Topographic anatomy of the upper floor of the abdominal cavity. Operations on the stomach. Abdomen

The human body is characterized by the fact that all its constituent parts are inextricably linked.

The functioning of one organ is impossible without others.

The human body is a unique mechanism, harmonious, brought to perfection by nature.

Everyone needs to have knowledge about their structure, this will help in any field of activity and everyday life.

Human structure

The structure of the human body is quite complex, has many features and characteristics. People are unique primarily in that they are able to carry out higher nervous activity, that is, they have intelligence. There are several systems that ensure the smooth functioning of the human body.

Internal arrangement of organs

The internal structure of the human body is those organs that perform various important functions. They are separated from the external environment by the skin. An example of some of them is the brain, heart, lungs, stomach, kidneys and others.

External structure

Externally, a person is distinguished by a head, neck, upper and lower limbs, and a torso. The latter has a back, chest and stomach.

Body systems

All organs are collected in separate systems, which helps in the classification and systematization of the human structure. This facilitates the study of structures and their functions in the body. The following systems are distinguished:

1. Musculoskeletal system responsible for the movement and adoption of the body of any possible position in space. The system consists of the bone skeleton, ligaments, tendons, muscles.
2. The cardiovascular system responsible for transporting blood throughout the body. This provides tissues with oxygen and nutrients.
3. digestive tract absorbs vitamins, trace elements, proteins, fats and carbohydrates from food. This is necessary to generate energy, without which it is impossible to perform any action.
4. organs of the respiratory system remove carbon dioxide, saturate the blood with oxygen, which is carried throughout the body.
5. Nervous system is central and peripheral, is responsible for the functioning of the whole organism, collects information from the outside world, processing it.
6. Endocrine glands responsible for maintaining homeostasis within a person.
7. Sex organs are responsible for reproduction, the urinary organs are responsible for the removal of biological fluids.

Also, the skin is separately allocated, which protects the insides from adverse external factors, is responsible for the aesthetic function.

Central nervous system and brain

The human central nervous system is the brain and spinal cord. The main thing that these structural formations are responsible for is the formation of reflexes, mental activity, mental functions, motor and sensory sensitivity.

The main organ of our body is the brain. It is located in the cranium, has a complex structure. Schematically, 3 sections can be distinguished: hemispheres, cerebellum, bridge. The brain processes information that a person receives from the environment, thereby forming response impulses. Thanks to him, people are able to think, understand speech, experience emotions, carry out any activity, both mental and labor.

Nerve trunks originate from the brain, which branch into smaller branches throughout the body, which collect information from the outside world.

chest organs

There are a number of vital formations in the chest cavity. One of the most important is the heart. It is located almost in the middle of the chest, localization is located behind the middle third of the sternum. The size of the heart is equal to the size of a hand clenched into a fist.

Muscle tissue is very powerful, the cells are interconnected by jumpers, forming something like a canvas. This structure provides electrical conductivity and contraction of the heart. The organ provides blood circulation, receiving venous blood from the vessels, saturating it with oxygen, turning it into arterial. The latter, through heart contractions, ensures the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to all human systems and organs.

Also in the chest are the bronchi and lungs. The latter are a paired organ, they occupy most of the space of this cavity. Each lung consists of large lobes: the left of 2, the right of 3.

The share is divided into smaller formations, in the structure of which there are alveoli - special bubbles that carry out gas exchange. Alveoli saturate the blood with oxygen, ensure the elimination of carbon dioxide. These structures are formed by branching of the bronchi.

The latter are large trunks that enter the lungs through the so-called gates, where they begin to divide into smaller formations. The bronchi, in turn, are the airways in humans.

Another organ located in the chest is the trachea. It originates from the larynx, from where it departs lower and passes into the bronchi.

The esophagus runs in parallel, which has several anatomical bends; it itself is a muscular tube that provides the passage of the food bolus for further digestion in the stomach.

In addition, in addition to the structures listed above, there are large vessels - the aorta, pulmonary arteries and veins. Also in the chest are lymph nodes, nerve trunks and another gland - the thymus, or thymus.

The latter is an organ of the immune system, which gradually atrophies with age. In persons older than 16-18 years, there are only remnants of the thymus.

Abdominal organs

The organs of the abdominal cavity provide the digestion of food and the formation of fecal masses from its remnants. They are separated from the chest by the diaphragm. The organs of the chest cavity are as follows:

1. Stomach- a hollow formation that originates from the esophagus. The stomach is responsible for the absorption of amino acids, it contains juice, which, in addition to the digestive function, performs the disinfection of incoming processed products.
2. Then there is a transition to small intestine, consisting of 3 sections - the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. These organs are involved in the digestion of the food bolus, the absorption of amino acids and carbohydrates. Bile also begins to form in the small intestine.
3. Next is colon. Its divisions are as follows: caecum with appendix, transverse colon, descending and sigmoid colon. The thick section of the rectum ends. In this organ, the final absorption of nutrients and absorption of water takes place. Fecal masses are formed from food gruel, which are eliminated from the body through the anus, which ends in the rectum.
4. Also in the abdominal cavity are liver,pancreas and spleen. These structures are responsible for metabolism, hematopoiesis, and bile metabolism. The liver is located under the right costal arch, the pancreas - under the left. The spleen adjoins the pancreas from below.
5. In the lateral parts of the abdominal cavity are kidneys, which are pair formations. Above them are the secretory glands - the adrenal glands, which are very small. The ureters depart from the kidneys and pass into the bladder. The main function is the formation of urine, which enters the bladder and is excreted.

In addition, there are also large and small blood vessels, lymph nodes, nerve trunks and plexuses in the abdominal cavity, and an omentum is also located here, which ensures the maintenance of all formations in their places. It also protects internal structures from traumatic effects.

Small pelvis

The organs of the pelvic cavity have their own characteristics. Here, males and females have their own distinctive features. Among the common - the presence of the bladder, urethra and rectum. The first is responsible for urination, the second for defecation.

