personnel are injured by chemical weapons, medical and evacuation measures are carried out. They are carried out with the aim of searching for the wounded and injured, providing them with first aid and evacuating them to medical units (units). This work is carried out by the personnel of the unit caught in the affected area who have retained their combat capability. To assist in carrying out rescue operations, the forces and means of senior commanders—detachments to eliminate the consequences of the enemy’s use of weapons of mass destruction—can be sent to the affected area.

To protect against the damaging effects of chemical weapons, the personnel of the detachment for eliminating the consequences of the enemy’s use of weapons of mass destruction must use personal protective equipment: a filter gas mask for respiratory protection and insulating skin protection products. 30-40 minutes before entering the site of a chemical lesion, open areas of the skin (hands, face, neck) are treated with liquid from an individual anti-chemical package IPP-11. Before entering the source of chemical damage from nerve agents, personnel must take a prophylactic antidote in advance.

First aid for chemical weapons injury is aimed at eliminating the initial signs of injury and preventing the development of severe injuries.

The main task of providing first aid in case of a chemical weapon injury is to stop the further entry of poison into the body of victims, which is achieved by putting gas masks on those affected who are not wearing them, checking the serviceability of the gas masks they are wearing, replacing them if necessary, carrying out partial sanitization and covering with a protective cloak , as well as the immediate use of antidotes (antidotes). If toxic chemicals come into contact with unprotected facial skin, a gas mask is put on the affected person only after treating the skin with degassing liquid IPP-11. After carrying out these measures (if the affected person has a wound, burns or other injury), the person providing assistance is obliged to carry out other first aid measures (stopping bleeding, applying a bandage, etc.).

In the contaminated area, first aid includes: putting on (replacing a faulty) gas mask; immediate use of antidotes; carrying out partial sanitization; the fastest exit (removal) outside the fireplace.

Outside the infection zone: re-introduction of antidotes (if necessary); artificial induction of vomiting in case of poisoning with contaminated water and food (“tubeless” gastric lavage); rinse the eyes with plenty of water, rinse the mouth and nasopharynx; processing of uniforms, equipment and shoes using a degassing package of powder DPP or a degassing package of silica gel DPS-1 to eliminate the desorption of toxic chemicals from clothing.

When putting a gas mask on a wounded person, taking into account the combat situation, the condition and nature of the injury, place (seat) the wounded person as comfortably as possible.

To put on a gas mask for someone affected by toxic chemicals, it is necessary to: remove the headgear, and with the chin strap lowered, tilt the headgear back; remove the gas mask from the gas mask bag of the affected person, take the helmet-mask with both hands by the thickened edges at the bottom so that the thumbs are outside and the rest are inside; place the lower part of the helmet-mask under the chin of the affected person and with a sharp movement of the hands up and back, put the helmet-mask on the head so that there are no folds, and the lenses of the glasses are against the eyes; eliminate distortions and folds if they formed when putting on the helmet mask; put on a hat.

A gas mask is put on a seriously wounded, stricken, or unconscious person like this: after laying the wounded or stricken person down, remove his headdress, then take out the helmet-mask from the bag, bring it to the wounded person’s face and put it on him. After this, the wounded person should be placed more comfortably.

The serviceability of the gas mask worn by the victim is checked by inspecting the integrity of the helmet mask, valve box, and filter-absorbing box. When inspecting the helmet-mask, check the integrity of the glasses, the rubber part of the helmet-mask and the strength of its connection with the valve box.

The damaged gas mask of the affected person is replaced with a working one as follows. The person providing assistance places the victim between his legs. Having taken off his spare gas mask, he takes out the helmet-mask from the gas mask bag and places it on the chest or stomach of the affected person; then he lifts the head of the affected person, places it on his stomach, removes the faulty gas mask from the affected person, takes the helmet-mask of a spare gas mask, straightens it with five fingers, putting them inside the helmet-mask (the head of the affected person should lie between the hands of the orderly), puts on the helmet- the mask is placed on the chin of the affected person and pulls it over his head; in an infected area, this must be done quickly so that the affected person inhales less poisoned air.

An antidote is used to provide first aid to those affected by toxic nerve chemicals. It is administered by the orderly in the following cases: at the direction of the commander; on their own initiative when victims appear on the battlefield with symptoms of poisoning (constriction of the pupil, drooling, profuse sweating, dizziness, difficulty breathing, severe convulsions).

To administer an antidote from a syringe tube, you need to hold it in one hand, grab the ribbed rim with the other and, rotating, push it towards the tube until it stops, so that the inner end of the needle pierces the membrane of the tube. Remove the cap. Without touching the needle with your hands, insert it into the soft tissue of the front surface of the thigh or into the upper part of the buttock (you can through your uniform). Then, slowly squeezing the body with your fingers, insert its contents and, without unclenching your fingers, remove the needle. After administering the antidote, a cap is put on the needle, and the used syringe tube is placed in the victim’s pocket.

In case of poisoning with hydrocyanic acid and other cyanides, it is necessary to administer an inhalation antidote: crush the neck of the ampoule enclosed in a gauze swab and place the ampoule in the submask space of the gas mask.

If you are affected by irritating toxic chemicals, when there is pain and irritation of the eyes, a tickling sensation in the nose and throat, cough, pain in the chest, nausea, you need to put 1-2 ficilin ampoules crushed in a gauze case under the gas mask helmet behind the ear and inhale until until the pain subsides.

