New generation nootropics. What are the best nootropics to take? List of the most effective drugs, the mechanism of action on the body. List of latest generation drugs with prices

Nootropics have been developed to boost metabolism and improve the functioning of nervous system cells. To date, nootropics, the effectiveness of which has been proven in the course of research, are used mainly for the treatment of neurological diseases.

Nootropic drugs contain chemical compounds that enhance brain activity, stimulate the nervous system and metabolic processes in general. Increased stress on the nervous system slows down the activity of the brain and leads to impaired blood circulation.

These drugs can increase energy, speed of thinking and remembering information. No wonder they are also called "smart drugs".

Nootropics with proven effectiveness affect the activity of nerve impulses, speeding up the work of the brain. Piracetam (the first nootropic substance) was invented in 1964 in Belgium as a pyrrolidone derivative. From this stage, the synthesis and development of neurometabolic stimulants began.

Nootropics with proven effectiveness help with neuralgic diseases. The list of drugs will help you choose the best ones.

The most common nootropics are:

• pyrrolidone derivatives;
• derivatives of diaphenylpyrrolidone;
• derivatives of amino acids;
• neuropeptides.

Complex preparations containing a combination of stimulating substances have been developed.

Indications for admission

When the properties of nootropics were just beginning to be studied, they were used to treat senile dementia. Over time, the range of application of these drugs has expanded to the areas of pediatrics, neurology, narcology and psychiatry.

In the CIS countries, nootropics are prescribed for the treatment of:

• pathological damage to the vessels of the brain;
• degradation of the integrative function;
• neurotic disorder;
• infectious lesions of the nervous system;
• complications of traumatic brain injury;
• decrease in integrative functions of the brain;
• alcohol addiction.

In the field of pediatrics, nootropics are prescribed for:

• mental retardation;
• damage to the nervous system at birth;
• chronic anomalies of the brain;
• delayed speech development.

In addition to these cases, nootropic drugs are used to treat private neurological pathologies and in the complex treatment of various diseases.

Contraindications

The effectiveness of nootropics has been proven in many cases, but do not forget about the contraindications to taking neurostimulants.

Depending on the type, nootropic drugs should not be taken by patients with:

• severe diseases of blood vessels and heart;
• pronounced psychomotor activity;
• diabetes mellitus;
• diseases of the urinary system;
• hypotension;
• individual intolerance to the components of the drug;
• stomach ulcer.

Also, nootropics are not advisable to take during pregnancy and with muscle cramps.

Instructions for use

Nootropic drugs are available in the form of tablets, ampoules for injection, intranasal drops. The dosage depends on the reason for prescribing the drug. In the initial days of admission, the maximum dosage is prescribed to accelerate the achievement of results. In the following days, the dosage is gradually reduced. Nootropics have a cumulative effect in the body.

A sharp refusal to take neurostimulants is contraindicated. It is not recommended to take these drugs in the afternoon, as side effects in the form of sleep disturbance are possible. After intravenous injections, it is desirable to reduce physical activity for the next half hour.

The effect of taking some medications is not felt immediately, but after a while, mostly 1-2 weeks.

In certain cases, nootropics can be addictive and "withdrawal". These drugs should not be combined with the intake of alcoholic beverages. Nootropics can be prescribed to professional athletes to restore the body.

Possible side effects

Side effects from taking pyrrolidone derivatives are mainly manifested in people with mental disorders.

It is rare to observe such reactions:

• dizziness;
• irritability;
• difficulty falling asleep;
• malfunctions of the digestive tract.

Anticholinesterase drugs used to treat Alzheimer's disease can cause the following side effects:

• salivation;
• vomit;
• diarrhea;
• lack of coordination;
• lack of appetite;
• stomach colic.

Also, sometimes there may be an increase in temperature, pressure surges and motor overexcitation. In general, negative effects from taking nootropic drugs are very rare.

List of proven nootropics for children and adults. Overview of drugs, cost

Nootropics with proven effectiveness are presented on today's market in a large assortment.

The most popular of them are presented in the table:

Nootropil

Nootropil is one of the first and most common representatives of nootropics from the racetam group. This drug goes on sale in the form of tablets or ampoules for intravenous injection.

Under the action of Nootropil, the level of norepinephrine and dopamine in the blood increases, microcirculation and metabolic processes in tissues improve. There is an increase in the cognitive abilities of a person, which contributes to the improvement of memory and the rapid perception of information.

Nootropil acts cumulatively, so after taking one tablet or administering one injection of the drug, you should not expect a visible result. However, after the end of therapy with pyrrolidine derivatives, which include Nootropil, the agent continues to act for 2-4 weeks.

The drug Nootropil is prescribed for both children and adults, depending on the diagnosis. He has successfully established himself in the treatment of alcohol dependence and senile dementia.

The negative aspects of this remedy include insomnia and irritability, which are extremely rare. The drug should not be used by pregnant and lactating women, as well as patients with acute kidney disease.

Phenotropil

Nootropics with proven effectiveness occupy a strong place in the market of drugs that stimulate mental activity. These include the well-known remedy Phenotropil.

This modification of piracetam acts in many ways in the body:

• stimulation of integrative functions;
• production of hormones of joy and pleasure;
• neuromodulatory effect;
• increasing the protective properties of the body;
• antidepressant action.