Differences in women

In females, the pelvis contains the uterus, ovaries, which are connected to the first through the fallopian tubes. Also here is the vagina, labia, vulva, clitoris.

Organs form the female reproductive system, which are responsible for reproduction, hormone production, pregnancy.

Differences in men

Men in the pelvis have seminal vesicles, vas deferens, prostate, testicles, penis. These structures are responsible for the formation of sperm, reproduction, perform the function of the endocrine glands, carrying out the production of male sex hormones.

Useful information

Each person is unique and inimitable. At the same time, various anomalies are often encountered - for example, doubling of an organ, a change in its shape and size. Surprising is the fact that often this remains unnoticed and does not affect the state of health in any way.

It is also important that when one of the paired organs is removed, its functions can be taken over by another of this pair. And that almost always happens. In this case, the person himself will feel the same way as before.

The potential and endurance of the body are amazing, it is fragile and strong at the same time. Scientists, biologists and doctors have to find out the answers to a large number of mysteries of the human body. Work in this area is ongoing.

As you can see, the structure of the human body is simple and complex at the same time. Researchers still cannot fully unravel all the secrets of the body. A person is able to carry out higher nervous activity thanks to the cerebral cortex, which is not available to other biological species.

For these reasons, it is important for people to have at least a general understanding of their structure, which will help throughout their life, especially when it comes to checking their own health.

Knowledge of the structural features and location of the abdominal organs is important for understanding many pathological processes. The abdominal cavity contains the digestive and excretory organs. must be described taking into account the relative position of these organs.

General information

The abdomen is the space between the sternum and the pelvis

The abdomen refers to the space of the body between the chest and the pelvis. The basis of the internal structure of the abdomen is the abdominal cavity, which contains the organs of digestion and excretion.

Anatomically, the area is limited by the diaphragm, located between the chest and abdominal cavities. At the level of the pelvic bones, the pelvic region begins.

Features of the structure of the abdomen and abdominal cavity determine many pathological processes. The digestive organs are held together by a special connective tissue called the mesentery.

This tissue has its own characteristics of blood supply. The organs of other important systems are also located in the abdominal cavity - the kidneys and.

Many large blood vessels nourish the tissues and organs of the abdominal cavity. In this anatomical region, the aorta and its branches, the inferior pudendal vein and other large arteries and veins are isolated.

The organs and main vessels of the abdominal cavity are protected by muscular layers that form the external structure of the abdomen.

External structure and abdominal muscles

The structure of the abdomen: internal organs

The external structure of the abdomen is no different from the structure of other anatomical regions of the body. The most superficial layers include the skin and subcutaneous fat.

The subcutaneous fat layer of the abdomen can be developed to varying degrees in people with different constitutional types. Skin, fat and subcutaneous fascia contain a large number of arteries, veins and nerve structures.

Muscles are represented in the next layer of the abdomen. The abdominal area has a sufficiently powerful muscular structure that allows you to protect the abdominal organs from external physical influences.

The abdominal wall consists of several paired muscles, the fibers of which are intertwined in different places. Main abdominal muscles:

• External oblique muscle. It is the largest and most superficial paired abdominal muscle. It originates from the eight lower ribs. The fibers of the external oblique muscle are involved in the formation of a dense aponeurosis of the abdomen and inguinal canal, which contains the structures of the reproductive system.
• Internal oblique muscle. This is the structure of the intermediate layer of paired abdominal muscles. The muscle originates from the iliac crest and part of the inguinal ligament. Individual fibers are also associated with the ribs and pubic bones. Like the external muscle, the internal oblique muscle is involved in the formation of a wide aponeurosis of the abdomen.
• Transverse abdominal muscle. This is the deepest muscle of the superficial layer of the abdomen. Its fibers are connected with the ribs, iliac crest, inguinal ligament, fascia of the chest and pelvis. The structure also forms the aponeurosis and the inguinal canal.
• Rectus abdominis. It is a long muscle associated with the ribs, sternum, and pubic bone. It is this muscle layer that forms the so-called abdominal press, which is clearly visible in physically developed people. The functions of the rectus abdominis muscle are associated with flexion of the body, obstetric processes, defecation, urination and forced exhalation.
• Pyramidal muscle. It is a triangular muscle structure located in front of the lower part of the rectus abdominis. The fibers of the pyramidal muscle are connected to the pubic bones and the linea alba. The muscle may be absent in 20% of people, which is associated with the individual characteristics of the structure of the abdomen.
• The aponeuroses and muscular lines of the abdomen are of particular importance in protecting and maintaining the shape of the structures of the abdominal cavity. In addition, the abdominal muscles form the inguinal canal, which contains the spermatic cord in men and the round ligament of the uterus in women.

Abdomen

The structure of the abdomen: muscles

The internal structure of the abdomen is represented by the abdominal cavity. The cavity is lined from the inside with peritoneum, which has inner and outer sheets.

Between the layers of the peritoneum are the organs of the abdomen, blood vessels and nerve formations. In addition, the space between the sheets of the peritoneum contains a special fluid that prevents friction.

The peritoneum not only nourishes and protects the structures of the abdomen, but also fixes the organs. The peritoneum also forms the so-called mesenteric tissue associated with the abdominal wall and abdominal organs.

The boundaries of the mesenteric tissue extend from the pancreas and small intestine to the lower colon. The mesentery fixes the organs in a certain position and nourishes the tissues with the help of blood vessels.

Some organs of the abdomen are located directly in the abdominal cavity, others - in the retroperitoneal space. Such features determine the position of the organs relative to the sheets of the peritoneum.

abdominal organs

Abdomen

The organs located in the abdominal cavity belong to the digestive, excretory, immune and hematopoietic systems.

Their mutual arrangement ensures the performance of many joint functions.

