In solving what the main problems of modern mankind. Global problems of mankind: an example, solutions

Modernity is a series of social problems in the development of civilization, which, however, are not limited to the exclusively social aspect, and affect almost all areas of society: economic, political, environmental, psychological. These problems have been formed over many years, which are characterized by the rapid development of various spheres of human life, and therefore the ways to solve them do not have unambiguous options.

Philosophy and global problems of our time

Awareness of any problems is the first stage in their solution, because only understanding can lead to effective actions. For the first time, the global problems of our time were comprehended by philosophers. Indeed, who, if not philosophers, will be engaged in understanding the dynamics of the development of civilization? After all, global problems require a full-fledged analysis and consideration of different points of view.

The main global problems of our time

So, he is engaged in the study of global processes. They arise as an objective factor of human existence, i.e. arise from human activities. The global problems of our time are not numerous:

The so-called "negligible aging". This problem was first voiced in 1990 by Caleb Finch. This is about expanding the boundaries of life expectancy. A lot of scientific research has been devoted to this topic, which have been aimed at studying the causes of aging and methods that can slow it down or completely cancel it. However, as practice shows, the solution of this issue is a rather distant point.
The North-South problem. It includes an understanding of the great gap in the development of northern and southern countries. Thus, in most states of the South, the concepts of "hunger" and "poverty" are still a pressing problem for large parts of the population.
The problem of preventing thermonuclear war. It implies the damage that can be inflicted on all mankind in the event of the use of nuclear or thermonuclear weapons. The problem of peace between peoples and political forces, the struggle for common prosperity is also acute here.
Pollution prevention and ecological balance.
Global warming.
The problem of diseases: AIDS, oncological and cardiovascular diseases.
demographic imbalance.
Terrorism.

Global problems of our time: what are the solutions?

Negligible aging. Modern science is taking steps towards the study of aging, but the question of the appropriateness of this is still relevant. In the mythological traditions of different peoples, one can come across the idea of eternal life, however, the elements that make up the concept of evolution today conflict with the idea of eternal life and prolongation of youth.
The problem of the North and the South, which consists in the illiteracy and poverty of the population of the southern countries, is solved with the help of charitable actions, but it cannot be solved until the countries lagging behind in development become developed in political and economic aspects.
The problem of preventing the use of nuclear and thermonuclear weapons, in fact, cannot be exhausted as long as the capitalist understanding of relations dominates in society. Only with the transition to another level of evaluation of human life and peaceful coexistence can the problem be solved. Acts and treaties concluded between countries on non-use are not a 100% guarantee that war will not start one day.
The problem of maintaining the ecological balance of the planet today is being solved with the help of political forces representing which it worries, as well as with the help of organizations that are trying to save endangered species of animals, are planting plants and organizing events and actions that are aimed at drawing public attention to this problem. . However, a technological society is unlikely to be able to save the environment at 100%.
Questions about global warming have been worrying scientists for a long time, but the causes that cause warming cannot be eliminated at the moment.
The problems of incurable diseases at the present stage find a partial solution offered by medicine. Fortunately, today this issue is relevant for scientific knowledge and the state allocates funds to ensure that these problems are studied and effective medicines are invented by physicians.
The demographic imbalance between the countries of the south and the north finds a solution in the form of legislative acts: for example, Russian legislation encourages high birth rates in the form of additional payments to large families, and, for example, Japanese legislation, on the contrary, limits the ability of families to have many children.
At present, the problem of terrorism is very acute after a number of resonant tragic cases. The internal security services of states are doing everything possible to counter terrorism on the territory of their country and prevent the unification of terrorist organizations on an international scale.

Modern global problems are a consequence of today's global situation. One of the main problems today is the depletion of minerals, pollution and, as a result, the destruction of the environment. The issues of ecology and natural resources make many think today. Transport and production are the main causes of contamination of the world's oceans, seas and soil. In addition, emissions of harmful substances also play an important role in the death of various terrestrial organisms.

Deterioration of the landscape, climate and water regime change can lead to climate change (warming). This will lead to the melting of the glaciers. As a result, many populated areas of the earth may be under water. In addition, people's health is affected by radio waves, exhaust gases, electricity, and the like. The Red Book lists many species of animals that have disappeared, and they have been replaced by other dangerous microorganisms.

Soil pollution often leads to the death of not only plants, but also the accumulation of various metals. Acid rain causes environmental, economic and aesthetic damage. This phenomenon leads to the destruction of various structures, monuments, soil pollution, etc. In addition, species and genetic changes in plants are associated with acid rain. Dying lichens, which are considered indicators of air purity, make us think about environmental pollution and the possibility of reducing such risks not only for human life, but also for animals and plants.

Another global problem today is the greenhouse effect, one of the main problems of which is carbon dioxide. Greenhouse gases and carbon dioxide allow the sun's rays to penetrate, but trap the planet's thermal radiation, preventing it from escaping into space. This has an even greater impact on climate warming, melting glaciers and rising sea levels.

The problem of overpopulation of the planets is also urgent. The number of people on Earth is growing very fast, while consuming a huge amount of fossils and energy. Economic development, information technology and much more can cause our planet to simply not withstand. There is only one way out of this situation: "birth control with a simultaneous decrease in mortality and an increase in the quality of life."

However, this goal is practically unattainable due to social relations, religion, forms of management and many other obstacles.

The most urgent problem is the problem of consumption of energy resources. An energy crisis is on the way. The state of the environment is getting worse and worse. The biosphere can no longer cope with the restoration of the environment. In order to artificially restore it, about 99 percent of labor and energy resources are needed. Consequently, only one percent of such resources will remain for the inhabitants of the earth. There is a way out: hydropower, solar, wind energy, etc. But… they are still under development.

AIDS and drug addiction - from a social problem has become a global one. This disease is found in more than 124 countries. The largest number of HIV-infected people is in the USA. Most crime and mental illness comes from them. Drugs are a global disaster for many young people.

The drug mafia always makes sure that in difficult times drugs are always at hand.

It should be noted that in comparison with the other seven global problems, the probability of a thermonuclear war occupies a leading position. According to scientists, in order to plunge the whole world into an extraordinary ecological catastrophe, even five percent of the arsenal that the great powers have accumulated today is enough. When put into action, the soot from burned cities and forest fires forms such an impenetrable veil for the sun's rays that the temperature on the earth will drop by as much as tens of degrees. Even the tropical belt will be overtaken by a long polar night.