Partial sanitary treatment in case of contamination with chemical weapons consists of treating open areas of skin (hands, face, neck), adjacent uniform (collar, sleeve cuffs) and the front part of the gas mask with the contents of an individual anti-chemical package (IPP-11).

In case of contamination with toxic chemicals, partial sanitization is carried out immediately. If the victim did not have time to put on a gas mask, his face is quickly treated with the contents of IPP-11. For these purposes, in accordance with the instructions, open the shell of the IPP-11 package.

To prevent desorption (evaporation) of toxic chemicals from uniforms, equipment and shoes, they are treated outside the contamination zone using a powder degassing package (DPP) or a silica gel degassing package (DPS-1).

Degassing powder package consists of a plastic brush bag with holes, two packages with a polydegassing powder formulation, a rubber band and a packing bag with a reminder. To use it, you need to open the package with the recipe and pour its contents into a brush bag, bend the top edge of the bag and tuck it several times to prevent the recipe from spilling out, secure the bag in the palm of your hand, with the brush up, using a rubber band.

Silica gel degassing bag It is a plastic bag, one side of which has a fabric (gauze) membrane inside. The package is equipped with a degassing powder formulation. To prepare the package for use, you need to open it with a thread.

To process uniforms, it is necessary to: lightly tap the bag on the surface of uniforms, equipment and shoes to powder them without skipping, while simultaneously rubbing the powder into the fabric with a brush (bag); processing of uniforms should begin from the shoulders, forearms, chest, then down, paying special attention to the treatment of hard-to-reach places (under the arms, belt, strap and gas mask bag); Winter uniforms are especially carefully processed not only from the outside, but also from the inside; 10 minutes after the end of treatment, the powder is shaken off along with the absorbed OM using a brush.

The affected persons are subject to immediate withdrawal (removal) from the contaminated area. The removal is carried out by search team personnel dressed in personal protective equipment.

Prevention of injuries to personnel by biological means. Pathogens can enter the human body in various ways: by inhaling contaminated air, by consuming contaminated water and food, by microbes entering the bloodstream through open wounds and burn surfaces, by being bitten by infected insects, as well as by contact with sick people, animals, infected objects and not only at the time of use of biological agents, but also for a long time after their use, if sanitary treatment of personnel was not carried out.

Common signs of many infectious diseases are high body temperature and significant weakness, as well as their rapid spread, which leads to the occurrence of focal diseases and poisoning.

Direct protection of personnel when the enemy uses biological weapons is ensured by the use of individual and collective protective equipment, as well as the use of emergency prevention equipment available in individual first-aid kits.

Personnel located in the source of biological contamination must not only use protective equipment in a timely and correct manner, but also strictly follow the rules of personal hygiene: do not remove personal protective equipment without the permission of the commander; do not touch weapons and military equipment and property until they are disinfected; do not use water from sources and food products located in the source of infection; do not raise dust, do not walk through bushes and thick grass; not to come into contact with personnel of military units and the civilian population not affected by biological agents, and not to transfer to them food, water, uniforms, equipment and other property; immediately report to the commander and seek medical help when the first signs of illness appear (headache, malaise, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.).

FIRST AID FOR BURNS, FROSTBITE,
ELECTRIC SHOCK, DROWNING AND POISONING

First aid for burns. Burn refers to damage to body tissue caused by high temperatures (thermal burn) or chemicals (chemical burn).

The severity of the burn is determined by the depth and size of the damaged surface of the body: the deeper the tissue damage during the burn, the larger the burned surface, the more severe the burn (Fig. 98).

Burns from napalm and other incendiary mixtures are particularly severe. The burning fire mixture easily sticks to the body and objects, practically does not spread over the surface, burns slowly, causing deep thermal burns. Often these burns are accompanied by severe poisoning from carbon monoxide formed during incomplete combustion of the hot mixture.

Rice. 98. Classification of burns by severity

When providing first aid for burns, it is necessary to remove the victim from the place of exposure to the source that caused the burn, and quickly tear off the burning clothes from him or wrap him in an overcoat, raincoat or some other material. Fire can be extinguished with water, and in winter - with snow, throwing it on burning clothes or, if possible, rolling in the snow and burying yourself in it.

Apply a bandage to the burnt surface using an individual dressing bag, after first removing the burnt clothing from the victim. If clothing has stuck to the burned area of the body, it should not be torn off. In this case, the bandage is applied over the attached clothing. Do not open the blisters that have formed on the burned area. For significant burns of the limbs and torso, it is necessary to create good immobilization of the burned areas.

The burnt person is injected under the skin with an analgesic from an individual first aid kit (AI). If possible, the victim should be wrapped warmly, given plenty of fluids and sent to the nearest medical center.

Emergence frostbite largely depends not only on the duration of the cold, but also on exposure to moist air, cold wind, increased sweating of the feet, wearing wet clothes and shoes, prolonged exposure to cold water, blood loss, forced immobility, etc. At low temperatures Frostbite can occur when touching metal parts, devices, weapons and tools with bare hands.

If there are no blisters on the skin during frostbite, you should rub the frostbitten areas of the body well with your hand or a soft cloth. When rubbing with snow, you should not use it, as this can damage the skin and cause infection. Simultaneously with rubbing, it is necessary to force the victim to make active movements with his fingers, hand, and foot. Rubbing is continued until the frostbitten area of skin becomes visible. If necessary, apply a sterile bandage. Recovery occurs in 5-7 days.