Phenotropil is characterized by a faster effect on the body, since its molecules are actively perceived through the blood-brain barrier. Phenotropil tablets are used to treat neurosis, depression and chronic alcoholism. The drug is not addictive, but may cause loss of appetite. This neurostimulator is prescribed only for adult patients.

Contraindications for admission:

• pregnancy;
• lactation;
• diseases of the liver and kidneys.

The disadvantages of Phenotropil include the high cost and sale only with a doctor's prescription.

Biotredin

Biotredin tablets contain the active substances threonine and pyridoxine hydrochloride. The main direction of application of the drug is the treatment of alcohol dependence. Biotredin also relieves nervousness and tension, improves memory and concentration.

In addition to enhancing the cognitive functions of the brain, the drug has an antidepressant effect.

Biotredin is able to eliminate anxiety and irritability, restoring the resistance of the nervous system to heavy loads. A 10-day course is enough to feel the benefits of the drug. According to the instructions, Biotredin is prescribed only for adult patients who do not have hypersensitivity to vitamin B.

The active substance pyridoxine does not accumulate in the body, but is processed and excreted through the excretory system. Biotredin should not be taken in conjunction with other medications that stimulate the nervous system. The drug has practically no side effects.

Calcium hopantenate

Calcium hopantenate is one of the few neurotropic drugs used to treat young children.

Indications for taking hopantenic acid derivatives:

• mental retardation;
• dysfunction of the brain;
• infections of the nervous system;
• neurotic disorders;
• cerebral paralysis;
• perinatal damage to the nervous system.

In the treatment of childhood pathologies, calcium hopantenate improves motor skills, increases concentration and reduces hyperexcitability.

The tool has the following types of effects:

• increasing the body's resistance to stressful situations;
• stimulation of cognitive functions of the brain;
• moderate sedative and analgesic effect;
• rise in general tone.

With great intellectual and emotional stress, the drug helps to normalize the mental state. The simultaneous use of sedatives is undesirable.

Derivatives of butyric acid have a positive effect on the energy of the neuron, neurodynamics, blood circulation in the nervous system. There is an optimal combination of stimulating and calming action of calcium hopantenate.

Neurobutal

Neurobutal refers to nootropic drugs with a sedative function. The active substance is calcium hydroxybutyrate.

The effect of treatment with this remedy:

• tranquilizing;
• adaptogenic;
• soothing;
• antihypoxic;
• anesthetic.

The drug is attributed to smoothing various neurotic conditions, with insomnia and withdrawal symptoms. Neurobutal tablets are quickly absorbed in the body, without having a cumulative effect. The complex and rapid action of the drug allows it to be used in the treatment of panic attacks.

The negative effect can be expressed in sleep disturbance and headaches. At the moment, Neurobutal is not sold in pharmacies of the Russian Federation.

Semax

Nootropics with proven effectiveness are available not only in the form of tablets, but also in the form of nasal drops. The convenient release form of Semax allows the active substance to penetrate the body's cell membrane faster.

This remedy is a synthetic analog of the hormone, which has a nootropic and adaptogenic effect. The psychostimulating effect of Semax is used in pediatrics, neurology, ophthalmology and narcology.

The main indications for the use of the product:

• complications of traumatic brain injury;
• rehabilitation after a stroke;
• neurotic disorders;
• senile dementia;
• withdrawal syndrome treatment;
• glaucoma;
• ischemic attacks.

Semax also allows you to increase the intellectual-mnestic functions of the brain, favorably affects the hemodynamics and blood circulation of the brain. The drug activates mental and labor activity.

The main directions of influence on the body:

• neurometabolic;
• neuroprotective;
• antioxidant;
• antihypoxic.

Semax is contraindicated in acute mental disorders and pregnancy.

Acefen

Acephen (active compound - meclofenoxate) is a derivative of plant growth hormone that improves metabolic processes in the body. The drug has a moderate neurostimulating effect, restoring the blood supply to brain cells. An unusual function of this nootropic is its rejuvenating effect on nerve cells.

Acefen is also characterized by such functions:

• mnemotropic;
• neurotransmitter;
• antihypoxic.

Indications for taking the drug: treatment of traumatic brain injury, mental retardation, dyscirculatory encephalopathy, psychopathological disorders. Can be used in combination with piracetam. To date, Acefen is not available for sale in Russia.

Glycine

Glycine is one of the well-known nootropics that is approved for use by adults and children. Psycho-emotional stress and excessive mental stress can lead to impaired concentration and sleep. To maintain the body's resistance to such influences, you can take advantage of this budgetary funds.

The complex action of Glycine tablets is:

• improving attention and thinking;
• influence on the assimilation of information;
• elimination of lethargy;
• stimulation of impulses;
• reducing nervousness.

The drug is prescribed with a decrease in mental performance, diseases of the nervous system, disorders of cerebral circulation. The tool effectively helps with frequent stress and nervousness. Glycine is practically harmless and has no contraindications. Combination with tranquilizers is undesirable. The drug can be prescribed to children from 3 years.

The stimulating effect of nootropics helps to normalize the mental state and increase cognitive abilities. The effectiveness of these drugs has been proven in experimental studies with moderate doses of therapy.

Article formatting: Lozinsky Oleg

Video about nootropics with proven effectiveness

Top 7 Best Nootropics:

Nowadays, new generation nootropic drugs are used to stimulate the brain and protect nervous reactions, the list of which is so impressive that it takes several pages. Basically, these are complex remedies consisting directly of a nootropic component and auxiliary substances that improve the nutrition of nerve cells - amino acids, vitamins,.