Today, all mankind is faced with such a problem as the preservation of the environment. Ecological catastrophe makes itself felt. There is no doubt that someone will find a way out of this situation, but when? Every day we all continue to destroy various "gifts" of nature without thinking about it. However, if the end of the normal conditions of life nevertheless overtakes, then will the human body be able to adapt to another, abnormal life.

Man and nature are one. Their existence separately is impossible. Therefore, today every person should think about environmental ethics.

Egoism is the primary source of all the problems of modern society

Selfishness is an integral human part. Man is an element of a complex system, which is the universe and nature, which have their own laws. All systems are interconnected and complementary. Take, for example, a house of cards: it is worth getting at least one element out of it and the whole structure collapses. So it is in nature. Harmony can only be achieved if all its elements are useful. All systems are aimed at the successful development of the whole organism, and, consequently, the entire system.

Each person is a single organism. Today, this organism is depleting our planet: it consumes a huge amount of resources, there are wars and civil strife. The imposition of Christianity earlier was also a good intention. Murders, outrages, power, money - this is an integral attribute of the whole people in the past. What about today? Let's take such countries as Iran, Iraq, Libya, Syria, etc. and everything becomes clear. In these countries, the issue of morality is not raised, there is the problem of conquest of resources.

Human selfishness and worthless wars are not able to lead anywhere in the future. Perhaps someday society will understand this. Today, there are still full-fledged families that everyone strives to bring into the family. However, those times are not far off when even among the family there will be division and appropriation. Already today, the problems of various families are raised every day more and more often. Often, it is the inability to share rights between husband and wife, which leads to bad consequences. Less and less young couples want to have children, and more often they want to get a divorce. There are many such examples.

The cause of all problems is just human selfishness. Today, people are driven by self-interest and envy, not love and respect. Most do not even care what state the environment is in and what global problems exist today. There is no need to look further than your nose.

But what is the reason for selfishness? How could he even gain a foothold in society? This is influenced by a number of factors such as education, religion, social structure, upbringing and many others. Getting into a certain social environment, each person tries to become like it. Often, the choice is in the wrong direction.

A mother who abandoned or killed her child because she did not need him, a son who killed his parents because of an apartment or money ... These and many horrific examples of selfishness play their role today. The worst thing is that many take an example from this. Instead of reading Dostoevsky, young people prefer Paulo Coelho or various crazy fantasy. Why are various old films still watched today and they don't "die"? Because these works show pure and open people, without lies and betrayal, without flattery, envy and selfishness. What is cinema today? I don't even think it's worth answering.

Selfishness is not only self-destruction, but also pain for others. The one who treats selflessly, and receives in return only pathos cries of "I", cannot help but remain very offended, humiliated and upset. Often, unable to stand it, many people become like those with whom they spend their time.

Let us imagine: if an egoist is admitted to the highest power, what will happen to the country?

No matter what the world is like now and what kind of people, kindness and responsiveness are the best ornaments of any person. So it was a long time ago, so it is now, even if it is somewhat less pronounced.

Social problems of modern society

Social problems of modern society: do they exist at all?

The answer is obvious. Bad habits, alcohol, drugs, various kinds of diseases, social stratification, racism, homelessness, crime, bribery, corruption, etc. It seems that this list can be listed for a very long time and stubbornly.

Take, for example, our "golden" youth. Remember the last time we saw a non-smoking woman? What about a non-smoking woman with a baby? Or when a boy of about five asked for a light? How long have drunk, clingy individuals or "hucksters" appeared on the streets?

There are a lot of questions, but there are not very many answers why things are like this today. The most terrible, probably, is the issue of juvenile delinquency and homelessness. Cause? Unfavorable families, social environment, character laid down at the gene level, etc. Often, the most cruel are abandoned children who are offended by the whole world for the reigning chaos in their lives. Accustomed to surviving in shelters and on the streets, they learn not from curricula, but from street laws that change their views and priorities. Families and friends cannot be blamed for crime and immorality. Here it is worth paying attention to politics, as well as monetary relations. In our country, everything can be paid for with money: power, respect, family, after all. Everything is bought and sold. Why does a person strive for something better and purer in his soul, if having committed a couple of crimes, he can buy it for himself? You can go on discussing this topic for a long time. However, do not forget that crime can turn a country into a place where only crime rules and where the strongest survive. Homelessness is a threat to future generations.

Employment... Perhaps the eternal problem of mankind. There are many such people in our country. Often, problems with finding a job lead to very detrimental consequences.

Modern problems of youth and the whole society as a whole are not a problem of today, but of tomorrow. After all, every day the situation will only worsen. Today it's bad habits like nicotine and alcohol, tomorrow it's theft and murder, and after tomorrow it's drugs and AIDS.

Maybe it's time to think?

Humanity has come a long way from savage ignorance to the historic landing on the moon, the conquest of the Red Planet. Surprisingly, with the growth of scientific thought, technology has not benefited ordinary citizens of our planet. On the contrary, they entail a decrease in jobs, crisis and military phenomena. Consider global problems of our time and ways to solve them.

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Fundamental concepts

Global problems of our time (GP) are critical phenomena affecting interests of every person, society and world states generally.

The term became popular in the 60s. XX century. To prevent negative consequences, a joint action plan of all countries is needed.

The modern GP classification is a system that takes into account the origin, level of danger, and the possible consequences of each danger. Structuring makes it easier to focus on solving urgent problems.

Like any phenomenon, ours has a number of properties that form the concept:

Independence of time - risk groups affect the planet in a destructive way, but their speed is significantly different. For example, the demographic crisis of mankind develops longer than natural disasters that occur overnight.
They concern each state - the integration of world powers has led to mutual responsibility between them. However, it is important to draw the attention of the entire world community to a constructive dialogue.
Threat to humanity - all kinds of global problems of our time call into question the integrity and life of world society, planets.

Attention! Until the middle of the 20th century, scientists did not think about the brevity of the global issues of mankind. The relationship between human society and nature was raised only at a philosophical level. In 1944 V.I. Vernadsky introduced the concept of the noosphere (the area of activity of the mind), arguing this with the scale of the creations of mankind.

