3 troubled times. The main periods of troubled times

The Time of Troubles occupies a serious place in the history of Russia. This is the time of historical alternatives. There are many nuances in this topic that are generally important for understanding and assimilation as soon as possible. In this article, we'll take a look at some of them. Where to get the rest - see the end of the article.

Causes of troubled times

The first reason (and the main one) is the suppression of the dynasty of the descendants of Ivan Kalita, the ruling branch of the Ruriks. The last tsar of this dynasty, Fyodor Ioannovich, son, died in 1598, and from the same time the period of the Time of Troubles in the history of Russia begins.

The second reason - more the reason for the intervention in this period - that at the end of the Livonian War, the Muscovite state did not conclude peace treaties, but only a truce: Yam-Zapolsky - with Poland and Plyussky with Sweden. The difference between an armistice and a peace treaty is that the first is only a break in the war, and not its end.

Course of events

As you can see, we are analyzing this event according to the scheme recommended by me and other colleagues, about which you can.

The Time of Troubles began directly with the death of Fyodor Ioannovich. Because this is a period of “kinglessness”, kingdomlessness, when impostors and people, in general, were ruled by chance. However, in 1598 the Zemsky Sobor was convened and Boris Godunov came to power - a man who long and stubbornly went to power.

The reign of Boris Godunov lasted from 1598 to 1605. During this time the following events took place:

1. The terrible famine of 1601-1603, which resulted in the uprising of Cotton Clubfoot, and the mass exodus of the population to the south. As well as dissatisfaction with the authorities.
2. Speech of False Dmitry the First: from the autumn of 1604 to June 1605.

The reign of False Dmitry I lasted one year: from June 1605 to May 1606. In his reign the following processes continued:

False Dmitry the First (aka Grishka Otrepyev)

The growth of dissatisfaction with his rule among the boyars, since False Dmitry did not respect Russian customs, married a Catholic, began to distribute Russian lands as estates to the Polish nobility. In May 1606, the boyars, led by Vasily Shuisky, overthrew the impostor.

The reign of Vasily Shuisky lasted from 1606 to 1610. Shuisky was not even elected at the Zemsky Sobor. His name was simply "shouted", so he "enlisted" the support of the people. In addition, he gave the so-called cross-kissing oath that he would consult with the boyar thought in everything. The following events took place during his reign:

1. Peasant war led by Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov: from the spring of 1606 to the end of 1607. Ivan Bolotnikov acted as the governor of "Tsarevich Dmitry", the Second False Dmitry.
2. Campaign of False Dmitry II from the autumn of 1607 to 1609. During the campaign, the impostor could not take Moscow, so he sat down in Tushino. There was a dual power in Russia. Neither side had the means to defeat the other side. Therefore, Vasily Shusky hired Swedish mercenaries.
3. The defeat of the "Tushinsky thief" by the troops of Swedish mercenaries led by Mikhail Vasilyevich Skopin-Shuisky.
4. Intervention of Poland and Sweden in 1610. Poland and Sweden were at this time in a state of war. Since Swedish troops, albeit mercenaries, ended up in Moscow, Poland got the opportunity to start an open intervention, considering Muscovy an ally of Sweden.
5. The overthrow of Vasily Shuisky by the boyars, as a result of which the so-called "seven boyars" appeared. The boyars de facto recognized the power of the Polish king Sigismund in Moscow.

The results of the Time of Troubles for the history of Russia

First result The unrest was the election of a new reigning Romanov dynasty, which ruled from 1613 to 1917, which began with Michael and ended with Michael.

Second outcome was the withering away of the boyars. Throughout the 17th century, it was losing its influence, and with it the old tribal principle.

Third outcome- devastation, economic, economic, social. Its consequences were overcome only by the beginning of the reign of Peter the Great.

Fourth Outcome- instead of the boyars, the authorities relied on the nobility.

PS.: Of course, everything you read here is available on a million other sites. But the purpose of the post is concise, briefly talk about the Troubles. Unfortunately, all this is not enough to complete the test. After all, there are many nuances left behind the scenes, without which the second part of the test is unthinkable. That's why I invite you to Andrey Puchkov's preparation courses for the Unified State Examination.

Sincerely, Andrey Puchkov

ESSAY

Topic: Time of Troubles and its consequences for Russia

1 First period

2 Second period

3 Third period

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

In Russian history, there is a fairly large number of crisis stages that are relevant for the further formation of the state and its development. One of these transitional periods is the Time of Troubles, which arose at the turn of the 16th-17th centuries. Starting at the top, it quickly went down, captured all layers of Moscow society and put the state on the brink of death. The Troubles continued from the death of Ivan the Terrible until the election of Mikhail Fedorovich (1584-1613) to the kingdom. The turmoil is the fermentation of a diseased state organism, striving to get out of those contradictions to which the previous course of history had led it and which could not be resolved in a peaceful, ordinary way.