How do new nootropics differ from old ones?

People have been using nootropics for a long time and don't even know it. For example, the simplest nootropic - choline - is found in eggs, meat, fish and seafood. By eating food rich in animal protein, we stimulate the production of the hormone serotonin, which is not only responsible for the feeling of pleasure, but also has a beneficial effect on neural connections. The brain begins to work more actively, memory and thought processes improve. The simplest nootropics also include coffee, green tea, nicotine, amphetamines. These are the so-called stimulants of brain activity. The well-known vitamin B6 and Glycine tablets also belong to this type of remedy, they improve metabolic processes in the spinal cord and brain.

In the middle of the 20th century, there was a strong leap forward in the field of studying the work of the brain. The following types of nootropic drugs have been developed, studied and classified:

• reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors;
• vasodilators and metabolic enhancers;
• stimulants;
• racetams.

There is another classification based on the origin of the main active substance and its functions, but it is quite complex and confusing, and therefore only of interest to physicians. In addition, racetams are mainly used in therapy today. This is the basis of new generation nootropic drugs. Racetams are chemical structures derived from pyrrolidine. Here is a short list of the most popular drugs in this category:

• Piracetam;
• Oxiracetam;
• Etiracetam;
• Aniracetam;
• Pramiracetam;
• Nebracetam;
• Nefiracetam;
• Isacetam;
• detiracetam;
• Dipracetam and others.

Unlike natural stimulants, these drugs have a very precise effect on certain areas of the brain, which allows them to be used not only to improve memory and intelligence, but also in the treatment of strokes, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. These are the most effective nootropic drugs.

Latest Nootropics

Since the latest products are combined, they combine new generation racetams and excipients. Such modern nootropic drugs are very popular, such as:

• Diapiram;
• Orocetam;
• Yukamen;
• Thiocetam;
• Apik;
• Binotropil.

Most often, patients who have had a stroke are prescribed Phezam. This medicine is a combination of piracetam and cinnarizine. This antihistamine improves blood circulation in the brain and strengthens the walls of even the smallest blood vessels. Many consider it the best nootropic drug. We agree with this statement, but we want to note that other means have shown themselves very well. In addition, almost all nootropic drugs have few contraindications and side effects, which greatly facilitates the appointment and use.

It is better for elderly patients to give preference to the latest combination drugs. But young people seeking to improve brain function can buy any racetam and supplement it with regular exercise and proper nutrition. The effect will be no worse, since the body reacts to moderate physical activity with the release of serotonin and other hormones that have a beneficial effect on neural connections and the nervous system as a whole.

The nervous system of a newly born person is still immature. It will improve over the years. It is not surprising that caring parents peer intently at their crumbs - but does he have any deviations?

Is your baby restless before bed? Sometimes the chin trembles, arms and legs twitch, does the baby spit up profusely and often, lag behind in development from their peers? Does the little one have a delay in speech development or does he not want to sit down and walk in the average period? All these symptoms can be a sign of both natural immaturity of the nervous system for crumbs, and a serious illness.

When the question arises, as they say, with an edge, parents and pediatricians have no time to wait whether the alarming symptoms will pass over time.

After all, the older the child, the more difficult it is to correct deviations caused by neurological pathologies. In this situation, children are prescribed nootropic drugs. You should not be afraid - according to statistics, they are prescribed to every third baby.

What it is?

Nootropics are neurometabolic stimulants. Simply put, drugs that actively affect the higher mental functions of the brain, improve blood circulation and the functioning of the nervous system, and stimulate metabolic processes in nerve tissues. In the international classification, nootropics do not have a separate group; they are combined with psychostimulants. But this is also not a cause for concern.

Action

Nootropic action is based on several processes. They improve the energy state of nerve cells (neurons), accelerate the processes occurring in the central nervous system, saturate the brain with oxygen, strengthen the membranes of nerve cells, and increase the speed of impulses in the brain. As a result, the metabolic processes in the brain are significantly improved, memory "strengthens", perception "revives". Nootropics have a positive effect on the mechanisms of thinking, increase intellectual abilities. It is for this that nootropics got their second unofficial name - “cognition stimulants”.

Nootropic drugs come in various classifications, in total there are more than 20 types. There are over a hundred titles.

Indications for use

Nootropic drugs for children are prescribed for the following diseases and conditions:

• Lag in the development of the child's psyche,
• speech development delay,
• The consequences of intrauterine suffering of the baby, during which the central nervous system was affected,
• Head injuries (concussion, TBI)
• attention deficit disorder,
• Various forms of mental retardation,

In addition, certain types of nootropic drugs are likely to be prescribed for severe stuttering, sleep disturbance in a child, urination disorders, migraines, and severe dizziness. Nootropics are used to treat hyperkinesias (these are chaotic convulsive random movements of the arms and legs in children), as well as to prevent motion sickness. In addition, nootropic drugs for the treatment of children are used in ophthalmology, toxicology, and traumatology.

Pros and cons

Despite its rather positive effect on the body, controversy and scientific discussions around nootropics do not subside. These drugs are widely used only in Russia and the countries of the former CIS. Probably because they began to be used in our medicine in the middle of the 20th century. European and American doctors, for example, refuse to prescribe nootropics to their little patients.