The emergence of global issues

The causes of the global problems of mankind do not appear from scratch. We bring to your attention a list of factors that form the actual problems of our time:

Globalization of the world - the economy and relations between states have reached a new level. Now each participant in the world arena is responsible for the well-being of their neighbors (and not only).
The widest field of activity is the “conquerors of the world”, this is how modern society feels. Today there are no areas where the human foot has not set foot.
Irrational consumption of resources - the planet's margin of safety is not unlimited. Studies of the earth's crust indicate that the energy sector (gas, oil and coal) will collapse in 170 years. I hope you understand what this threatens.
Environmental destruction - this includes the rapid development of technology. After all, multimillion-dollar projects require tons of minerals. Hence the deforestation, unsystematic extermination of the gifts of the World, pollution of the atmosphere and outer space.
Morality and society - the common man is not interested in the actual problems of our time. But carelessness at the "lower" level is fraught with relaxation of the ruling circles, the scientific elite.
The uneven socio-economic development - the "young" states are significantly inferior to the powerful of this world, which allows them to manipulate the weaker ones. This situation is fraught with an increase in world tension.
Weapons of Mass Destruction - nuclear warheads threaten the very existence of mankind. However, it is also a reliable (so far) deterrent.

The global issues of our time facing humanity testify to the incompetence of world leaders of states, an aggressive policy towards nature.

Important! Scientists have long identified the causes of the difficulties of our time, but their solution has not yet brought visible results. It will take tens, hundreds of years to restore the lost heritage of mankind.

Classification

The best minds of our time are working on structuring global dangers for humanity.

Some order them according to their origin, others - according to their destructive impact, and others - according to their importance for world civilization. We invite you to review each option.

The first group includes factors related to the foreign policy of states, their contradictions and mutual claims. To resolve global problems, it is necessary to provide political prerequisites.

The second group is the globalization of the relationship between man and society, the state. This includes ethnic, religious, terrorist confrontations.

The third group is the link between world civilization and the nature of the planet. The solution of these problems should have a scientific and political character.

Let's analyze GP classification, based on the direction of impact:

The threat to the world - the development of modern technologies requires a resource base, the formation of which pollutes the environment. Most modern industry throws decay products into. The protection of the environment includes not only the reduction of emissions of harmful substances, but also the development of new, “clean” technologies. Similar projects are already being created in economically developed countries, but transnational companies are hindering their implementation (fabulous income from gas and oil).
Overpopulation – scientists predict that a population of 12 billion people will lead to to the destruction of the planet's ecosystem. In short, we will have to "get rid" of more than 5 billion in order to restore the natural balance. A cruel way to reduce - the Third World War, more humane - birth control, fantastic - colonization.
Lack of energy resources - without minerals (gas, oil, coal), human civilization will collapse. The loss of electricity will lead to a halt in production, degradation of communication systems, and limitation of the information space. Alternative energy sources will help humanity to be saved, but the powers that be are not interested in this.

Social aspect

The development of modern society has led to a sharp decline in the values of mankind, which were formed over hundreds of years.

The desire to provide for loved ones has grown into greed and uncompromisingness, and developed countries live off the main "raw material base" - less developed neighbors.

Let's voice obvious problems modernity in the social sector:

the degradation of public morality - the legalization of drugs and prostitution contributes to the rooting of new values. Selling one's own body and smoking drugs is the norm of modern life;
crime - with a decrease in the level of spirituality in society increased crime and corruption society. The formation of the moral foundations of mankind has always been assigned to the family, the church, the educational system;
prostitution and drug addiction - the spread of psychotropic substances can be attributed to the global problems of our time in society. They not only enslave the will of a person, but also reduce his social activity - they make him an easy target for manipulation and propaganda.

Remaining types of global problems modernity are listed below:

Disarmament - the main item of expenditure of most states is the defense industry. Money could improve the world's ecology, reduce illiteracy, stop hunger.
Using the World Ocean - in addition to catching a huge amount of fish and other seafood, many nuclear tests are carried out in the open sea. We can't talk about the harm to the environment.
Global problems of our time are manifested in human space exploration. The government of each country is trying to conquer or take a dominant position in the yet unexplored expanses.
Overcoming backwardness - infringement of the rights of citizens of developing countries has reached the limit. Strong neighbors interfere in every possible way in the domestic and foreign policy of "partners". This heats up the situation on the world stage.
Infection control - the social and humanitarian aspects of global problems may disappear after several waves of infectious diseases. Therefore, it is important to respond to the emergence of new strains, viruses.

Crisis exit strategy

The global problems of our time and ways to solve them are a priority task for the world community.

The tasks of solving these problems can be very diverse and related to different spheres of society.

They require not only huge financial injections, but also great efforts, both mental and physical.

Let us briefly list such tasks.

All of the above dangers require prompt resolution:

increasing the productivity of the agricultural sector, new arable land;
reducing the consumption of electricity, resources in general. Industry optimization reduce fuel consumption, material costs. Reducing harmful emissions is a priority;
gratuitous assistance to developing countries, humanitarian missions to combat poverty and hunger;
peaceful disarmament - renunciation of chemical and nuclear weapons. Limited use of "peaceful atom", development of alternative energy sources;
the global problem of mankind is the fall of the moral and ethical principles of society. Painstaking work is ahead to introduce new values, cultivate good habits, and improve the educational system;
outer space needs to be rid of debris, neutrality can be called a feature.

Attention! The financial market is not a modern source of global danger, the impact of money on the environment or the educational system is insignificant.

Global problems of the world and ways to solve them

World environmental problems

Conclusion

The main features of the global problems of mankind include the scale, the relationship of components, destructive consequences. The complexity of solving such problems lies not so much in money, but in the unwillingness of a number of countries to change the established picture of modernity.

Essay. Global problems of our time

In the modern world, a person faces a huge number of problems, the solution of which determines the fate of mankind. These are the so-called global problems of our time, that is, a set of social and natural problems, on the solution of which the social progress of mankind and the preservation of civilization depend. In my opinion, the global problems that jeopardize all of humanity are the result of the confrontation between nature and human activity. It was a man with all the variety of his activities that provoked the emergence of many global problems.

Today, the following global problems are distinguished:

the problem of "North-South" - the gap in development between rich and poor countries, poverty, hunger and illiteracy;

the threat of thermonuclear war and ensuring peace for all peoples, the prevention by the world community of unauthorized proliferation of nuclear technologies, radioactive contamination of the environment;

catastrophic environmental pollution;

providing mankind with resources, exhaustion of oil, natural gas, coal, fresh water, wood, non-ferrous metals;

global warming;

ozone holes;

terrorism;

violence and organized crime.

