How to choose climbing crampons? No ascent is possible without them! Climbing crampons: what is Crampons equipment

Take the girls on a hike

Dad, mom and Siamese cat.
(With)

1.
2.

I think it's obvious that the first way is better

I. By type of fasteners:

II. By type of connection:

with horizontal teeth

with vertical teeth

Antisublips

Shipping

Care and maintenance

Tooth sharpening

Storage

Example such cats.

“Instead of sandals, a pair of tricones
Take the girls on a hike
And look at them with wild eyes
Dad, mom and Siamese cat.
(With)

Crampons are one of the most important items of equipment for mountain hiking and mountaineering. They are invariably used by climbers and mountain tourists.

There are two approaches to choosing cats:
1. Buying shoes, after - the selection of cats for them
2. Buying cats, after - choosing shoes for them

I think it's obvious that the first way is better because shoes are much more difficult to find. Having bought crampons first, we increase the requirements for the choice of boots.

So, you decided to do everything "by science" - first you bought boots, and then you came with them to the store for climbing crampons. This is where you will come across a huge variety of these "animals". Let's figure it out!

Cats can be classified in different ways. Below we classified cats according to the following criteria: according to the type of fastening, according to the type of connection, according to the type of front teeth.

I. By type of fasteners:

II. By type of connection:

with horizontal teeth- for classic climbing and mountain tourism, "horizontal" climbing crampons are enough. "Horizontal" cats work well on snow, firn, summer ice, rocks. If ice climbing and climbing long ice walls are not in your plans, crampons with horizontal front teeth are perfect for you.

with vertical teeth- designed primarily to work on steep, including sheer, or overhanging hard ice. Crampons with such teeth are needed on technically difficult ice and mixed (rock + ice) routes.

Antisublips

A very important addition to crampons are "anti-slips". In most cases, when climbing, the climber does not deal with a purely ice relief, but with alternating sections of snow, firn, ice, snow-covered ice, rocks, etc. When the snow is wet, it may stick to the cat block. The snow stuck to the block in a lump negates the effectiveness of the teeth, making it possible to slip and subsequently stall. Cats with snow stuck to them can turn into a deadly trap, so the climber must take all measures to prevent such a turn of events. Knocking snow out of cats with an ice ax shaft or sticks should be considered a last resort, and not a recommended technique. Therefore, no matter what kind of cats you get, you cannot do without the so-called anti-slips, that is, plastic or rubber plates fixed on the cat that reflect snow and prevent it from sticking to the cat's block. All modern cats have anti-slips installed right away, but if yours don’t have them, it doesn’t matter! Antipodlips are also sold separately.

Shipping

In order not to tear or spoil the rest of the equipment during transportation of cats, it is convenient to use a special rubber tooth protection. You can also purchase a special cover for cats. Another option is to make such a cover yourself from a piece of dense fabric (old jeans) or other material that cats cannot tear.

Care and maintenance

Check your cats before using at home before going to the mountains!

Check for loose bolts or rivets. Screw or replace if necessary.
Check for worn straps/buckles. Replace if required.
Make sure the braces are in good condition and fit the radius of the boot.
Check where the crampons are attached to the boot: is the crampon tight on the back and front welts?
Carry with you or at least keep in the base camp: iron wire, cord and spare parts (straps, buckles, staples, bolts).

Tooth sharpening

The teeth on climbing crampons need to be sharpened periodically! In "stupid" cats, when entering the ice, the threat of a breakdown increases greatly! Cats get dull the fastest when walking in them on rocks. Use a regular hand file for sharpening. You can not use a grinder, because it overheats the metal, thereby weakening its hardness and strength. Sharpen the edges and the point as sharp as possible, but do not make “needles” out of the teeth - otherwise they will immediately become dull / break when you hit the relief. Straighten any bent teeth if possible.

Storage

Most climbing crampons are made from rusted steel, so wipe down and dry the crampons before putting them in the closet. It can be useful to treat them with an anti-corrosion agent (WD-40)

To summarize all of the above, the ideal option for a novice hiker / climber would be soft-mounted crampons, with horizontal front teeth, semi-rigid (not platform!), With anti-slips. Example such cats.

As a rule, experienced climbers eventually have more than one pair of crampons for different routes. If you still have questions about the choice of climbing crampons in general, or for any particular route - write to us, we will definitely solve them 🙂

Climbing cats - necessary piece of equipment in mountain sports such as ice climbing, mountain hiking, mountaineering, ski mountaineering, drytooling and more.