The reason is that the effectiveness and benefits of nootropics have not yet been scientifically proven. Although everyone agrees that there is no particular harm from them either. And what then is the point of treating everyone and everything with nootropics, if, of course, we are not talking about the list of diseases indicated above? This opinion, in particular, is shared by well-known doctors Roshal and Komarovsky. Some experts even suggest moving nootropic drugs from the category of medicines to the category of dietary supplements.

What drugs can a doctor prescribe?

• The main and very first nootropic in history, the "founding father" of all other drugs in this family, is Piracetam. Most Russians and residents of the countries of the former CIS are also familiar with other synonymous names: Nootropil, Cerebril, Lutsetam, Oykamid, etc.

Piracetam was synthesized more than half a century ago. The drug has a beneficial effect on the brain, stimulates memory, increases the ability to intellectual stress and motivates learning, promotes concentration. Available in capsules, ampoules and tablets. Piracetam is not recommended for children under one year old. In addition, this drug is not suitable for babies with psychomotor agitation.

Among the side effects from taking Piracetam are insomnia, impaired coordination of movements, irritability, confusion.

• Another very popular drug among Russian pediatricians is Pantogam. It is a nootropic anticonvulsant. Available in the form of tablets and syrup. His doctor can prescribe to your baby from the first days of life.

  The drug improves the condition of children with various forms of cerebral palsy, schizophrenia, autism. In addition, Pantogam helps with urinary incontinence, children's nervous tics, hyperactivity syndrome and delayed speech development. Side effects are minimized, to drowsiness and an allergic reaction to any component of Pantogam.

• Picamilon is a nootropic drug that expands the vessels of the brain, an analogue of Piracetam. Among other things, it has a psychostimulating and mild tranquilizing effect. Available in ampoules for intravenous and intramuscular administration and in tablets. Not recommended for children under 3 years old.

  Often, Picamilon is prescribed to overly anxious, emotionally unstable children. In addition, this nootropic is taken to increase endurance in conditions of physical and mental overload, for example, by athletes.

Side effects include headache, nausea, itchy skin. The drug should not be taken by a child with kidney problems.

• Phenibut is a modern nootropic that is often prescribed to children. It stimulates the activity of the nervous system, increases mental performance, improves memory, helps students cope with overload in the learning process. The effect of a tranquilizer helps relieve anxiety, irritability, improve sleep. Available in tablets and powders. This drug is low-toxic, and therefore it is prescribed to children from 2 years old. Side effects include dizziness, drowsiness, and nausea.

• Pyritinol is a nootropic agent with a slight sedative effect. Often it is advised to take it in depressive states, vegetative - vascular dystonia, increased fatigue, mental retardation. Suitable for children from 1 year old. It has a fairly large list of side effects from nausea to polymyositis, dyspnea and loss of taste sensations.

• Cinnarizine (synonyms Balcinnarzine, Vertizin, Diziron, Cinnaron, Cyrizin) is a nootropic, the instructions for use of which say that it is not recommended for children under 12 years of age. However, many doctors have long been prescribing this drug to babies up to a year old, and claim its positive effect. However, the effectiveness of the drug has not been proven, but side effects in patients were recorded. With this drug, they are satisfied with serious: violations of the liver and kidneys, pressure drop, headaches. Cinnarizine is available in capsules and tablets.

• Semax is one of the pediatricians' favorite nootropics. It is available in the form of drops in the nose, and therefore it is convenient to use it even for the smallest patients. Semax comes to the rescue in cases where children have a delay in speech development, sleep disturbances, hyperexcitability, capriciousness. Among the side effects are dizziness, irritation of the nasal mucosa.

• The simplest aminoacetic acid Glycine can be an excellent option. It has all the advantages of nootropics, but is devoid of frightening side effects. Glycine is prescribed for babies of any age. The drug regulates the processes of excitation and inhibition. As a result, the child's attention increases, learning significantly improves, night sleep normalizes.

It is almost impossible to list all the drugs of the nootropic family, there are a lot of them, besides, the pharmaceutical industry does not stand still, and almost every year presents something new. It is profitable to look for new formulas in nootropic drugs, because these funds are quite in demand by both adults and children.

• From the "new products" I would like to note the Japanese nootropic Gammalon. The cost of this drug exceeds the cost of its ancestor Piracetam by more than 100 times. A package of a drug from the country of the Rising Sun costs about 2,500 rubles per package (100 tablets).

According to reviews on the Internet, it helps even children with severe forms of autism and cerebral palsy, alleviates their condition. But a number of physicians have doubts about Gammalon. The fact is that even a superficial analysis of the instructions for use for observant patients can suggest that the composition of the Japanese “miracle drug” contains only one amino acid - gamma-aminobutyric.

A nootropic with the same exact composition is Aminalon. Only it costs only 99 rubles. A practical approach to the issue suggests that the Japanese Gammalon is just a successful marketing ploy, especially since its effectiveness and benefits, like those of other nootropic drugs, have not yet been scientifically proven.

Conclusion about diagnostics in Russia

In Russia, a peculiar practice of diagnostics has developed. Doctors in the clinic, for the sake of "reinsurance", can make a neurological or even psychiatric diagnosis for any child with increased excitability, very mobile or anxious. By and large, there would be a person, but there would be a diagnosis.

Doctors cannot be blamed for this. They are ordered by the Ministry of Health. After all, missing the beginning of the disease is even worse. Parents begin to treat the baby with nootropic drugs prescribed by a cautious doctor, not really knowing whether they are harmful. With a real-life disease, nootropics are effective, but in the case of medical "reinsurance", the drug will bring absolutely nothing to a healthy child, except for possible "side effects".

