Oral diseases list. Diagnosis, forms and treatment of cancer of the oral mucosa. Dysbacteriosis of the oral cavity

The oral cavity of an adult is associated with the performance of many functions, due to which it reflects the state of the body. In particular, the mucosa demonstrates various pathological and systemic phenomena occurring in the body, characterizes the strength of immunity, the health of internal organs, etc. As a rule, diseases of the oral cavity in adults (you can see the photos and symptoms below) are divided into 3 types: diseases of the gums, teeth and mucous membranes.

What factors affect the condition of the human mucosa

First, let's find out what factors affect the condition of the human mucosa:

unsystematic, self-administration of antibiotics and potent drugs;
weak defenses, the presence of HIV, AIDS;
inflammation of the teeth and gums;
dysfunction and damage to internal systems;
influence of sharp temperatures;
illiterate diet (the predominance of too spicy or sour food);
the presence of bad habits (alcoholism, smoking);
the presence of inflammation, infections;
general dehydration;
beriberi;
unstable hormonal background;
hereditary predisposition.

Inflammatory processes of teeth and gums provoke diseases of the oral mucosa

In a healthy state, the oral cavity contains bacteria and other organisms that are in an opportunistic state. But under the influence of the above conditions, they provoke mucosal diseases: infectious, inflammatory, viral, fungal, lichen, as well as dysbacteriosis.

Infectious and inflammatory processes

To infectious diseases of the oral cavity and tongue (photo below) include stomatitis. They are caused mainly by irregular and illiterate oral hygiene, and sometimes are the result of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and some others (tonsillitis).

Stomatitis catarrhal. The main symptom is swelling of the mucosa, accompanied by pain and a whitish or light yellow coating.
ulcerative. In this case, the mucosa is affected throughout its volume and depth. This is accompanied by swelling of the lymph nodes, dizziness and pain, general weakness and malaise. As a rule, this type occurs in patients with stomach or intestinal ulcers, enteritis.

Stomatitis - an infectious disease of the oral cavity

Viral diseases

These include diseases of an infectious nature, ulcerative necrotic stomatitis, as well as the consequences of sexually transmitted diseases.

But the most common viral "guest" in the oral cavity is herpes. Inflamed, it settles in the area around the mouth, but often passes to the mucous membrane. Symptoms of such a lesion are erosive aphthae on the inside of the cheeks and lips, tongue, and palate.

Sometimes herpes also affects the periodontal tissues, gums, being a consequence of acute catarrhal gingivitis.

Fungal lesions

Fungal disease of the oral cavity in adults (photo below) is caused by the activity of yeast-like microorganisms of the Candida group.

Such fungi live in an inactive state in most of the population. But any external and internal factors (pathological processes, weakened immunity, hypothermia, etc.) activate them. As a result, the fungus is formed on various mucous areas, including in the oral cavity, which indicates the development of candidomycosis.

Types of disease:

Pseudomembranous candidiasis in acute form (the most common pathology). Symptoms are drying of the mucous membranes of the cheeks, lips, palate and tongue, their coating with a white curdled coating. During illness, patients feel discomfort when chewing, burning and itching in the mouth. This disease can cause not only a general weakening of the immune system, but also blood diseases, hypovitaminosis, diabetes, etc.
Atrophic candidiasis in acute form. The mucous surface of the mouth is very dry and reddens. A little whitish plaque and exfoliated epithelium can settle in folds. The disease is painful.

oral candidiasis

lichen disease

As a rule, the mucous membrane is affected by lichen planus. At the same time, it can appear on the skin. It is a consequence of a weakened immune system, as well as systemic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, liver, diabetes, hereditary predisposition to pathology.

The disease is in acute form (month), subacute (up to six months) and long-term (more than 6 months).

The main symptoms: reddening of the mucosa, the appearance of blistering rashes, erosions and ulcers, plaques.

Dysbacteriosis

This ailment is just a consequence of the illiterate use of antibiotics, as well as the use of local antiseptics in the treatment of colds.

Symptoms of the disease at an early stage are practically invisible: bad breath, the appearance of cracks in the corners of the lips. The development of the disease is accompanied by loosening of the teeth, the appearance of concomitant ailments, such as periodontal disease. Also, plaque is intensively formed on the teeth, corroding the enamel.

The appearance of cracks in the corners of the lips is a sign of dysbacteriosis

With untimely restoration of the microflora of the oral mucosa, dysbacteriosis can cause damage to the receptors of the tongue, affect the vocal cords and gland function.

Above, we examined diseases of the oral cavity in adults. We turn to diseases and pathologies of teeth and gums.

Major diseases of the tooth and gums

Let's take a look at the common reasons:

weakened immunity;
wrong diet;
bad habits;
diseases of the mucosa itself;
injuries and microcracks, including those resulting from dental procedures;
lack of trace elements (fluorine, calcium, etc.), vitamins in the body;
allergies to dentures, types of food, oral solutions and drugs, etc.;
the presence of infections, viruses, inflammatory processes;
increased deposition of plaque and stone, which leads to caries;
poor oral hygiene.

Introducing oral diseases in adults (photo below), which are affected by the above conditions.

periodontal disease. A rare and complex disease that leads to depletion and destruction of periodontal tissues. It can be asymptomatic, without causing discomfort or pain. It is often detected already at the stage of flowing into a more complex form - periodontitis.

Symptoms can be noticed during a visual examination of the oral cavity. As a rule, exposed necks or roots of the tooth are visible due to changes in the shape of the gums. The papillae between the teeth atrophy, which also leads to a change in the positions of the teeth.

Periodontitis. It is a consequence of periodontal disease and is caused by additional factors: metabolic disorders, weakening of the body's defenses, lack of proteins and vitamins, concomitant neuro-somatic pathologies, illiterate regular oral hygiene, environmental factors, improper diet (too little hard and coarse food). Also, the disease can be a consequence of gingivitis.

The symptoms of the disease are different: the gums bleed, there is a smell from the mouth, plaque quickly appears. At advanced stages, soft tissue edema, abscesses, pain and looseness of the teeth appear.

Gingivitis. It occurs against the background of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, endocrine and cardiovascular systems, infections, allergic reactions, or is the result of erratic nutrition, exposure to adverse environmental factors, hormonal changes.

Symptoms: gums bleed, burning and itching in them, bad breath, and ulcers and necrotic areas may also occur.

Xerostomia. Often appears in diabetics, is a consequence of an allergic reaction, other pathologies.

The symptoms are as follows: overdried mucosa, inflammation, itching, burning, decreased secretion of saliva, inflammation of adjacent glands.

cheilite. It is an ailment characteristic of the red area of the lips, which has inflammatory or trophic processes under it. The reasons for its appearance are as follows: hormonal imbalance, the action of viruses or fungi, prolonged exposure to the sun, allergies, lack of B vitamins, neurogenic factors.

The main symptoms: inflamed and painful seizures in the corners of the lips, soft tissue hyperemia and swelling.

All of the above ailments are treated exclusively by systemic doctors and dentists.

Oral diseases

The state of the oral cavity (teeth, mucosa, gums, tongue) is an indicator of the work of many internal organs. It is affected by:

long-term use of various medications (primarily antibiotics);
immune failure (and in the case of HIV, AIDS);
inflammatory processes of teeth and gums, gastrointestinal tract, other internal organs;
unbalanced diet;
bad habits;
avitaminosis;
dehydration of the body;
hormonal disorders and a host of other factors.

So, in the list of diseases of the oral cavity in adults and children, dentists include pathologies of the oral mucosa, dental diseases and gum disease.

The classification of diseases of the oral cavity involves the allocation of a separate group of inflammatory processes of an infectious and viral nature.