The study of the Time of Troubles in Russia has a long tradition. At various stages of the development of science, individual plots, social movements, and economic contradictions of the era were studied. The choice of the subject of historical research depended on the research method. Historians who shared the point of view of Karl Marx on the development of history focused on economic and social processes during the Time of Troubles. Historians of the beginning of the century, agreeing with the prominent Russian lawyer, follower of Hegel B. N. Chicherin, believed that the main thing in the Russian Time of Troubles was the crisis and renewal of the "state organism". Therefore, in their studies, they paid the main attention to the study of the state system of Russia of the named period, the fate and economic situation of the class that supported and strengthened it - the nobility. However, a generalizing work on the Time of Troubles does not exist to date. In order to try to give a comprehensive definition of the content of the concept of the Time of Troubles, one should analyze the conclusions of leading research scientists of the pre-revolutionary and modern period, the evidence of contemporaries.

The consequences of the Time of Troubles largely determined the paths for the further development of the state. The study of which is the relevance of this topic for modern historical science.

In this work, we will study the causes of the Time of Troubles; we will analyze the main periods of unrest, and also consider the consequences of the time of troubles for the further development of the Russian state.

1. Causes of unrest in Russia

At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries. The Muscovite state was going through a severe political and socio-economic crisis, which especially affected the situation in the central regions of the state.

"Time of Troubles - there is an economic, social crisis, a crisis of power, which, under the conditions of foreign intervention, has grown to the scale of a nationwide catastrophe." This definition characterizes almost all the main features of the Time of Troubles. At the beginning of the 17th century, the economic crisis shook Russia. Not only the hungry years of 1603 and 1604, but also the crisis of landownership of the nobility set in motion various social groups and estates. The social movements of this time are diverse: Cossack revolts, peasant uprisings, noble campaigns against Moscow, and movements of zemstvo people. These movements cannot be characterized only as the struggle of the peasantry against "their oppressors". During the Time of Troubles, the interests of the peasantry, feudal lords, and townspeople closely intertwined and intertwined in such a way that peasant movements were often organized and led by prominent representatives of the boyars. The contradiction within the ruling landowning class of the nobility and the top of the boyars led to the abundance of political groups and associations, temporary and long-term unions of their members. These political contradictions almost completely paralyzed the central apparatus of state administration, gave rise to distrust of power, led to a drop in discipline in the army, its complete disorganization. These events, all together and individually, shook the foundations of the Russian state, but none of them could liquidate its independence , lead to its collapse. Only the Polish intervention called into question the existence of the Russian state, its national independence. But it also contributed to the realization of the idea of ​​Russia's national unity as a means of overcoming social and political conflicts, a means of creating a stable government necessary for fundamental changes in the state.

There were two main contradictions that caused the Troubles. The first of these was political, which can be defined in the words of Prof. Klyuchevsky: "The Moscow sovereign, whom the course of history led to democratic sovereignty, had to act through a very aristocratic administration"; both of these forces, which grew up together thanks to the state unification of Russia and worked together on it, were imbued with mutual distrust and enmity.

In this regard, a vicious circle of boyar princes formed around the Moscow sovereign, who became the pinnacle of his administration, his main council in governing the country. The authorities formerly ruled the state one by one and in parts, but now they began to rule the whole earth, occupying a position according to the seniority of their breed.

The Moscow government recognized this right for them, even supported it, contributed to its development in the form of localism, and thereby fell into the above-mentioned contradiction.

The first to understand this contradiction was Ivan the Terrible. Moscow boyars<#"justify">2. The main periods of troubled times

While the sovereigns of the old dynasty, direct descendants of Rurik, were on the Moscow throne, the majority of the population obeyed their rulers. But when the dynasties ceased and the state turned out to be a no-man's land, there was a ferment in the population, both in the lower classes and in the upper ones.

The upper layer of the Moscow population, the boyars, economically weakened and morally belittled by the policies of Grozny, began a struggle for power.

There are three periods in the Time of Troubles. The first is dynastic, the second is social and the third is national.

The first includes the time of the struggle for the Moscow throne between various pretenders up to and including Tsar Vasily Shuisky.

2.1 First period

The first period of the Time of Troubles (1598-1605) began with a dynastic crisis caused by the assassination of Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible<#"justify">Boris Godunov was a talented political figure, he strove to unite the entire ruling class and did a lot to stabilize the situation in the country, but he was unable to stop the intrigues of disgruntled boyars. Boris Godunov did not resort to mass terror, but dealt with only his real enemies. Under Godunov, new cities of Samara, Saratov, Tsaritsyn, Ufa, Voronezh arose.

The famine of 1601-1603, caused by protracted crop failures, caused enormous damage to the country's economy. This undermined the Russian economy, people were dying of hunger, and cannibalism began in Moscow. Boris Godunov is trying to suppress the social explosion. He began distributing bread for free from state stocks and set fixed prices for bread. But these measures were not successful, because. bread distributors began to speculate on it, moreover, the stocks could not be enough for all the hungry, and the restriction of the price of bread led to the fact that they simply stopped selling it. In Moscow, during the famine, about 127 thousand people died, not everyone had time to bury them, and the bodies of the dead remained on the streets for a long time.

The people decide that hunger is the curse of the Lord, and Boris is Satan. Rumors gradually spread that Boris Godunov<#"justify">2.2 Second period

The second period (1606-1610) is characterized by the internecine struggle of social classes and the intervention of foreign governments in this struggle. In 1606-1607. there is an uprising led by Ivan Bolotnikov.