Doctors do not have precise and uniform criteria for assessing the behavior of young children. Therefore, it is quite difficult to draw a line between an ordinary restless child and a child with a neurological disease.

Despite all the methods of diagnosis, the solution to the dilemma "Norm or pathology" falls on the shoulders of the doctor and ultimately will be determined only by him. And this is fertile ground for medical errors and those same reinsurance "just in case."

The main principle of any doctor is “Do no harm”, and testing drugs on a child in search of an opportunity to finally get a list of drugs with proven effectiveness is at least short-sighted and unethical. Let laboratory animals fill up the statistics better.

For more information about nootropics, see the following video.

Urban people do not have time to take care of their health. The fast pace of life makes you work hard and relax with a rare opportunity. Vitamins, which are considered a panacea, in fact, do not help to adapt to the high requirements of the metropolis.

A person often needs help in resisting stress factors, speeding up brain activity and maintaining psycho-emotional balance. Preparations from the group of nootropics, in this case, become indispensable and help to avoid negative consequences due to nervous tension.

What are nootropics

Nootropics are a group of drugs that have a positive effect on brain activity and cognitive functions. Due to the ability to improve metabolic processes in the nervous tissue, these drugs enhance higher integrative activity, as well as increase mental abilities.

In the human body, special substances are physiologically produced, which are called neurotransmitters. Their role is to ensure the flow of chemical reactions that are necessary for the proper functioning of organs. Such connections exist in the brain. They are involved in the transmission of nerve impulses, and with their deficiency, various disorders occur. Medicines from the group of nootropics are similar in chemical structure to some neurotransmitters, therefore they are able to perform the same functions, eliminating their deficiency in pathological conditions.

The nervous system and the brain work in an increased rhythm if a person is in a state of stress, worries, or under conditions of increased psychological stress. In this case, there is a higher need for certain chemicals and the activation of additional body capabilities. Nootropic drugs can help to cope with adverse factors and enhance the protective properties of cells.

The mechanism of action is to increase the utilization of glucose, which leads to increased energy production and the full functioning of cells. Nootropics affect the biosynthesis of proteins and nucleic acids, which improves the structure of tissues, and also accelerates the regeneration process.

An important pharmacological effect is antioxidant - by eliminating free radicals, drugs of this group stabilize cell membranes and increase resistance to adverse factors. Complete nutrition of the nervous tissue leads to the restoration of the structure and functions of cells. After the use of nootropics, hypoxia conditions are better tolerated, blood circulation and metabolic processes are normalized.

The advantage of this group of drugs is the absence of toxicity and dangerous side effects. Nootropics are used in conditions of existing stress, as well as to prepare for it (for example, during exams or reports), as a protective agent for brain cells.

However, despite the results of treatment and wide experience of use, some doctors believe that nootropics are drugs with unproven effectiveness. Studies of this group of drugs are ongoing, since the possibilities of their use and the need for such drugs are quite large.

Indications for use

The list of conditions for which nootropics are effective is as follows:

• Decreased mental or physical performance.
• Neuroinfection.
• Impairment of memory or attention.
• Ischemic stroke.
• Exposure to toxic substances.
• Senile dementia.
• Violation of cerebral circulation.
• post-traumatic period.
• encephalopathy.
• Withdrawal syndrome, including alcohol.

Encouraging results of treatment for brain tissue damage of various origins are explained by a wide range of pharmacological effects of this group of drugs:

• Improving the metabolic processes of the cortical layer, a positive effect on human judgment, speech, thinking.
• Getting rid of depression or fatigue.
• Antiasthenic action is manifested by the elimination of lethargy, physical and psychological weakness.
• The adaptogenic effect is to enhance the protective properties and increase resistance to adverse factors.
• Increase learning ability, improve memory.
• Decreased irritability and emotional excitability.

The instructions for use of most nootropic drugs allow their over-the-counter dispensing from pharmacies. During a stressful period or mental exhaustion, everyone can take them on their own according to the scheme indicated by the manufacturer.

Contraindications

For a healthy person, nootropics are safe. But people with diseases need to be careful, since the group of drugs in question has contraindications:

• hemorrhagic stroke.
• Individual intolerance to the drug component.
• Hereditary degenerative diseases of the CNS.
• Renal failure.
• Pregnancy period.
• Arterial hypotension.

Before starting treatment, you should study the instructions for the specific remedy that the doctor prescribed to the patient.

Which drug to buy

Given that most of the drugs in the group of psychostimulants and nootropics are sold without a prescription, it becomes necessary to understand the differences and selection criteria:

• If the drug is chosen without the help of a doctor, the patient should first read the contents of the instructions. The decision is made on the basis of the active substance, indications, regimen of administration or indicated restrictions.
• After that, the patient must decide which form of release of the drug is suitable in a particular situation. For example, it is more convenient for children to give the product in liquid form, so many manufacturers offer syrups or nootropic powders. Adult patients are suitable capsules or tablets.
• Based on one active substance, a pharmacy may offer several trade names. To make a final decision, you need to pay attention to the price, the reception scheme and the manufacturing company.

Despite non-prescription leave, self-medication is still not recommended. Before you start taking any medication, it is better to consult a doctor or consult a pharmacist.

