Presentation on the topic of animal rabies. Presentation on the topic of rabies virus. Phase - paralytic
Animal rabies The dog is infected with the rabies virus Rabies is a particularly dangerous viral disease of various animal species, including dogs and cats, as well as humans. It is characterized mainly by an acute course, severe damage to the central nervous system.
What does the rabies virus look like? Affects the human nervous system Rabies virus Rabies is an acute disease of animals and humans caused by a specific rhabdovirus (Greek Rhabdos - stick) of the genus Lissavirus of the Rhabdoviridae family.
The ability of the virus to infect animals. The incubation period is 14-16 days, but sometimes reaches 6-12 months. Young animals that have not been vaccinated are most often infected with rabies. The source of the infectious agent is infected animals, in which the virus appears in the saliva 1-2 weeks before the onset of clinical signs of the disease. Therefore, such dogs and cats that are in the incubation period of the disease are dangerous to people and other animals. The reservoir of the rabies virus in nature is carnivores, rodents, and bats. For rabies, the most typical method of infection is contact. It occurs through infected saliva, which, when bitten, enters wounds or mucous membranes and damaged skin (erosions, abrasions, etc.). However, not all bitten animals (or humans) become infected with rabies, since the virus may not be present in the saliva of sick animals during the latent period of the disease.
Symptoms of rabies in dogs and cats Clinical signs of rabies most often appear 3-8 weeks after infection. In dogs and cats, two forms of the disease are clinically distinguished: violent (aggressive) and silent (paralytic).
Forms of the disease The violent form occurs in several stages: 1. At the first stage, the animal avoids people, hides in a dark place, or, on the contrary, is very friendly. In this case, itching may occur at the site of the bite; 2. At the second stage, aggression appears. Anxiety, hoarse barking, a tendency to eat foreign objects, and attacks on other animals and even the owner increase. The animal cannot swallow water;3. In the third stage, convulsions appear and paralysis progresses. The animal lies almost constantly and eventually dies in a comatose state. The silent form is characterized by the development of paralysis, drooling, and inability to eat. After 2–4 days the animal dies.
Rabies in humans Rabies in humans is also divided into 3 stages. Rabies is incurable! At the first stage, general malaise, headaches, fever, sore throat, and loss of appetite appear. Unpleasant sensations appear at the site of the bite. A person with rabies experiences inexplicable fear, anxiety, depression, and insomnia. At the second stage (after 1–3 days), excitement appears. Attacks of fear of water. When trying to take liquids, spasms of the pharyngeal muscles appear. Breathing is accompanied by pain and cramps. At the third stage (on the 4th – 5th day), calmness is characteristic, hydrophobia disappears, and false hope for recovery appears. Paralysis of the limbs, impaired consciousness, and convulsions develop.
Prevention of rabies Vaccination of animals If you are bitten For people who have been bitten by rabid or unknown animals, local treatment of the wound should be carried out immediately or as soon as possible after the bite or injury; the wound is washed abundantly with soap and water (or detergent) and treated with 40-70 degree alcohol or tincture of iodine; if indicated, anti-rabies immunoglobulin is injected deep into the wound and into the soft tissue around it; after local treatment of the wound, specific treatment is immediately carried out, which consists of therapeutic preventive immunization with rabies vaccine.
Never approach someone else's animal; You cannot pet, touch or tease the animal; Monitor your pet closely; Get your pet vaccinated; Do not let the animal go for a walk in unfamiliar places (cottage, forest, river, lake...), keep the animal in your field of vision; Contact a veterinarian if your animal becomes ill; Do not feed or try to catch or play with wild animals such as squirrels, raccoons, or rats; How to protect yourself from an animal bite?
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Definition:
Rabies is a viral disease that occurs after the bite of an infected animal, characterized by severe damage to the nervous system and usually ending in death.
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Rabies virus (Neuroryctesrabid) belongs to the group of myxoviruses of the Lyssavirus genus of the Rhabdoviridae family. Found in saliva, as well as in tears and urine.
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The virus is unstable in the external environment - it dies when heated to 56.C in 15 minutes, when boiled in 2 minutes. Sensitive to ultraviolet and direct sunlight, ethanol and many disinfectants. However, it is resistant to low temperatures, phenol, and antibiotics.
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Pathogenesis:
After entering the body, the rabies virus spreads along the nerve endings, affecting almost the entire nervous system. Swelling, hemorrhages, degenerative and necrotic changes in nerve cells of the brain and spinal cord are observed.
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The source is:
The source of the rabies virus is both wild and domestic animals. Wild animals include: wolves, foxes, jackals, raccoons, badgers, skunks, bats, rodents
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Domestic: dogs, cats, horses, pigs, small and cattle.
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How does rabies become infected?