In the meantime, in Starodub (in the Bryansk region) in the summer of 1607, a new impostor appeared, declaring himself "Tsar Dmitry" who had escaped. His personality is even more mysterious than his predecessor. Some consider False Dmitry II to be Russian by origin, a native of the church environment, others - a baptized Jew, a teacher from Shklov.

According to many historians, False Dmitry II was a protege of the Polish king Sigismund III, although not everyone supports this version. The bulk of the armed forces of False Dmitry II were Polish gentry and Cossacks - the remnants of P. Bolotnikov's army.

In January 1608 he moved to Moscow. Having defeated Shuisky's troops in several battles, by the beginning of June, False Dmitry II reached the village of Tushina near Moscow, where he settled in a camp. In fact, dual power set in in the country: Vasily Shuisky sent his decrees from Moscow, and False Dmitry from Tushin. As for the boyars and nobles, many of them served both sovereigns: either they went to Tushino for ranks and lands, or they returned to Moscow, expecting awards from Shuisky.

The growing popularity of the Tushinsky Thief was facilitated by the recognition of her husband by the wife of False Dmitry I, Marina Mniszek, who, obviously, not without the influence of the Poles, took part in the adventure and arrived in Tushino.

In the camp of False Dmitry, as already noted, the Poles-mercenaries initially played a very large role. The impostor asked the Polish king for open help, but in the Commonwealth itself there were then internal turmoil, and the king was afraid to start an open big war with Russia. Covert interference in Russian affairs Sigismund III continued. In general, in the summer - autumn of 1608, the successes of the Tushino people were growing rapidly. Almost half of the country - from Vologda to Astrakhan, from Vladimir, Suzdal, Yaroslavl to Pskov - supported "Tsar Dmitry". But the atrocities of the Poles and the collection of "taxes" (it was necessary to support the army and, in general, the entire Tushino "court"), which were more like robberies, led to the enlightenment of the population and the beginning of a spontaneous struggle against the Tushino thief. At the end of 1608 - beginning of 1609. protests began against the impostor, initially in the northern lands, and then in almost all cities on the middle Volga. Shuisky, however, was afraid to rely on this patriotic movement. He sought help abroad. The second period of the Time of Troubles is associated with the split of the country in 1609: two tsars, two Boyar Dumas, two patriarchs, territories recognizing the authority of False Dmitry II, and territories remaining faithful to Shuisky were formed in Muscovy.

In February 1609, Shuisky's government concluded an agreement with Sweden, counting on help in the war against the "Tushino thief" and his Polish detachments. According to this agreement, Russia gave Sweden the Karelian volost in the North, which was a serious political mistake. Swedish-Russian troops under the command of the tsar's nephew Prince M.V. Skopin-Shuisky inflicted a number of defeats on the Tushinos.

This gave Sigismund III an excuse to move to open intervention. The Commonwealth began hostilities against Russia. Taking advantage of the fact that the central government in Russia was virtually absent, the army did not exist, in September 1609, Polish troops besieged Smolensk. By order of the king, the Poles who fought under the banner of "Tsar Dmitry Ivanovich" were to arrive at the Smolensk camp, which accelerated the collapse of the Tushino camp. False Dmitry II fled to Kaluga, where in December 1610 he was killed by his bodyguard.

Sigismund III, continuing the siege of Smolensk, moved part of his troops under the leadership of Hetman Zolkiewski to Moscow. Near Mozhaisk near the village. Klushino in June 1610, the Poles inflicted a crushing defeat on the tsarist troops, which completely undermined the prestige of Shuisky and led to his overthrow.

Meanwhile, the peasant war continued in the country, which was now being waged by numerous Cossack detachments. The Moscow boyars decided to turn to the Polish king Sigismund for help. An agreement was signed on calling Prince Vladislav to the Russian throne. At the same time, the conditions of the "cross-kissing record" of V. Shuisky were confirmed and the preservation of the Russian order was guaranteed. Only the question of Vladislav's acceptance of Orthodoxy remained unresolved. In September 1610, Polish detachments led by the "viceroy of Tsar Vladislav" Gonsevsky entered Moscow.

Sweden also launched aggressive actions. Swedish troops occupied a significant part of the north of Russia and were preparing to capture Novgorod. In mid-July 1611, Swedish troops captured Novgorod, then laid siege to Pskov, where the power of their emissaries was established.

During the second period, the struggle for power continued, while external forces (Poland, Sweden) were included in it. In fact, the Russian state was divided into two camps, which were ruled by Vasily Shuisky and False Dmitry II. This period was marked by fairly large-scale military operations, as well as the loss of a large amount of land. All this took place against the backdrop of internal peasant wars, which further weakened the country and intensified the crisis.