So, the main "representative" of this class of mucosal diseases is stomatitis. As a rule, the appearance of painful rashes, ulcerative lesions, plaque on the tongue, the inside of the cheeks is a consequence of poor home oral hygiene. In some cases, angina leads to stomatitis, malfunctions of the organs of the digestive tract.

catarrhal (swelling of the entire oral mucosa and tongue, pain during meals, a characteristic yellow coating on the palate of the gums, tongue);
ulcerative (erosive lesions of the oral mucosa in combination with systemic symptoms - an increase in regional lymph nodes, aching bones and joints, weakness, malaise, dizziness). Patients with signs of ulcerative stomatitis undergo additional diagnostics of diseases of the intestines and stomach (enteritis, ulcers);
aphthous. The mucous membrane of the mouth and lips is covered with multiple ulcerations (aphthae). The causes of this form of viral disease of the oral mucosa are poor hygiene, rheumatism, pathological disorders of the intestines, stomach, and allergies. The course of aphthous stomatitis is accompanied by such changes in the mucosa as redness, swelling, and only then ulceration.

Important! The list of oral diseases of a viral nature includes ulcerative necrotic stomatitis and secondary manifestations of sexually transmitted infections. But first of all, herpes must be “sent” to this group of pathologies. In this case, there is a lesion of the oral mucosa with multiple bubbles filled with transparent exudate (liquid), which can also spread to the lips and skin of the face.

Fungal diseases of the oral cavity are represented by candidiasis. The causative agent is a yeast fungus of the Candida group. This "harmful agent" is activated against the background of an immune failure, hypothermia, and disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. There are several types of candidiasis of the oral mucosa:

Acute pseudomembranous. Classic manifestations: increased dryness of the lips, cheeks, tongue, palate, burning and itching on the mucosa. Patients experience discomfort during eating, diction, curdled plaque on the mucosa. This form of candidiasis can develop against the background of diabetes mellitus, blood diseases, beriberi.
Atrophic (acute form). Symptoms: redness, dryness of the mucosa, whitish coating on the gums, cheeks, tongue.
Atrophic (chronic form). The reason is the long wear of poorly fitting prostheses. Signs: inflamed hyperemic mucosa, seizures in the corners of the mouth.
Hyperplastic. "Identification mark" - knots, plaques, covering the palate, cheeks, tongue with a dense layer. When trying to clean off the plaque, bleeding ulcers form.

red lichen

This is another common infection in the mouth. "Trigger" - weakened immunity, chronic diseases of the digestive system, diabetes. Manifestations: mucosal hyperemia, plaques, vesicles, erosion, localized not only on the oral mucosa, but also on the skin of the face (body).

Dysbacteriosis of the oral cavity

The list of diseases of the oral mucosa also includes local dysbacteriosis. The deficiency of beneficial and the predominance of pathogenic bacteria is the result of improper antibacterial treatment and (or) the abuse of antiseptic solutions for the treatment of the oral cavity. Symptoms of dysbacteriosis: bad breath, dryness, cracked lips and tongue, reduced salivation, exacerbation of other dental pathologies.

Infectious diseases of the oral cavity in children, adults, elderly patients are also represented by glossitis. This is an inflammation of the tongue, which is usually caused by streptococcus. The clinical picture of glossitis ("geographic tongue") is very bright: the mucous membrane is covered with multiple ulcers, reddens, swells, becomes painful during meals and outside the functional load.

salivary gland dysfunction

Xerotomia (dry mouth) is another common dental problem. May be the result of diabetes mellitus, dysfunction of the salivary glands, endocrine failure, systemic and local allergic reactions. "Identification marks" of xerotomy are overdrying of the mucosa, local inflammation, itching, burning on the cheeks, gums, tongue. The salivary glands and/or submandibular lymph nodes may become inflamed.

Gastritis, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, enteritis and other diseases of the digestive system "leave their mark" on the oral mucosa. Cheilitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the lips. Occurs against the background of hormonal disorders, its “culprits” are often infections of the oral cavity, allergies, deficiency of B vitamins in the body, prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation, and neurological factors. Cheilitis "declares itself" with painful ulcers in the corners of the lips, swelling and redness of the mucosa.

Diseases of the teeth and gums

Infectious diseases of the oral mucosa are far from all the troubles that patients have to face. Factors such as immune failure, malnutrition, bad habits, injuries and inflammation of the mucosa, allergies, poor oral care lead to a lot of “local” problems that only a dentist can handle.

The first representative of this group of diseases is periodontal disease (destructive changes in periodontal tissue). It can be asymptomatic, eventually flows into periodontitis (inflammatory process). This is facilitated by metabolic disorders, concomitant neuro-somatic diseases, insufficient amount of fibrous roughage in the diet.

Important! Periodontitis is a common complication of gingivitis (inflammation of the gums). The latter "declares itself" by bleeding gums during hygiene procedures or eating, bad breath, a powerful layer of bacterial plaque on the enamel. Advanced stages of gingivitis are fraught with abscesses, severe swelling of the soft tissues of the oral cavity, pain and loosening of the teeth.

The list of the most common dental diseases includes caries and pulpitis. These pathologies cause the destruction of enamel, after - dentin and soft tissue formation of the tooth (pulp). As a rule, poor oral hygiene, the accumulation of powerful bacterial plaque, and “stagnant” tartar lead to caries.

Oncological diseases can also develop in the oral cavity. So, there is cancer of the cheeks, the bottom of the mouth, tongue, alveolar process, palate. Malignant pathologies in the mouth come in three forms:

Knotty (a seal appears on the mucosa with clear edges, its color does not change or is covered with whitish spots). The innovation is growing rapidly.
Ulcerative (one or more ulcers form on the soft tissues of the oral cavity, which hurt, bleed heavily, and heal poorly).
Papillary (dense homogeneous tumor, as a rule, hanging to the mouth floor) Color, structure of the mucosa remain unchanged.

Malignant neoplasms can affect various parts of the oral cavity, as a rule, develop in immunocompromised patients and smokers. Cancer of the oral cavity actively metastasizes, most often spreading to nearby submandibular nodes. Distant metastases (lung, liver, brain) are rare.

The risk zone for developing malignant tumors in the mouth includes:

smokers;
those who abuse alcoholic beverages;
people whose oral mucosa is constantly injured by poorly polished fillings or not very carefully fitted prostheses;
patients infected with human papillomavirus;
patients with weak immunity, as well as those suffering from beriberi.

Diagnosis and treatment

Chronic diseases of the oral mucosa are easily determined visually during a dental examination. If necessary, the doctor directs the patient to an x-ray, a number of laboratory tests (bacterial culture from the throat, tongue), general and biochemical blood tests, etc. If the doctor determines that dental diseases are of a secondary nature, he sends the patient to a gastroenterologist, otolaryngologist, neuropathologist and other narrow specialists.

Treatment of diseases of the oral cavity depends on the causes, form, severity of the course, the characteristics of the patient's body and other factors. It happens that in order to cope with unpleasant symptoms and avoid complications, a simple hygienic cleaning in the dentist's office is enough. Caries and pulpitis - indications for the removal of affected foci of enamel, dentin, antiseptic treatment of "affected" units, the installation of fillings (crowns).

Diseases of an infectious-inflammatory nature require local, systemic anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and sometimes antibiotic therapy. With glossitis, cheilitis, xerotomia, a thorough diagnosis of the state of the digestive tract is always carried out, endocrine disorders are excluded. Such diseases are usually secondary, so the main treatment is aimed at eliminating the root cause of abnormal changes in the state of the mucosa.

It is necessary to fight herpes in the mouth (and other diseases of a viral nature) with systemic and local antiviral agents, treatment of candidiasis, stomatitis is carried out with antifungal, anti-inflammatory drugs in combination with symptomatic agents (antiseptics, painkillers, natural mouthwash solutions with soothing, astringent properties) .

Complications and prevention

With untimely treatment (or lack thereof), diseases of the oral cavity lead to partial or complete adentia, the spread of inflammation (infection) in the gastrointestinal tract, upper respiratory tract, and a host of other problems. To avoid problems with teeth, gums, oral mucosa, you must:

strengthen immunity;
carefully monitor the condition of the oral cavity, observe the rules of hygiene;
visit the dentist regularly;
rational and balanced diet;
avoid stress;
monitor the hormonal background, the work of the digestive tract, treat all chronic diseases in a timely manner.

If the first abnormal changes in the condition of the oral mucosa (hyperemia, swelling, plaque, rash), toothache, bleeding and sensitivity of the gums are detected, it is necessary to seek medical help from a dentist.