Nootropics: a list of drugs

Below is a list of drugs from the group of nootropics that have earned positive feedback from patients and the trust of doctors.

The main active ingredient is a synthetic analogue of the natural neurotransmitter - gamma-aminobutyric acid. The drug affects the processes of inhibition in the brain, and also regulates the metabolism of the central nervous system. Acts as an antioxidant and detoxifier.

Glycine is able to improve mood, increase mental activity, reduce negative vegetovascular manifestations, protect cells from the toxic effect of alcohol or the adverse effects of stress.

The drug has a high safety profile, rarely causes adverse reactions and is approved for use in children from the age of three. It is a cheap plus effective remedy that every patient can buy at a pharmacy without a prescription.

Piracetam

The main component is a derivative of gamma-aminobutyric acid, which is produced by the human body. This nootropic improves the cognitive functions of the brain. For the patient, this is manifested by an increase in concentration, better memorization and a high ability to learn.

Positive effects are achieved due to a decrease in pathological excitation in the brain, an increase in the metabolism of nerve cells, and the normalization of microcirculation. The drug is produced in the form of capsules and tablets, it is used only for the treatment of adults.

Available in several dosages. The main active ingredient is piracetam. Pharmacological action is similar to the two previously described medicines. Not applicable to children. The choice of patients is often stopped in favor of this drug because of the Belgian quality.

A remedy with nootropic properties, however, belongs to a group of drugs intended for the treatment of alcohol dependence. Contains two active ingredients - vitamin pyridoxine and threonine. The second of them regulates the processes of tissue metabolism (cells are quickly restored, and the patient's craving for alcohol decreases).

The first active substance (vitamin) also performs important functions: it stimulates redox reactions, respiration and energy metabolism of cells. The drug is prescribed for the treatment of alcoholism, as well as for the relief of withdrawal symptoms. In the second case, it is better to take the pill under the tongue, then the positive effect will come in 20 minutes.

Produced in the form of capsules. It is a combined remedy based on cinnarizine with piracetam. Individually, they exhibit nootropic properties and improve brain microcirculation, and when combined, they enhance each other's action.

The therapeutic effect begins within an hour after the start of administration, however, to achieve a stable result, doctors prescribe the drug in a course. In addition to affecting nerve cells, Combitropil has a positive effect on the rheological properties of blood. It protects red blood cells from destruction, reduces viscosity and improves blood flow.

Nootropic based on a synthetic derivative of gamma-aminobutyric acid. The composition differs from other drugs in this group, while exhibiting similar pharmacological effects. In addition to psycho-emotional disorders, it is also prescribed in the complex therapy of migraine, autism, alcoholism, and even urological diseases. Effective in depression and other conditions that are accompanied by anxiety. Approved for use from the age of three. In most cases, it is well tolerated and does not cause side effects.

A unique nootropic that comes in the form of nasal drops. Contains a mixture of amino acids needed to treat brain damage. It is prescribed in the post-traumatic period, during neurosurgical operations, neurotic disorders. It has a good positive effect when used under conditions of stress or psycho-emotional overload. In addition to increasing the adaptive properties of the nervous system, the drug has found application in ophthalmology (neuritis) and pediatrics (autism). The method of operation of the drops is described in detail by the instruction.

The medicine has a positive effect on the nervous system. Indications for use are very wide - from traumatic brain injuries to functional disorders and withdrawal symptoms. Due to the parenteral form of release, it is often prescribed for acute conditions (intoxication, inflammatory processes, cerebrovascular accidents).

Nootropics of the latest generation

Application to children

Recently, pediatric neurologists have begun to prescribe nootropics more often. Doctors from various fields of medicine, especially pediatricians, do not always agree with such decisions and doubt the validity of such prescriptions.

There are direct indications that nootropics of any generation should be used in childhood. In practice, it often happens that drugs are prescribed for other reasons. For example, a hyperactive baby, a delay in speech or the first steps do not always indicate a developmental disorder. Due to the high safety profile of nootropics, some doctors still prefer to prescribe these drugs, which does not comply with the instructions and official treatment protocols.

When drugs are really needed, the choice of the active substance and the specific dosage is made by the doctor. Drugs that are allowed to be used in children have an additional form of release, for example, syrup or powder. Diagnoses in which nootropics are indicated for childhood:

• encephalopathy.
• Cerebrosthenia.
• Consequences of neuroinfection.
• Mental retardation.
• Speech delay.

Drugs that are approved for use in pediatrics:

• Glycine. Contains a substance that is synthesized by the body naturally, so the drug is very popular. It rarely causes adverse reactions. Despite the data in the instructions, it is prescribed by some doctors even to small children with a daily dose adjustment.
• Pantogam. Known in the pharmaceutical market as a children's nootropic. Available as a syrup for toddlers and tablets for older patients. Effectively eliminates the symptoms caused by vegetative disorders.
• Cogitum. Available in ampoules. It is safe and non-toxic.
• Picamilon. It has been used since the age of three for asthenic conditions, mental retardation.

The list of drugs is constantly expanding, and pharmaceutical companies are successfully working on the creation of new drugs that are of high quality, efficacy and safety.

Doctor's conclusion

Nootropics have a wide range of applications. Pharmacological properties of representatives of this group are indispensable for traumatic brain injuries, functional disorders caused by cerebrovascular pathologies. In addition, drugs are prescribed for children with developmental delays, adults during periods of strong psycho-emotional stress and the elderly to improve the functioning of the nervous system.