Main organs of the abdomen:

• Liver. The organ is located in the right abdomen directly below the diaphragm. The functions of this organ are associated with the processes of digestion, detoxification and metabolism. All the nutritional components formed as a result of digestion enter the liver cells with the blood, where chemical compounds harmful to the body are neutralized. The liver is also involved in the formation of bile, which is necessary for the digestion of fats.
• Stomach. The organ is located in the left abdomen under the diaphragm. This is an enlarged part of the digestive tract associated with the esophagus and the initial section of the small intestine. Key processes of chemical decomposition of food substrates take place in the stomach. In addition, the cells of the stomach help absorb vitamin B12, which is necessary for the functioning of body cells. The hydrochloric acid found in the stomach helps to kill bacteria.
• Gallbladder. The organ is located under the liver. The gallbladder is a storehouse of bile. When food components enter the duodenum for digestion, the gallbladder secretes bile into the intestinal cavity.
• Pancreas. This structure is located below the stomach between the spleen and duodenum. The pancreas is an indispensable digestive organ necessary for the final processes of food digestion. Iron produces enzymes that make it possible to turn large food components into structural units necessary for cells. The role of the pancreas in glucose metabolism is also very important. The gland secretes insulin and glucagon, which control blood sugar levels.
• Spleen. The organ is located in the left abdomen next to the stomach and pancreas. This is an organ of hematopoiesis and immunity, which allows you to deposit blood components and utilize unnecessary cells.
• Small and large intestine. In the departments of the small intestine, the main processes of digestion and assimilation of food substrates take place. The large intestine forms and stores stool and absorbs water.
• Kidneys. These are paired excretory organs that filter the bloodstream and utilize metabolic waste products. The kidneys are connected to the ureters, bladder and urethra. In addition, the kidneys secrete a number of important substances necessary for the synthesis of vitamin D and the formation of red blood cells.

The close location of the abdominal organs determines the features of many diseases. Inflammatory processes associated with the entry of bacteria into the abdominal cavity can be deadly.

Methods for examining the abdominal organs

Intestine: human anatomy

Numerous diagnostic methods allow you to assess the condition of the abdominal organs and, if necessary, confirm the presence of the disease.

Doctors begin with a physical examination of the patient, which allows to detect external manifestations of pathologies. The next stage of diagnosis is the appointment of instrumental research methods.

Methods for examining the abdominal organs:

• Esophagogastroduodenoscopy. A flexible tube equipped with a camera is inserted through the oral cavity into the patient's digestive tract. The device allows you to assess the condition of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum.
• Colonoscopy. In this case, the tube is inserted into the lower digestive tract through the anus. The procedure allows you to examine the rectum and colon.
• Radiography and computed tomography. Methods allow you to get pictures of the abdominal cavity.
• Magnetic resonance imaging. This highly accurate method is often used for detailed examination of the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.
• Ultrasound diagnostics. With the help of the procedure, the general condition of the abdominal organs is assessed.

Specialized methods, including biopsy and breath test, can be used to diagnose certain diseases.

Thus, the structure of the abdomen is important not only in terms of anatomical features, but also in terms of diagnosing diseases.

The video material will acquaint you with the anatomy of the human abdominal cavity:

The human body is a complex mechanism, all elements of which are in close interaction and occupy a certain place in it. The study of the location of the internal organs of a person allows us to understand the basics of the functioning of the body, to establish its vulnerable and important areas, to diagnose a disease by localizing its manifestations, and in an emergency to provide first aid.

Human Anatomy: Photo with Captions

The study of the structure and functions of the human body deals with anatomy - a branch of biology. The sciences of the insides of the body and their placement are splanchnology and topography.

It is customary to distinguish the structure of the body:

• External- accessible to visual observation. It includes the head, neck, torso, legs, arms, and so on;
• Internal- hidden from view. This structure includes the stomach, brain, liver, intestines and others.

The main organs are shown in the figure. Each of them occupies a certain place and performs its functions.

It is advisable to study the human structure in different projections. Below is a photo with a detailed list of organs with signatures in Russian for viewing from the front and back.

The liver, stomach, intestines, bladder, thyroid gland are best visualized in the anterior part of the body. The kidneys, pelvic bones, shoulder blades, spine are to be examined from the back. This is taken into account when conducting diagnostic studies.

The structure of the internal organs of the body is usually divided into cavities:

• thoracic, including pleural and pericardial regions;
• abdominal;
• pelvic.

The first is separated from the second by the diaphragm, which performs respiratory and support functions. The organs of the head are located in the cranial cavity. The spinal canal contains the spinal cord and nerve roots.

Depending on the purpose, the totality of human organs forms systems. The main ones are presented in the table, each is responsible for a specific function, and also interacts with others.

The following systems are distinguished in the body:

They study live the location of organs during anatomy - cutting a dead body.

What organs are on the right

To determine how the body works, what and where it is, it is recommended to use the anatomical atlas.

On the right side of the body are:

• part of the diaphragm
• right lung;
• liver - its right lobe and part of the left, lying "under cover" of the diaphragm;
• gallbladder and ducts;
• right kidney with adrenal gland;
• part of the intestine - the duodenum, ileum and caecum with an appendix;
• bladder - located closer to the center of the lower abdomen;
• pancreas - its head is located on the right;
• right ovary and fallopian tube in women.

What organs are on the left

On the anatomical map, you can see what parts of the body are on the left side, and how they are located relative to each other.

In this area are:

• left lung;
• part of the diaphragm
• the heart is tilted back and to the left, the position of the organ is behind the lungs;
• stomach;
• spleen;
• pancreas;
• left kidney with adrenal gland;
• intestine - part of the small, transverse and descending large, sigmoid colon;
• ureter;
• left ovary and fallopian tube in women.

Skeleton

The musculoskeletal system acts as a support and protection for soft tissues, provides movement. The skeleton is its passive part, an element of muscle application, while each bone is considered a separate organ. It includes the skull, chest, spinal column, belt of the upper and lower extremities, and directly the arms and legs.

The picture shows a full-length skeleton with the names of the main bones. In total, there are up to 207 of them in the body of adults.