If blisters appear on the skin of frostbitten areas of the body, it is necessary to apply a bandage and send the victim to a medical center. To reduce pain during transportation, an analgesic is administered from an individual first aid kit, and splints made from improvised material are applied to frostbitten limbs.

General freezing is accompanied by a significant decrease in body temperature. Lethargy appears, speech and movements slow down. In this state, people usually fall asleep and lose consciousness. Due to the continuing decrease in body temperature, breathing and cardiac activity are initially weakened and then stopped. The so-called clinical death occurs. To save the victim, you should immediately take him to a warm room and take all measures to warm him up. In the absence of breathing and cardiac activity, perform artificial respiration and indirect cardiac massage.

For lungs electric shock fainting occurs. Moderate lesions are accompanied by general convulsions, loss of consciousness and a sharp weakening of breathing and cardiac activity.

First aid for electrical injury consists of urgently freeing the victim from the action of electric current: it is necessary to turn off the switch(es) or, standing on a dry wooden board, a bundle of dry clothes, a piece of glass or rubber, cut the conductor with an ax, a sapper shovel with a dry wooden handle, or throw away the conductor with a dry stick, or pull the victim away with your hands wrapped in a piece of fabric (overalls, overcoat, etc.). After this, begin artificial respiration (“mouth to mouth”) and indirect manual cardiac massage and carry out these activities until spontaneous breathing appears.

First aid for drowning. Immediately after removing the victim from the water, they immediately begin to clear the respiratory tract of water and foreign objects (sand, vegetation, etc.). To do this, the person providing assistance places the victim with his stomach on his thigh with his knee bent so that his head and torso hang down, and presses his hand on his back until water continues to flow out. Freeing the oral cavity from silt, sand, grass is done with a finger wrapped in a handkerchief (any fabric), after the convulsively clenched jaws are separated by some object and some wedge is inserted between them (a piece of wood, rubber, a knot of a handkerchief, etc.) . P.). In order to avoid the tongue sinking, which can close the entrance to the larynx, it is pulled out of the mouth and held with a loop made of a bandage, handkerchief, etc. To save time, the above measures must be done simultaneously. After this, artificial respiration begins (“mouth to mouth” or “mouth to nose”). If the victim does not have a heartbeat, external closed cardiac massage is performed simultaneously with artificial respiration.

Antifreeze poisoning. In appearance, taste and smell, antifreeze resembles an alcoholic drink. 50-100 g of drunk antifreeze causes fatal poisoning. After antifreeze gets inside, signs of typical alcoholic intoxication are observed, after which excitement or (more often) depression, drowsiness, lethargy, bluish skin, cold extremities, numbness of the fingers, loss of coordination of movements, thirst, abdominal pain, vomiting, and loss of consciousness appear. In case of severe poisoning, death occurs within 5-6 hours.

First aid consists of emptying the victim’s stomach of antifreeze by inducing vomiting by irritating the pharyngeal mucosa with one or two fingers. You can first give the victim 4-5 glasses of water to drink. In case of fainting, it is necessary to inhale ammonia. After providing first aid, the victim must be taken to the nearest medical center.

Methyl alcohol poisoning. Methyl alcohol (wood alcohol, methanol) is included in some antifreezes and is widely used as a solvent. Most cases of poisoning are associated with mistaken ingestion. If 7-10 g enters the body, poisoning occurs, and 50-100 g causes death. Signs of poisoning do not develop immediately, but after 1-2 hours or even after 2 days. Initially, a state reminiscent of alcoholic intoxication is observed, followed by a period of imaginary well-being for several hours. After this, general malaise, dizziness, drowsiness, vomiting, and complaints of blurred vision (fog, darkening of the eyes) appear, which, as it progresses, invariably leads to significant loss of vision or complete blindness.

When providing first aid, you must first of all induce vomiting (washing should be done several times immediately after poisoning and subsequently during the day). If necessary, perform artificial respiration. After providing first aid, immediately take the victim to a medical center.

Leaded gasoline poisoning. Leaded gasoline has the ability to be easily absorbed even through intact skin, accumulating in the body. The symptoms that develop during acute poisoning are associated with disruption of the nervous system. Those affected exhibit signs of mental disorders, aggressiveness, agitation, visual and auditory hallucinations, gastrointestinal disorders, a feeling of the presence of a foreign body in the mouth (hair, wires, etc.). In case of chronic poisoning, patients complain of headaches, sleep disturbances, sweating, fatigue, and loss of appetite.

When providing first aid, leaded gasoline that has come into contact with the skin must be removed with a rag (if possible, moistened with kerosene), and then washed with soap and water. If a significant part of your body is covered with gasoline, you should immediately remove your clothing. If the mucous membranes of the eyes are irritated, rinse them with clean water or a 2% soda solution. If you swallow leaded gasoline, you must repeatedly induce vomiting after drinking plenty of water.

Dichloroethane poisoning. Dichloroethane is used as a solvent. It enters the body through the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract and damaged skin. If ingested, dizziness, sweating, vomiting mixed with bile, cyanosis of the skin, and blackouts appear within 5–10 minutes. First aid should be provided as quickly as possible. In order to remove dichloroethane from the stomach, it is necessary to induce vomiting after drinking plenty of water. In case of fainting and difficulty breathing, give ammonia to sniff.

Carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide) poisoning which is formed during incomplete combustion of various substances. There is especially a lot of carbon monoxide in the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines and in powder gases. Carbon monoxide has no color, no smell, no taste, so it is especially dangerous, since poisoning occurs unnoticed. The victim develops a throbbing headache, dizziness, weakness, nausea, and tinnitus. In more severe cases, severe muscle weakness, vomiting, convulsions, and loss of consciousness occur.

First aid: in mild cases of poisoning, remove or remove the victim to clean air. If this cannot be done, then open the hatches, doors, windows or put on a gas mask with a hopcalite cartridge. In more severe forms of poisoning, if breathing stops, artificial respiration is immediately started. To stimulate breathing, it is necessary to inhale ammonia from a crushed ampoule. After breathing has been restored, the victim should be taken to a medical center.

First aid in case of injury consists of carrying out the following urgent measures:

Regardless of the type of agent used, a gas mask is immediately put on the affected person or the damaged gas mask is replaced with a working one. This will ensure the cessation of further entry of chemical agents into the body through the respiratory system, and will also protect the eyes, facial skin and partly the scalp from chemical agents.
If the affected person is in the area of direct application of chemical agents, when the smallest droplets of chemical agents fall on the face, it is necessary to first treat the facial skin with liquid from an individual anti-chemical package (IPP-8) (photo 15) and only then put on a gas mask.
Subsequent first aid measures are carried out depending on the type of agent used and, as a rule, include the use of an individual first aid kit (photo 16).

Photo. 15. Individual anti-chemical package (IPP-8)

Photo. 16. Individual first aid kit (AI-2)

Procedure for providing first aid for respiratory injuries

Asphyxiating agent affect the body through the respiratory system.
Signs of damage: sweetish, unpleasant taste in the mouth, cough, dizziness, general weakness. These phenomena disappear after leaving the source of infection, and the victim feels normal within 4–6 hours, unaware of the damage he has received. During this period (latent action) pulmonary edema develops. Then breathing may sharply worsen, a cough with copious sputum, headache, fever, shortness of breath, and palpitations may appear.

First aid: limit mobility and ensure evacuation (in a semi-sitting position) to provide qualified assistance. Evacuation must be carried out before the end of the hidden period of action of the agent. In the cool season, those affected should be warmly covered and warmed. After removal from the contaminated area, the affected people should be given complete rest and breathing easier (unfasten collars and clothing, and if possible, remove it). If you are affected by asphyxiating agents, artificial respiration is prohibited!

Generally toxic agents affect only when air contaminated with their vapors is inhaled; they do not act through the skin.
Signs of damage: metallic taste in the mouth, throat irritation, dizziness, weakness, nausea, severe convulsions, paralysis.

First aid for OV damage general poisonous action: after immediately putting on a gas mask, the victim is allowed to inhale the antidote (the ampoule with the antidote is crushed and placed under the gas mask). If breathing stops, artificial respiration is performed. The affected people are urgently taken out and removed from the contaminated area.

Procedure for providing first aid for lesions of the central nervous system

Nerve agents or organophosphorus toxic substances (OPS) affect the central nervous system (CNS) when they act on the body through the respiratory system, when they penetrate in a vaporous and droplet-liquid state through the skin, and also when they enter the gastrointestinal tract along with food and water. Their durability in summer is more than a day, in winter – several weeks and even months. These agents are the most dangerous. A very small amount is enough to infect a person.

Signs of damage: drooling, constriction of the pupil (miosis), difficulty breathing, nausea, vomiting, convulsions, paralysis.

First aid: after putting on a gas mask, the severely affected person is administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously using a syringe tube, two doses of the FOB antidote from an individual first aid kit (slot No. 1 in the syringe tube with a red cap), and the moderately affected person is given one dose. A slightly affected person is given two antidote tablets under the tongue (red pencil case, slot No. 2) before putting on a gas mask, or a dose of antidote is administered from a syringe tube.
Then, partial sanitization of exposed skin areas is carried out with liquid from the PPI. If a gas mask is worn, you should open the package, moisten the swab generously and wipe the exposed skin of the neck and arms, the edges of the collar and cuffs adjacent to the skin, as well as the front part of the gas mask.

If you are not wearing a gas mask, you must close your eyes tightly and quickly wipe the skin of your face and neck with a swab moistened with a degasser. Without opening your eyes, wipe the skin around them with a dry swab and put on a gas mask. Then moisten the swab again and wipe your hands, the edges of the collar and cuffs adjacent to the skin. When treating facial skin with liquid, you must protect your eyes.

If necessary, perform artificial respiration provided that the area is not contaminated. Then all those affected are evacuated from the source of chemical damage.

Irritant agent cause acute burning and pain in the mouth, throat and eyes, severe lacrimation, coughing, and difficulty breathing.

OM psychochemical actions specifically act on the central nervous system and cause mental (hallucinations, fear, depression) or physical (blindness, deafness) disorders.

First aid: it is necessary to treat the infected areas of the body with soapy water, rinse the eyes and nasopharynx thoroughly with clean water, and shake out the uniform or brush it. Victims should be removed from the contaminated area and provided with qualified medical care.

Procedure for providing first aid for skin lesions

Blistering agent have a multilateral damaging effect. In a droplet-liquid and vapor state, they affect the skin and eyes, when inhaling vapors - the respiratory tract and lungs, when ingested with food and water - the digestive organs. Their characteristic feature is the presence of a period of latent action - the lesion is not detected immediately, but after some time (2 hours or more).