Nootropics show good compatibility with drugs from other groups and rarely cause side effects. Adults can safely take them along with multivitamin complexes 1 or 2 times a year to maintain the health of the body.

Nootropic drugs include a large group of psychotropic drugs that help a person get rid of numerous effects on his nervous system. The newest nootropics are devoid of many of the dangerous side effects that were characteristic of the first generation of medicines, and are considered quite safe.

Modern nootropic drugs (neurometabolic stimulants) or simply nootropics are a large group of drugs that have such an effect on the brain when its mental functions improve. As a result, the action of these drugs activates the thinking and memory ability (cognitive functions), increases the resistance of the brain to the influence of negative exogenous factors - lack of oxygen, polluted atmosphere, toxins, stress and emotional overload, traumatic impact. In other words, they have an important ability to reduce neurological deficits.

The basic principle of action of nootropics is based on their active participation in the metabolism and biological energy of neurons, and is also carried out by influencing the mediators of neuroprocesses in the brain. In particular, they increase the level of adenylate cyclase in nerve cells and accelerate the production of ATP, which significantly affects cellular energy. The effect on the production of RNA and some protein substances leads to an acceleration of plastic processes in the nervous system.

As a result of a series of metabolic transformations, serotonin is released, which is a catalyst for intracellular potassium and calcium ions. Adenosine triphosphoric acid helps maintain the rate of metabolic processes in oxygen deficiency, which reduces the risk of oxygen starvation. Finally, nootropics optimize glucose utilization.

The best nootropics can have the following effects:

1. Stabilization of membranes due to the normalization of phospholipid and protein synthesis, as well as streamlining the structure of membrane cells.
2. Antioxidant capacity as a result of slowing down the formation of free radicals and lipid oxidation.
3. The antihypoxic effect is due to a decrease in oxygen consumption.
4. Neuroprotection is characterized by an increase in the resistance of neurons to the action of aggressive exogenous factors.
5. Improving blood microcirculation by improving the penetration of red blood cells through the vascular walls and blocking the production of platelets.
6. Improving electrophysiological patterns, which provides easier signal transmission between the hemispheres, increasing the level of wakefulness and the power of the EEG of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. This ultimately leads to the optimization of integrative brain function.
7. Optimization of the control of cortico-subcortical processes, information exchange between brain regions, formation of a memory imprint. These effects provide an improvement in mindfulness, mental response, memory, perception of information, and contributes to an increase in intelligence and cognitive functions.

When are nootropics prescribed?

Neotropic drugs were developed to correct brain dysfunctions and were intended mainly for the elderly. The development of pharmacology in this direction has made it possible to significantly expand the capabilities of nootropics, which makes it possible to use them in various branches of medicine (neurology, psychiatry, pediatrics, surgery, gynecology, etc.).

1. Dementia of various types, incl. in Alzheimer's disease, vascular and senile pathologies.
2. Cerebrovascular pathologies of a chronic nature.
3. Syndrome of psychoorganic defeat.
4. Post-traumatic syndrome caused by circulatory disorders as a result of damage to the skull.
5. Severe intoxication.
6. Diseases caused by the penetration of neuroinfection.
7. Deviations of the intellectual-mnestic, asthenic, depressive nature.
8. neurotic disorders.
9. Dystonia of the vegetative-vascular system.
10. Chronic alcoholism and associated pathologies such as encephalopathy, abstinence.
11. Lagging mental development.

A child, like an adult, in some cases needs psychotropic therapy. Nootropic drugs for children are recalled in pediatrics with amino acid deficiency, leading to a deterioration in protein synthesis and, in general, to a violation of metabolic processes. The reasons for the appointment of such funds are the following circumstances - a significant lag in the mental and speech development of the child; a noticeable deviation in mental development; signs of congenital, perinatal disorders of the nervous system; cerebral paralysis; pronounced signs of attention deficit disorder.

Neotropics of the new generation cope well with some other diseases that are affected by processes occurring in the brain. According to the decision of a specialist, nootropics can be used in such conditions:

1. Elimination of manifestations of neuroleptic syndrome. Hopantenic acid, Pantogam and other drugs can be used.
2. Treatment of stuttering and hyperkinesis. The drug Phenibut is effective.
3. In case of violations in the urinary organs, Pantogam may be prescribed.
4. Glycine helps fight chronic insomnia.
5. For migraines, Pyritinol or Semax is recommended.
6. Such an unpleasant phenomenon as motion sickness and "seasickness" can be treated with Phenibut.
7. Complex therapy of ophthalmic problems often includes the use of Nicotinoil.

When Problems Might Occur

Nootropics also have contraindications in circumstances where their use can cause negative consequences. They can not be taken with individual intolerance to the main active substance or any additional ingredient of the drug; severe course of renal failure, both in acute and chronic form; at the acute stage of hemorrhagic stroke; congenital chorea of ​​Hettington associated with a degenerative lesion of the central nervous system. Only in exceptional cases is it possible to prescribe drugs to pregnant women and nursing mothers. With extreme caution, nootropics are given to young children and only after reaching 1 year.

New nootropics are fairly well tolerated by patients. However, individual reactions are possible in the form of such side effects - the appearance of an incomprehensible anxious feeling; temporary insomnia at night and craving for sleep during the day; irritability; jumps in blood pressure; dyspeptic disorders; allergic reactions of various kinds. In elderly people, when taking nootropics, in rare cases, cardiological problems are recorded, in particular, heart failure.