Diseases of the tongue and oral cavity: photos and names of diseases of the mucous membrane in adults, methods of treatment

Diseases developing in the oral cavity often bring discomfort to a sick person and interfere with his full life. They appear at any age, but more often in weakened people. Diseases that occur in the mouth can be viral and infectious, not dangerous to health and precancerous, but they all require high-quality diagnosis and treatment.

Types of diseases of the oral cavity with a photo

When an infection enters the oral cavity, the mucous membrane first of all suffers. It becomes inflamed, thinner and becomes a breeding ground for infections. The disease can cover the tongue, gums, inner surface of the cheeks and tonsils. All diseases of the oral cavity are conditionally called stomatitis, but stomatitis is not the only disease affecting the oral mucosa.

Let's analyze the most common diseases in the mouth and mucous membranes, their symptoms and causes. The general classification and statistics of diseases of the oral cavity in adults can be seen in the photo with the names of the diseases:

Stomatitis and thrush

Stomatitis is an inflammatory reaction in the oral mucosa. It affects people with reduced immunity and thinned mucous membranes (infants and the elderly).

Stomatitis causes discomfort in the patient, can signal the presence of a pathological process in the body and be a harbinger of oncology. There are many varieties of this disease. More details about the types of stomatitis, possible causes of the disease and symptoms can be found in the table.

Glossitis or inflammation of the tongue

The tongue is called the mirror of human health, because by its state it is possible to determine the presence of diseases in the body. The defeat of the tongue of an inflammatory nature in medicine is called glossitis, it can be acute or chronic.

According to the causes of the disease, glossitis is divided into primary (independent disease) and secondary (attached against the background of other diseases). According to the form of the lesion, glossitis can be deep and superficial. Glossitis often appears with stomatitis.

Common symptoms of glossitis:

In the chronic form, papillomas and warts may appear. Types of glossitis, its signs and causes are described in the table. You can see what rashes and ulcers are in the photo.

herpes virus

The well-known "cold rash" on the lips can also appear in the oral cavity. The cause of such rashes is infection with the herpes virus, which can occur in acute and chronic form.

The most common type of herpetic eruptions in the oral cavity is acute herpetic stomatitis. It is characterized by a rapid spread and a sharp development of symptoms. It is most often transmitted by airborne droplets, but there are cases of infection through the blood and from mother to child during childbirth.

In the initial stage, a herpes infection manifests itself as soreness, burning and swelling of the mucous membrane. The mild form of the disease does not manifest itself as bright symptoms. A severe form of acute herpetic stomatitis manifests itself with pronounced symptoms:

The main symptoms of the disease are rashes in the form of vesicles with a yellowish-white coating, which, when ruptured, form ulcers. The rash can affect the tongue, gums, cheeks, and even the tonsils.

Herpetic stomatitis is not a dangerous disease, but it brings great discomfort to the sick person. With proper and timely treatment, the prognosis for recovery is favorable.

Gingivitis or gingivostomatitis

When it comes to an inflammatory process localized mainly on the gums, without affecting the dentogingival junction, gingivitis can be diagnosed. With damage to the gums and the appearance of ulcers on the inner surface of the cheeks, gingivostomatitis is diagnosed (more often children suffer from it).

Gingitis is often the result of poor dental care, occurs predominantly in men and depends on lifestyle and general condition of the body. In the absence of proper treatment, the disease progresses and passes into periodontitis, which threatens with tooth loss.

With neglected care of the teeth and oral cavity, microorganisms accumulate, as a result of which dental plaques form and the inflammatory process begins. Gingivitis is acute, chronic and recurrent. There are several types of gingivitis:

Ulcerative - the initial acute form. It is characterized by swelling of the gums, their redness and the appearance of foreign smell from the mouth.
catarrhal. There is a pronounced swelling, pain in the gums and their slight bleeding. Gingival pockets are not affected in this form.
Hypertrophic - advanced stage of the disease. At this stage, the gums and gingival papillae thicken and enlarge, the gingival pocket turns red. There are two forms of hypertrophic gingivitis - edematous, characterized by edematous, smooth red, bleeding gums, and fibrous - with this form, the gums are very dense, pain and bleeding are absent (not amenable to drug therapy, surgical treatment is used).

Other types of diseases

There are also less common diseases of the oral cavity, such as cheilitis, leukoplakia, xerostomia, lichen planus, glossalgia (more in the article: red gums and other oral diseases). Some of them are diagnosed only by experienced doctors.

Diagnosis and symptoms

When should you visit a dentist? If any general symptoms of diseases of the mucous membrane and mouth are found in the oral cavity:

pain, swelling and burning;
discoloration of the mucosa or the appearance of spots on it;
increased or decreased work of the salivary glands;
the appearance of any rashes, ulcerative lesions and wounds.

Treatment of oral diseases in adults

Medicines

Folk remedies

Traditional treatment is effectively supplemented with folk remedies. For these purposes, decoctions of herbs, soda rinses and applications with natural oils are used.
Rosehip, sea buckthorn or St. John's wort oil is used in the form of applications to the affected areas. Effectively heal wounds and damage. A gauze swab soaked in oil removes plaque with thrush.
Flowers of calendula and chamomile, oak bark, eucalyptus leaf are used in the form of decoctions for rinsing. They have antibacterial and wound-healing effects.
A weak solution of soda is used to treat oral candidiasis. Can be used as a rinse and as a mouthwash.

Prevention of oral diseases

Contact your dentist not only when symptoms of the disease appear, but also twice a year for a preventive examination. To prevent diseases in the mouth, it is necessary to know the main factors influencing their appearance and try to eliminate them:

Oral diseases: causes, symptoms and treatment

Oral diseases are a very common problem. There is hardly a person who has not encountered certain diseases in his mouth at least once in his life. The causes of diseases, like the diseases themselves, are very diverse. Let's try to identify the most common of them and understand the symptoms and how to treat diseases of the oral cavity.

Disease symptoms

The symptoms depend on the underlying disease. Here are some common pathologies and their symptoms:

caries. Symptoms are the direct destruction of the enamel and the tooth itself;
stomatitis. It is characterized by the formation of one or more ulcers in the oral cavity, they are painful, there is a burning sensation. Stomatitis delivers a lot of negative sensations;
flux is an inflammation of the gums near the tooth, the accumulation of pus in it. There are pains when chewing or pressing on the tooth. In some cases, the cheek and chin swell, the lymph nodes increase;
ulcers on the tongue - the appearance of painful sores on the tongue. Wounds are painful, do not heal for a long time;
gingivitis - bleeding gums.

The causes of oral diseases can be as follows:

poor dental health, late visits to the dentist;
improper use of antibiotics;
diseases of internal systems;
spicy, acidic foods, alcohol, tobacco use;
hormonal disruptions in the body;
poor oral hygiene.

This list is not complete, other unknown causes may serve as diseases.

Inflammation and gum disease

Gum disease most often provokes untimely dental treatment and the use of inappropriate oral hygiene products (toothpastes, powders, brushes, dental floss). Inflammation occurs during the life of harmful microorganisms that can destroy the oral cavity.

Remember! Properly selected hygiene products and proper oral care will significantly reduce the risk of various diseases.

Among the main diseases are:

gingivitis. Symptoms are bleeding gums, they become soft and painful. There is an unpleasant smell from the mouth;
periodontitis. The gum in this disease becomes inflamed and moves away from the tooth, thereby exposing it. In a severe form, the gum bleeds heavily, the teeth become shaky, the root is destroyed;
periodontitis. Inflamed tissue around the root of the tooth. Symptoms - rapidly growing toothache. The patient's temperature rises, the lymph nodes in the chin area increase.

All diseases are characterized by inflammation. This is a dangerous process that can lead to complications. If the pain does not go away, you should contact the dental clinic.