Greenhouse effect;

acid rain;

pollution of the seas and oceans;

air pollution and many other problems.

These problems are characterized by dynamism, arise as an objective factor in the development of society, and for their solution require the combined efforts of all mankind. Global problems are interconnected, cover all aspects of people's lives and concern all countries. In my opinion, one of the most dangerous problems is the possibility of the destruction of mankind in the third world thermonuclear war - a hypothetical military conflict between states or military-political blocs that possess nuclear and thermonuclear weapons. Measures to prevent war and hostilities were already developed by I. Kant at the end of the 18th century. The measures he proposed were: non-financing of military operations; rejection of hostile relations, respect; the conclusion of relevant international treaties and the creation of an international union striving to implement a policy of peace, etc.

Another major problem is terrorism. In modern conditions, terrorists have a huge amount of lethal means or weapons capable of destroying a huge number of innocent people.

Terrorism is a phenomenon, a form of crime directed directly against a person, threatening his life and thereby striving to achieve its goals. Terrorism is absolutely unacceptable from the point of view of humanism, and from the point of view of law it is the gravest crime.

Environmental problems are another type of global problems. It includes: pollution of the lithosphere; pollution of the hydrosphere; pollution of the atmosphere.

Thus, today a real threat hangs over the world. Humanity must take measures as quickly as possible to resolve existing problems and prevent new problems from arising.

Trends in the development of human culture are contradictory, the level of social organization, political and environmental consciousness often does not correspond to the active transforming activity of man. The formation of a global human community, a single socio-cultural space has led to the fact that local contradictions and conflicts have acquired a global scale.

The main causes and prerequisites for global problems:

accelerating the pace of social development;
constantly increasing anthropogenic impact on the biosphere;
increase in population;
strengthening the interconnection and interdependence between different countries and regions.

Researchers offer several options for classifying global problems.

The tasks facing humanity at the present stage of development relate to both the technical and moral spheres.

The most pressing global problems can be divided into three groups:

natural and economic problems;
social problems;
problems of a political and socio-economic nature.

1. Environmental problem. Intensive human economic activity and consumer attitude to nature have a negative impact on the environment: soil, water, air are polluted; the flora and fauna of the planet is becoming impoverished, its forest cover has been largely destroyed. Together, these processes constitute the threat of a global ecological catastrophe for mankind.

2. Energy problem. In recent decades, energy-intensive industries have been actively developing in the world economy, in connection with this, the problem of non-renewable reserves of fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) is exacerbating. Traditional energy increases human pressure on the biosphere.

3. Raw material problem. Natural mineral resources, which are a source of raw materials for industry, are exhaustible and non-renewable. The stock of minerals is rapidly declining.

4. Problems of using the World Ocean. Mankind is faced with the task of rational and careful use of the World Ocean as a source of bioresources, minerals, fresh water, as well as the use of waters as natural means of communication.

5. Space exploration. Space exploration contains great potential for the scientific, technical and economic development of society, especially in the field of energy and geophysics.

Problems of a social nature

1. Demographic and food problems. The population of the Earth is constantly increasing, which entails an increase in consumption. Two trends stand out clearly in this area: the first is a demographic explosion (a sharp increase in population) in the countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America; the second is low birth rates and the associated aging of the population in the countries of Western Europe.
Population growth increases the need for food, industrial goods, fuel, which leads to an increase in the load on the biosphere.
The development of the food sector of the economy and the efficiency of the food distribution system lag behind the growth rate of the world's population, as a result of which the problem of hunger is exacerbating.

2. The problem of poverty and low living standards.

It is in the poor countries with underdeveloped economies that the population grows most rapidly, as a result of which the standard of living here is extremely low. Poverty and illiteracy of the general population, lack of medical care is one of the main problems in developing countries.

Problems of a political and socio-economic nature

1. The problem of peace and disarmament. At the present stage of human development, it has become clear that war cannot be a way to solve international problems. Military operations not only lead to massive destruction and death of people, but also generate retaliatory aggression. The threat of nuclear war made it necessary to limit nuclear tests and armaments at the international level, but this problem has not yet been finally resolved by the world community.

2. Overcoming the backwardness of underdeveloped countries. The problem of eliminating the gap in the level of economic development between the countries of the West and the countries of the "third world" cannot be solved by the forces of lagging countries. The states of the "third world", many of which remained colonially dependent until the middle of the 20th century, embarked on the path of catching up economic development, but they still cannot provide normal living conditions for the vast majority of the population and political stability in society.

3. The problem of interethnic relations. Along with the processes of cultural integration and unification, the desire of individual countries and peoples to assert national identity and sovereignty is growing. Manifestations of these aspirations often take the form of aggressive nationalism, religious and cultural intolerance.

4. The problem of international crime and terrorism. The development of means of communication and transport, the mobility of the population, the transparency of interstate borders contributed not only to the mutual enrichment of cultures and economic growth, but also to the development of international crime, drug trafficking, illegal arms business, etc. The problem of international terrorism became especially acute at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. Terrorism is the use of force or the threat of its use to intimidate and suppress political opponents. Terrorism is no longer the problem of one single state. The scale of the terrorist threat in the modern world requires the joint efforts of different countries to overcome it.

Ways to overcome global problems have not yet been found, but it is obvious that in order to solve them, it is necessary to subordinate the activities of mankind to the interests of human survival, the preservation of the natural environment and the creation of favorable living conditions for future generations.

The main ways to solve global problems:

1. Formation of humanistic consciousness, a sense of responsibility of all people for their actions;

2. A comprehensive study of the causes and prerequisites leading to the emergence and aggravation of conflicts and contradictions in human society and its interaction with nature, informing the population about global problems, monitoring global processes, their control and forecasting;

3. Development of the latest technologies and ways of interacting with the environment: waste-free production, resource-saving technologies, alternative energy sources (sun, wind, etc.);

4. Active international cooperation to ensure peaceful and sustainable development, exchange of experience in solving problems, creation of international centers for the exchange of information and coordination of joint efforts.

Commoner B. Closing circle. Nature, man, technology. L., 1974.
Pechchen A. Human qualities. M., 1980.
Global problems and universal values. M., 1990.
Sidorina T.Yu. Mankind is between death and prosperity. M., 1997.