turmoil dynastic social national

2.3 Third period

The third period of the Troubles (1610-1613) is, first of all, the time of the struggle of Moscow people with foreign domination before the creation of a national government with M.F. Romanov at the head. On July 17, 1610, Vasily Shuisky was deposed from the throne, and on July 19 he was forcibly tonsured a monk. Prior to the election of a new tsar, a government of "Prince F.I. Mstislavsky and his comrades" was established in Moscow from 7 boyars (the so-called "Seven Boyars"). The boyars, led by Fedor Mstislavsky, began to rule Russia, but they did not have the people's trust and could not decide which of them would rule. As a result, the Polish prince Vladislav, the son of Sigismund III, was called to the throne. Vladislav needed to convert to Orthodoxy, but he was a Catholic and was not going to change his faith. The boyars begged him to come "look", but he was accompanied by the Polish army, which captured Moscow. It was possible to preserve the independence of the Russian state only by relying on the people. In the autumn of 1611, the first people's militia was formed in Ryazan, headed by Prokopiy Lyapunov. But he failed to negotiate with the Cossacks and he was killed in the Cossack circle. Tushino Cossacks again laid siege to Moscow. Anarchy frightened all the boyars. On August 17, 1610, the Russian boyars concluded an agreement on calling Prince Vladislav to the Russian throne. A great embassy was sent to King Sigismund III near Smolensk, headed by Metropolitan Filaret and Prince Vasily Golitsyn. During the period of the so-called interregnum (1610-1613), the position of the Muscovite state seemed completely hopeless.

From October 1610 Moscow was under martial law. The Russian embassy near Smolensk was taken into custody. On November 30, 1610, Patriarch Hermogenes called for a fight against the interventionists. The idea of ​​convening a national militia for the liberation of Moscow and Russia is maturing in the country.

Russia faced a direct threat of loss of independence. The catastrophic situation that developed at the end of 1610 stirred up patriotic sentiments and religious feelings, forced many Russian people to rise above social contradictions, political differences and personal ambitions. The weariness of all sectors of society from the civil war, the thirst for order, which they perceived as the restoration of traditional foundations, also affected. As a result, this predetermined the revival of tsarist power in its autocratic and Orthodox form, the rejection of all innovations aimed at transforming it, and the victory of conservative traditionalist forces. But only on this basis, it was possible to rally society, get out of the crisis and achieve the expulsion of the occupiers.

In these tragic days, the church played a huge role, calling for the defense of Orthodoxy and the restoration of a sovereign state. The national liberation idea consolidated the healthy forces of society - the population of cities, service people and led to the formation of a nationwide militia.

At the beginning of 1611, the northern cities began to rise again to fight, Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, and the Volga cities joined them. The Ryazan nobleman Prokopy Lyapunov stood at the head of the movement. He moved his detachments to Moscow, and Ivan Zarutsky and Prince Dmitry Trubetskoy brought the Cossacks there from the Kaluga camp that collapsed after the death of False Dmitry II. An anti-Polish uprising broke out in the capital itself.

The interventionists, on the advice of the traitorous boyars, set fire to the city. The main forces of the militia entered the city after the fire, fighting began on the outskirts of the Kremlin. However, the Russian army failed to achieve success. Internal conflicts began in the militia camp. The leaders of the Cossack detachments, Zarutsky and Trubetskoy, opposed Lyapunov's attempts to establish a military organization of the militia. The so-called Zemsky sentence, which formulated the political program of the militia, provided for the strengthening of noble land ownership, the return of fugitive peasants to the nobles, among whom there were many Cossacks who had joined the ranks.

The indignation of the Cossacks was skillfully fanned by the Poles. Lyapunov was killed. Many nobles and other people left the militia. Only detachments of Cossacks remained near Moscow, the leaders of which took a wait-and-see attitude.

With the collapse of the first militia and the fall of Smolensk, the country came to the edge of the abyss. The Swedes, taking advantage of the weakness of the country, captured Novgorod, laid siege to Pskov and began to forcefully impose the candidacy of the Swedish prince Carl-Philip for the Russian throne. Sigismund III announced that he himself would become the Russian Tsar, and Russia would enter the Commonwealth. There was virtually no central authority. Different cities independently decided who they recognized as the ruler. A new impostor appeared in the northwestern lands - False Dmitry III. The people of Pskov recognized him as a true prince and let him into the city (only in 1612 he was exposed and arrested). Detachments of Polish gentry, who were mainly engaged in robbery, wandered around the country and besieged cities and monasteries. The turmoil has reached its apogee. The real danger of enslavement hung over the country.

Nizhny Novgorod became the center of consolidation of patriotic forces. The initiators of the formation of a new militia were the townspeople, led by the township headman, merchant Kuzma Minin. The city council decided to raise funds "for the construction of military people." Fundraising began with voluntary donations.

Sources say that Minin himself donated a significant part of his property to the treasury. The taxation of all townspeople with an emergency military levy was introduced, depending on the state of each. All this made it possible to arm the townspeople and stock up the necessary food.

Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, who was being treated for wounds received in battle as part of the Lyapunov militia, in the Suzdal estate, was invited as the chief governor. In addition to the townspeople of Nizhny Novgorod, the new militia included nobles and townspeople of other cities of the Middle Volga region, Smolensk nobles who fled to the Nizhny Novgorod lands after the capture of Smolensk by the Poles.

Kolomna and Ryazan landowners, archers and Cossacks from outlying fortresses began to gather in the army to Pozharsky. The program put forward: the liberation of the capital and the refusal to recognize a sovereign of foreign origin on the Russian throne, managed to rally representatives of all estates who rejected narrow-group claims for the sake of saving the Fatherland.