Infection with rabies from a sick animal is possible under the following circumstances: 1) When bitten by a sick animal 2) When saliva from a sick animal gets on damaged areas of the skin (scratches, abrasions, wounds)
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Clinical picture:
The incubation period ranges from 10 days to 3-4 (but more often 1-3) months.
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The first symptoms of rabies:
weakness, headache, general malaise, lack of appetite, slight increase in temperature, cough, runny nose, sore throat, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea. They can be attributed to any disease, but most often they are mistakenly diagnosed as a respiratory or intestinal infection.
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Periods of illness:
The disease has three periods: Prodromal or initial (precursor period) Lasts 1-3 days. Accompanied by an increase in temperature to 37.2-37.3 °C, a depressed state, poor sleep, insomnia, and anxiety of the patient. Pain at the site of the bite is felt, even if the wound has healed long ago.
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Heightened stage (hydrophobia) Lasts 1-4 days. It is expressed in sharply increased sensitivity to the slightest irritation of the sensory organs: bright light, various sounds, noise cause muscle spasms in the limbs. Hydrophobia, aerophobia. Patients become aggressive, violent, hallucinations, delusions, and a feeling of fear appear.
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The period of paralysis (the stage of “ominous calm”) Paralysis of the eye muscles and lower extremities occurs. Severe paralytic respiratory disorders cause death. The total duration of the disease is 5-8 days, occasionally 10-12 days.
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Treatment of rabies:
Treatment methods for rabies have not yet been invented. With symptoms of the first stage of the disease, death is almost inevitable. The only way to save a person is to prevent the disease by administering a special rabies vaccine, but this must be done no later than the 14th day from the time of the bite. The most recommended specific prevention is specific immunoglobulin and/or active immunization - the introduction of a vaccine.
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The vaccine is administered according to the following scheme: on the day of infection (application), the vaccine is administered 1 ml 5 times intramuscularly into the shoulder or thigh, then vaccination is repeated on days 3, 7, 14 and 28. And the last injection must be given 90 days after the first. Only in this case is good immunity created. If the person injured by the bite was previously vaccinated, he is vaccinated according to a different scheme without the use of immunoglobulin.
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Actions in case of a bite:
It is necessary to immediately wash the wound with soap for 10 minutes. Call an ambulance or go to the nearest emergency room yourself.
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Rabies and its prevention
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This is an infectious disease that affects the central nervous system and is manifested by increased excitability, hydro- and aerophobia (fear). It affects not only humans and animals, but also birds. The main carriers of the rabies virus for humans are rabid dogs, wolves, cats, foxes, raccoon dogs, jackals and badgers. Bats can serve as a natural reservoir of the rabies virus. The infectious principle in the form of the rabies virus enters the human blood with the saliva of a sick animal when bitten. Bites to the head, face, fingers and multiple bites are especially dangerous. Rabies
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Sick animals do not drink water due to spasms in the esophagus. The dog's barking becomes hoarse and saliva flows copiously from its open mouth. A sick animal is extremely restless, fearful, often hides in the shadows, refuses food and, on the contrary, eats inedible objects (rags, stones, etc.), aggressiveness appears (dogs attack people for no reason). It is necessary to clearly know and identify animals suffering from this disease, since the tactics of further actions depend on this.
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It is characteristic that the rabies virus is in the animal’s saliva even before the first signs of the disease appear after the latent (hidden) period has passed, which in animals lasts from 3 to 6 weeks. It must be borne in mind that rabies infection can occur not only when bitten by a sick animal, but also when its saliva gets on damaged skin and mucous membranes of the eyes, lips and nose. The latent period in humans can last from a week to several months, depending on the amount of virus that has entered the body and the location of the bite. Most often 2 - 3 months.
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At the beginning of the disease (stage 1, the period of precursors), unpleasant sensations appear at the site of the bite, although by this time the wound may have already healed (“healed”). Inflammation, itching, burning, pain radiating to the “center,” inexplicable fear, anxiety, and depression reappear in the wound. The body temperature is subfebrile, up to 37.2 -37.3 C., sleep is poor, the patient refuses to eat. This stage lasts 1-3 days.
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Second stage: apathy turns into anxiety, excitement increases, breathing and pulse quicken, and tightness in the chest appears. Hydrophobia (hydrophobia), aerophobia, photophobia, and fear of loud sounds become prominent. The pupils are dilated, the gaze is fixed at one point. Salivation appears and increases, spasms of the swallowing muscles when trying to swallow, violent behavior with aggressive manifestations, hallucinations with terrible visions. This (second) stage of excitement lasts 2-3 days and, if the patient does not die during an attack of excitement from cardiac arrest, then the third period (stage 3) begins - the period of paralysis.