Global problems of the world - a breakthrough into the future world order

global studies, global forecasting and modeling has been emerging and rapidly developing since the middle of our century. This is due to the awareness and study of the global problems of the modern world.

The concept of "global" comes from lat. globus is the globe and is used to fix the most important, planetary problems of the modern era facing humanity.

Problems before people, before humanity have always been and will continue to be.

Which of the totality of problems is called global?

When and why do they occur?

Global issues highlight by object , in terms of the breadth of coverage of reality, these are social contradictions that embrace humanity as a whole as well as every person. Global problems affect the fundamental conditions of being; this is such a stage in the development of contradictions that poses the Hamlet question to humanity: “to be or not to be?” – touches upon the problems of the meaning of life, the meaning of human existence.

Different global problems and methods for their solution. They can be solved only by joint efforts of the world community and by complex methods. Here, private technical and economic measures can no longer be dispensed with. To solve today's global problems, it is necessary a new type of thinking, where moral and humanistic criteria are the main ones.

The emergence of global problems in the twentieth century is due to the fact that, as V.I. Vernadsky predicted, human activity has acquired a planetary character. There has been a transition from a thousand-year spontaneous development of successive local civilizations to a world civilization.

The founder and president of the Club of Rome (the Club of Rome is an international non-governmental organization that brings together about 100 scientists, public figures, businessmen, established in 1968 in Rome to discuss and research global problems, to promote the formation of public opinion regarding these problems) A. Peccei wrote: “The diagnosis of these difficulties is as yet unknown, and no effective remedy can be prescribed for them; at the same time, they are aggravated by the close interdependence that now binds everything in the human system ... In our artificially created world, literally everything has reached unprecedented sizes and scales: dynamics, speed, energy, complexity - and our problems too. They are now both psychological, and social, and economic, and technical, and, in addition, political.”

In the modern literature on globalistics, several main blocks of problems are distinguished. The main problem is the problem of the survival of human civilization.

What is the first threat to humanity?

Production and stockpiling of weapons of mass destruction that could get out of hand.

Strengthening anthropogenic pressure on nature. Ecological problem.

Raw material, energy and food problems associated with the first two.

Demographic problems (uncontrolled, rapid population growth, uncontrolled urbanization, excessive concentration of the population in large and largest cities).

Overcoming by developing countries of comprehensive backwardness.

Fight against dangerous diseases.

Problems of exploration of Space and the World Ocean.

The problem of overcoming the crisis of culture, the decline of spiritual, primarily moral values, the formation and development of a new social consciousness with the priority of universal human values.

Let us characterize the last of these problems in more detail.

The problem of the decline of spiritual culture has long been named among the main global problems, but right now, at the end of the twentieth century, scientists and public figures are increasingly defining it as a key one, on which the solution of all the others depends. The most terrible of the catastrophes threatening us is not so much atomic, thermal and similar variants of the physical destruction of mankind as anthropological - the destruction of the human in man.

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov wrote in his article “The World Through Man”: “Strong and conflicting feelings embrace everyone who thinks about the future of the world in 50 years, about the future in which our grandchildren and great-grandchildren will live. These feelings are dejection and horror before the tangle of tragic dangers and difficulties of the immensely complex future of mankind, but at the same time hope for the power of reason and humanity in the souls of billions of people, which alone can withstand the impending chaos. Further, A.D. Sakharov warns that… “even if the main danger is eliminated — the death of civilization in the fire of a big thermonuclear war — the situation of mankind will remain critical.

Humanity is threatened by the decline of personal and state morality, which is already manifesting itself in the deep disintegration in many countries of the basic ideals of law and legality, in consumer egoism, in the general growth of criminal tendencies, in international nationalist and political terrorism, in the destructive spread of alcoholism and drug addiction. In different countries, the causes of these phenomena are somewhat different. Nevertheless, it seems to me that the deepest, primary reason lies in the inner lack of spirituality, in which the personal morality and responsibility of a person are crowded out and suppressed by an abstract and inhuman in its essence, an authority alienated from the individual.

Aurelio Peccei, reflecting on various options for solving global problems, also calls the “Human Revolution” the main one - that is, the change of the person himself. “Man has subjugated the planet,” he writes, “and now he must learn to manage it, comprehend the difficult art of being a leader on Earth. If he finds the strength in himself to fully and completely realize the complexity and precariousness of his current situation and accept a certain responsibility, if he can reach the level of cultural maturity that will allow him to fulfill this difficult mission, then the future belongs to him. If he falls victim to his own internal crisis and fails to cope with the high role of the protector and chief arbiter of life on the planet, well, then a person is destined to become a witness to how the number of such people will sharply decrease, and the standard of living will again slide to the mark that has been passed for several centuries. back. And only New Humanism is able to ensure the transformation of man, to raise his quality and capabilities to a level corresponding to the new increased responsibility of man in this world.” According to Peccei, three aspects characterize the New Humanism: a sense of globality, a love of justice, and intolerance of violence.

From the general characteristics of global problems, let's move on to the methodology of their analysis and forecast. In modern futurology, global studies, attempts are made to study global problems in a complex, in interconnection. The Limits to Growth model, developed by the MIT project team led by Dr. D. Meadows, is still considered a classic example of global predictive models. The results of the group's work were presented as the first report to the Club of Rome in 1972.

J. Forrester proposed (and the Meadows group implemented this proposal) to calculate from a complex set of global socio-economic processes several decisive ones for the fate of mankind, and then “play” their interaction on a cybernetic model using a computer. As such, they chose the growth of world population, as well as industrial production, food, a decrease in mineral resources and increased pollution of the natural environment.

Modeling showed that at the current growth rates of world population (over 2% per year, doubling in 33 years) and industrial production (in the 60s - 5-7% per year, doubling in about 10 years) during the first decades of the 21st century, mineral resources will be exhausted, production growth will stop, and environmental pollution will become irreversible.

To avoid such a catastrophe and create a global equilibrium, the authors recommended a sharp reduction in the rate of population growth and industrial production, reducing them to the level of simple reproduction of people and machines according to the principle: new only to replace the outgoing old (the concept of "zero growth").

Let us reproduce some elements of the methodology and methodology of predictive modeling.

1) Building a basic model.