February 1612, the second militia set out from Nizhny Novgorod to Balakhna, and then moved along the route Yuryevets - Kostroma - Yaroslavl. All cities and counties along the way joined the militias. Several months of stay in Yaroslavl finally formalized the second militia. A “Council of the Whole Land” (a kind of Zemsky Sobor) was created, which included representatives of all classes, although representatives of the townspeople and the nobility still played a leading role.

At the head of the Council were the leaders of the militia Pozharsky, who was in charge of military issues, and Minin, who was involved in finance and supply. In Yaroslavl, the main orders were restored: experienced clerks flocked here from near Moscow, from the provinces, who knew how to put the management business on a sound basis. The military operations of the militias also expanded. The entire Volga north of the country was cleared of interventionists.

Finally, the long-awaited campaign against Moscow began. On July 24, 1612, Pozharsky's advance detachments entered the capital, and in August the main forces approached, uniting with the remnants of the troops of the first militia led by D. Trubetskoy. Under the walls of the Novodevichy Convent, a battle took place with the troops of Hetman Khotkevich, who was going to help the Poles besieged in Kitai-Gorod. The hetman's army suffered great losses and retreated, and on October 22, Kitay-gorod was also taken.

The Poles signed a surrender agreement. By the end of 1612, Moscow and its environs were completely cleared of the invaders. Sigismund's attempts to change the situation did not lead to anything. His troops were defeated near Volokolamsk.

For some time, the "Council of the whole earth" continued to rule, and then at the beginning of 1613, the Zemsky Sobor was held, at which the question of choosing a new Russian tsar was raised. As candidates for the Russian throne, the Polish prince Vladislav, the son of the Swedish king Karl-Philip, the son of False Dmitry II and Marina Mnishek Ivan, as well as representatives of some of the largest boyar families were proposed. On February 21, the cathedral chose Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, the 16-year-old great-nephew of Ivan the Terrible's first wife, Anastasia Romanova. Why did the choice fall on him? The researchers argue that, apparently, three circumstances played a decisive role in the choice of Mikhail. He was not involved in any adventure of the Time of Troubles, his reputation was pure. Therefore, his candidacy suited everyone. In addition, Mikhail was young, inexperienced, quiet and modest. Many of the boyars and nobles close to the court hoped that the tsar would be obedient to their will. Finally, the family ties of the Romanovs with the Rurikovichs were also taken into account: Mikhail was a cousin-nephew of the last tsar from the Rurik dynasty, Fyodor Ivanovich. In the eyes of contemporaries, these family ties meant a lot. They emphasized the “piety of the sovereign”, the legitimacy of his accession to the throne. This, although indirectly, preserved the principle of the transfer of the Russian throne by inheritance. Thus, the election of the Romanovs to the kingdom promised universal consent and reassurance, this happened on February 21, 1613.

The Polish detachments remaining on Russian soil, having learned about the election of Mikhail Romanov to the kingdom, tried to seize him in the ancestral Kostroma possessions in order to vacate the Russian throne for their king.

Making their way to Kostroma, the Poles asked Ivan Susanin, a peasant from the village of Domnino, to show them the way. According to the official version, he refused and was tortured by them, and according to folk legend, Susanin agreed, but sent a warning to the king about the impending danger. And he himself led the Poles into a swamp, from which they could not get out.

The feat of Susanin, as it were, crowned the general patriotic impulse of the people. The act of electing the tsar, and then crowning him king, first in Kostroma, and then in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin, meant the end of the Troubles. Thus, the Romanov dynasty, which ruled the country for more than 300 years, was established in Russia. When electing Michael to the throne, the council did not accompany its act with any treaty. Power acquired an autocratic-legitimate character. The confusion is over. A difficult, slow reconstruction of the Russian state began, shocked by a deep dynastic crisis, the most severe social strife, a complete economic collapse, famine, the political disintegration of the country, and external aggression.

Thus, the third period of troubled times was marked as the final, turning point of the crisis. It was during this period of time that the accumulated fatigue of the people from the anarchic order in the country, as well as the threat from foreign conquerors, reached its climax, which forced all classes to unite in the struggle for their homeland. The Russian state was on the verge of death, in connection with the plans of the Polish king Sigismund III, it was to become part of the Commonwealth. However, the Swedes also had views of the Russian throne. All this led to the creation of people's militias, so the war of liberation from foreign invaders began, which ended in the end with the expulsion of foreigners from the Russian lands. Russia could no longer remain without a head of state, as a result of which it was necessary to make a decision on the choice of a king, and in the end, M.F. ascended the throne. Romanov, who is a distant relative of the last Russian Tsar from the Rurik dynasty, Fedor Ivanovich. Thus, preserving the principle of the transfer of the Russian throne by inheritance. The turmoil was over, but all the years that it lasted brought the country to a very difficult state of affairs in all spheres of the state. In this chapter, we examined the main periods identified by scientists during the Time of Troubles, from its beginning to the accession of the Romanov dynasty to the Russian throne. In the next paragraph, we will analyze the consequences of the turmoil for the further development of the Russian state.

3. The end of the turmoil and its consequences

The internal and external position of the state at the beginning of the reign of Michael was difficult. A devastated country, the north-west of which is occupied by the Swedes, the western lands - by the Poles. The raids of the Crimean Tatars continue. In the relatively short period of Mikhail's reign (1613-1645), the government was able to solve a number of difficult tasks: to return many primordially Russian lands, to reconcile the warring factions, to establish economic life.