Bones are held together and movable by joints, ligaments, and other connections.

The purpose of the skeleton is to support, move and protect, to participate in hematopoietic processes and metabolism. The latter is due to the content of bone marrow in the bones.

The structure of the bone is shown in the figure.

Bone tissue is formed from compact and spongy substances. The ratio of their content varies. The predominantly compact substance makes up 80% of the bone mass. This outer layer is characterized by density and includes nerves, vessels, bone cells.

The spongy substance makes up 20% of the mass of the skeleton. The porous layer forms a lattice structure, which is necessary for the storage of bone marrow and fat reserves.

Bones are united and gain mobility with the help of joints, ligaments, cartilage.

The location of the main joints is shown in the figure.

These elements are comparable to hinges that ensure smooth sliding of bones due to the content of a specific lubricant - synovial fluid, which prevents their destruction. The joints can be motionless (fixed), partially movable (semi-joints) and movable (true), have the shape of an ellipse, cylinder, ball.

Articulations ensure the movement of the body in space and its individual parts relative to each other, maintaining a stable posture.

The knee joint with indication of the location of the ligaments and cartilage is shown in the picture.

Cartilage performs the function of a shock absorber, prevents abrasion of bone tissue. Ligaments connect bones, support muscles, fascia, they are elastic and flexible.

Head

This part of the body is recognized as the main one, since it contains the control center of the body - the brain. The skull serves as his protection. The main sense organs are located in the front of the head: sight, hearing, smell, taste.

Scull

The figure shows the bones that form the human skull.

The body consists of 2 departments:

• Brain formed by 8 bones. The upper region is called the vault, the lower region is called the base of the skull, which are separated by a conditional line from the occipital part towards the frontal above the ear and along the infraorbital border;
• Facial, formed from 15 paired and unpaired bones. In this area are the eye sockets, oral, nasal, tympanic cavities (the organ of hearing is located here). The only movable bone is the mandibular bone, to which the masticatory muscles are attached.

Ears

The paired organ of hearing is located in the temporal part of the head, attached to it with the help of rudimentary muscles and is responsible for the transmission of sound waves, regulates the balance and coordination of human movements.

The picture shows a schematic structure of its main departments:

• outdoor, which includes the auricle, which captures sound, and the external auditory meatus, which contains the sebaceous and sulfuric glands.
• Medium, represented by the tympanic cavity and the Eustachian tube, which connects the department with the nasopharynx.
• Inner ear (membranous labyrinth)- includes vestibule, cochlea and semicircular canals filled with fluid. This section contains the vestibular system responsible for balance and acceleration.

The device of the organ of hearing begins with an externally visible shell and ends in the cranium. A person hears at the moment the sound reaches the eardrum, the vibrations of which set in motion small bones - the anvil, hammer and stirrup. The waves are then transmitted to a special fluid in the inner ear, which is signaled by the auditory nerve to the brain.

Eyes

A visual drawing depicts the physiological structure of the organ of vision - a kind of optical apparatus of the body.

The eyes are located in the anterior region of the head in the eye sockets of the skull and, together with the eyelids, eyebrows, and eyelashes, form part of the facial region.

The organ has the main components: the eyeball and the optic nerve, as well as auxiliary ones: eyelids, lacrimal apparatus, muscles that provide rotation. The posterior region of the eyelids and the anterior apple are covered by a mucous membrane - the conjunctiva.

The detailed structure of the eye is shown in the picture.

Light from an object that a person sees passes through the cornea and pupil into the lens. In this case, the rays are refracted, and an inverted image appears on the retina of the eye. Further, the impulses through the optic nerve enter the brain, as a result, the appearance of the normal position of the object is restored.

The three-dimensional 3D image is provided by the interaction of both eyes. They transmit the view of their half of the object to the brain, which connects the received parts.

Nose

The olfactory organ is located in front of the head, its anatomy includes the following components: the external section and the nasal cavity. The external visible part consists of 2 bones that form the back of the nose and cartilages that form its wings and tip.

The nasal cavity has upper, middle and lower passages.

It is symmetrically divided by a partition into 2 halves. In front, through the external nose, it communicates with the atmosphere, behind - with the pharynx.

The purpose of the organ is the delivery of purified, warmed and humidified air to the lungs, as well as in the perception and recognition of odors.

The mucous membrane is intended for mechanical processing of the air flow. Its ciliated epithelium has a cleansing effect, retaining and expelling dust particles. Mucous glands contribute to air humidification, a rich venous network has a warming effect.

Additional ventilation is provided by the paranasal sinuses located around the cavity of the olfactory organ. They are also covered with a mucous membrane. 4 pairs of paranasal sinuses are schematically shown in the figure.

Aromatic particles, getting into the nose, have an irritating effect on the olfactory nerves. Through them, signals enter the brain, which recognizes smells - this is how the function of smell is carried out.

Mouth

The oral cavity is considered the beginning of the digestive tract.

Its structure includes gums, teeth, palate, salivary glands and tongue. Lips formed by skin-muscle folds are considered a kind of entrance. Their increased sensitivity is due to an extensive network of nerves.

The salivary glands of the oral cavity are:

• sublingual;
• submandibular;
• parotid.

Due to the production of mucus, they provide a constant moisture environment. Saliva has an antiseptic effect, contributes to the sensation of taste, wetting the kidneys of the tongue.

The oral cavity is involved in 2 functions of the body: digestive and respiratory, and is also associated with human speech. The teeth mechanically process incoming food, the hard palate helps to soften and mix it, the soft palate prevents it from entering the nasal cavity.

From the center of the latter comes the so-called "third tonsil", the purpose of which is unknown. However, it is believed that it acts as a kind of shutter of the respiratory tract, preventing a person from suffocating when swallowing.

The tongue is an organ of taste with many receptor papillae. The figure shows its structure with a description and indication of the areas responsible for taste and temperature perception.

Leather

The outer cover is considered the most extensive organ of the human body. The structure of the skin in the section is shown in the figure.