Present metal structures attached to shoes designed for movement on ice, firn, packed snow and rocks.

Directly under the sole of the boot is the base of the device, from which sharp teeth, so reminiscent of cat's clawed paws. The essence of the adaptation lies in them.

The device of climbing cats

Models usually consist of two parts.: the front is attached under the toe of the boot, and the back under the heel.

They are connected to each other with an adjustable size bar.

Both parts have sharp metal teeth. Also, the device is equipped with a mount for fixing on shoes.

When moving on dense snow, they significantly facilitate the movement of a person by redistributing body weight. Sharp tips on which there is an emphasis simply cut the snow, and do not force the athlete to waste energy on trampling the path with the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe boot. When climbing ice cliffs, the need to use climbing crampons is obvious - the "claws" help to cling to the ice, preventing the climber from falling.

Reference. Widely used in the past solid platform models, but now this is a rarity, since modern ones are not inferior to them in stability, but they weigh less and allow you to adjust the size.

Connecting strips

They are straight or curved, have a different number of holes, and also differ in length. They are usually made from steel. With a plank you can adjust the size of this equipment, thereby adjusting it to any boot, which is a significant advantage of two-piece models over platform ones.

Antipodlip

This is a special lining worn under both parts cats. It is most often made of durable rubber, latex or plastic. Its task is to keep the snow from sticking on a cat, which can be dangerous on steep climbs. Snow sticking to boots reduces traction and increases the risk of slipping.

Photo 1. Plastic anti-slip for climbing crampons. Prevents snow from sticking to the device.

Types of teeth

There are two types of teeth cats.

In the first, the front teeth are located vertically, sharply sharpened, usually have notches. These cats are meant for climbing steep slopes or overhanging ice, in a word, where a long ascent on the front teeth is expected. You can't do without such models on ice and mixed routes. They are more versatile in application. The main disadvantages, in comparison with other types, are greater weight and high price, due to a wide range of uses.
The second one has horizontal teeth.. This is the least aggressive type, more suitable for driving on firn, snow. Convenient for summer tourism. If there are no plans to climb ice walls and sheer cliffs, then crampons with horizontal teeth are the best choice. They will save the pocket of the tourist, and will not heavily burden the legs, as they are light in weight.

Fastening methods

There are three types of attachment climbing crampons: automatic, soft and semi-automatic.

Automatic fastening consists of a rigid bracket in the front and an adjustable "frog" in the back. This kind convenient, reliable in terms of fixation, and therefore safe.

soft mount consists of a strap and elastic bands. Universal model - used with any kind of shoes, but hence the main disadvantage - unreliability of fixation on the boot. It also takes a lot of skill to tie it tightly.

Semi-automatic mount combines the characteristics of the two previous ones: tethered coverage in the front and a "frog" in the back. Such cats are suitable for boots with two welts or with one back welt.

Important! Fits automatic mounts exclusively under boots with two welts.

How to make this design with your own hands

In the Soviet years, there were problems with mountain equipment, which forced many to make it on their own from improvised means. And now some athletes who are not able to purchase professional equipment make it with their own hands. Masters forge themselves full-fledged massive cats, as a rule, of steel, and attached to mountain boots.

Someone buys separately fasteners and teeth, and with the help of special screws and tools fixes them on the same climbing shoes (there are also options for fixing on hockey skates, which, according to many, is very convenient). The oldest and very popular in the past method of making cats "at home" - a metal plate with small teeth attached under the front of the boot.

The structure is held on steel rings, through which a dense canvas belt is passed, fixing the device on the boot.

Photo 2. DIY climbing crampons. The design is attached to the boot.

Is it worth it?

Currently the risk of using "homemade" is completely unjustified. Not only will the creation process take a lot of time and effort, it is very difficult to make a safe, tightly fixed equipment on your own. The chances of making a product of poor quality are high, and any slightly misplaced screw on sheer ice can cost a climber his life.

Attention! Mountain gear is not something to skimp on. When it comes to risk to life and health, The main thing is to protect yourself as much as possible.

Poorly made device has a chance to fly off at the most inopportune moment or damage shoes, injuring the climber's legs. In tourist and sports stores there is a large assortment of different types and models of climbing crampons - it is not difficult to find equipment for any pocket.