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Death occurs after this 12-20 hours from paralysis of the heart and breathing. The entire disease lasts an average of 5-8 days, and a person dies within one day (fulminant form). At the third stage, the motor and sensory functions of the body decrease. Convulsions and attacks of phobias (fear of water, light, air movement, sounds) are less pronounced and stop completely. Such an apparent improvement in the patient’s well-being is an insidious approach to death. The heart rate increases again and blood pressure drops.
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bites by wild rodents; obvious salivation or damage to the skin of a person with rabies. A VACCINE AGAINST RABIES IS MANDATORY FOR: all bites, scratches, salivation of the skin and mucous membranes caused by clearly rabid, suspected rabies or unknown animals; injury by objects contaminated with saliva or brain of rabid or suspected rabid animals; biting, salivating and scratching a healthy animal at the time of contact, if it became ill, died or disappeared during a 10-day observation; bites through clothing if it is damaged by teeth; bites through thin or knitted clothing;
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in case of bites through intact thick or multi-layered clothing; when injured by non-predatory birds when bitten by domestic mice or rats in areas where rabies has not been recorded in the last 2 years; accidental consumption of thermally processed meat and milk of rabid animals; if the animal remains healthy within 10 days after the bite. when bitten by an animal 10 days or more before their illness; in case of salivation and bites of mild and moderate severity caused by animals that were healthy at the time of the bite, with favorable data (rabies does not occur in the area, the animal is kept in isolation, the bite was provoked by the victim himself, the dog is vaccinated against rabies). However, in this case, the animal is subject to 10-day veterinary observation in order to begin vaccinations if it shows signs of rabies, as well as death or disappearance; in case of provoked salivation of intact skin by an unknown domestic animal in rabies-free areas; in cases of contact with a person with rabies, if there was no obvious salivation of the mucous membranes or damage to the skin. WHEN A VACCINATION SHOULD NOT BE DONE Vaccinations are not carried out:
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Prevention: Measures to prevent rabies among animals are: regulation of the density of wild animals; catching stray dogs and cats; compliance with the rules for keeping domestic dogs (registration, use of muzzles, keeping them on a leash, etc.); mandatory annual preventive immunization against rabies in domestic animals. A course of preventive immunization is carried out for persons professionally associated with the risk of contracting rabies (dog catchers, commercial hunters, veterinarians, etc.).
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Dogs, cats and other animals that have bitten people or animals must be immediately delivered by the owner to the nearest veterinary hospital for examination and quarantine under the supervision of specialists for 10 days. The results of such observation of animals are reported in writing to the medical institution where the affected person is vaccinated. If the animal does not die during the observation period, then it is probably healthy. After an animal bite, it is mandatory to seek medical help! The wound at the site of the bite should be immediately thoroughly cleaned with a 20% solution of mild medical soap. Deep bite wounds are washed with a stream of soapy water using a catheter. Cauterization of the wound or suturing is not recommended. A course of therapeutic and prophylactic rabies immunization is required, but only as prescribed by a doctor. Passive immunization is carried out with anti-rabies immunoglobulin and active immunization with anti-rabies vaccine. The administration schedule is determined by the doctor.
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Rabies vaccination procedure Active immunization begins immediately. The vaccine is administered intramuscularly, 1 ml 5 times: on the day of infection, then on the 3rd, 7th, 14th and 28th day). This regimen always creates satisfactory immunity, so routine serological testing is not recommended. WHO also recommends a 6th injection 90 days after the first. Adverse reactions of the rabies vaccine There may be mild reactions at the injection site in the form of soreness, swelling and induration. In some cases, these reactions may be more severe. In addition, there may be an increase in temperature to 38 degrees Celsius or higher, enlarged lymph nodes, arthritis and dyspeptic disorders. Sometimes headache, general malaise, chills, myalgia and allergic reactions are observed. The risk of developing adverse reactions is not comparable to the risk of developing rabies in humans!!!
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And the only salvation is vaccinations. This is a life-saving vaccination! THEY DO NOT RECOVER FROM RABIES! This is an absolutely fatal disease. If there is at least a 1% chance that an animal has rabies, vaccinations should begin immediately!
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If signs of illness appear in a person bitten by an animal, it is necessary to immediately seek medical help.