Signs of damage: redness of the skin, the formation of small blisters, which then merge into large ones and burst after two or three days, turning into difficult-to-heal ulcers. With any local damage, agents cause general poisoning of the body, which manifests itself in increased temperature and malaise.
First aid: in case of infection with a blister agent, after putting on a gas mask, carry out partial sanitary treatment of exposed skin with liquid from the PPI and evacuate all those affected.

First aid when hit by an incendiary weapon
Burns occur when tissue is exposed to high temperatures (flames, hot liquids and steam, light radiation from a nuclear explosion), sunlight and certain chemicals.

Based on the depth of tissue damage, they are classified as:

First degree burns;
Second degree burns;
Third degree burns;
IV degree burns.

With II-IV degree burns with an area of 10 - 15%, and sometimes with I degree burns, if the affected area exceeds 30 - 50% of the body surface, burn disease develops. The first period of burn disease is called burn shock. Following burn shock, a period of acute burn toxicity begins, burn toxicity is replaced by septic toxicity, after which shock exhaustion begins.

First aid for burns consists of general and local measures.
First of all, it is necessary to throw off the burning uniform or tightly wrap (cover) the burning area with an overcoat or raincoat, remove or cut off the smoldering clothing, and pour water on it.

When burning incendiary mixture or napalm, pouring water does not help. You cannot extinguish napalm flames with a fire extinguisher. Never try to knock down a burning mixture with your bare hand!

Local measures consist of applying a dry aseptic cotton-gauze bandage to the surface of the burn without removing the adhering burnt tissue from the burn surface, as this may cause the blisters to rupture, introduce infection and increase the pain reaction. For large burns of the extremities, it is necessary to apply a transport splint, and in order to relieve pain, administer drugs.

General events necessary for extensive burns to prevent burn shock or reduce shock phenomena. For this purpose, rest, warming, and drugs are used. If possible, it is very advisable to give plenty of fluids, for example in the form of a soda-salt solution (1 teaspoon of sodium chloride and ½ teaspoon of sodium bicarbonate per 1 liter of water) in an amount of up to 4-5 liters per day.

First aid when damaged by bacteriological weapons
Signs of the use of bacteriological weapons are: a dull sound of explosion, unusual for conventional shells or bombs; the presence of large fragments and individual parts of ammunition in places of explosions; the appearance of drops of liquid or powdery substances on the ground; unusual accumulation of insects and mites in areas where ammunition ruptures and containers fall; mass diseases of people and animals. The use of bacteriological weapons can be determined using laboratory tests.

Infection of people and animals occurs as a result of inhalation of contaminated air, contact with germs or toxins on the mucous membrane and damaged skin, consumption of contaminated food and water, bites of infected insects and ticks, contact with contaminated objects, injury from fragments of ammunition filled with bacterial agents, as well as as a result of direct communication with sick people (animals). A number of diseases are quickly transmitted from sick people to healthy people, and cause epidemics of plague, cholera, typhoid or other diseases.

Preliminary protection is to increase the resistance of the population, the right way of life, carrying out preventive vaccinations and fulfilling all sanitary and epidemiological requirements.
In case of infection, the affected person must immediately take vaccine-serum preparations and antibiotics (tetracycline hydrochloride).

To prevent the spread of infectious diseases among people in the affected area, a set of anti-epidemic and sanitary and hygienic measures is carried out:

Observation is a specially organized medical observation of the population in the focus of bacteriological damage, including a number of activities aimed at timely prevention of the spread of epidemic diseases. At the same time, with the help of antibiotics, emergency prevention of possible diseases is carried out, necessary vaccinations are given, and strict adherence to the rules of personal and public hygiene is monitored, especially in catering units and public areas. Food and water are used only after they have been reliably disinfected.
The observation period is determined by the length of the maximum incubation period for the disease and is calculated from the moment of isolation of the last patient and the end of disinfection in the affected area.
Quarantine is a system of the most stringent isolation and restrictive anti-epidemic measures carried out to prevent the spread of infectious diseases from the source of infection and to eliminate the source itself.

in various emergency situations……………………….30

3.1.Sequence of first aid

injured in a road traffic accident

incident ………………………………………………30

3.2.Sequence of provision first

psychological assistance to the victim

in case of a traffic accident ……………...36

3.3.Sequence of providing first aid to a person affected by nuclear weapons …………………………38

3.4. The sequence of providing first aid to someone injured by chemical weapons or hazardous chemicals ….………39

3.5. The sequence of providing first aid to a person affected by a biological weapon ………………….40

Control questions ……………………………………….. .40

4. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation…………………………..41

Control questions………………………………………..45

5. Rules for applying bandages……………………………45

6. Rules for transport immobilization………………….46

Control questions………………………………………..52

7. Traumatic injuries……………………………..53

7.1.Acute conditions causing disturbances

consciousness …………………………………………………....53

7.2.Bleeding, ways to stop

bleeding ………………………………………………58

7.3.Wounds …………………………………………………......65

7.4.Bone fractures …………………………………………..66

7.5.Bruises, ruptures of ligaments, tendons, muscles,

joint dislocations …………………………………………..68

7.6.Head injuries ……………………………………………..69

7.7. Spinal injuries …………………………………….72

7.8 Chest injuries ……………………………………………...74

7.9. Abdominal injuries …………………………………………….77

7.10.Pelvic herbs ………………………………………………...79

7.11. Long-term compression syndrome. ……………………....81

Control questions………………………………………..82

8. Thermal damage……………………………...83

8.1.Burns ………………………………………………………84

8.2.General overheating of the body ………………………….88

8.3. Frostbite ……………………………………………...89

8.4.General hypothermia of the body ……………………...91

Control questions………………………………………93

9. Accidents……………………………………94

9.1.Drowning …………………………………………………94

9.2. Electrical injury ……………………………………………96

9.3. Carbon monoxide poisoning ………………………………98

9.4.Mechanical asphyxia ………………………………….99

Control questions............................................................103

Literature……………………………………………………………..104

Introduction

In the modern world, technological progress is developing rapidly, which is an undeniable benefit of humanity as a whole and each person individually. However, in parallel with this phenomenon, the number of man-made (man-made) emergencies is increasing. Undoubtedly, technological progress makes life easier for humans in nature, but on the other hand, it directly and indirectly causes irreparable harm to him as a biological species and to his physical health.