Crampon are special equipment, without which it is impossible to do in mountain tourism, mountaineering, ice climbing, ski-alpinism and other extreme sports.

Each model has its own unique features and differences that are most effective in a particular sports hobby. That is why it is necessary to purchase climbing crampons taking into account their future functional tasks and requirements.

How to choose and what types are there?

Before you start choosing a future purchase, which in the future will become an effective and reliable fall protection, you first need to purchase shoes. And only after that you can proceed to the selection of the most suitable model of climbing crampons.

Although some climbers prefer to buy crampons first, and only then go shopping for boots. However, the first option, according to professionals, is more correct, since boots are the key to a successful extreme event.

Varieties of climbing cats:

Soft mount models

They are the most versatile, as they are ideal for putting on boots of any type and shape, and, if necessary, can even be worn over sneakers. As for fastening, in most cases it is made in the form of special plastic brackets that are fixed with the foot on the shoe.

But, nevertheless, such climbing cats have their negative sides. Firstly, the process of putting on takes a lot of time and effort, which is unacceptable, for example, on any pass where strong wind and frost rage.

In such an environment, the ease and speed of putting on crampons can save a person's life. Secondly, the service life of such models is relatively short due to the soft fastening, which begins to stretch over time, therefore, the cat will simply begin to hang out on the boot, which is unsafe.

Hard mount options

Such crampons are safer and more comfortable, but they are not suitable for all types of boots. Under them, it is necessary to select special shoes that have the so-called. welts in the front and back. They are used as fasteners to which the "back frog" of the cat and its front brace are fastened.

Models with semi-rigid mounts

Data cats for tourism and mountaineering are a cross between hard and soft types of attachment. Their back part is made more rigid, “frog” is mainly used, while the front part is soft.

In addition to the type of attachment, when choosing a purchase, you also need to pay attention to the nature of the direct connection between the back and front of the model. In order for the climbing crampon to be put on easily and quickly in any conditions, it is made of a front part, which serves as a toe for shoes, as well as a back part, in which the heel of the boot is fixed.

Not so long ago, options with a hinged and soft joint were especially popular, but their popularity did not last long and such models can no longer be found on the shelves of specialized stores. Today, the leader position is occupied by platform-type products, which are indispensable in the passage of rather difficult ice routes.

In front of these crampons are vertical teeth, which are able to provide a strong cut into the ice. Their platform is made quite rigid, which provides reliable support for the foot. Such models are made of two parts, fixed with high-strength threaded connections.

But still it is worth noting that this version of crampons is intended only for professional climbers who deal with long, difficult and very dangerous routes. Another option for climbing crampons are semi-rigid types, which are more affordable and in demand today.

For these models, both parts are connected by a special plate made of metal. They are equipped with a large number of holes designed to adjust them to absolutely any size of boots. The design of such products is characterized by a combination of a high degree of stability, comfort and softness.

Their teeth are in a horizontal position, making these crampons versatile and suitable for almost any surface, from snow to firn and soft ice.

How to properly care?

Crampons can greatly simplify the process of climbing mixed or snowy routes. However, in order for them not to lose their structural and functional qualities over time, it is necessary to properly care for them so that they remain in perfect condition.

Mounts

Before using the cat for its intended purpose, it is important to check the attachments. In no case should they hang out, otherwise it is better to replace damaged rivets or bolts. You also need to check the condition of the buckles / straps, they should not be worn out.

teeth

These elements of climbing crampons are the guarantor of safe climbing, so they need systematic sharpening. Be sure to carry out this event just before the trip. To do this, you need to take a hand file or file, but only a flat one, and sharpen towards the sharp end of the file.

In no case should a grinder be used, as it can heat the metal surface of the teeth, thereby violating their elasticity and hardness. Next, you need to sharpen the tip and the edges of the teeth, but this must be done very carefully so as not to bend the line passing to the tip from the frame. Bent teeth must be straightened.

As for the proper storage of climbing crampons, before putting them in the closet, you need to dry and wipe the products. The thing is that moisture adversely affects rusting steel, from which more modern models are made. It will also be useful to lubricate the metal elements with a small amount of oil. Naturally, cats must be kept in a dry place.

Transport rules

Undoubtedly, the sharpened and strong teeth are very effective on thin ice and allow you to move on it without problems. However, they can also harm if they are not properly transported or carried, so if cats are not on their feet, then you can protect yourself and others in two ways:

use a reinforced special bag made of durable nylon, which is almost impossible to make a hole;
use rubber tips that are inexpensive and do not take up much space.

