What is a prose work? The difference between a poem and a prose work. Poetic speech. Its difference from prose speech Formal signs of the difference between prose and poetic text

Subject: Poetic and prose speech. Rhythm, rhyme, stanza.

Target: know: definition of the concepts rhythm, rhyme (cross, pair,

encircling), stanza;

understand: difference between prose and poetic speech,

justify your answer with specific examples from

studied works, explain the rhythmic and

the semantic role of rhyme in a poetic work;

be able to: using the text of a prose fairy tale and a fairy tale by A.S.

Pushkin, show the difference between prose and

poetic speech.

Equipment: multimedia projector (all texts, concepts and their definitions are on slides).

During the classes:

Checking d/z.

– Reading by heart an excerpt from a fairy tale.

– Answer to the question: “What is the superiority of the princess over the queen-stepmother?”

Teacher's word with elements of conversation.

You listened to the speeches of two students.

– Tell me, is there a difference in the speech of one and the other? What is it?

(Foldable/unfoldable)

– Look at the board and compare the sentences:

The princess walked around the house,

I cleaned everything up...

The princess walked around the house and put everything in order.

(The words are the same, but they sound somehow different).

– What changed in the second sentence?

(The word order has changed, the second sentence has become awkward)

– What do we usually call folded text?

(Poetry)

What you designated as “clumsy text” is called prose.

– Why do you think we started our lesson by talking about poetry?

and prose?

(The whole lesson will be devoted to this)

– Try to formulate the objectives of the lesson.

(With the help of the teacher, students draw conclusions about the purpose of the lesson)

So, the goal of our lesson: to analyze the features of poetic speech, to find out by what means words are transformed into poetic lines, in other words, what are the laws of poetic speech.

Working with the textbook.

– Read the textbook article and highlight the key concepts.

Systematization of new information.

– What is the main difference between poetry and prose?

(There is a rhythm in the poems)

– What is rhythm? Write down the definition. Give examples of the manifestation of rhythm in life.

(Rhythm is the repetition of something at regular intervals of time or place. The ticking of a clock, the beating of a heart)

– How does rhythm appear in poetry?

(Repeated sounds, repeated in the same place: at the end of the line; words form a melody)

– Copy the sentence from the board, break the words into syllables, and add emphasis. Count the number of syllables in a line, determine which syllables are stressed and which are unstressed.

(Whe-ter, wind! You can-guch, 7 syllables

You go-nya-eat a hundred and clouds, 7 syllables

You wave-well-eat si-not sea-re, 8 syllables

Everywhere you speak in simple-to-re... 8 syllables

Rhythmic pattern: __□○__□○__□○__)

Not all verses have such a clear alternation of stressed and unstressed, but the rhythm is always heard, the verses sound coherent.

– You probably noticed that the ends of the poetic lines sound similar (see previous entry). What is this phenomenon called? Write down the definition.

( Rhyme is the repetition of sounds, starting with a stressed vowel, at the end of poetic lines)

– What are lines called together that are linked together by rhyme?

(Stanza)

– What groups are the stanzas divided into? On what basis?

(By the number of poetic lines: couplet, tercet, etc. There are non-strophic verses)

– Copy the stanzas given on the board, connect the lines that rhyme. Make a conclusion about the rhyming methods.

1. Green oak near Lukomorye; 1/3 and 2/4 – cross

2. Golden chain on the oak tree:

3. Both day and night the cat is a scientist

4. Everything goes around and around in a chain...

1. In the dungeon, the princess is grieving, 1/2 and 3/4 are the steam room (adjacent)

And the brown wolf serves her faithfully;

There is a stupa with Baba Yaga

She walks and wanders by herself...

1. And there I was, and I drank honey; 1/4 and 2/3 – encircling

(ring)

2. I saw a green oak by the sea;

3. The cat was sitting under him, a scientist

4. He told me his fairy tales...

– Why is rhyme needed?

(The answer is formulated with the help of the teacher, displayed on the projector screen and written down in a notebook.