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Text content of presentation slides: Presentation on the topic “Rabies” Author: teacher of infectious diseases of the State Budgetary Educational Institution “Cheremkhovo Medical College” Kulinchenko Natalya Yuryevna RABIES (RABIES) An acute zoonotic viral disease of warm-blooded animals and humans, occurs with progressive damage to the central nervous system. Historical reference. Aristotle (322 BC) in the 4th century BC. associated this disease in humans with bites from dogs and other animals. The first clinical description of rabies was made by Cornelius Celsus (1st century AD), he called this disease Hydrophobia. In 1885 L. Pasteur developed an anti-rabies vaccine. Etiology. RNA containing virus. The virus is resistant to low temperatures, dies in 2 minutes when boiled, and is destroyed by 3% chloramine. Replication of the virus in neurons is accompanied by the formation of Babes-Negri bodies, which are stained ruby with acidic dyes. Known: Street (“wild”) virus - circulates among animals; Fixed (vaccine) to obtain an anti-rabies vaccine, which creates complete immunity to the street virus, which indicates their antigen uniformity. Epidemiology. The main source of infection and reservoir of the virus are carnivores (foxes, wolves, jackals, bats, etc.), birds (eagles, golden eagles), domestic animals (cats, dogs), rodents (rats) secrete the virus with saliva in the last 7-10 days of incubation and throughout the entire period of illness. Infection occurs through a bite or salivation of damaged skin or mucous membranes. Pathogenesis. VVI - damaged skin, mucous membranes. The virus reaches the central nervous system, where it is fixed and replicated in the neurons of the medulla oblongata and the lumbar spinal cord. Reflex excitability increases with the subsequent development of paralysis. The convulsions of the respiratory and swallowing muscles characteristic of rabies are associated with damage to the vagus, glossopharyngeal and hypoglossal nerves. Irritation of the sympathetic department of the nervous system leads to increased salivation and sweating, disruption of the cardiovascular system. CLINIC Incubation period from 10 to 90 days (less often 1 year) The duration depends on: the location of the bite (minimum - for bites of the head, hands); infectious dose; age of the victim (shorter in children than in adults); CLINIC The prodromal period is a period of precursors lasting 1-3 days. At the site of the bite, the scar swells, turns red, itching, neurological, aching pain appears along the nerve trunks. The patient is depressed, sleeps poorly, sleep with nightmares, causeless fear, melancholy, anxiety, dark thoughts; the patient is withdrawn, apathetic, refuses to eat. CLINIC The peak period - the period of excitation lasts 2-3 days, maximum 6 days, is characterized by increased reflex excitability. An attack of hydrophobia begins with anxiety, restlessness, horror, fear, which is accompanied by motor excitation with a very painful spasm of the muscles of the pharynx, larynx, respiratory distress (severe difficulty in inhaling, in which all auxiliary muscles are involved. Breathing is noisy, intermittent. Painful convulsions distort the face, which becomes cyanotic, expresses horror, the pupils dilate, exophthalmos occurs. The attacks last a few seconds, after which the spasm passes. CLINIC Paroxysms of hydrophobia (a feeling of horror and painful spasms of the muscles of the pharynx and larynx) can be provoked by: air movement (aerophobia); bright light ( photophobia); loud sound (acoustophobia). Patients become aggressive, scratch, bite others, tear clothes, break furniture, scream, spit, rush around in furious despair, showing inhuman (“mad”) strength. The attack is accompanied by confusion with the development of auditory, visual hallucinations of a frightening nature.After the attack, consciousness clears up, the patient comes to a state of relative peace, talking about his torment. CLINIC After 1-2 days, profuse, painful salivation (sialorrhea) appears. The temperature is elevated, its level increases parallel to the course of the disease, tachycardia, respiratory, and cardiovascular disorders intensify, dehydration develops, metabolism is disrupted, patients lose weight sharply, and facial features become sharper. Death can occur from cardiac or respiratory arrest. CLINIC Resolution period - the period of paralysis lasts 18-20 hours, fear disappears, attacks of hydro- and aerophobia stop, the opportunity to drink, eat, and hope for recovery appears. But lethargy, apathy, salivation increases, paralysis of the limbs and cranial nerves appear. The function of the pelvic organs is impaired, body temperature rises to 42C. Death occurs from paralysis of the heart or respiratory center. The total duration of the disease is 3-7 days (less often 2 weeks). TREATMENT Palliative, aimed at alleviating the patient's suffering. Separate room, protection from irritants - sleeping pills, anticonvulsants, painkillers; parenteral administration of saline solutions, plasma expanders, glucose solutions, vitamins. Prevention Primary treatment of the wound with washing it with a soap solution and subsequent treatment with 70% alcohol or alcohol tincture of iodine. Vaccinations are effective no later than the 14th day after the bite. According to absolute indications, vaccinations are carried out for bites of the head, fingers, multiple bites, immunoglobulin prophylaxis 0.5 ml/kg body weight according to Bezredko, after 24 hours a course of vaccination begins subcutaneously in the abdominal area in a dose of 2-5 ml, the average duration of the course is 20-25 days, after the main course, 2-3 revaccinations with an interval of 10 days. A/t appear in 12-14 days.