Summing up…

Climbing crampons are the best option for extreme outdoor enthusiasts who want to be safe on dangerous routes. In addition, everyone will be able to choose the most suitable model for themselves, which will serve "faithfully" for many years, of course, subject to proper operation and care for it.

An extremely important piece of equipment for any person climbing into the glacier zone. Crampons make it possible to move where underfoot is sloping slippery ice or dense firn, unyielding to the blow of a boot. Modern cats with front teeth have buried the technique of cutting steps - walking on the front teeth is easier and faster. True, boots work in tandem with such cats, but this is a topic for a separate discussion. Today, cats are presented in a diverse assortment on the equipment market, so there are plenty to choose from. But we must take into account the fact that there is a specialization of cats in areas of application - there are models of cats designed for competitive ice climbing, for climbing frozen waterfalls and rock walls with slick ice, for use in high-altitude ascents, for walking on simple forms of ice relief, for use on firn and snow, etc. Some models of crampons can be recommended for climbers, others for freeriders, snowboarders and skiers, and others for walking on gentle glaciers. Of course, the same cats can work under different circumstances, but it is necessary to take into account their specialization. In order to understand the issue of choice, consider the design features of cats in detail.

Attaching the crampons to the climber's shoes.

Crampons and boots should fit together. This is especially true for cat attachment systems. There are three such systems:
soft (tethered) fastening;
rigid (automatic) fastening;
combined option.
Let's consider all three options in more detail.

Once upon a time, crampons were exclusively tethered, they were attached to the boots with canvas straps, later - with synthetic slings. Nowadays, the fastening of such crampons is an elastic plastic cuff at the back, and the same toe part in front, interconnected by a synthetic anti-freeze belt. There are some options, but the general scheme remains. However, tie-down crampons, attached to shoes with straps, are still found. The advantage of padded crampons is that they can be worn over almost any shoe. Among mountain tourists, and even more so among climbers, such cats are unpopular today - they do not sit rigidly enough on their legs. Even the best belts and buckles do not provide constant tension on the fastening, they have to be tightened periodically. In addition, if the straps are tightened very tightly, with a sufficiently soft top of the shoe, blood circulation in the feet may be impaired. One of the most common models of tethered crampons in our country was the crampons of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, designed by Abalakov, in their various modifications. These cats can still be found among the equipment rented in alpine camps, sometimes they are used by tourists on simple hikes or beginners.

Automatic, or rigid, is the fastening of cats, consisting of a heel latch and a toe part made of a metal bar in the form of a bracket. To protect against spontaneous opening of the heel latch, the heel and toe parts of the fastening are interconnected by a belt, of course, synthetic, anti-freeze, equipped with a convenient buckle. The heel clips of the best models of cats are equipped with latch height adjustments, which greatly simplifies the fitting of the cat to the boot and improves its fixation on it. Crampons with a rigid mount can only be attached to special climbing boots that have a strong welt protruding forward at the toe and heel of the boot. If the boot is made of leather, the welt will most likely be reinforced with plastic inserts. All models of crampons designed for difficult climbing are equipped with just such attachments, the same attachments are typical for most modern models of climbing crampons in general.

The fastener, consisting of a heel latch (like in “automatic machines”) and a soft toe (like in tethered cats) is called semi-automatic, or combined. In order for the use of such cats to become possible, the boots must have a protrusion on the heel or a welt, but the toe of the boot can be ordinary, because there is not a metal bow in front, but a plastic toe part that is not critical to the shape of the toe. This fastening is inferior to the previous one in terms of the rigidity of fixing the cat on the shoes, but makes it possible to use trekking boots that are cheaper than specialized climbing shoes. Sometimes climbers also prefer such fastenings of crampons - if insulating shoe covers are put on top of the boots, which makes the use of a metal bow in front unreliable. A similar scheme is used for high-altitude and winter ascents.

The difference between cats in the design of the block.

Crampons are subdivided not only by the way they are attached to the climber's shoes. In order to make it possible to use crampons on shoes of any size, they are made of two parts - front (toe) and back (heel), interconnected. According to the method of fastening and the design of the parts, crampons are articulated, semi-rigid and rigid (platform).