Rhyme:

Makes it sound beautiful.

Helps you feel the rhythm: it indicates that the line is finished.

Gives unity to the verses, connects the rhyming lines with each other.)

Practical work "Who is faster."

Teams (in rows) perform tasks to practice theoretical material. All groups receive the same cards, the time is strictly regulated. The check is carried out immediately, errors can be supplemented and corrected.

Cards.

Write the name of the poem below in the empty spaces.

Here is the north, the clouds are catching up,

He breathed, howled - and here she is

The sorceress winter is coming.

(A.S. Pushkin) ⁫⁫⁫⁫⁫⁫⁫⁫⁫⁫

Through the wavy mists

The moon creeps in

To the sad meadows

She sheds a sad light.

(A.S. Pushkin) ⁫⁫⁫⁫⁫⁫⁫⁫⁫⁫⁫⁫⁫

Frost and sun; wonderful day!

You are still dozing, dear friend, -

It's time, beauty, wake up:

Open your closed eyes

Towards northern Aurora,

Be the star of the north!

(A.S. Pushkin) ⁫⁫⁫⁫⁫⁫⁫⁫⁫⁫⁫

The storm covers the sky with darkness,

Whirling snow whirlwinds;

Then, like a beast, she will howl,

Then he will cry like a child,

Then on the dilapidated roof

Suddenly the straw rustles,

The way a belated traveler

There will be a knock on our window.

(A.S. Pushkin) ⁫⁫⁫⁫⁫⁫⁫⁫⁫⁫⁫⁫

Read the poetic lines, determine the method of rhyming.

a) Before dawn

Brothers in a friendly crowd

They go out for a walk,

Shoot gray ducks...

b) The moon is like a pale spot,

Through the dark clouds it turned yellow,

And you sat sad -

And now...look out the window...

c) Sing me a song like a titmouse

She lived quietly across the sea;

Sing me a song like a maiden

I went to get water in the morning.

Determine what can be classified as poetic speech.

a) There is grass in the yard, there is firewood on the grass.

b) The brothers took damask swords, took knapsacks with bread and salt, mounted good horses and rode off.

c) The old woman says to the old man:

“Turn back, bow to the fish.”

Recognize one of the poetic passages by its rhythmic pattern.

○__□○__ □○__□○__□○

○__□○__□○○○__□

a) Seven heroes enter,

Seven ruddy barbels.

b) There is a hut there on chicken legs

It stands without windows, without doors.

Consolidation of acquired knowledge.

Take a fragment of a prose fairy tale and a fairy tale by Pushkin. Show with a specific example the difference between prose and poetic speech.

Lesson summary.

– How does poetic speech differ from prosaic speech? (Based on the example of the previous task)

– Compose burime poems according to the given rhymes:

a) ___________dens

Legs

Lake

It's frozen.

b) ___________is coming

Forward

Road

At the threshold.

D/z.

Prepare a message:

Rhyme. Methods of rhyming.

Rhythm. Poetic and prose speech.

Illustrate your answers with examples from the works you studied.

Poetic speech. Its difference from prose speech.

The intonation-syntactic structure of artistic speech is also associated with its rhythmic and tempo organization. The greatest measure of rhythmicity is distinguished by of course , poetic speech. For a very long time people have noticed that words folded into harmonious poetic lines are easier to remember(which was important when the art of words existed only in its oral version), are easier to perceive, and most importantly, become beautiful and acquire a special impact on the listener(in this regard, by the way, in ancient times the poetic form was used not only in works of artistic literature, but also in scientific, say, works; for example, the famous scientific poem by Lucretius Cara “On the Nature of Things” was written in verse). The last two functions have remained leading for poetic speech in modern times: giving an artistic text aesthetic perfection and enhancing the emotional impact on the reader.