The integument consists of the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis (subcutaneous fat).

Sweat and sebaceous glands, hair follicles, nails are considered appendages. Blood and lymphatic vessels, nerve fibers are also found in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue.

The main function of the skin is considered protective. It resists the harmful effects of the environment, protects the body from pathogenic microflora, damage.

The skin is involved in metabolic processes, removes unnecessary substances from the body, and regulates body temperature. The dermis carries out about 2% of gas exchange in tissues.

The skin is an organ of touch, through nerve endings, impulses are transmitted to the brain, forming the perception of an object when touched.

Nervous system

The figure shows a structured description of the components of the human nervous system that regulates the functioning of all organs of the human body. It combines sensitivity, motor activity, the activity of other regulatory mechanisms (immune, endocrine).

It is classified into:

• Central including the brain and spinal cord. It is the basis that has the main function - the implementation of reflexes. The brain controls the work of individual organs, systems, ensures their connection with each other and well-coordinated work. The higher department - the cerebral cortex and subcortical formations carry out a holistic interaction of the body with the outside world.
• peripheral, which includes the cranial and spinal nerves and nerve nodes. Connects the central system with the organs. It is not protected by bone tissue, therefore it is prone to damage. Functionally, the peripheral system is divided into somatic, which regulates the muscular activity of the skeleton, and vegetative, which is responsible for the functioning of organs. The latter is classified into sympathetic, which forms a response to stress, causing tachycardia, an increase in pressure, and so on, and parasympathetic, which controls the mechanisms of relaxation, a state of rest.

Brain

The organ is located in the cranium and is the control center of the body. The brain consists of many nerve cells and processes connected to each other.

The structure of the body has 5 departments:

• medulla;
• average;
• intermediate;
• posterior - unites the cerebellum and the bridge;
• cerebral hemispheres (forebrain).

The cerebral cortex, which occupies an area of ​​about 4 square meters, is responsible for higher nervous activity.

At the same time, the furrows and gyrus divide the organ into lobes, shown in the figure:

• frontal- determines the control of human behavior, movement, speech;
• parietal- forms the majority of sensations, analyzes information, is responsible for the ability to read, write, count;
• temporal- carries out the perception of sounds;
• occipital- responsible for visual function.

The surface of the brain is covered with 3 types of membranes:

• Soft (vascular)- Adheres to the medulla, enveloping the gyrus and entering the furrows. The vascular network feeds the organ.
• gossamer- has no vessels. Does not enter the furrows, these areas between the meninges and arachnoid are filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
• solid- periosteum for the inner surface of the skull. The shell is distinguished by a high concentration of pain receptors.

Spinal cord

The organ of the central nervous system is located in the spinal canal. What the spinal cord looks like, its location and structure are shown in the figure.

It is divided into right and left parts and has a hard, soft and arachnoid shell. Between the last 2 there is a space filled with cerebrospinal fluid from the inside.

In the central part of the organ, gray matter is found, formed from neurons and surrounded by white. Its length is 50 centimeters, width is not more than 10 millimeters. The structure of the organ in section is shown in the picture.

The spinal cord is characterized by a direct connection and interaction with organs, skin, muscles.

There are reflex functions of the organ, responsible for motor activity, and conductive, which consist in the transmission of impulses.

Nerves

Nerves are structural units of the nervous system, formed from a plexus of bundles of nerve fibers (long processes of neurons). The picture shows the structure of the organ and its purpose is determined.

Nerves transmit impulses from the brain and spinal cord to organs. Their combination forms the peripheral system.

Nerves have different thickness. This is due to the number and caliber of the beams that formed it. Large ones are called stems. Departing from the brain, they form an extensive network, in organs and tissues they are represented by individual fibers, the endings of which are nerve endings. The map shows the location of the nerves in the human body.

As you can see, they permeate almost the entire body and connect organs and parts into a single mechanism.

chest cavity

The following organs are located in the chest area:

• respiration (lungs, trachea, bronchi);
• heart;
• esophagus;
• diaphragm;
• thymus gland (thymus).

Heart

The main organ of the circulatory system is located between the lungs to the left of the center line of the chest. An oblique presentation of the heart is noted - the wide part is located higher, deflected back and to the right, narrow - directed to the left and down.

The heart contains 4 chambers separated by septa and valves. Due to constant rhythmic contractions, the organ pumps blood and participates in its processing, promotes the spread of biological fluid throughout the body.

Venous blood from the superior and inferior vena cava enters the right atrium, then the right ventricle. Then, through the pulmonary trunk, it enters the lungs, where it is converted into an arterial one. Then the blood returns to the heart, left atrium and ventricle, enters the aorta and spreads throughout the body.

The regulation of the work of the heart is carried out by receptors present in its cavity and large vessels. Impulses from the medulla oblongata and spinal cord cause reflex activity of the organ, taking into account the needs of the body. At the same time, parasympathetic nerves transmit signals that reduce the number of heart contractions, sympathetic - increase.

Lungs

The most voluminous organ of the respiratory system, which occupies 2/3 of the chest. The lungs rest on the diaphragm and are directed to the area above the clavicle. Their surface facing the ribs is convex, towards the heart is concave.

The sizes of paired organs are constantly changing and depend on the depth and phase of respiration.

The left and right lungs differ in structure. The first contains 2 lobes: upper and lower. The right one has an additional third, middle one. The shares are divided into segments and labulas. Covers the respiratory organ and the wall of the chest cavity serous membrane - pleura.

Trachea

The organ is located between the bronchi and the larynx, acts as a continuation of the latter. It carries air into the lungs.

It is a semicircular formation of cartilaginous tissue, formed in the form of a tube, originating at the level of the 6th cervical vertebra. A third of the organ lies in the region of the cervical spine, the rest is in the chest cavity. The trachea is also called the "windpipe".

The organ is covered by a mucous membrane, the back wall is formed from connective tissue with a smooth muscle structure. This helps the passage of food through the esophagus, located behind the trachea. The part of the thyroid gland is placed in front.