Statistics show that in peacetime, in factories, during agricultural work, on highways, in holiday homes, school camps, etc., people often receive mechanical injuries. Their cause is industrial accidents, road accidents, outdoor games, and children's pranks. According to published data, on the streets and roads of the world every two minutes another victim of a transport accident dies, every five seconds someone ends up in a hospital bed as a result of an injury and becomes disabled.

At the same time, global climate changes are occurring on our planet, which is reflected in various natural phenomena dangerous to humans. Global natural disasters claim the lives of large numbers of people every day.

How can we reduce the growing level of injuries? How to minimize its consequences? The answer should be sought not only in the expansion of activities carried out to prevent injuries, but also in the ability to provide first aid directly at the scene of the incident. In emergency situations that threaten a person’s life, even a well-organized emergency medical service may be late, but first aid, timely provided through self- and mutual aid in the first minutes at the scene of an incident, can save the victim from death. Therefore, it is necessary for every person to master this knowledge and skills.

Just imagine that all residents of our country have mastered first aid techniques. Then what a huge number of people can be saved, and these could be your close relatives.

However, in modern life, everything is exactly the opposite. Not only ordinary citizens, but also those specialists whose line of work is supposed to perfectly know first aid techniques, for the most part do not have this knowledge. Even among medical personnel, there is a large gap in this area of medical knowledge.

119. First aid in case of damage by nuclear weapons. If military personnel are damaged by nuclear weapons, rescue, medical and evacuation measures are carried out. They are carried out with the aim of searching for the wounded and injured, providing them with first aid and evacuating them to medical units (units). This work is carried out by the personnel of the unit caught in the affected area who have retained their combat capability. To assist in carrying out rescue operations, the forces and means of senior commanders—detachments to eliminate the consequences of the enemy’s use of weapons of mass destruction—can be sent to the affected area.

120. The personnel of the detachment to eliminate the consequences of the enemy’s use of weapons of mass destruction must take a radioprotective drug (cystamine) and an antiemetic (etaperazine) 30–40 minutes before entering the affected area. To protect against external and internal contamination by nuclear explosion products, respiratory protection products (filtering gas masks and respirators) and filtering and insulating skin protection products are used.

121. The source of destruction is conditionally divided into sectors, with each squad receiving a section, and several soldiers (search group) receiving an object. The search for victims is carried out by walking around (detour) and thoroughly examining the designated area or sector by search groups, which are equipped with stretchers, military medical bags (one per group), special straps for extracting victims from hard-to-reach places and medical capes. The search should begin from areas located closer to the epicenter of the explosion, where there are victims with the most severe, mostly combined, injuries. During the search, special attention is paid to areas of the area where there could be a concentration of people. First of all, trenches, communication passages, dugouts, shelters, military equipment, hollows, beams, ravines, gorges, forest areas, destroyed and damaged buildings are examined.

122. When examining smoke-filled premises, one of the members of the search group is outside, the other, holding a rope intended for communication with him, enters the smoke-filled room. In a burning building, you need to move along the walls. In order not to leave someone in a burning building, you need to ask loudly: “Who is there?”, listen carefully to see if there are any groans or requests for help. If corridors (stairs) are destroyed or impassable due to high temperature, then passages are arranged to carry out (exit) people using windows, balconies, and openings in the walls of buildings. The order of evacuation is determined by the degree of danger threatening the victims.

123. Search teams, having found victims, provide them with first aid. It includes:

Extracting victims from under the rubble and from hard-to-reach places;

Extinguishing burning clothing; stopping external bleeding;

Application of aseptic dressings; putting on a respirator;

Immobilization of fractures; administration of analgesic, radioprotective and antiemetic agents;

Carrying out partial sanitization; establishing the order of removal (removal) of affected people and their evacuation from the contaminated area.

124. You can extinguish burning clothing on a victim in one of the following ways: cover it with sand, earth, snow; cover the burning area with a combined arms protective raincoat, overcoat, or cape; to fill with water; press the burning areas to the ground.

125. To combat the manifestations of the primary reaction to radiation, take an antiemetic drug - etaperazine (one tablet) from the individual first aid kit. If there is a danger of further exposure (in case of radioactive contamination of the area), the radioprotective agent cystamine is taken.

126. Partial sanitary treatment for contamination with radioactive substances consists of mechanical removal of radioactive substances from open areas of the body, uniform, skin and respiratory protection. It is carried out directly in the infection zone and after leaving the zone. The person providing assistance should be positioned downwind of the victim.

127. In the contaminated area, shake off or sweep away radioactive dust from uniforms (protective equipment) and shoes using improvised means, trying not to cause additional pain to the affected person. From open areas of the body (face, hands, neck, ears), radioactive substances are removed by rinsing with clean water from a flask.