What are toothaches

One of the most unpleasant pains is definitely a toothache. Dentists are afraid of fire, both adults and children. Depending on the disease, there are different types of pain. Sometimes the pain is sharp, unbearable, sometimes aching, haunting. Let's try to highlight a few of them:

with caries, the toothache is not too sharp, it appears and disappears. It occurs as a result of taking too cold, hot, spicy, sour food. Such pain is temporary and passes quickly;
if a flux has formed, the pain is of a moderate nature, manifested by pressing on the aching tooth;
if a disease such as periodontitis occurs, the pain is acute, throbbing. You clearly feel the aching tooth. Such pain does not go away on its own, relief comes after taking an anesthetic.

Caries is a process of tooth decay due to demineralization and softening of tooth enamel. A small hole appears in the tooth, over time it increases and can completely destroy the tooth. If you do not take action, the disease spreads to healthy teeth. Occurs due to a violation of the pH balance.

The reasons for this violation are:

cariogenic microbes;
improperly selected hygiene items;
excessive consumption of carbohydrates;
violations of the functions of salivation;
lack of fluorine in the body;
poor oral hygiene.

This disease has stages of development:

spot stage. A small stain appears on the surface of the tooth. The disease does not manifest itself in any way, proceeds without symptoms. At the initial stage, the stain is difficult to see and is diagnosed by a dentist;
superficial, middle stage. It is characterized by the appearance of a more noticeable spot. Bacteria affect not only enamel, but already dentin;
deep caries. A cavity is formed in the tooth. Enamel, dentin are destroyed, the disease affects the pulp.

This is an inflammatory process in the oral cavity. The main reason for the occurrence is the lack of proper oral hygiene. But hygiene is not the only reason. Among the main ones are the following:

candidiasis or fungal stomatitis. In the words of the people - thrush. Appears due to the action of fungal bacteria Podacandida;
herpetic stomatitis - the result of the action of the herpes virus;
anaphylactic stomatitis. It is caused by allergic reactions of the body.

the temperature rises to high levels;
poor appetite, irritability;
if it is a child, capriciousness, poor sleep;
white plaque on the oral mucosa;
the appearance of sores in the mouth (sores).

Important! Many people do not pay attention to the formation of wounds in the mouth. This is unacceptable and leads to complications such as bleeding gums, tooth loss and even laryngitis.

Flux is one of the most serious diseases in the field of dentistry. It leads to very undesirable consequences, up to blood poisoning. Let's take a closer look at the main causes of flux:

past illnesses, such as tonsillitis and furunculosis, can provoke a flux;
in case of damage to the gums (solid food, toothbrush, cutlery), gum flux may appear;
filling removed at the wrong time. It irritates the pulp and the result is the appearance of inflammation;
the introduction of microbes, for example, through an injection.

The main symptoms in the event of a disease: fever, severe pain in the area of inflammation when chewing and pressing on the tooth. The flux itself is a purulent bump on the gum, it can be easily seen. It quickly grows and becomes inflamed, the pain can be transmitted to the eye, chin, ear. In some cases, the cheek, lip and chin are very swollen.

Ulcer on the tongue

Ulcers can be both an independent disease and a consequence of other diseases. Consider the cases in which ulcers most often appear:

stomatitis. As a result of this disease, wounds can occur on the surface of the tongue. These unpleasant phenomena are accompanied by pain and burning;
tongue injury. Every day, the tongue is mechanically affected. Ulcers can be caused by hard food, bones, tongue biting, damage to a prosthesis or braces, or medical exposure. As a result of these injuries, wounds appear in the form of ulcers or erosions.
as a result of such serious diseases as tuberculosis, syphilis, ulcers in the mouth and tongue also form;
tongue cancer is a malignant tumor in the tongue.

It is very important to seek the advice of a dentist when sores appear on the tongue. Timely treatment will help prevent serious diseases and maintain your health.

Oral diseases in children

Children's mouth diseases are similar to those of adults. Let's try to classify them:

Children's stomatitis

chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis. This disease is characterized by the appearance of ulcers, several or a large number. They have a white coating, painful. Also characterized by relapses of the disease;
herpetic stomatitis. Can be light, medium and heavy. The disease is characterized by such symptoms as the appearance of temperature, inflammation of the mucous membrane, the appearance of wounds on the mucous membrane and tongue. Such complications are characteristic - bleeding gums, tooth loss, bad breath;
catarrhal stomatitis is a disease that occurs on the basis of medications. The reasons are taking antibiotics and some other drugs.

Pediatric pyoderma

This is a streptostaphylococcal disease. It manifests itself on the mucous membrane, lips in the form of wounds and cracks. Often this disease affects children with weakened immune systems. Children who do not receive proper nutrition and vitamins also suffer.

Illness due to injury

Traumatic mucosal injury. Children often injure the oral cavity, it can be toys that they put in their mouths, inexperienced use of cutlery, the inability to properly use a toothbrush, and other factors.

Thrush (candidiasis)

A fungal infection causes this unpleasant disease. Most often occurs in infancy due to the inability of the children's mucosa to resist infection.

Oral diseases in the elderly

Nature is arranged in such a way that the human body ages, age-related changes occur in it. Metabolism deteriorates, immunity weakens. This is one of the important factors in the occurrence of various diseases, including diseases of the oral cavity. These include:

Xerostomia (feeling of dry mouth)

A symptom of the disease is a decrease in saliva production. Appears as a result of taking certain medications, chemical exposures. The decrease in protective functions leads to a decrease in protection against microbes and bacteria and leads to various diseases, such as caries, periodontitis;

Darkening and abrasion of teeth.

Long-term consumption of foods that can change the color of the enamel, and some other factors lead to pathological yellowness of the teeth. Teeth become sensitive to cold, hot, easily destroyed.

Root caries is a common disease leading to tooth decay.
Change in taste sensations. This pathology is caused by age, taking drugs, wearing a prosthesis, and some other diseases.
Periodontitis. A common disease in the elderly. In addition to age, it is caused by factors such as poor hygiene, untimely access to the dentist. This disease occurs in a severe form most often in the elderly.

Interesting to know! Many people, observing the rules of hygiene, manage to maintain healthy teeth until very old age. This makes them look younger.

Treatment at home

Most often, if there are no complications, oral diseases are treated at home. After visiting the doctor, you need to carefully follow the treatment regimen. The doctor prescribes drugs and procedures aimed at combating microbes and viruses, lowering the temperature and increasing the local immunity of the oral cavity.

The dentist prescribes a number of manipulations, the observance of which is important for a cure. It can be various ointments, rinses, adherence to a certain diet. To improve the result, you can use folk remedies.

Add a tablespoon of salt to a glass of warm water. Rinse your mouth with the solution for 1-2 minutes. You can repeat 5-6 times a day;
apply camphor alcohol on a bandage or cotton wool, apply for 5-10 minutes to the affected tooth. Alcohol is recommended to lubricate the gums;
cleaning teeth with a solution of laundry soap. This solution should be used in the morning and evening, only freshly prepared.

Mix a leaf of crushed aloe with olive oil (1 tbsp. Spoon). Apply this ointment for stomatitis 2-3 times a day;
chop the burdock root, add 100 grams of sunflower oil. Insist for 12 hours, then boil and boil over low heat for 20 minutes. Lubricate the affected areas of the mucosa with ointment;
dilute fresh carrot juice with boiled water, rinse your mouth with this drink 5-6 times a day.

mix equal amounts of salt and baking soda. Dilute with a glass of warm boiled water. Rinse your mouth with this solution 4-5 times a day;
mix oak bark, sage, St. John's wort in equal parts, brew with boiling water (1 liter). Rinse your mouth as often as possible, at least 6 times a day;
Add a tablespoon of salt to a glass of green tea. Rinse your mouth with this solution every hour.

Remedies for ulcers on the tongue and mouth

calendula grass (2 tbsp. Spoon) pour a liter of boiling water, cook over low heat for 15-20 minutes. Rinse your mouth 5-6 times a day;
elecampane leaves (2 tablespoons) pour a liter of boiling water, leave for 3-4 hours, rinse your mouth every 2-3 hours;
mix honey with chopped almonds, treat mouth ulcers with the resulting mixture 4-5 times a day.