Bronchi

A paired respiratory organ in the form of tubular processes of the trachea, which branch out in the lungs, forming their skeleton or bronchial tree.

The functions of the bronchi are to conduct air, warm it, moisten it and purify it from dust, microorganisms, and harmful substances. Each of them enters the lungs with blood vessels and passes into the bronchioles. These terminal branches terminate in alveoli where gas exchange takes place.

The bronchi are covered with a mucous membrane from the inside, their walls have a cartilaginous structure. The branched tree is supplied with lymph nodes and nerves.

Abdomen

The placement of organs in the peritoneal cavity is shown in the figure.

This area includes:

• stomach;
• pancreas;
• liver;
• gallbladder and ducts;
• intestines;
• spleen;
• kidneys and adrenals.

Stomach

The organ of the gastrointestinal tract is a continuation of the esophagus, from which it is separated by a valve. The stomach is located under the diaphragm and is displaced to the left side, in the region of the hypochondrium.

It has a bag-like appearance, the shape of the organ depends on the physique of a particular person.

The size of the stomach is constantly changing, as it fills with food, it stretches and puts pressure on the diaphragm and pancreas.

The purpose of the organ is the processing of food, the absorption of certain components (sugar, water, and others) and its further promotion into the intestinal tract. The chemical effect on food is carried out due to the juice secreted by the walls. The hydrochloric acid it contains has an antiseptic effect. The endocrine function of the stomach is noted, which consists in the production of hormones and biologically active substances.

Liver

It is considered the largest internal glandular organ in the human body. The liver lies on the right directly below the diaphragm. The organ consists of the right and left lobes.

The main cleansing function is due to the peculiarities of the blood circulation in it: blood from the intestinal tract, containing toxins, decay products, vital activity of microflora, is supplied through the portal vein to the liver, where detoxification takes place.

Further, the vessel branches. Oxygen-rich blood enters the liver through the hepatic artery, which also branches. As a result, blood enters the sinusoids through the interlobular veins and arteries, while the mixed biological fluid flows into the central vein, then into the hepatic and inferior vena cava.

The functions of the organ include cleansing the body of toxins, excesses of bioactive substances (hormones, vitamins), regulation of metabolic processes, including lipid, synthesis of bile acids, bilirubin, hormones. The liver is a depot for blood, replenishing supplies in case of blood loss.

Gallbladder and ducts

The organ is located in the lower part of the liver along the right furrow and acts as a reservoir for incoming bile.

It consists of a neck, bottom and body. The shape of the bubble resembles a pear the size of a chicken egg. The organ has upper and lower walls, one of them is adjacent to the liver, the other looks into the abdominal cavity. The fundus communicates with the duodenum and the transverse colon. The fluid accumulated in the body through the bile ducts enters the intestines.

The bubble is mobile and able to twist, as a result, its necrosis is possible. There is a doubling of the organ, an abnormal position in the abdominal cavity, including intrahepatic.

Pancreas

A complete description of the structure and location of the organ is shown in the figure.

It has the functions of internal and external secretion. The gland releases the hormones insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream. It is involved in the production of enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, amylase) for the digestion of food and in metabolism: carbohydrate, protein, fat.

Pancreatic juice is stored in the interlobular ducts, which join with the main excretory duct, which exits into the duodenum.

Spleen

The oval-shaped organ lies in the left side next to the stomach. It is in contact with the colon, pancreas, left kidney and diaphragm. Sometimes there is an additional lobule of the organ, without showing itself in any way. The spleen is able to change, depending on the accumulated blood.

The picture shows the structure and functions of the organ.

The spleen is responsible for the processes of hematopoiesis and immune defense occurring in the body: it accumulates blood, destroys damaged cells of the biological fluid (erythrocytes, platelets) and foreign agents, deposits iron.

Intestines

Recognized as the longest organ, consisting of the small and large intestines. Located in the lower abdomen.

The tube-shaped organ, in which the necessary substances are absorbed and unnecessary and harmful are removed, gradually passes from right to left from its thin part to the thick one and ends with the anus.

The main purpose of the intestine is the processing and absorption of nutrients, since it is the final destination of the digestive system.

Excretory, immune, secretory functions are also indicated. The intestine prevents the development of pathogenic microflora, produces immunoglobulins, T-lymphocytes, hormones and vitamins.

Appendix

It is a process of the caecum, located on the right side in the iliac region, descending to the entrance to the small pelvis. An opening of the organ with a mucous flap opens into the caecum. In this case, partial or complete overgrowth of the lumen is characteristic.

It is not considered a vital organ, but it performs a protective function, preserves beneficial microflora, is considered an E. coli incubator, contains clusters of lymphoid follicles, and is part of the immune system.

With inflammation, the appendix must be urgently removed.

kidneys

Paired organs of the excretory system are located in the lumbar region behind the peritoneum at the level of the 12th rib. In this case, the right kidney is located slightly lower than the left. Organs are covered with a fibrous membrane.

The anatomy of the kidneys is shown in the figure.

The inner part of the organ forms a kind of gate through which the vessels, nerves, and ureter pass. The latter departs from the pelvis and the distal end is sent to the bladder. Organs regulate chemical homeostasis, are responsible for urination, and regulate blood pressure. Like the liver, the kidneys are considered a kind of body filter.

adrenal glands

Paired glands of the endocrine system are located in the upper part of the kidneys and consist of cortex and medulla.

Organs regulate metabolism, produce hormones (adrenaline, norepinephrine, aldosterone, corticosterone, and so on), help the body adapt to adverse living conditions and stress.

Organ dysfunctions lead to severe pathologies.

The adrenal glands are able to increase in size during a prolonged stressful situation, exhaustion is possible when they become unable to produce hormones.