In poetry, rhythm is achieved through the uniform alternation of speech elements - poetic lines, pauses, stressed and unstressed syllables, etc. The specific rhythmic organization of a verse largely depends on the system of versification, and that, in turn, on the characteristics of the national language. Thus, due to a number of features of the Russian language (the nature of stress, non-distinction between long and short syllables in unstressed position, etc.), our versification is completely the syllabic system did not take root, which turned out to be very fruitful in Polish and French; but in Russian versification the syllabonics, the dolnik, and the declamatory tonic system found their place.

So, verse is rhythmically ordered, rhythmically organized speech. At the same time, prose also has its own rhythm, sometimes more, sometimes less noticeable, although there it is not subject to a strict rhythmic canon - meter. Rhythm in prose is achieved primarily due to the approximate proportionality of the columns, which is associated with the intonation-syntactic structure of the text, as well as various kinds of rhythmic repetitions. Let us trace, for example, the rhythmic organization of one passage from Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita” (the sign ʼʼ//ʼʼ marks the boundaries of the columns): “In a white cloak with a bloody lining, // with a shuffling cavalry gait, // in the early morning of the fourteenth day of the spring month of Nisan // The procurator of Judea, Pontius Pilate, came out into the covered colonnade between the two wings of the palace of Herod the Great. In the above examples, the rhythm of a prose text is clearly felt, but much more often it exists in prose as if in a hidden form, making phrases aesthetically significant, but without attracting special attention from the reader and without distracting him from ideas, characters, plot, etc.

The tempo organization of a literary text is no less important than the rhythmic one; however, in practice these two sides of artistic syntax are so inseparable from each other that they sometimes talk about tempo rhythm works. Tempo rhythm has its function primarily creating a certain emotional atmosphere in the work. The fact is that different types of tempo and rhythmic organization directly and directly embody certain emotional states and have the ability, with utmost importance, to evoke precisely these emotions in the minds of the reader, listener, viewer; in arts such as music or dance, this pattern is very clear. It can also be traced in fiction. Let's see, for example, how tempo rhythm works in one of the episodes of Chekhov's “Lady with a Dog”: “Sitting next to a young woman who seemed so beautiful at dawn, calmed and enchanted by this fabulous setting - the sea, mountains, clouds, wide sky - Gurov I thought about how, in essence, if you think about it, everything in this world is beautiful, everything. except what we ourselves think and do when we forget about the highest goals of existence, about our human dignity.

The role of a special, smooth, measured construction of a phrase in creating the emotional color of a scene is obvious; it is felt without any analysis. The solemn and sublime structure of the hero’s thoughts is presented here with the help of the tempo and rhythmic organization of the text, literally with physical perceptibility. But talk about it differently - in short phrases, for example - and the psychological atmosphere would immediately disappear.

Poetic speech. Its difference from prose speech. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Poetic speech. Its difference from prose speech." 2017, 2018.

The phenomena of rhythm surround us everywhere in life: our heart beats rhythmically, day and night and seasons change rhythmically, a festive column marches rhythmically to the march of the orchestra...

Rhythm- this is the repetition of any unambiguous phenomena at regular intervals (for example, the alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line).

A clear rhythm is inherent in poetic speech. Of course, there is rhythm in prose, but still prosaic speech gives the impression of natural, “as in life” flowing speech. Poetic speech is special. It is distinguished by a clearer rhythm and extraordinary laconism and brevity. In addition, poetic speech, as a rule, has rhyme.

Rhythm creates a certain mood, colors a poem or an excerpt from it with a single tone. Notice how different the rhythm is in these poetic passages:

But the princess is young,

Silently blooming,

Meanwhile, I grew, grew,

Rose and blossomed,

White-faced, black-browed,

The character of such a meek...

And the queen laughs

And shrug your shoulders

And wink your eyes,

And click your fingers,

And spin around, arms akimbo,

Looking proudly in the mirror...

You can see that the rhythm of the second passage is faster, and this corresponds to its content.

Poetic speech presupposes organization and order, which is facilitated by rhythm, rhyme, and other features of such speech.

Free speech, that is, speech that moves freely from sentence to sentence, is called prosaic speech, and speech subject to a certain order, rhythm, structure - poetic.