Prevention

Among the preventive measures to combat diseases of the teeth and oral cavity, the following should be highlighted:

daily brushing of teeth, at least 2 times a day;
hygiene of toothbrushes and other accessories for the mouth;
choose the right toothbrush and paste;
follow proper nutrition, do not abuse foods that lead to the destruction of tooth enamel. Give up strong tea, coffee, too sour, salty foods. Nicotine is also bad for your teeth;
be careful when chewing solid foods.

Take care of the health of your teeth, keep oral hygiene, and a beautiful smile will stay with you for many years.

Each of us dreams of beautiful snow-white teeth, but, unfortunately, not everyone can boast of a Hollywood smile. Today, more and more dentists diagnose various diseases in adults. The most common types of ailments, as well as their causes and methods of treatment, will be considered in the article.

The reasons

The human oral cavity performs a variety of specific functions. Almost all pathological processes in it are closely interconnected with diseases of various systems and human organs.

And oral cavities can develop due to:

uncontrolled antibiotic treatment;

eating too spicy and hot food, alcoholic beverages, smoking;

various infections;

dehydration of the body;

avitaminosis of various types;

pathologies of internal organs and systems;

hormonal fluctuations;

genetic predisposition.

The picture below shows an example of an oral disease (the photo shows what stomatitis looks like).

In the normal state, the oral cavity is inhabited by microorganisms, which are classified as opportunistic pathogens. Under the influence of negative factors, certain types of microflora increase their virulence and become pathogenic.

Oral diseases: classification and treatment

Diseases that occur in the human mouth can be divided into infectious-inflammatory, viral and fungal. Let us consider in more detail each of the types of pathology and the main methods of therapy.

Infectious and inflammatory diseases

Infectious diseases of the oral cavity in adults are the most common problem today, which leads to the dentist, otolaryngologist or general practitioner. Pathologies related to this type are:

Pharyngitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the throat. Basically, the disease is manifested by symptoms such as discomfort, perspiration and severe sore throat. Pharyngitis can develop due to inhalation of cold or dirty air, various chemicals, tobacco smoke. Also, the cause of the disease is often an infection (pneumococcus). Often the disease is accompanied by general malaise, fever.
The disease is diagnosed by a general examination and a throat swab. Antibiotics for the treatment of pharyngitis are used in rare cases. As a rule, it is enough to follow a special diet, do hot foot baths, apply on the neck, inhalations, rinses, drink warm milk with honey.

Glossitis is an inflammatory process that changes the structure and color of the tongue. The cause of the disease are infections of the oral cavity. Glossitis can develop as a result of a burn of the tongue, trauma to the tongue and oral cavity, all this is a “pass” for infection. Also at risk are lovers of alcoholic beverages, spicy foods, mouth fresheners. Of course, the risk of glossitis is higher for those who neglect the rules of hygiene and do not take good care of the oral cavity. At the first stage, the disease is manifested by burning, discomfort, later the tongue becomes bright red, salivation increases, taste sensations become dull.
must be prescribed by a dentist. Therapy consists in taking medications, the main ones are drugs such as Chlorhexidine, Chlorophyllipt, Actovegin, Furacilin, Fluconazole.

Gingivitis is manifested by inflammation of the gum mucosa. This disease is quite common among adolescents and pregnant women. Gingivitis is divided into catarrhal, atrophic, hypertrophic, ulcerative necrotic. Catarrhal gingivitis is manifested by redness and swelling of the gums, their itching and bleeding. With atrophic gingivitis, a person reacts sharply to cold and hot food, the level of the gums decreases, the tooth becomes exposed. Hypertrophic gingivitis is characterized by enlargement of the gingival papillae, which begin to cover part of the tooth, in addition, the gums are painful and bleed slightly. A sign of necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis is the appearance of ulcers and necrotic areas, and the disease is also manifested by bad breath, severe pain, general weakness, fever, swollen lymph nodes.
With a timely visit to a medical institution, the doctor will prescribe an effective treatment that will help get rid of this problem in a short time. In addition, the specialist will give recommendations regarding oral hygiene, following which you can avoid the occurrence of such a disease in the future. For the treatment of catarrhal gingivitis, decoctions of medicinal plants (oak root, sage, chamomile flowers) are used. In atrophic gingivitis, treatment involves the use of not only medications (vitamin C, B vitamins, hydrogen peroxide), but also physiotherapeutic procedures such as electrophoresis, darsonvalization , vibration massage.Therapy of hypertrophic gingivitis consists in the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ("Salvin", "Galaskorbin") and antibacterial agents of natural origin ("Tanin", "Heparin", "Novoimanin"). In the treatment of ulcerative necrotic gingivitis, antihistamines are used and such medicines as "Panheksavit", "Trypsin", "Terrilitin", "Iruksol" and others.

Stomatitis is the most common infectious disease of the oral cavity. The causes of infection in the body may be different, for example, mechanical trauma. Penetrating, the infection forms characteristic ulcers. They affect the inner surface of the lips and cheeks, the root of the tongue. Ulcers are single, shallow, round, with smooth edges, the center is covered with a film, the wounds are usually very painful.
Often develops stomatitis in the throat. The disease is manifested by painful sensations when swallowing, itching, swelling, perspiration. A disease can occur due to a variety of reasons: burns of the mucous membrane, poor-quality processing of the filling, taking certain medications (hypnotics, anticonvulsants, some types of antibiotics). Stomatitis in the throat can be confused with manifestations of the common cold. But on examination, white-yellow sores formed on the tongue or tonsils are found.
Treatment of the disease involves the use of special toothpastes and mouth rinses that do not contain sodium lauryl sulfate. Anesthetics are used to relieve soreness of ulcers. For gargling, use a solution of hydrogen peroxide, an infusion of calendula or chamomile using medicines such as Tantum Verde, Stomatidine, Givalex.

Drug treatment of diseases of the oral mucosa must be combined with a special diet, which is based on semi-liquid food, in addition, it is recommended to refuse to eat spicy, too salty and hot food.

Viral diseases

Viral diseases of the oral cavity in adults are caused by the human papillomavirus and the herpes virus.

Herpes is one of the most common ailments. According to scientists, 90% of all inhabitants of our planet are infected with herpes. Quite often, the virus in the body is located in a latent form. In a person with strong immunity, it can manifest itself as a small pimple on the lip, which dies off within 1-2 weeks without any outside help. If a person has weakened the body's defenses, herpes manifests itself much more significantly. The virus can be activated by stress, surgery, colds, lack of sleep, cold, wind, menstruation.
Herpes develops gradually. Initially, there is itching and a tingling sensation on the lips and adjacent tissues, after the lips swell, become red, there is soreness that interferes with speaking or eating. Further, single bubbles or their whole groups appear. After some time, these bubbles begin to burst and turn into small ulcers, they are covered with a hard crust that cracks. Gradually, the ulcers disappear, the pain and redness subside.
At the first manifestations of herpes, it is recommended to moisten the lips with special balms and apply ice to them. The bubbles that appear should be lubricated with a special ointment that can be purchased at a pharmacy, for example, Penciclovir.

Papillomas can occur on different parts of the body. A certain type of virus causes the development of papilloma in the oral cavity. White plaques appear in the mouth, looking like cauliflower. This disease can be localized in the throat and cause hoarseness and difficulty breathing. Unfortunately, it is impossible to completely get rid of the human papillomavirus, therapy is aimed only at eliminating the clinical manifestations of the disease.

fungal diseases

Oral cavities are quite common. Half of the world's population are inactive Candida carriers. It is activated when the body's defenses are weakened. There are several types of candidiasis (a disease caused by Candida).

The disease manifests itself with dryness and white bloom on the inside of the cheeks and lips, on the back of the tongue and palate. Also, the patient feels a burning sensation and severe discomfort. Children endure candidiasis in the mouth much easier than adults. The most painful type of candidiasis is atrophic. With this ailment, the oral mucosa becomes bright red and dries up very much. Hyperplastic candidiasis is characterized by the appearance of a thick layer of plaque, when you try to remove it, the surface begins to bleed. Atrophic candidiasis in the mouth develops as a result of prolonged wearing of lamellar prostheses. The mucous membrane of the palate, tongue, corners of the mouth dries up and becomes inflamed. Treatment of candidiasis in the mouth involves the use of antifungal drugs such as Nystatin, Levorin, Decamine, Amphoglucomin, Diflucan.