Organs of the large and small pelvis

The pelvis refers to the lower part of the body. This area is formed by 2 pelvic bones, the sacrum and the coccyx. The large pelvis is limited from the front by the peritoneal septum, from the back - by the spine, from the sides - by parts of the ilium. The small one runs from the pubis, ends with the sacrum and coccyx, on the side - with the bones of the seat.

The internal organs of the region include the intestines, bladder, ureter, genitals.

Bladder

The organ is located in the lower part of the pelvic area behind the pubis.

The figure clearly shows the structure of the bladder, which is a reservoir for the accumulation of urine, which is periodically excreted from the body.

The organ is elastic, able to shrink or stretch, when filled with liquid, it grows upward, touching the abdominal wall.

The ureters flow into its middle part on both sides, the lower region forms the neck, narrows and passes into the urethra. Here is the internal sphincter that prevents involuntary urination.

Ureters

The organ is located above the bladder and connects it to the kidney.

The ureter has a tubular structure and is designed to pass urine due to the contractile movements of its segments. This is due to the presence of a muscle layer in the outer wall.

From the inside, the organ is covered with a mucous membrane. The ureters have mechanisms that prevent reflux (reverse reflux) of bladder contents.

Rectum

The organ is the final part of the large intestine, located downward from the sigmoid to the anus. Located at level 3 of the sacral vertebrae.

In men, the rectum is adjacent to the bladder, prostate, seminal vesicles, in women - to the back wall of the vagina and uterus.

Food that is not digested in the small intestine and water enters the organ. There are also fiber, bile, salts, bacteria. In the rectum, the final breakdown of food takes place, the formation of feces with the help of digestive juice and its excretion.

genitourinary system

This system includes the urinary and reproductive organs of a person.

Common for men and women are:

• kidneys;
• ureters;
• bladder;
• urethra.

However, due to differences in the structure of the reproductive system of both sexes, the features of the structure and placement of organs, shown in the pictures below, are distinguished.

Men

The general structure of the genitourinary system is complemented by male organs:

• Prostate- The prostate gland, which is located below the bladder, its excretory ducts open into the urethra. The functions of the organ are to produce a secret (an integral part of the sperm) containing immunoglobulins, enzymes, vitamins, and so on. It is a valve that blocks the exit from the bladder during an erection.
• testicles- paired organs are presented in the scrotum and may differ in size, placed at different levels. They form spermatozoa - male germ cells and steroid hormones (mainly testosterone).
• vas deferens- a paired organ that connects the duct of the epididymis and the excretory duct of the seminal vesicle.
• Penis (penis)- an external organ of a man that performs urinary and reproductive functions.

Women

In this case, the general organs of the urogenital tract additionally include female organs:

• Uterus with appendages- carry out a reproductive function. The uterus is an organ with a smooth muscle structure and is located in the middle of the pelvic cavity. Consists of bottom, body and neck. It is intended for bearing the fetus and its subsequent expulsion, participates in the menstrual function, the synthesis of prostaglandins, relaxin, and sex hormones. The appendages include the fallopian tubes, which connect the ovaries to the uterus.
• ovaries- paired female organs, are the site of maturation of germ cells and are responsible for the production of hormones. Consist of connective tissue and cortical substance containing follicles in different stages of development.
• Vagina- an internal tubular genital organ in women, located between the bladder in front and the rectum in the back. Carry out reproductive, protective, generic functions.

Digestive system

Includes organs of the gastrointestinal tract and auxiliary.

The first ones include:

• oral cavity;
• pharynx;
• esophagus;
• stomach;
• intestines.

Auxiliary organs of digestion that contribute to the digestion of food are:

• salivary glands;
• gallbladder;
• liver;
• pancreas and so on.

Circulation

Continuous blood flow in the body, providing organs and tissues with nutrition and oxygen and removing processed products from them, is carried out through a closed network of vessels.

In the human body, there are large and small circles of blood circulation. Their location, the structure of the arterial and venous systems is shown in the figure.

A small circle comes from the right ventricle: venous blood is ejected during contraction into the pulmonary trunk and follows into the lungs, where gas exchange (oxygen saturation) takes place. Arterial blood through the pulmonary veins is sent to the left atrium, closing the circle.

The systemic circulation originates in the left ventricle. During its contractions, arterial blood enters the aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries of the whole organism, giving nutrients, oxygen to the tissues and taking away metabolic products, carbon dioxide. Further, venous blood follows the venules and veins to the right atrium, closing the circle of blood circulation.

lymphatic system

It is considered a component of the cardiovascular system, is involved in metabolic processes and cleansing the body. Not closed and has no pump.

The lymphatic system includes:

• capillaries;
• vessels;
• nodes;
• trunks and channels.

glands

The endocrine system is responsible for the stability of the organs, regulates their work, growth and development.

The location of the main glands in men and women is shown in the figure:

• Thyroid produces hormones involved in metabolism, affecting growth, oxygen consumption (calcitonin, thyroxine, triiodothyronine).
• Parathyroid are responsible for the level of calcium in the body.
• thymus plays an important role in the immune system, producing T-lymphocytes and hormones (thymalin, thymosin and others).
• adrenal glands synthesize the hormone adrenaline, which triggers a response to external stress.
• Pancreas produces insulin, glucagon and enzymes for digestion of food.
• Sex glands (ovaries, testes) perform the function of reproduction.
• Pituitary and hypothalamus form the hypothalamic-pituitary system. The pituitary gland regulates the activity of the entire endocrine system, produces somatotropin.
• epiphysis counteracts growth hormones, slows down the progression of tumors, affects sexual development, controls the water balance in the body and the change in sleep phases, is responsible for muscle contractions.

muscles

The muscular system of the human body is a component of the musculoskeletal system. It sets in motion various parts of it, maintains posture, provides breathing, swallowing, and so on.

Muscles are formed from elastic and elastic tissue containing myocytes. Under the influence of signals given by the nervous system, they are reduced. However, fatigue is characteristic of the muscular system. The calf and masticatory muscles are the strongest, the gluteal muscles, which are responsible for leg movements, are the most extensive.