128. Outside the infection zone, repeated partial sanitization is carried out and respiratory protective equipment is removed. To remove radioactive substances from the mouth, nose, and eyes, the victim should be allowed to rinse the mouth with water, wipe the external openings of the nose with a damp cloth, and rinse the eyes with water.

129. Prevention of overexposure of personnel of search and rescue groups is carried out by limiting the time they work in areas with high levels of radiation, based on the radiation dose established by the commander.

130. First aid in case of injury by chemical weapons. The basis of chemical weapons are toxic substances (CA). The chemical agents currently in service with many armies can be divided into groups of nerve agents (sarin, soman, V-X substances), vesicants (mustard gas, lewisite), asphyxiating agents (phosgene, diphosgene), and general toxic agents (hydrocyanic acid). and its derivatives - cyanides), irritant (chloroacetophenone, substances C-S and C-Ar), psychochemical (substance Bi-Z) action. The high toxicity and rapidity of action of modern chemical agents necessitate the timely use of personal protective equipment (gas masks, protective clothing) and medical personal protective equipment (anti-chemical bags, antidotes).

131. If military personnel are injured by chemical weapons, medical and evacuation measures are carried out. They are carried out with the aim of searching for the wounded and injured, providing them with first aid and evacuating them to medical units (units). This work is carried out by the personnel of the unit caught in the affected area who have retained their combat capability. To assist in carrying out rescue operations, the forces and means of senior commanders—detachments to eliminate the consequences of the enemy’s use of weapons of mass destruction—can be sent to the affected area.

132. The personnel of the detachment for eliminating the consequences of the enemy’s use of weapons of mass destruction must use personal protective equipment to protect against the damaging effects of chemical agents: a filtering gas mask for respiratory protection and insulating skin protection products. 30–40 minutes before entering the site of a chemical lesion, open areas of the skin (hands, face, neck) are treated with liquid from an individual anti-chemical package IPP-10. Before entering the site of a chemical lesion of nerve agents, personnel must take a preventive antidote “drug P-10M” in advance (take 1 tablet 30–60 minutes before entering the infection zone, the protective effect time is 16–20 hours).

133. First aid for chemical weapons damage is aimed at eliminating the initial signs of chemical damage and preventing the development of severe injuries.

134. The main task when providing first aid to those affected by chemical agents is to stop the further entry of poison into the body of the victims, which is achieved by putting gas masks on those affected who are not wearing them, checking the serviceability of the gas masks they are wearing, replacing them if necessary, carrying out partial sanitization and covering with protective cloak, as well as the immediate use of antidotes (antidotes). If chemical agents come into contact with unprotected facial skin, a gas mask is put on the affected person only after treating the skin with degassing liquid PPI. After carrying out these measures (if the affected person has a wound, burns or other injury), the person providing assistance is obliged to carry out other first aid measures (stopping bleeding, applying a bandage, etc.).

Rice. 8.1. Preparing to put a gas mask on a stricken, unconscious person

Rice. 8.2. Putting a gas mask on a stricken, unconscious person

135. In the contaminated area, first aid includes: putting on (replacing a faulty) gas mask; immediate use of antidotes; carrying out partial sanitization; the fastest exit (removal) outside the fireplace.

136. Outside the infection zone: repeated administration of antidotes (if necessary); artificial induction of vomiting in case of poisoning with contaminated water and food (“tubeless” gastric lavage); rinse the eyes with plenty of water, rinse the mouth and nasopharynx; processing of uniforms, equipment and shoes using a degassing package of powder DPP or a degassing package of silica gel DPS-1 to eliminate the desorption of chemical agents from clothing.

137. When putting a gas mask on the injured person, taking into account the combat situation, the condition and nature of the injury, lay (seat) the injured person as comfortably as possible, and restore the airway patency.

138. To put on a gas mask to an affected person, it is necessary to: remove the headgear, and with the chin strap lowered, tilt the headgear back; remove the gas mask from the gas mask bag of the affected person, take the helmet-mask with both hands by the thickened edges at the bottom so that the thumbs are outside and the rest are inside; place the lower part of the helmet-mask under the chin of the affected person and with a sharp movement of the hands up and back, put the helmet-mask on the head so that there are no folds, and the lenses of the glasses are against the eyes; eliminate distortions and folds if they formed when putting on the helmet mask; put on a hat.

139. The serviceability of the gas mask worn on the affected person is checked by inspecting the integrity of the helmet-mask valve box, filter-absorbing box. When inspecting the helmet-mask, check the integrity of the glasses, the rubber part of the helmet-mask and the strength of its connection with the valve box.

140. The damaged gas mask of the affected person is replaced with a working one as follows. The person providing assistance places the victim between his legs. Having taken off his spare gas mask, he takes out the helmet-mask from the gas mask bag and places it on the chest or stomach of the affected person; then he lifts the head of the affected person, places it on his stomach, removes the faulty gas mask from the affected person, takes the helmet-mask of a spare gas mask, straightens it with five fingers, putting them inside the helmet-mask (the head of the affected person should lie between the hands of the orderly), puts on the helmet- the mask is placed on the chin of the affected person and pulls it over his head; in an infected area, this must be done quickly so that the affected person inhales less poisoned air.