The main indicators of the base model in our case were:

Population. In the D. Meadows model, population growth trends are extrapolated to the coming decade. Based on this, a number of conclusions are drawn: (1) there is no way to flatten the population growth curve before the year 2000; (2) most likely parents of 2000 have already been born; (3) it can be expected that in 30 years the world population will be about 7 billion people. In other words, if reducing mortality is as successful as before, and, as before, unsuccessfully trying to reduce fertility, then in 2030 the number of people in the world will increase 4 times compared to 1970.

Production. There was a conclusion that the growth of production outpaced the growth of population. This conclusion is inaccurate, because it is based on the hypothesis that the growing industrial production of the world is evenly distributed among all earthlings. In fact, most of the world's industrial growth occurs in the industrialized countries, which have very low population growth rates.

Calculations show that in the process of economic growth, the gap between the rich and poor countries of the world is tirelessly widening.

Food. One third of the world's population (50-60% of the population in developing countries) suffers from malnutrition. And although the world's total agricultural production is increasing, per capita food production in developing countries is barely remaining at its current, rather low level.

Mineral resources. The ability to increase food production ultimately depends on the availability of non-renewable resources.

With current rates of consumption of natural resources and their further increase, according to D. Meadows, the vast majority of non-renewable resources will become extremely expensive in 100 years.

Nature. Will the biosphere survive? man has only recently begun to show concern about his activities on the natural environment. Attempts to quantify this phenomenon arose even later and are still imperfect. Since environmental pollution is intricately related to population size, industrialization, and specific technological processes, it is difficult to accurately estimate how fast the exponential curve of total pollution rises. However, if in 2000 there were 7 billion people in the world, and the gross national product per capita was the same as today in the United States, then the total environmental pollution would be at least 10 times higher than today's level.

Whether natural systems will be able to withstand this is still unknown. Most likely, the tolerable limit will be reached on a global scale with exponential growth in population and pollution produced by each person.

Model 1 “standard type”

Initial postings. It is assumed that there will be no fundamental changes in the physical, economic or social relationships that historically determined the development of the world system (for the period from 1900 to 1970).

Food and industrial output, as well as population, will grow exponentially until the rapid depletion of resources slows down industrial growth. After that, the population will continue to increase by inertia for some time, and at the same time, environmental pollution will continue. Eventually, population growth will be halved as a result of an increase in the death rate due to lack of food and medical care.

Model 2

Initial premises. It is assumed that "unlimited" sources of nuclear energy will double the available natural resources and implement an extensive program of recycling and replacement of resources.

Forecasting the development of the world system. Since resources are not depleted as quickly, industrialization can reach a higher level than when implementing the standard type model. However, a large number of larger enterprises will pollute the environment very quickly, resulting in an increase in the death rate and a decrease in the amount of food. At the end of the corresponding period, resources will be heavily depleted, despite the doubling of the initial reserves.

Model 3

Initial postings. Natural resources are fully utilized and 75% of them are reused. The emission of pollutants is 4 times less than in 1970. The yield per unit of land area has been doubled. Effective birth control measures are available to the entire population of the world.

Projected development of the world system. It will be possible (albeit temporarily) to achieve a stable population with an average annual per capita income almost equal to the average income of the US population today. However, in the end, although industrial growth will be halved and the death rate will increase as a result of resource depletion, pollution will accumulate and food production will decline.

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….3

1. The concept of global problems of modern society…………………….5

2. Ways to solve global problems…………………………………………….15

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….20

List of used literature………………………………………………23

Introduction.

The control work in sociology is presented on the topic: "Global problems of modern society: the causes of their occurrence and aggravation at the present stage of human development."

The purpose of the control work will be the following - to consider the causes of global problems of modern society and their aggravation.

Tasks control work :

1. Expand the concept of global problems of modern society, their causes.

2. To characterize the ways of solving global problems at the present stage of human development.

It should be noted that sociology studies the social.

social in our life is a combination of certain properties and features of social relations, integrated by individuals or communities in the process of joint activity (interaction) in specific conditions and manifested in their relationship to each other, to their position in society, to the phenomena and processes of social life .

Any system of social relations (economic, political, cultural and spiritual) concerns the relationship of people to each other and to society, and therefore has its own social aspect.

A social phenomenon or process occurs when the behavior of even one individual is influenced by another or a group (community), regardless of their physical presence.

Sociology is designed to study just that.

On the one hand, the social is a direct expression of social practice, on the other hand, it is subject to constant change due to the impact of this very social practice on it.

Sociology is faced with the task of cognition in the social, stable, essential and at the same time constantly changing, analysis of the relationship between constant and variable in a particular state of a social object.

In reality, a specific situation acts as an unknown social fact that must be recognized in the interests of practice.

A social fact is a single socially significant event typical of a given sphere of social life.

Humanity has survived the tragedy of two of the most destructive and bloody world wars.

New means of labor and household appliances; the development of education and culture, the assertion of the priority of human rights, etc., provide opportunities for human improvement and a new quality of life.

But there are a number of problems to which it is necessary to find an answer, a way, that solution, that way out of a disastrous situation.

That's why relevance control work is that now global problems - this is a multidimensional series of negative phenomena that you need to know and understand how to get out of them.

The control work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references.

We were greatly helped in writing the control work by such authors as V.E. Ermolaev, Yu.V. Irkhin, Maltsev V.A.

The concept of global problems of our time

It is believed that the global problems of our time are generated precisely by the all-penetrating uneven development of world civilization, when the technical power of mankind has immeasurably exceeded the level of social organization it has achieved and political thinking has clearly lagged behind political reality.

Also, the motives of human activity and its moral values are very far from the social, environmental and demographic foundations of the era.

Global (from French Global) is universal, (lat. Globus) is a ball.

Based on this, the meaning of the word "global" can be defined as:

1) covering the entire globe, worldwide;

2) comprehensive, complete, universal.

The present time is the boundary of the change of epochs, the entry of the modern world into a qualitatively new phase of development.

Therefore, the most characteristic features of the modern world will be:

information revolution;

acceleration of modernization processes;

compaction of space;

acceleration of historical and social time;

the end of the bipolar world (confrontation between the US and Russia);

revision of the Eurocentric point of view on the world;

the growth of the influence of the Eastern states;

integration (rapprochement, interpenetration);

globalization (strengthening interconnection, interdependence of countries and peoples);

strengthening of national cultural values and traditions.

So, global problems is a set of problems of mankind, on the solution of which the existence of civilization depends and, therefore, requiring concerted international action to solve them.

Now let's try to find out what they have in common.