Questions and tasks

1. Using the text of prose fairy tales from the section “Russian folk tales” and the text of Pushkin’s “Tales of the Dead Princess...”, show what is the difference between prose speech and poetic speech.

2. What is rhythm? Give examples of different rhythms from “The Tale of the Dead Princess...”.

EPITHET

Read the passage. Pay attention to the adjectives. One of them ( high, deep, crystal, empty) are used in the direct sense, others ( violent , quiet, sad) - figuratively.

...“Wait,”

The wild wind answers,

There behind the quiet river

There is a high mountain

There is a deep hole in it;

In that hole, in the sad darkness,

The crystal coffin is rocking

On chains between pillars.

No trace of anyone to be seen

Around that empty space;

Your bride is in that coffin.”

The figurative meaning gives the adjective, which is a definition in a sentence, special artistic expressiveness. What we have before us is not just a definition, but a figurative definition.

Such figurative definitions are called epithets. The word "epithet" comes from a Greek word meaning "application, attached."

To distinguish a definition from an epithet, let's give an example: dark night And gloomy night. Word dark only enhances the characteristics of the night, the word gloomy includes an emotional assessment, reminds us of a gloomy, angry person. Therefore the word dark- this is a simple definition, but gloomy- an epithet, that is, a figurative definition distinguished by artistic expressiveness.

Questions and tasks

1. Match the adjectives tall, deep, crystal, empty such nouns that they become artistic definitions, that is, epithets.

2. In Pushkin’s fairy tale, find 3-4 examples with epithets. Name them, point out their special artistic expressiveness.

3. What epithets does Pushkin use to characterize the queen and princess? Explain them.

Rhythm is the repetition of any unambiguous phenomena at regular intervals (for example, the alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line).

The phenomena of rhythm surround us everywhere: our heart beats rhythmically, day and night, seasons change rhythmically...

A clear rhythm is inherent in poetic speech. Of course, there is rhythm in prose, but still prosaic speech gives the impression of natural, flowing speech, as in life. Poetic speech is special. It is distinguished by a clearer rhythm and extraordinary laconism and brevity. In addition, poetic speech usually has rhyme.

Rhythm creates a certain mood, colors a poem or passage with a single tone. Notice how different the rhythm is in the following poetic passages. How does he emphasize the characters of the heroines?

But the princess is young,
Silently blooming,
Meanwhile, I grew, grew,
Rose and blossomed,
White-faced, black-browed,
The character of such a meek...

And the queen laughs
And shrug your shoulders
And wink your eyes,
And click your fingers,
And spin around, arms akimbo,
Looking proudly in the mirror...

You see that the rhythm of the second passage is faster, sharper, and this corresponds to its content.

Poetic speech presupposes organization and order, which is facilitated by rhythm, rhyme, and other features of such speech.

Free speech, that is, speech that moves freely from sentence to sentence, is called prosaic speech, and speech that is subject to a certain order, rhythm, structure is called poetic speech.

Thinking about what we read

Using the text of prose fairy tales from the section “Russian Folk Tales” and the text of Pushkin’s “Tales of the Dead Princess...”, show the difference between prose and poetic speech.
What is rhythm? Give examples of different rhythms from “The Tale of the Dead Princess...”.

Creative task

For the evening of Pushkin's fairy tales, prepare an expressive memorization of an excerpt from a fairy tale or draw cartoon frames based on illustrations by T. Mavrina or E. Pashkov for one of Pushkin's fairy tales.

It is customary to talk about what a prose work is only against the backdrop of its difference from a poetic text, however, oddly enough, given the seeming obviousness of the difference between a poetic text and a prose text, it is necessary to formulate what exactly this difference is, what is the essence of the specificity of poetry and prose, why these two exist is quite difficult.