What are the drugs

The list of nootropics includes many drugs divided into groups that differ in chemical composition, direction, and mechanism of action. The following main categories are distinguished.

Stimulators of metabolic processes in neurons:

1. Based on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The main representatives are Phenibut, Picamilon and Aminalon. Hopantenic acid is considered an analogue.
2. Compounds based on pyrrolidone (racetam). The most common drugs are Piracetam and Phenylpiracetam. Derivatives such as Aniracetam, Oxiracetam and Pramiracetam may be prescribed.
3. Pantothenic acid derivatives - Pantogam.
4. When using the active substance dimethylaminoethanol, Acefen and Centrophenoxine are produced. Popular drugs such as Phenotropil and Meclofenoxate have gained popularity.
5. Preparations containing amino acids and peptides. The most famous are Glycine, Actovegin, Biotredin and Cerebrolysin. Popular neuropeptides - Noopept, Semax, Selank. Polypeptides include Cortexin, Cerebramin.

Drugs to reduce the effects of hypoxia. The best remedy is hydroxymethylethylpyridine succinate.

Nootropics with the effect of vitamin-like substances or adaptogens. These include funds based on folic and succinic acids, vitamins E and B15, ginseng root. Idebenone stands out in this category.

Preparations for the normalization of the state of blood vessels (vasotropes). They help to get rid of cerebral problems. Stand out - Instenon, Cinnarizine. Vinpocetine may be prescribed.

Memory improvement is achieved using nootropics of the following subgroups:

• cholinomimetic and anticholesterase drugs - Amiridin and Choline;
• hormonal type drugs - Corticotropin, ACTH, as well as a number of drugs related to endorphins and enkephalins.

A significant difference in the effectiveness of nootropics is found when considering such a feature as the time of their development. Older designs or first-generation drugs continue to be used, but they have an increased risk of side effects. These funds are mainly derivatives of Piracetam - most of the racetams.

The most popular drugs

Currently, depending on the type of psychogenic deviation, first and second generation nootropics are used, as well as tools from the latest developments. You can make an indicative list of the most popular nootropic drugs:

1. Piracetam or similar products (Lucetam, Nootropil). The form of introduction into the body - tablets for oral administration, intramuscular injections and intravenous droppers. The most characteristic effects are the normalization of metabolic processes and blood circulation. Given that Piracetam belongs to the first generation of drugs, side effects such as an increase in platelet levels, leading to a deterioration in blood clotting, can be expected.
2. Pramiracetam is available in tablet form. Although it belongs to the old developments, it has high cognitive properties, which helps to improve memory. Possesses sedative abilities. Can be used for a long course of therapy. The drug should not be taken in renal failure.
3. Cavinton. Analogues are Neurovin and Vinpocetine. In addition to neuralgia, this drug is recommended for certain ophthalmic pathologies and hearing problems. The course of admission is quite long - 2-7 months. During the acute phase of the disease, it is administered by injection, and as the disease weakens, the transition to tablets is made.
4. Phenibut. You can use its analogues - Bifren and Noobut. Release form - tablets, powder for injection solutions, capsules. This nootropic is effective for increasing mental response and physical performance, relieving stress, getting rid of anxious feelings and phobias, and improving sleep quality. It is prescribed for hypoxia. Useful when traveling on water, because. eliminates the effect of pitching. The course of treatment lasts 30-40 days. The drug should not be taken simultaneously with sedative drugs and sleeping pills.
5. Hopantenic acid (often sold under the name Pantogam). It is recommended to reduce the excitability of a motor character. A positive effect is detected within 25-30 days after the start of administration, but the full course can be 5-6 months.
6. Glycine. Best known as an anti-stress drug. Helps to relieve excessive excitability and irritability. It has a pronounced sedative effect, and also contributes to the normalization of metabolism in the body.
7. Cerebrolysin. It is used for serious lesions of the central nervous system, incl. useful in Alzheimer's disease. It is most often administered by injection, and is most widely used in the treatment of post-traumatic syndrome and the consequences of a stroke.
8. Encephabol. It can be prescribed for both adults and children, in the latter case, a suspension with additives that improve palatability is used. The drug belongs to strong neuroprotectors and antioxidants with high cognitive abilities.

Drugs of the latest generations

Pharmacology around the world is taking active measures to improve nootropics, resulting in more effective and safe drugs. The following nootropics have gained popularity:

1. Phezam - is used to normalize the blood supply to the brain, improve protein metabolism and energy. It has vasodilating properties.
2. Phenylpiracetam - necessary in the period after stroke rehabilitation. Often used to improve memory, concentration, to eliminate convulsive phenomena.
3. Noopept is especially effective for normalizing cognitive brain functions, eliminating anxiety and phobias, and chronic headaches of a neurogenic nature.
4. Selank - helps to relieve stress surges, eliminate the needy state. It increases the mental reaction, fights apathy and a gloomy mood.

In child psychiatry and pediatrics, nootropics also find their rightful place. For babies, these drugs are available in the form of granules for making syrup or in the form of ready-made syrup. The most characteristic appointment for cerebral, encephalopathic disorders, as well as a significant lag in intellectual development and lack of memory. For children, stimulant drugs such as Picamilon and Cogitum can be recommended, as well as drugs with a sedative effect - Cortexin and Phenibut.