These problems are characterized by dynamism, they arise as an objective factor in the development of society, and for their solution they require the combined efforts of all mankind. Global problems are interconnected, cover all aspects of people's lives and concern all countries of the world. It has become obvious that global problems not only concern all of humanity, but are also vital to it. The complex problems facing humanity can be considered global, because:

firstly, they affect all mankind, touching the interests and destinies of all countries, peoples and social strata;

secondly, global problems do not recognize borders;

thirdly, they lead to significant losses of an economic and social nature, and sometimes to a threat to the existence of civilization itself;

fourthly, they require broad international cooperation to solve these problems, since no state, no matter how powerful it may be, is not able to solve them on its own.

The relevance of the global problems of mankind is due to the action of a number of factors, the main of which include:
1. A sharp acceleration of the processes of social development.

Such an acceleration clearly revealed itself already in the first decades of the 20th century. It became even more evident in the second half of the century. The reason for the accelerated development of socio-economic processes is scientific and technological progress.

In just a few decades of scientific and technological revolution, more changes have occurred in the development of productive forces and social relations than in any similar period of time in the past.

Moreover, each subsequent change in the ways of human activity occurs at shorter intervals.

In the course of scientific and technological progress, the earth's biosphere has been powerfully affected by various types of human activity. The anthropogenic impact of society on nature has increased dramatically.
2. Population Growth. He posed a number of problems for mankind, first of all, the problem of providing food and other means of subsistence. At the same time, environmental problems associated with the conditions of human society have become aggravated.
3. The problem of nuclear weapons and nuclear catastrophe.
These and some other problems affect not only individual regions or countries, but humanity as a whole. For example, the effects of a nuclear test are felt everywhere. The depletion of the ozone layer, caused largely by the violation of the hydrocarbon balance, is felt by all the inhabitants of the planet. The use of chemicals used to control pests in fields can cause mass poisoning in regions and countries geographically distant from the place where contaminated products are produced.
Thus, the global problems of our time are a complex of the most acute socio-natural contradictions affecting the world as a whole, and with it local regions and countries.

Global problems must be distinguished from regional, local and local.
Regional problems include a range of acute issues that arise within individual continents, large socio-economic regions of the world or in large states.

The concept of "local" refers to the problems of either individual states, or large areas of one or two states (for example, earthquakes, floods, other natural disasters and their consequences, local military conflicts, the collapse of the Soviet Union, etc.).

Local problems arise in certain regions of states, cities (for example, conflicts between the population and the administration, temporary difficulties with water supply, heating, etc.). However, one should not forget that unresolved regional, local and local problems can acquire a global character. For example, the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant directly affected only a number of regions of Ukraine, Belarus and Russia (a regional problem), but if the necessary security measures are not taken, its consequences may in one way or another affect other countries, and even acquire a global character. Any local military conflict can gradually turn into a global one if in its course the interests of a number of countries other than its participants are affected, as evidenced by the history of the emergence of the first and second world wars, etc.
On the other hand, since global problems, as a rule, are not solved on their own, and even with targeted efforts, a positive result is not always achieved, in the practice of the world community, they are trying, if possible, to transfer them into local ones (for example, to legally limit the birth rate in a number of individual countries with population explosion), which, of course, does not exhaustively solve the global problem, but gives a certain gain in time before the onset of catastrophic consequences.
Thus, global problems affect the interests not only of individuals, nations, countries, continents, but may affect the prospects for the future development of the world; they are not solved by themselves and even by the efforts of individual countries, but require purposeful and organized efforts of the entire world community.

Unresolved global problems can lead in the future to serious, even irreversible consequences for humans and their environment. Generally recognized global problems are: environmental pollution, the problem of resources, demography and nuclear weapons; a number of other problems.
The development of a classification of global problems was the result of long-term research and generalization of the experience of several decades of studying them.

List of global issues

The unresolved problem of reversing aging in humans and poor public awareness of negligible aging.

the problem of "North-South" - the gap in development between rich and poor countries, poverty, hunger and illiteracy;

prevention of thermonuclear war and ensuring peace for all peoples, prevention by the world community of unauthorized proliferation of nuclear technologies, radioactive contamination of the environment;

prevention of catastrophic environmental pollution and reduction of biodiversity;

providing humanity with resources;

global warming;

ozone holes;

the problem of cardiovascular, oncological diseases and AIDS.

demographic development (population explosion in developing countries and demographic crisis in developed ones).

terrorism;

crime;

Global problems are the result of the confrontation between nature and human culture, as well as the inconsistency or incompatibility of multidirectional trends in the course of the development of human culture itself. Natural nature exists on the principle of negative feedback (see biotic regulation of the environment), while human culture - on the principle of positive feedback.

Solution attempts

Demographic transition - the natural end of the 1960s population explosion

Nuclear disarmament

energy saving

Montreal Protocol (1989) - fight against ozone holes

Kyoto Protocol (1997) - fight against global warming.

Scientific prizes for successful radical life extension in mammals (mice) and their rejuvenation.

Club of Rome (1968)

Global problems of our time

Global problems of the present.

Features of integration processes covering various spheres of life

people most profoundly and acutely manifest themselves in the so-called global

problems of the present.

Global problems:

The problem of ecology

Save the world

Exploration of space and the oceans

food problem

population problem

The problem of overcoming backwardness

Raw material problem

Features of global problems.

1) Have a planetary, global character, affect the interests of all

peoples of the world.

2) They threaten the degradation and death of all mankind.

3) Need urgent and effective solutions.

4) They require collective efforts of all states, joint actions of peoples.

Most of the problems that today we associate with global problems

modernity, have accompanied humanity throughout its history. To

first of all, they should include the problems of ecology, the preservation of peace,

overcoming poverty, hunger and illiteracy.

But after the Second World War, thanks to the unprecedented scale

transformative human activity, all these problems have turned into

global, expressing the contradictions of the integral modern world and

denoting with unprecedented force the need for cooperation and unity of all

people of the earth.

Today's global problems:

On the one hand, they demonstrate the closest interconnection of states;

On the other hand, they reveal the deep inconsistency of this unity.

The development of human society has always been controversial. It is constantly

was accompanied not only by the establishment of a harmonious connection with nature, but also

destructive effect on her.

Apparently, synanthropes (about 400 thousand

years ago) who began to use fire. As a result of the

Due to fires, significant areas of vegetation were destroyed.