Russia emerged from the turmoil extremely exhausted, with huge territorial and human losses. According to some reports, up to a third of the population died.

The Troubles could not but leave a deep mark on the life of the Muscovite state. In economic terms, the Time of Troubles was a long-term powerful rollback of both the village and the city. Desolation and ruin reigned in the country. Funds for the restoration of the economy were extracted from the taxable people. Economic difficulties intensified the factors of feudal nature.

The turmoil affected the position of all classes. There was a further weakening of the strength and influence of the old noble boyars. Some boyar families were destroyed, others became impoverished, others lost their power and political influence for a long time, discrediting themselves with intrigues and alliances with enemies of the state. On the other hand, the nobility and the top tenants became stronger, and they began to play a significant role in state affairs.

The Time of Troubles left a legacy of many unresolved foreign policy problems. The northwestern Russian lands with Novgorod remained in the hands of the Swedes; on the western, Smolensk lands, the Poles ruled. Relations with neighboring states became much more complicated. The international authority of the country devastated by all the hardships was destroyed. Thus, at the end of the Time of Troubles, the country was in a deplorable state, completely ruined, with huge territorial and human losses. The turmoil affected the position of all estates, starting with the boyars (weakening of influence) and ending with the peasants (strengthening serfdom). A number of foreign policy problems also remained unresolved. It was in this state that Russia fell to the reigning Romanov dynasty, who later turned it into a great world power.

Conclusion

Thus, we studied the theme of the Time of Troubles and its consequences for Russia. In this essay, we have considered the works of such authors as Klyuchevsky V.O., Platonov S.F., Skrytnikov R.G. and many others. All the goals and objectives set by us have been studied and outlined above, on the basis of which the following conclusions have been drawn.

Time of Troubles The concept is characteristic of any historical period. The main causes of confusion are the basic vices of human nature: envy, greed, the lust for power and wealth. As a result, those who are in power are afraid of losing their privileges, and are trying with all their might to retain and increase them. This is possible only by intensifying the exploitation of the part of the population employed in the sphere of production.

Until a certain time, this is possible, but the patience of the people is not unlimited, the discontent of the disadvantaged sections of the population is growing. Those who strive for power resort to the help of a part of the population that is offended by the existing order and use it to achieve their goals, inciting and inciting discontent. As a result, the country is overwhelmed by turmoil, which does not solve the problems of the oppressed, but only changes the leaders in power. But at that time (16-17th century), the uneducated, but pious people believed in a good king, and expected him to ease their lot. The royal dynasties that ruled for centuries were deified and accepted by the majority of the population, who faithfully served the Tsar-father. The change of royal dynasties and the period of anarchy shook the foundations of the people's faith.

All means were used to achieve power: bribery, imposture, terror, blackmail, etc. This happened in the troubled period under consideration, at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries. Leaders changed - the people suffered, during periods of anarchy the power of the state weakened, its economy fell into decay. And a weak state is easy prey for enemies, which happened to Russia during the period of unrest, which could disappear as a state altogether. But there have always been people in Russia who, in difficult times for the country, selflessly fought for the freedom of their country and people. Such as Ivan Susanin, Minin and Pozharsky and many other patriots of that historical period.

Ultimately, the turmoil was completed by the accession to the throne of the Romanov dynasty, but it took a lot of effort and time to restore order both within the country and in foreign affairs.

In the framework of this work, we have considered only some of the aspects of the proposed topic, but the study of the Time of Troubles cannot be completed at this point and will be continued in subsequent works.

Bibliography

1.Buturlin D. History of the Time of Troubles in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century. St. Petersburg, 1839

.Zanin S. V. "Time of Troubles in Russia"

.Morozova L.E. Troubles at the beginning of the 17th century through the eyes of contemporaries. M., 2000

.Skrynnikov R.G. RUSSIA at the beginning of the 17th century. "TROUBLE" #"justify">. Stanislavsky A.L. Civil war in Russia in the 17th century: the Cossacks at the turning point of history. M., 1990

.Platonov S.F. Essays on the history of the Troubles in the Muscovite state of the XVI-XVII centuries (the experience of studying the social system and class relations in the Time of Troubles). M., 1937

.Cherepnin L.V. "Trouble" and historiography of the 17th century (from the history of ancient Russian chronicle writing). - Historical notes. 1945, No. 14

.Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

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A summary of the events of the Russian Time of Troubles in the 17th century may look like this. After the death of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich and the end of the Rurik dynasty, Boris Godunov was elected to the throne on February 21, 1598. The formal act of limiting the power of the new tsar, expected by the boyars, did not follow. The muffled murmur of this class caused Godunov to secretly police surveillance of the boyars, in which the serfs who denounced their masters served as the main tool. This was followed by torture and executions. The general shattering of the state order could not be adjusted by the tsar, despite all the energy he showed. The famine years that began in 1601 increased the general dissatisfaction with the Godunovs. The struggle for the throne at the top of the boyars, gradually supplemented by ferment from below, marked the beginning of the Time of Troubles. In this regard, the entire reign of Boris Godunov can be considered his first period.