Diseases of the teeth and gums

Dental diseases of the oral cavity are very diverse. Consider the most common dental pathologies.

Caries

This disease, in varying degrees of development, occurs in more than 75% of the total population. Only a specialist can accurately determine the causes of caries, since the development of the disease is influenced by many different factors: the age of the patient, his lifestyle, diet, habits, the presence of concomitant dental pathologies and other ailments.

Caries develops due to:

Poor oral hygiene. Persons who do not carry out hygiene procedures of the oral cavity after eating, in 90% of cases, face the problem of caries. With insufficient or irregular cleaning of the teeth, persistent plaque forms on their surface, which eventually turns into stone and leads to the loss of trace elements from the enamel.

Irrational nutrition. As a result of adherence to strict diets with a low content of microelements and proteins, the absence of foods that contain calcium in the daily diet, the quality of the balance of the microflora of the oral cavity changes and, as a result, the destruction of hard tooth tissues may begin.

Enamel pathology. With inadequate development of tooth tissues, an insufficient amount of minerals from saliva enters the enamel, as a result, the tooth is not able to form, develop and function normally.

When examining the oral cavity, the dentist will choose the most appropriate method of treatment. If the caries is in the stain stage, remineralization (restoration of the amount of the mineral) will be sufficient. In the case of the formation of a carious cavity, a filling is required.

Periodontitis

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the tissues surrounding the tooth. This disease is characterized by a gradual destruction of the connection between the root and bone tissue, an increase in tooth mobility and its subsequent loss. Periodontitis is caused by an infection that, penetrating between the gum and the tooth, gradually breaks the connection between the bone and the root of the tooth. As a result of this, it increases in place, and over time, the connection between the bone and the root weakens.

Once an infection is identified, it will not be difficult to eliminate it. But in this case, the danger is the consequences of periodontitis. After the infection is eliminated, the restoration of soft tissues occurs faster, and not the ligaments that hold the tooth root in the bone, which can cause its loss. Therefore, the treatment of periodontitis consists not only in the destruction of the infection, but also in the restoration of bone tissue and ligaments that hold the tooth in the bone.

periodontal disease

This ailment is quite rare and mostly in older people. What is periodontal disease, how to treat such a pathology? Periodontal disease is which is characterized by:

bleeding and swelling of the gums, pain in the gums;

periodic swelling of the gums;

suppuration from periodontal pockets;

exposure of the surface of the roots and necks of the teeth;

fan-shaped divergence of teeth;

tooth mobility.

If periodontal disease has developed, what to treat and what methods are used, the dentist will tell you after examining the oral cavity. First of all, it is necessary to remove dental deposits and plaque, which are the cause of inflammation in the gums and destruction of the dentogingival attachment. Drug therapy consists in rinsing the mouth with the Chlorhexidine preparation, and applications on the gums with Cholisal-gel are also carried out.

Prevention of oral diseases

Hygiene is the basis for the prevention of oral diseases. Teeth must be brushed not only in the morning, but also in the evening, before going to bed, using high-quality toothpastes and brushes, it is also recommended to use dental floss once a day.

Balanced diet and healthy lifestyle. To maintain healthy teeth, avoid eating too hot or cold foods. It is recommended to include foods rich in calcium and phosphorus in the daily diet: fish, dairy products, green tea. Yellow-brown plaque on the teeth is an unpleasant sight, therefore, such a bad habit as smoking must be completely abandoned.

Regular visits to the dentist. The above measures are extremely important for maintaining dental health. However, this is not enough. It is very difficult to independently detect a developing pathological process, especially at the initial stage. Therefore, a check-up at the dentist should be carried out regularly - once every six months.

Any diseases of the oral cavity in adults are always unpleasant, but, unfortunately, they occur quite often. To prevent the development of ailments, follow the above rules of prevention, and if the pathology still occurs, take appropriate measures.

Doctors conditionally divided all pathological processes into diseases of the teeth, gums, oral mucosa. It will be useful for each person to find out brief information about the most common diseases. After all, early diagnosis is often the key to successful and rapid treatment.

Causes of oral diseases

In the mouth of every healthy person there is a huge number of opportunistic microorganisms. As long as the protective functions work correctly, they do not pose a particular threat. Consider the factors that provoke the unhindered development of bacteria:

Unsatisfactory.
Weakening of the immune system after taking antibiotics or other strong drugs.
Diseases or malfunctions of internal systems.
Oncology, HIV, AIDS.
Inflammatory or infectious diseases.
Having bad habits.
Bad nutrition.
Hypothermia or overheating.
Dehydration.
Disruptions in the hormonal background.
genetic predisposition.

Some pathologies are more likely to occur in the oral cavity in children or in old age. This fact is explained by the fact that the protective functions of the former have not yet formed, while the latter have already weakened.

Symptoms

The disease of the oral cavity and tongue is not difficult to notice on your own, if you are attentive to the changes. There are several signs indicating the presence of a pathological process:

sensation of pain, itching, burning;
swelling of the oral mucosa;
redness of soft tissues;
the appearance of wounds, sores, vesicles;
the formation of purulent abscesses;
violation of the integrity of the enamel;
accession ;
general malaise.

It is worth noting that there are ailments that occur for a long period without visible symptoms. Usually they can be detected by chance at the time of radiographic studies or in the later stages of development.

Infectious and inflammatory diseases

In this group of diseases, various types are listed. Pathology is characterized by the appearance on the mucous membranes of small sores covered with plaque. Classify stomatitis based on the causes of manifestation, the pathogen. The localization of the pathology is the inner sides of the lips, cheeks, tongue, palate, larynx. In severe cases, even the esophagus or other internal organs are affected.

Consider the types of pathology:

catarrhal type - the disease is manifested by swelling and rashes, covered with a white or grayish coating.
aphthous appearance - the mucous membrane is covered with bubbles. After a while they break. Then aphthae (erosion) are formed, which cause great discomfort to a person.
ulcerative appearance mainly develops against the background of the catarrhal type.

Viral diseases of the oral cavity

This group also includes several types of stomatitis (ulcerative necrotic, herpetic, specific). These diseases are more difficult to treat. For example, specific stomatitis is diagnosed as a secondary phenomenon of any underlying disease (syphilis, tuberculosis, etc.).

The most common pathologies include an infection caused by the herpes virus. The disease is mainly localized around the lips. But when the protective functions of the body are weakened, it also passes to the mucous membranes inside the mouth.

Fungal pathologies

Mucosal lesions in this type of stomatitis are caused by Candida fungi. Oral candidiasis in adults and children is quite common. The fact is that a certain amount of yeast-like fungi are always present in the microflora of a healthy person. And when the immune system fails, their number increases, provoking pathological reproduction of spores and damage to the mucous membranes.

Major diseases of the teeth and gums

Consider the most common pathological processes affecting teeth and periodontal tissues.

Caries – with this disease, sooner or later, every person meets. At the initial stage, light or dark spots can be seen on the enamel layer. Then, due to the activity of microorganisms, the destruction of hard tissues occurs, affecting ever deeper layers.
Gingivitis is an inflammatory process in which the integrity of the periodontal junction remains unaffected. It is manifested by swelling, bleeding and soreness of soft tissues. Lack of treatment leads to an aggravation of the situation.
Periodontitis - is considered the most common and insidious disease. Gradual development proceeds almost asymptomatically. Only after the defeat of the bone and soft tissues of the supporting apparatus of the unit, the person experiences pain, itching and discomfort.
periodontal disease occurs quite often. The disease is expressed in the systemic lesion of the periodontium. Symptoms of the manifestation of the disease are the formation of solid sub- and supragingival deposits, the exposure of the necks of the teeth, and an unpleasant odor. In the acute stage, pockets can form, from which purulent contents are separated. leads to loss of teeth, so treatment should begin with the first signs.