Problems of distinguishing between prose and verse

Modern literary criticism, studying the difference between a poem and a prose work, poses the following interesting questions:

Which speech is more natural for culture: poetic or prosaic?
What is this against the background of poetry?
What are the clear criteria for distinguishing between poetic and prose text?
Due to what resources of language does a prose text turn into poetry?
How deep is the difference between poetic and prose speech? Is it limited to the organization of speech or does it concern the system of thinking?

What comes first: poetry or prose?

The writer and literary critic Jan Parandovsky, reflecting on what a prose work is, once noted that there is no scientific evidence that humanity first spoke in poetry and not prose, but in the origins of the literature of different countries it is poetic, not prose speech. . This happened due to the fact that it was verse that was the first to rise above everyday speech and poetic speech reached its perfection long before the first attempts at artistic prose appeared.

Jan Parandovsky is a little disingenuous, since in fact there are a considerable number of scientific hypotheses, which are based on the assumption that human speech was originally poetic. G. Vico, G. Gadamer, and M. Shapir spoke about this. But Parandovsky definitely noticed one thing: world literatures really begin with poetry, and not with prose. The genres of prose works developed later than the genres of poetry.

Why exactly the poetic speech arose is not yet known exactly. Perhaps this is connected with the idea of the general rhythmicity of the human body and the world around a person, perhaps with the initial rhythmicity of children's speech (which, in turn, also awaits explanation).

Criteria for the difference between verse and prose

The famous poetic critic Mikhail Gasparov saw the difference between a poem and a prose work, that a poetic text is felt as a text of increased importance and is designed for repetition and memorization. A poetic text, in addition to the fact that it is divided into sentences and parts of sentences, is also divided into parts that are very easily grasped by the mind.

It is very deep in its essence, but it is not instrumental, since it does not imply clear criteria for distinguishing between verse and prose. After all, prose can also be of increased importance and can also be designed for memorization.

Formal signs of the difference between prose and poetic texts

Formal signs of difference - short fragments of a sentence - also cannot be considered a sufficient basis. A. G. Mashevsky notes that in fact, even a newspaper article can be turned into poetry by simply dividing its sentences into fragments of different lengths and writing each of them on a new line.

However, it will be too noticeable that the sentences are divided conditionally; no additional meaning is given to the text by this division, except perhaps a humorous or ironic sound.

Thus, the differences between prose and poetry do not lie in any one feature, but imply some deep-seated differences. To understand what a prose work is, you need to know that prose and poetic texts are subject to different texts and the ordering of its elements.

The word in verse and prose

It so happens that prose is traditionally defined by its difference from verse. More often it is customary to talk not about the distinctive features of prose in comparison with verse, but, on the contrary, about the difference between poetry and prose.

Thus, about the word in verse, the Russian literary critic Yu. N. Tynyanov said that it is more closely connected with other words in the work than in prose, and its connection with the structure as a whole is closer; he called this “the law of unity and tightness of the verse series” , and this concept is still relevant for literary studies.

Two trends in resolving the issue

Modern science has made many attempts to formulate what a prose work is in contrast to a poetic work, and in these attempts two trends can be quite clearly distinguished. A number of philologists believe that the most important criterion is the specific sound of the text. This approach can be called phonetic. In line with this tradition of understanding prose and verse, V. M. Zhirmunsky also spoke out, according to whom the difference between poetic speech lies in the “natural ordering of the sound form.” However, unfortunately or fortunately, not all prose and poetic works are clearly phonetically different from each other.

In contrast to this tradition, graphic theory insists on the primacy of the nature of the recording of the work. If the entry is ordered as poetry (written “in a column,” then the work is poetic; if the text is written “in a line,” then it is prosaic). Modern poetic critic Yu. B. Orlitsky works in line with this hypothesis. However, this criterion is not enough. As already mentioned above, a newspaper text written “in a column” does not become poetic. Pushkin's prose works, written down as poetry, will not become poetic because of this.

Thus, it must be recognized that there are no external, formal criteria for distinguishing prose and poetic texts. These differences are profound and relate to the sound, grammatical, intonation, and genre nature of the work.