Soon there were rumors about the rescue of Tsarevich Dmitry, who was previously considered killed in Uglich, and about his stay in Poland. The first news about him began to penetrate Moscow at the very beginning of 1604. The first False Dmitry was created by the Moscow boyars with the help of the Poles. His imposture was no secret to the boyars, and Boris directly said that it was they who framed the impostor. In the autumn of 1604, False Dmitry, with a detachment assembled in Poland and Ukraine, entered the borders of the Muscovite state through the Severshchina, the southwestern border region, which was quickly seized by popular unrest. On April 13, 1605, Boris Godunov died, and the impostor approached Moscow without hindrance, where he entered on June 20. During the 11-month reign of False Dmitry, the boyars' conspiracies against him did not stop. He did not satisfy either the boyars (due to the independence and independence of his character), or the people (due to his “Westernizing” policy, which was unusual for Muscovites). On May 17, 1606, the conspirators, headed by princes V. I. Shuisky, V. V. Golitsyn and others, overthrew the impostor and killed him.

Time of Troubles. False Dmitry. (The body of False Dmitry on Red Square) Sketch for the painting by S. Kirillov, 2013

After that, Vasily Shuisky was elected Tsar, but without the participation of the Zemsky Sobor, but only by the boyar party and the crowd of Muscovites devoted to him, who “shouted out” Shuisky after the death of False Dmitry. His reign was limited by the boyar oligarchy, which took from the tsar an oath limiting his power. This reign covers 4 years and 2 months; all the while the Troubles continued and grew. Seversk Ukraine, led by the Putivl governor Prince Shakhovsky, was the first to revolt in the name of the supposedly saved False Dmitry I. The head of the rebels was the fugitive serf Bolotnikov, who was, as it were, an agent sent by an impostor from Poland. The initial successes of the rebels forced many to stick to the rebellion. Ryazan land was outraged by Sunbulov and brothers Lyapunovs, Tula and surrounding cities raised Istoma Pashkov. Troubles also penetrated other places: Nizhny Novgorod was besieged by a crowd of serfs and foreigners, led by two Mordvins; in Perm and Vyatka, unsteadiness and confusion were noticed. Astrakhan was outraged by the governor himself, Prince Khvorostinin; a gang raged along the Volga, putting up their impostor, a certain Muromet Ileyka, who was called Peter - the unprecedented son of Tsar Fedor Ioannovich. Bolotnikov approached Moscow and on October 12, 1606 defeated the Moscow army near the village of Troitskoye, Kolomna district, but was soon defeated by M.V. Skopin-Shuisky near Kolomenskoye and went to Kaluga, which the tsar's brother Dmitry tried to besiege. The impostor Peter appeared in the Seversk land, who in Tula joined with Bolotnikov, who had left the Moscow troops from Kaluga. Tsar Vasily himself moved to Tula, which he besieged from June 30 to October 1, 1607. During the siege of the city, a new formidable impostor, False Dmitry II, appeared in Starodub.

The battle of Bolotnikov's troops with the tsarist army. Painting by E. Lissner

The death of Bolotnikov, who surrendered in Tula, did not stop the Time of Troubles. False Dmitry II, supported by the Poles and Cossacks, found himself near Moscow and settled in the so-called Tushino camp. A significant part of the cities (up to 22) in the northeast submitted to the impostor. Only the Trinity-Sergius Lavra withstood a long siege by its detachments from September 1608 to January 1610. In difficult circumstances, Shuisky turned to the Swedes for help. Then Poland in September 1609 declared war on Moscow under the pretext that Moscow had concluded an agreement with Sweden, which was hostile to the Poles. Thus, internal Troubles were supplemented by the intervention of foreigners. The Polish king Sigismund III went to Smolensk. Skopin-Shuisky, sent to Novgorod for negotiations with the Swedes in the spring of 1609, together with Delagardie's Swedish auxiliary detachment, moved to Moscow. Moscow was liberated from the Tushinsky thief, who fled to Kaluga in February 1610. The Tushino camp dispersed. The Poles who were in it went to their king near Smolensk.

S. Ivanov. Camp of False Dmitry II in Tushino

Russian adherents of False Dmitry II from the boyars and nobles, led by Mikhail Saltykov, left alone, also decided to send representatives to the Polish camp near Smolensk and recognize Sigismund's son Vladislav as king. But they recognized it under certain conditions, which were set out in an agreement with the king dated February 4, 1610. This agreement expressed the political aspirations of the middle boyars and the highest metropolitan nobility. First of all, it affirmed the inviolability of the Orthodox faith; everyone had to be judged according to the law and punished only by the court, rise according to their merits, everyone has the right to travel to other states for education. The sovereign shares government power with two institutions: the Zemsky Sobor and the Boyar Duma. The Zemsky Sobor, consisting of elected representatives from all the ranks of the state, has founding authority; the sovereign only together with him establishes the basic laws and changes the old ones. The Boyar Duma has legislative authority; she, together with the sovereign, resolves issues of current legislation, for example, questions about taxes, about local and patrimonial land ownership, etc. The Boyar Duma is also the highest judicial institution, which, together with the sovereign, decides the most important court cases. The sovereign does nothing without the thought and verdict of the boyars. But while negotiations were underway with Sigismund, two important events took place that greatly influenced the course of the Time of Troubles: in April 1610, the tsar's nephew, the popular liberator of Moscow, M.V. These events decided the fate of Tsar Vasily: Muscovites, led by Zakhar Lyapunov, overthrew Shuisky on July 17, 1610 and forced him to have his hair cut.