Articulated cats.
In such cats, both parts are connected by a narrow plate, which allows the cat to be adjusted to the size of the boot, and this plate, rigidly fixed on the heel of the cat, is completely freely fixed on the front, so that the cat can bend, repeating the anatomical bend of the foot. Once upon a time, the soles of mountain shoes were softer than they are now, and the use of such crampons provided significant advantages when walking - the foot was able to bend. When passing more difficult sections, steps were cut, and the foot was placed in a step on the entire foot, or at least on its entire front part. Today, a completely different technique is used - relying on the front teeth of the crampons, and the complete mobility of the two parts of the crampons relative to each other is completely useless. The soles of modern climbing boots are rigid, rigid, the feet in such boots do not have the ability to bend, and the use of articulated crampons does not provide any advantages when walking on simple areas of ice. Even trekking boots designed for heavy trekking in the mountains have soles that are close in characteristics to the soles of mountaineering shoes. Therefore, the popularity of these cats, until recently used for long passages on relatively simple ice sections, has come to naught today.

With the growth of the technical complexity of the routes climbed by climbers, it became clear the need to use crampons of a new design, having both front teeth directed forward or at a slight angle forward-down, and a rigid platform as a base. These crampons were designed and built, and there was a revolution in overcoming steep ice sections. In fact, now it was not necessary to cut steps, the steepest sections were passed on the front teeth of the crampons stuck into the ice, and the rigid platform provided reliable support for the foot and contributed to less fatigue of the calf muscles. In fairness, I’ll say that in addition to cats, both climbing boots and hand tools took a direct part in this revolution, but more on that another time. Platform crampons are heavier than crampons of other designs, but with difficult climbing it pays off with reliability and convenience, therefore, among crampons from world-famous manufacturers, you can always find platform crampons. Platform cats also consist of two parts, shifted relative to each other and fixed with threaded connections.

But still, the main design of cats these days is semi-rigid cats, i.e. cats in which the front and back parts are interconnected by means of a metal plate with many holes designed to adjust the cat to the size of the shoe. The plate is fixed on the front of the cat, and in such a way that it has some degree of free walking. In turn, on the back of the cat there is either a socket for a screw with a nut, or a peg on an elastically moving plate. Both elements serve to secure the connecting plate. This design combines the advantages of the two previous ones, and is used not only in simple firn crampons, but also in many models designed for difficult climbing.

The difference between cats in the number and shape of teeth.
Standard climbing crampons are twelve-toothed. Crampons have a fairly wide block, horizontal front teeth, automatic or semi-automatic fastening. Their design today is semi-rigid. Sometimes such cats are called firn cats, although work on ice (except for very hard sinter ice) is also possible in them. It is convenient to make traverses in such crampons and, moreover, they are more convenient when working in the snow, since their teeth are quite long, less sensitive to snow sticking, and there is less snow sticking to a crampon of this design. Crampons with a smaller number of teeth are used for walking on glaciers, along simple gentle forms of ice relief.
Crampons designed for difficult climbing may have fourteen teeth. For work on hard ice, as well as for mixed climbing, crampons with interchangeable, vertically deployed front teeth are used. Such teeth, especially those made by forging, penetrate hard ice much easier and hold it more securely. They are also more convenient when climbing in crampons on rocky areas - mixed, dry-tooling. The replaceable design of the front teeth of such cats is due to several reasons. Firstly, when climbing on very hard ice, and even more so on mixed terrain, the wear of the teeth is significant and fast, which implies their replacement. Secondly, crampons from leading manufacturers have the ability to adjust the length of these teeth, as well as replacing the two front teeth with a monotooth, which is more convenient for mixed climbing. Moreover, in some models, the monotooth can be rearranged from the central position to the projection of the thumb! This placement of the monotooth, according to many, makes it even more convenient to use. Crampons for difficult climbing, in addition, may have teeth on the front of the platform, directed at an angle to the heel, and designed for pulling. It may be possible to install a "spur" - a heel tooth. The design of such cats is platform (rigid) or semi-rigid. Due to the front forged teeth and a number of features, such crampons are heavier than the usual twelve-tooth "firn" ones, walking in them is less convenient and more tiring. Therefore, such cats justify themselves on routes with difficult climbing, although their use on ascents of less difficulty is also possible. There are semi-rigid crampons "G-14", manufactured by the Italian company "Grivel", having a twelve-tooth layout that combines the front vertical forged teeth (replaceable) and ten other teeth that have the parameters of firn teeth and are located like on ordinary climbing crampons. Thus, a compromise is reached between climbing and walking in crampons, between working on different terrain conditions - ice or firn. The above cats are quite popular. Nevertheless, it must be said that in a number of cases, crampons with horizontal front teeth may be preferable, especially when the ice is loose, or when you have to work on the firn. In these cases, the vertically deployed teeth cannot provide proper support, they cut through the melted ice (firn), respectively, the cats, as they say, “do not hold”.