Diagnostic principles

Determination of the disease of the oral mucosa or dentition should be performed first. Without proper diagnosis, treatment cannot be prescribed. Consider how the survey is carried out:

The doctor visually examines the oral cavity using a probe, a mirror.
Percussion (tapping) is performed.
A thermal test is performed (a jet of cold or hot air is directed to the causative tooth).
If it is necessary to confirm the preliminary diagnosis, an x-ray examination is prescribed.
In case of gum disease, an additional histological determination of the type of pathogen may be prescribed.

Which doctor deals with diseases of the oral cavity?

If discomfort or any symptoms of the onset of pathological processes appear, it is important to quickly diagnose the disease. The treatment will depend on the stage at which it is done.

With all the problems that arise in the oral cavity, you must contact the dentist. After the examination, he will determine the cause and treat. If necessary, the patient will be referred to a highly specialized specialist, such as a periodontist. If diseases of the oral cavity are concomitant pathologies of any underlying ailment, they recommend consultation and treatment with other doctors (gastroenterologist, allergist, immunologist, infectious disease specialist).

Preventive measures for oral diseases

Proper and regular hygiene involves brushing twice a day, using,.
A balanced diet has a positive effect on the whole body, and especially on the dentition.
A healthy lifestyle will lead to the strengthening of protective functions. With strong immunity, people are less likely to end up in the doctor's office.
Getting rid of bad habits. Alcohol, nicotine and other products of combustion during smoking adversely affect the mucous membranes of the oral cavity.
Parents should teach their children how to properly care for their teeth and gums from childhood.
The older a person becomes, the more malfunctions in the functioning of body systems appear. Therefore, it is imperative to monitor the health of the oral cavity in old age.
A visit to the dentist at least once every six months is a good prevention of the development of many diseases and complications.

Experts draw attention to the fact that many diseases can occur with little or no symptoms. That is why it is important to visit a doctor in a timely manner, perform professional cleaning and eliminate pathologies at the very beginning of their development.

Useful video about the main diseases of the oral cavity

The breakdown of food begins in the mouth. Diseases of the oral mucosa (OMD) disrupt the fermentation of saliva, which is fraught with disruption of the gastrointestinal tract, create an unpleasant odor that does not go away after brushing your teeth - this is a consequence of purulent formations, cause burning, slight itching, aching pain - this is an inflammatory process that damages the mucous membrane and soft tissues.

Causes do not necessarily lead to the occurrence of a particular disease. They are prerequisites for the development of a disease or pathology, if the lesion of the oral mucosa is not eliminated in time. Disease-causing factors include:

Failure to follow the rules of oral care. The rules of care mean not only compliance with the rules of hygiene, but also the right choice of hygiene products.
Smoking. Harm is caused by low-quality tobacco products with a high tar content, combined with poor hygiene.
Alcohol. Only its excessive consumption or the use of low-quality alcoholic beverages.
hot food. It affects not so soft tissues as it destroys the mucous membrane.
Alternating cold and hot food. It destroys not only tooth enamel, but also leads to rupture of capillaries.
Excessive consumption of sweets. An increase in acidity, which favors the development of pathogenic microflora, and since there is an alkaline environment in the oral cavity, irritation of the mucous membrane.

What causes oral diseases?

Factors that provoke diseases of the oral cavity are considered to be a lack or excess of certain substances in the body, as well as concomitant diseases:

Classification of ORM diseases

Since saliva promotes rapid healing of the mucosa, injuries favor the development of pathogens. Therefore, it is not advisable to classify mucosal diseases according to the causes of occurrence and provoking factors.

All OM diseases are classified according to the following criteria:

According to the form of flow. Acute or chronic form, and in chronic course - exacerbations, remission stage.
By stage of development. The initial stage, the period of development. Launched form.
By pathogen or reactions of the body to a particular stimulus (the most common classification) - viral, bacterial, fungal, others due to reduced immunity, congenital predisposition or severe mechanical damage.
When possible transfer. Infectious - viral or bacterial, transmitted by airborne droplets, household or through sexual contact. For example, a soft chancre on the lips; non-infectious - not transmitted by the above methods - colds, allergies. Inflammation or suppuration due to the ingress of dirt into microcracks or wounds on the RSO.
By location. Lips, gums, soft palate, tongue, without a specific localization or often changing it.
Type of tissue affected. Only SOPR. Mucous and soft, and sometimes bone tissue, Hard and soft tissues, and then oral mucosa, for example, periodontitis.

Viral diseases

The most common viral disease of the oral mucosa in adults is herpes. The disease has 6 stages of development:

First. Itching, burning, slight tingling.
Second. Slight swelling.
Third. Redness, pain that interferes with eating.
Fourth. The appearance of single bubbles or group formations.
Fifth. Ulceration of vesicles.
sixth. At the final stage, the symptoms go away. The wounds heal.

From the onset of the first symptoms to the healing of wounds, 3-5 weeks pass. The main dangers - if left untreated, herpes can capture more and more space.

New formations appear when old ones are just healing or ulcerating; on the site of healed formations, scars appear that spoil the appearance of the lips.

Papilloma on the mucous membrane looks like white plaques. The main danger - the occurrence of formations in the throat - difficulty breathing, difficulty in swallowing food. The manifestations of the virus are painless.

Some types of influenza or complications after a long course of the disease are cracks in the lips, gums and palate. Slight swelling of the tongue. Danger - pathogenic microorganisms get into microcracks, causing severe inflammation, suppuration.

Infectious viral diseases

Infections of the disease in the mouth can be transmitted from the carrier or occur as a result of the pathogen entering the damaged mucosa.

Glossitis - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the tongue. The main causative agent is streptococcal bacteria. If there are cracks in the tongue, other microorganisms can get in with food or occur due to hypothermia, burns, chemical irritants (alcohol, refreshing sprays).

Symptoms of an infection of the oral cavity: the initial stage is a burning sensation, a feeling of a foreign formation in the tongue; further - redness, increased salivation; if not treated - dullness or perversion of taste. Danger - severe swelling and growths in the tongue, then necrotic manifestations are possible.

There are 4 types of disease.

catarrhal. It starts with itching, then swelling of the gums. Then bleeding. It differs from periodontitis in the degree of soft tissue damage. Gingivitis is only oral mucosa, and periodontitis affects both internal soft and hard tissues.
Ulcerative necrotic. First, small sores appear. Then the death of the mucosa, there is no pain. If left untreated, swollen lymph nodes can lead to cancer.
hypertrophic. Enlargement of the gingival papillae, slight pain. Danger - bleeding and suppuration when pathogenic microflora enters.
atrophic. The outlines of the subgingival parts of the teeth are visible, a painful reaction to temperature changes in the oral cavity.

Pharyngitis

Pathogens - streptococci and pneumococci, also occurs due to hypothermia or burns of the larynx. Symptoms - sore throat, perspiration and other uncomfortable sensations. Unlike tonsillitis, tonsils do not have pronounced redness, and the temperature does not exceed 38.

Dental diseases of the oral cavity, most often manifested in children, but can also be in a person in old age.

Occurs after the penetration of foreign particles or microorganisms into the damaged oral mucosa. In the first case, inflammation, in the second - purulent discharge.

In any case, painful sores covered with a film.

chancroid

Transmitted sexually. There are oval ulcers with smooth edges. For 3-5 days - purulent discharge. The main danger of occurrence in the throat is difficulty breathing, there is no pain.

fungal diseases

The most common is candidiasis.

hyperplastic- strong plaque on the gums, when it is removed - bleeding.
atrophic- the mucous membrane dries up. The process is accompanied by inflammation and pain.

Lichen planus - hard plaques and or sores and redness. It passes painlessly.

Other diseases

Geographic tongue - grooves appear on the tongue, which occur mainly due to a lack of proteins and fluid or due to hypothermia. Sometimes as an allergic manifestation. Danger - food waste getting into microcracks - suppuration.

OSM dysbacteriosis occurs as a spread of gastrointestinal dysbacteriosis, taking antibiotics, or as autoimmune manifestations (destruction of the OM microflora). Symptoms - microcracks on the lips and soft palate, an unpleasant putrid odor from the mouth. The danger is tooth loss.