The last period of the Time of Troubles has come. Near Moscow, the Polish hetman Zholkevsky, who demanded the election of Vladislav, was stationed with an army, and False Dmitry II, who again came there, to whom the Moscow mob was located. At the head of the board was the Boyar Duma, headed by F. I. Mstislavsky, V. V. Golitsyn and others (the so-called Seven Boyars). She started negotiations with Zholkiewski on the recognition of Vladislav as the Russian Tsar. On September 19, Zholkievsky brought Polish troops to Moscow and drove False Dmitry II from the capital. At the same time, an embassy was sent to Sigismund III from the capital that had sworn allegiance to Prince Vladislav, consisting of the most noble Moscow boyars, but the king detained them and announced that he personally intended to be king in Moscow.

The year 1611 was marked by a rapid rise in the midst of the Troubles of Russian national feeling. Patriarch Hermogenes and Prokopy Lyapunov were at the head of the patriotic movement against the Poles. Sigismund's claims to unite Russia with Poland as a subordinate state and the murder of the leader of the mob, False Dmitry II, whose danger made many involuntarily rely on Vladislav, favored the growth of the movement. The uprising quickly swept Nizhny Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Suzdal, Kostroma, Vologda, Ustyug, Novgorod and other cities. Militias gathered everywhere and were drawn to Moscow. The Cossacks under the command of the Don Ataman Zarutsky and Prince Trubetskoy joined the service people of Lyapunov. At the beginning of March 1611, the militia approached Moscow, where an uprising against the Poles broke out with the news. The Poles burned the entire Moscow Posad (March 19), but with the approach of the detachments of Lyapunov and other leaders, they were forced to lock themselves in the Kremlin and Kitai-Gorod together with their supporters from Muscovites. The case of the first patriotic militia of the Time of Troubles ended in failure, thanks to the complete disunity of the interests of the individual groups that were part of it. On July 25 Lyapunov was killed by the Cossacks. Even earlier, on June 3, King Sigismund finally captured Smolensk, and on July 8, 1611, Delagardie took Novgorod by storm and forced the Swedish prince Philip to be recognized there as sovereign. A new leader of the tramps, False Dmitry III, appeared in Pskov.

K. Makovsky. Minin's Appeal on Nizhny Novgorod Square

In early April, the second patriotic militia of the Time of Troubles arrived in Yaroslavl and, moving slowly, gradually strengthening their detachments, approached Moscow on August 20. Zarutsky with his gangs left for the southeastern regions, and Trubetskoy joined Pozharsky. On August 24-28, Pozharsky's soldiers and Trubetskoy's Cossacks repulsed Hetman Khodkevich from Moscow, who arrived with a convoy of supplies to help the Poles besieged in the Kremlin. On October 22, Kitay-gorod was occupied, and on October 26, the Kremlin was also cleared of the Poles. The attempt of Sigismund III to move towards Moscow was unsuccessful: the king turned back from Volokolamsk.

E. Lissner. Knowing Poles from the Kremlin

In December, letters were sent everywhere about sending the best and most reasonable people to Moscow to elect the Sovereign. They got together early next year. On February 21, 1613, the Zemsky Sobor elected Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the Russian tsars, who married in Moscow on July 11 of the same year and founded a new, 300-year-old dynasty. The main events of the Time of Troubles ended with this, however

Russian history. Time of Troubles Morozova Lyudmila Evgenievna

When did the Troubles begin?

When did the Troubles begin?

There is no consensus among researchers about when the Troubles began. Some believe that its beginning was the death of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, the last representative of the dynasty of Moscow princes. After that, a dynastic crisis broke out with leapfrog on the throne and chaos in the country. It ended only with the election to the kingdom of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, who became the founder of a new royal dynasty. Others believe that the real Time of Troubles began only in the autumn of 1604, when a small detachment of False Dmitry I invaded the territory of the Russian state and hostilities began.

However, most of the authors - contemporaries of the Time of Troubles believed that the accession of Fyodor Ivanovich in 1584 could be considered its beginning. It is from this year that the following works begin: “A Tale of How to Take Revenge”, “A Tale of How to Delight”, “The Tale of Grishka Otrepyev”, “The Tale of Katyrev Rostovsky" in two editions, "The Tale of Shakhovsky", "The Tale of Fyodor Ivanovich", "The Tale" by Avraamy Palitsyn, "Another Legend", "The New Chronicler", etc.

Only the author of the "Time of Days and Tsars" clerk I. Timofeev tried to find the causes of the Troubles in the reign of Ivan the Terrible. His opinion obviously influenced the historian S.F. Platonov, who decided that it was this tsar who provoked what happened in the Russian state at the beginning of the 17th century with an unreasonable policy. Therefore, Timofeev's work should be considered in more detail.

"Vremennik" is one of the most striking and original works about the Troubles. He came to us in a single list, repeatedly corrected. To understand the content of this work, it is necessary to refer to the biography of its author.