141. To provide first aid to those affected by nerve agents, the antidote of Athens is used. It is administered by the orderly in the following cases: at the direction of the commander; on their own initiative when victims appear on the battlefield with symptoms of poisoning (constriction of the pupil, drooling, profuse sweating, dizziness, difficulty breathing, severe convulsions).

142. Athens is contained in an individual first aid kit (AI) and a military medical bag (SMV) in a syringe tube with a red cap. A single-use syringe tube contains 1 ml of antidote solution, which is administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously in 1 ml doses, and, if necessary, re-injected in the same dose.

143. To administer an antidote from a syringe tube, it is necessary, holding it in one hand, with the other, grasp the ribbed rim and, rotating, push it towards the tube until it stops, so that the inner end of the needle pierces the membrane of the tube. Remove the cap. Without touching the needle with your hands, insert it into the soft tissue of the front surface of the thigh or into the upper part of the buttock (you can through your uniform). Then, slowly squeezing the body with your fingers, insert its contents and, without unclenching your fingers, remove the needle. After administering the antidote, a cap is put on the needle, and the used syringe tube is placed in the victim’s pocket.

144. In case of poisoning with hydrocyanic acid and other cyanides, it is necessary to administer an inhalation antidote (amyl nitrite): crush the neck of the ampoule enclosed in a gauze swab and place the ampoule in the submask space of the gas mask; or intramuscularly inject 1 ml of 20% anthicyanin solution.

145. If you are affected by irritating agents, when there is pain and irritation of the eyes, a tickling sensation in the nose and throat, cough, pain behind the sternum, nausea, you need to put 1-2 ficilin ampoules crushed in a gauze case under the gas mask helmet behind the ear and inhale until until the pain subsides.

146. Partial sanitary treatment in case of contamination with chemical agents consists of treating open areas of skin (hands, face, neck), adjacent uniform (collar, sleeve cuffs) and the front part of the gas mask with the contents of an individual anti-chemical package (IPP-8, IPP-10) .

147. In case of contamination with agents, partial sanitary treatment is carried out immediately. If the affected person did not have time to put on a gas mask, his face is quickly treated with the contents of the PPI. For these purposes, open the shell of the IPP-8 package, remove the tampon, unscrew the cap of the bottle, generously moisten the tampon with degassing liquid, wipe the skin and the inner surface of the front part of the gas mask and put it on the victim. To prevent liquid from getting into the eyes, wipe the skin in this area with a dry swab. After treating exposed skin with the same swab, additionally moistened with liquid from the bag, treat the cuffs and edges of the collar adjacent to the skin. IPP-10 is opened by turning the cap and pressing it, the recipe (10–15 ml) is poured into the palm of the right hand.

148. Before applying a bandage to wounds located on open areas of the body, the skin around the wounds is also treated with PPI liquid.

149. To prevent desorption (evaporation) of chemical agents from uniforms, equipment and shoes, they are treated outside the contamination zone using a powder degassing package (DPP) or a silica gel degassing package (DPS-1).

150. The degassing powder bag consists of a plastic brush bag with holes, two packages with a polydegassing powder formulation, a rubber band and a packing bag with a reminder. To use it, you need to open the package with the recipe and pour its contents into a brush bag, bend the top edge of the bag and tuck it several times to prevent the recipe from spilling out, secure the bag in the palm of your hand, with the brush up, using a rubber band.

151. A silica gel degassing bag is a plastic bag, one of the sides of which has a fabric (gauze) membrane inside. The package is equipped with a degassing powder formulation. To prepare the package for use, you need to open it with a thread.

152. To process uniforms, it is necessary to: lightly tap the bag on the surface of uniforms, equipment and shoes to powder them without skipping, while simultaneously rubbing the powder into the fabric with a brush (bag); processing of uniforms should begin from the shoulders, forearms, chest, then down, paying special attention to the treatment of hard-to-reach places (under the arms, belt, strap and gas mask bag); Winter uniforms are especially carefully processed not only from the outside, but also from the inside; 10 minutes after the end of treatment, the powder is shaken off along with the absorbed OM using a brush.

Rice. 8.3. Degassing powder package

Rice. 8.4. Silica gel degassing bag

153. Affected persons are subject to immediate removal (removal) from the contaminated area. The removal is carried out by search team personnel dressed in personal protective equipment.

154. Prevention of injuries to personnel by biological means. Pathogens can enter the human body in various ways: by inhaling contaminated air, by consuming contaminated water and food, by microbes entering the bloodstream through open wounds and burn surfaces, by being bitten by infected insects, as well as by contact with sick people, animals, infected objects and not only at the time of use of biological agents, but also for a long time after their use, if sanitary treatment of personnel was not carried out.

155. Common signs of many infectious diseases are high body temperature and significant weakness, as well as their rapid spread, which leads to the occurrence of focal diseases and poisoning.

156. Direct protection of personnel when the enemy uses biological weapons is ensured by the use of individual and collective protective equipment, as well as the use of emergency prevention equipment available in individual first-aid kits.

157. Personnel located in a source of biological contamination must not only use protective equipment in a timely and correct manner, but also strictly follow the rules of personal hygiene: do not remove personal protective equipment without the permission of the commander; do not touch weapons and military equipment and property until they are disinfected; do not use water from sources and food products located in the source of infection; do not raise dust, do not walk through bushes and thick grass; not to come into contact with personnel of military units and the civilian population not affected by biological agents, and not to transfer to them food, water, uniforms, equipment and other property; immediately report to the commander and seek medical help when the first signs of illness appear (headache, malaise, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.).