Diagnostics

The first step is a visual inspection. Most diseases can be identified by characteristic signs and location. So herpes, stomatitis, mild chancroid and fungal diseases can be determined by visual inspection. The rest are determined by smears, scrapings and allergic tests.

To determine which drug is most suitable in a particular case, a bacteriological culture is performed. The disadvantage is that the results have to wait up to 3 weeks.

Treatment Methods

For the treatment of most diseases and inflammations of the oral mucosa and tongue, it is enough to eliminate the irritant that causes them, maintain personal hygiene, rinse the mouth with bactericidal and anti-inflammatory elixirs, and treat the localization site with antiseptic agents. But there are diseases where you have to resort to drug therapy.

Medicines

Each disease has its own specific recommendations and methods of treatment, namely:

Important! To relieve inflammation in the oral cavity, Nimesil has the highest efficiency.

Folk remedies

You can use any folk remedy only after the appointment of a dentist or consultation with him. Home methods will help relieve inflammation, remove mild suppuration, disinfect and partially anesthetize.

In diabetes mellitus and blood cancer - as an adjunct to the main therapy. With arthritis, oak bark should not be included in the composition - it dries the tissues. All arthritis partially dehydrates the body, which is fraught with fragility of fragile capillaries.

Some recipes for home treatment:

Application for suppuration. Mix 50 grams of liquid fresh honey with 100 grams of onion juice and 4 tbsp. l. plantain juice. Insist 48-60 hours. It can not be used with deep significant purulent formations, low pain threshold, diabetes mellitus.
For 20 g of cold water, a teaspoon of plantain, chamomile, nettle and soda. Bring to a boil and turn off. Rinse after eating. Not for bleeding wounds. Then exclude soda from the composition, boil for 2 minutes.
For 250 g of boiling water 1 tbsp. l. oak bark and 2 tbsp. l. calendula. Boil 1 min. Insist 24 hours. Good for stomatitis.
For 100 g of honey 2 tbsp. l. sea buckthorn oil and 4 tbsp. l. aloe juice. It has no contraindications, except for diabetes and allergies to components. Can be used as a prophylactic, applying a thin layer on clean gums. Rinse after 2-3 minutes.
With avitaminosis. Boil freshly squeezed carrot juice in a water bath for 5 minutes. Add 1 tbsp. l. honey with the expectation of 200 g. Use as a rinse and drink. An excellent prophylactic against any diseases.

Prevention

The main preventive measure is to undergo an examination at the dentist 2 times a year. It is also necessary:

Brush your teeth twice a day for at least 3 minutes.
Rinse your mouth after each meal with boiled water: 200 g of water 1 tsp. chamomile. Boil 1 min. Allow to cool to room temperature.
The temperature of the rinse aids should match the temperature of the food.
Do not abuse sweets if it is not possible to rinse your mouth.
Do not combine sweets with sugary drinks.
Give preference to foods rich in vitamins.

ORM diseases can lead to serious complications up to the formation of a malignant tumor. Treatment depends on the results of the diagnosis and on the stage of the disease. Folk remedies eliminate symptoms and are used for prevention, but not for the treatment of the disease in general.

The digestive tract begins with the oral cavity. This is not only its anatomical beginning - the digestion of food begins already in the oral cavity. In addition, the oral cavity has a number of additional functions not related to digestion.

Its boundaries are the oral fissure in front and the pharynx behind. The oral fissure, in turn, is limited by the upper and lower lips.

Conventionally, the oral cavity is divided into two sections. The anterior section - the vestibule of the mouth - is limited by the lips and cheeks in front and the teeth and jaws behind. The vestibule is shaped like a horseshoe. The posterior section - the actual oral cavity - is limited in front and from the sides by the teeth and jaws, behind - by the opening of the pharynx, which is the beginning of the pharynx. From above, the boundary of the oral cavity is a hard and partially soft palate, from below - a muscular frame, which is called the bottom of the oral cavity.

The soft palate ends with a palatine uvula, which takes part in the formation of the voice, and hangs down in a calm state. The mucous membrane of the oral cavity, passing from the soft palate down, forms palatine arches on the sides of the palatine uvula - between which there are accumulations of lymphoid tissue - the palatine tonsils.

In the oral cavity, the central place is occupied by the tongue. From it to the bottom of the oral cavity there is a frenulum - a fold of the oral mucosa. On the sides of the frenulum, you can see the outlet openings of the ducts of the salivary glands.

Functions of the oral cavity

The digestive process begins in the mouth - food is crushed with teeth, moistened with saliva to form a food lump, warmed or cooled to the desired temperature.

Saliva performs a number of important functions:

Enzymatic breakdown of carbohydrates;
Cleansing the oral cavity from food debris, neutralizing acids formed after eating and protecting teeth from caries;
Specific and non-specific immune protection;
Contains biologically active substances that regulate metabolism;
Participates in the formation of sounds.

The oral cavity takes part in breathing, speech formation and articulation.

The palatine tonsils play an important role in the body's immune defense against infections. They are part of the so-called "lymphopharyngeal ring", which is a protective "gate" at the border of the respiratory tract.

Microorganisms are always present in the mouth - permanent and non-permanent. Their number changes regularly, and largely depends on oral hygiene. The permanent microflora is represented mainly by anaerobic bacteria and fungi that can live without air. By binding to receptors on the surface of the epithelium, they play the role of a biological barrier, as they do not allow pathogenic microbes to multiply. In addition, its own microflora contributes to the self-cleaning of the oral cavity, and all the time stimulates local immunity. Changes in the composition of the microflora can lead to oral diseases.

Methods for examining the oral cavity

Identification of pathology begins with asking a person about his complaints. Most often, with diseases of the oral cavity, people complain of pain and disturbances when eating, talking, swallowing. For example, when a person complains of a constant feeling of dry mouth, this may be a sign of a decrease in the function of the salivary glands. Bad breath is a sign of periodontitis, caries or gingivitis. Defects in diction can contribute to improperly selected dentures, cleft palate.

During the examination, the relief of the mucous membrane, its color, the presence of erosions and ulcers, imprints of teeth on the tongue, and the health of the teeth themselves are assessed.

To identify diseases accompanied by excessive keratinization of the mucosa, it is irradiated with the fluorescent rays of a Wood's lamp. Sometimes a bacteriological, cytological, immunological examination or allergy testing is required. A clinical blood test for diseases of the oral cavity is the minimum necessary diagnostic study.

Oral diseases

The oral cavity is affected by a variety of diseases. Congenital malformations are formed in utero, and are mainly represented by:

Cleft of the upper lip (one- or two-sided);
Cleft of the lower lip;
cleft palate;
Absence of lips (Acheilia);
Fusion of the lips on the sides (synchelia).

Treatment of the oral cavity with such defects is surgical. A thickened and shortened frenulum of the tongue is referred to as a stigma of dysembryogenesis.

A very extensive group of diseases of the oral mucosa - these are infectious, and allergic, and tumor processes. Inflammatory processes on the oral mucosa are called stomatitis. The health of the whole organism is reflected in the condition of the oral mucosa.

Caries is a damage to the tissues of the tooth caused by a violation of the acidity of the oral cavity and the activation of its microorganisms. In its occurrence, oral hygiene disorders and hereditary factors that determine the stability of tooth tissues in an aggressive environment play a role. Treatment of the oral cavity with caries and other dental diseases is the task of the dentist.

When, as a result of a decrease in local or general immunity, fungi of the genus Candida actively multiply in the mouth, which are always present there, oral candidiasis develops. This pathological process in the oral cavity is most often found in newborns, the elderly and HIV-infected. It is manifested by unpleasant painful sensations, a burning sensation, and on the affected surface you can see a white curdled coating, under which, after removing the plaque, a bright red erosion is exposed. In most cases, oral candidiasis is effectively treated with topical antifungal agents in the form of solutions or sprays. The appointment of antifungal drugs inside in capsules and tablets is required only with severe immunodeficiency.

Injuries and mechanical damage to the oral cavity heal quickly due to the high regenerative capacity of the mucous membrane.