Scientists believe that the intensive hunting of ancient people for mammoths was one of the

the most important reasons for the extinction of this species of animals.

Starting about 12 thousand years ago, the transition from the appropriating nature

management to the producer, associated primarily with the development

agriculture, also led to very significant negative impacts on

the surrounding nature.

The technology of agriculture in those days was as follows: on a certain

the forest was burned on the site, then elementary tillage and sowing were carried out

plant seeds. Such a field could produce a crop for only 2-3 years, after which

the soil was depleted and it was necessary to move to a new site.

In addition, environmental problems in ancient times were often caused by mining

mineral.

So, in the 7th - 4th centuries BC. intensive development in ancient Greece

silver-lead mines, which required large volumes of strong

forests, led to the actual destruction of forests on the Antique Peninsula.

Significant changes in natural landscapes were caused by the construction of cities,

which began to be carried out in the Middle East about 5 thousand years ago, and

of course, a significant burden on nature was accompanied by the development

industry.

But although these human impacts on the environment have become increasingly

scale, however, until the second half of the 20th century, they had a local

character.

Mankind, developing along the path of progress, gradually accumulated

material and spiritual resources to meet their needs, however

he never managed to completely get rid of hunger, poverty and

illiteracy. The acuteness of these problems was felt by each nation in its own way, and

ways to solve them have never before gone beyond the boundaries of individual

states.

Meanwhile, it is known from history that the steadily growing interactions between

peoples, the exchange of products of industrial and agricultural

production, spiritual values were constantly accompanied by the sharpest

military clashes. For the period from 3500 BC. there were 14530 wars.

And only 292 years people lived without wars.

Killed in wars (million people)

XVII century 3.3

18th century 5.5

About 70 million people lost their lives in the first and second world wars.

These were the first world wars in the history of mankind in which

participated by the vast majority of the world's countries. They marked the beginning

transformation of the problem of war and peace into a global one.

And what gave rise to global problems? The answer to this question is basically

pretty simple. Global problems were the result of:

FROM one side of the vast scale of human activity, radically

changing nature, society, people's way of life.

FROM other side of a person's inability to rationally manage this

mighty force.

Ecological problem.

Economic activity in a number of states today is developed so powerfully that

that it affects the ecological situation not only within a separate

country, but also far beyond its borders.

Typical examples:

The UK "exports" 2/3 of its industrial emissions.

75-90% of acid rain in the Scandinavian countries are of foreign origin.

Acid rain in the UK affects 2/3 of the forests, and in

countries of continental Europe - about half of their areas.

The United States lacks the oxygen that is naturally produced in their

territory.

The largest rivers, lakes, seas of Europe and North America are intensively

polluted by industrial waste from enterprises in various countries,

using their water resources.

From 1950 to 1984, the production of mineral fertilizers increased from 13.5 million tons.

tons to 121 million tons per year. Their use gave 1/3 of the increase

agricultural products.

At the same time, the use of chemical

fertilizers, as well as various chemical plant protection products has become one

one of the most important causes of global environmental pollution. Carried

water and air over vast distances, they are included in the geochemical

the circulation of substances throughout the Earth, often causing significant damage to nature,

and even to the person himself.

A rapidly developing process has become very characteristic of our time.

the withdrawal of environmentally harmful enterprises to underdeveloped countries.

The vast and ever-increasing use of natural resources

mineral resources led not only to the depletion of raw materials in individual countries,

but also to a significant depletion of the entire resource base of the planet.

Before our eyes, the era of extensive use of the potential is ending

biosphere. This is confirmed by the following factors:

§ Today, there is very little undeveloped land left for

Agriculture;

§ The area of deserts is systematically increasing. From 1975 to 2000

it increases by 20%;

§ Of great concern is the reduction of the planet's forest cover. Since 1950

by 2000, the forest area will decrease by almost 10%, and yet forests are light

the whole earth;

§ Operation of water basins, including the World Ocean,

carried out on such a scale that nature does not have time to reproduce what

what the person takes.

Constant development of industry, transport, agriculture, etc.

requires a sharp increase in energy costs and entails an ever-increasing

load on nature. Currently, as a result of intense human

even climate change is happening.

Compared with the beginning of the last century, the content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

increased by 30%, with 10% of this increase given the last 30 years. Raise

its concentration leads to the so-called greenhouse effect, as a result

which is global warming.

Scientists believe that such changes are already taking place in our time.

As a result of human activity, warming has occurred within 0.5

degrees. However, if the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere doubles

compared with its level in the pre-industrial era, i.e. increase by another 70%

then there will be very drastic changes in the life of the Earth. First of all, for 2-4

degrees, and at the poles the average temperature will increase by 6-8 degrees, which, in

in turn, will cause irreversible processes:

Melting ice

One meter sea level rise

Flooding of many coastal areas

Changes in moisture exchange on the Earth's surface

Reduced rainfall

Wind direction change

It is clear that such changes will pose enormous problems for people,

related to the management of the economy, the reproduction of the necessary conditions for their

Today, as rightly one of the first marks of V.I. Vernadsky,

humanity has gained such power in transforming the surrounding world that it

begins to significantly affect the evolution of the biosphere as a whole.

The economic activity of man in our time already entails

climate change, it affects the chemical composition of water and air

basins of the Earth on the flora and fauna of the planet, on its entire appearance.

The problem of war and peace.

The problem of war and peace has turned into a global one literally before our very eyes, and

primarily as a result of the sharply increased power of weapons.

Today, there are so many accumulated nuclear weapons alone that their explosive

strength is several thousand times greater than the power of ammunition used in all

wars that have been fought before.

Nuclear charges are stored in the arsenals of different countries, the total power

which is several million times greater than the power of a bomb dropped on

Hiroshima. But more than 200 thousand people died from this bomb! 40% area

the city turned into ashes, 92% was mutilated beyond recognition. Fatal

The consequences of the atomic bombing are still felt by thousands of people.

For every person now only in the form of nuclear weapons

accounts for such a quantity of explosives that their trinitrotoluene

the equivalent exceeds 10 tons. If people had so much food,

how many types of weapons and explosives exist on the planet!..

weapons can destroy all life on Earth many dozens of times. But

today even "conventional" means of warfare are quite capable of causing

global damage to both humanity and nature. Moreover, it should be borne in mind that

technology of warfare is evolving towards more and more destruction

civilian population. The ratio between the number of civilian deaths and