Let's summarize the above.

A climbing crampon designed for mountaineering in general has the following features: its design is semi-rigid, fastening is automatic, or possibly semi-automatic (in this case, it is possible to use warm shoe covers over boots). The number of teeth is twelve, the front teeth are horizontal. The cat's block is wide enough, the teeth are long. Preferred where heavy climbing is not expected, and on loose ice and firn.

Crampons designed for difficult climbing: their design can be platform or semi-rigid. Fastening - automatic. The front teeth are interchangeable, deployed vertically, it is possible to adjust them in length, as well as replacing them with a monotooth, which in some models is moved on the mounting axis. Additional teeth may be present for better support of the cat and making pulls. As mentioned above, these models of crampons can be used for normal climbing, although they are somewhat heavy and more prone to snow sticking. Hybrid version - as far as I know, only "G-14" from "Grivel", combining the features of both varieties of climbing cats. It is these three options that are the alternatives between which the climber should choose.

Ice climbing crampons.

They are fixed on the ice climber's shoes, have a monotooth and a spur, but due to changes in the rules of ice climbing competitions, the latest models are produced without a spur, or make it removable.

There are some hybrids between the ice-climbing and mountaineering crampons described above, when the crampon is equipped with vertical front teeth, one or two, but they are not removable, the crampon can be attached to the shoe with screws, but can also be installed on the boot using automatic fastening. Such, for example, are the cats "Dart" and "Dartwin" from Petzl. The same Petzl launched crampons on the market with the SIDELOCK fastening system, that is, a wire brace not only in front, but also in the back (instead of a heel latch). According to the manufacturer, such fastening has its advantages over traditional fastening systems. A series of climbing crampons "Sarken", all of the same company "Petzl", is characterized by the use of a similar system for attaching crampons and vertical non-replaceable front teeth, made as one piece with the entire front of the crampon, of bright orange color.

Crampons for glacier walks, ski tours and use by freeriders - snowboarders and skiers - usually have a semi-rigid construction and a soft mount. The number of teeth is ten.

In most cases, when climbing, the climber does not deal with a purely ice relief, but with alternating sections of snow, firn, ice, ice covered with snow. When the snow is wet, it may stick to the cat block. Snow sticking to the pad nullifies the effectiveness of the cat's teeth, making it possible to slip on the snow cushion. Cats with snow stuck to them can turn into a deadly trap, so the climber must take all measures to prevent such a turn of events. Knocking snow out of cats with an ice ax shaft or sticks should be considered a last resort, and not a recommended technique. Therefore, no matter what kind of crampons a climber gets, he cannot do without the so-called anti-slips, that is, plastic or rubber plates fixed on a crampon, reflecting snow, preventing it from sticking to the crampon block. Anti-sticks can be made independently from film, polyethylene foam, plastic, and finally simply using adhesive tape. All these are economical options, sometimes bringing good results, but it is still better to use standard anti-slips produced by cat manufacturers and designed specifically for a particular model. Some firms sell their cats immediately with anti-slips installed on them. What else, from having to do with cats, will a climber need? A bag or case for carrying cats, often such bags are fixed over a backpack, for example, on a valve. Sometimes they use protection put on the teeth of cats. A good file is needed to sharpen the teeth, perhaps some spare parts - say, a plate connecting the front and heel parts of a semi-rigid crampon to each other. And of course, if a climber uses crampons with interchangeable teeth, it is necessary to have everything that makes it possible to turn two front teeth into a monotooth and vice versa. In conclusion, I would like to say this: very often, beginners are offered to equip themselves “for starters” with old crampons of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions or platform crampons designed by Muravyov. Yes, once difficult and very difficult routes were used in them ... Yes, once there was no alternative to them ... Yes, once they were used by very great climbers ... But now there is no need to use these crampons - modern models are more convenient to use and often safer.

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