There are types of muscles:

• skeletal - attached to bones;
• smooth- presented in the walls of organs and vessels;
• cardiac- is located in the heart and is constantly reduced throughout life.

Anatomy of children

The structure of the body of the child has some features. The main difference from the adult organism is the smaller growth and size of the organs.

In boys and girls of adolescence, the structure gradually becomes identical to an adult.

Features of the body of children are shown in the figures below.

The skeleton of a newborn child has 270 bones, which is more than that of an adult (up to 207 bones). In the future, some of them are combined. Muscles are less developed than in adults. With age, they lengthen and thicken.

The location of the digestive organs does not have significant differences.

Pregnant woman

The physiology of the body of a girl during pregnancy changes significantly with the growth of the term. The size of the uterus increases, the main organs rise, the placental circulatory system is formed.

The mass of the heart muscle, the release of blood and its volume increase. There is an increase in lung capacity, their work is enhanced. The activity of the kidneys becomes tense, the tone of the bladder decreases. By turning to the right, the uterus can obstruct the flow of urine from the right kidney, increasing the risk of hydronephrosis.

Changes in the structure of the body of a pregnant woman are shown in the figure.

After childbirth, the organs take their former position.

Pictures of the human structure for children

To show the child what is inside the human body, you can use different methods. For kids, beautiful and colorful pictures of the body are suitable.

It is advisable to use puzzles and coloring.

Older children will be interested in models and models with organs.

They look like a real human body, while they are prefabricated

Useful video

For each person, it is important to know the name of the internal organs and their location. This is necessary for the timely detection of a particular disease. Most of the important viscera are located in the abdominal cavity: the digestive organs and the genitourinary system. The peritoneum is a space in the human body that closes at the top with a diaphragm. The bottom of the cavity falls on the pelvic region. The organs of the abdominal cavity every day ensure the normal functioning of the entire human body.

The peritoneum is a cavity with viscera, the walls of which are covered with a sulfuric membrane, penetrated by muscles, fatty tissue and connective tissue formations. The mesothelium (sulfur shell) produces a special lubricant that prevents the organs from rubbing against each other. This protects a person from discomfort and pain, provided that the organs are healthy.

The abdominal space contains the stomach, spleen, liver, pancreas, abdominal aorta, organs of the digestive tract and the human genitourinary system. All organs perform their function, important for the life of the body. Since their main role is digestion, speaking of them in general, they are usually called.

Important! The abdominal press serves as a protective membrane for the entire internal organ system in front. Behind the protective function is performed by the bones: the pelvis and spine.

The digestive system does the following:

• digest food;
• performs a protective and endocrine function;
• helps to absorb nutrients;
• manages the process of hematopoiesis;
• eliminates toxins and poison that enter the body.

The genitourinary system, in turn, performs a reproductive and endocrine function, removes metabolic products from the body.

A distinctive feature of the male and female composition of the abdominal cavity are only the genitals. All organs of the digestive system are identical and located in the same way. An exception can only be a congenital pathology of the internal organs.

Anatomical structure of the abdominal organs

The study of the structure and location of the viscera in the human body is the science of anatomy. Thanks to her, people can find out the location of the insides and understand what hurts them.

Stomach

A cavity consisting of muscles that performs a storage, mixing and digestion function. In people with an addiction to eating food, the stomach is enlarged in size. It is located between the esophagus and the duodenum. Thanks to the pulsating contractions that enter into the motor activity of the organ, it removes chemicals, poisons and other harmful substances from the body. Thus, a protective (immune) function is carried out.

In the gastric sac, proteins are broken down and water is absorbed. All incoming food is mixed and passed into the intestines. The quality and speed of digestion of food depends on the gender and age of the person, the presence or absence of diseases, the capacity, and efficiency of the stomach.

The stomach is pear-shaped. Normally, its capacity does not exceed one liter. When overeating or absorbing a large amount of fluid increases to 4 liters. This also changes its location. A crowded organ can descend to the level of the navel.

They can be very painful, so you need to be attentive to any unpleasant symptoms that arise in it.

gallbladder

Serves as a cavity for the accumulation of bile excreted by the liver. Therefore, it is located next to it, in a special hole. Its structure consists of a body, a bottom and a neck. The walls of the organ include several shells. These are sulfuric, mucous, muscular and submucosal.

Liver

It is an important digestive gland for the functioning of the body. The mass of an organ in an adult often reaches one and a half kilograms. It is able to eliminate poisons and toxins. Participates in many metabolic processes. It is engaged in hematopoiesis in the unborn baby during the period of its gestation by the mother, the absorption of glucose and cholesterol, and the maintenance of normal lipid levels.

The liver has an amazing ability to regenerate, but can seriously undermine a person's health.

Spleen

Parenchymal lymphoid organ located behind the stomach, under the diaphragm. This is the upper part of the abdomen. The composition includes the diaphragmatic and vesceral surface with an anterior and posterior pole. The organ is a capsule filled with red and white pulp inside. It is engaged in protecting the body from harmful microorganisms, creates blood flow in the future baby in the womb and an adult. It has the ability to renew the membranes of erythrocytes and platelets. It is the main source of production of lymphocytes. Capable of trapping and purifying microbes.

Pancreas

An organ of the digestive system second in size only to the liver. Its location is the retroperitoneal space, slightly behind the stomach. The mass reaches 100 grams, and the length is 20 centimeters. The structure of the organ looks like this:

The pancreas has the ability to produce a hormone called insulin. It is involved in the regulation of blood glucose levels. The main function of the organ is the production of gastric juice, without which food cannot be digested.

A person cannot live without a pancreas, so you should know for this organ.

Small intestine

There is no longer organ in the digestive system. It looks like a tangled pipe. Connects the stomach and large intestine. In men it reaches seven meters, in women - 5 meters. The composition of the tube includes a couple of departments: the duodenum, as well as the ileum, skinny. The structure of the first section is as follows:

The second two sections are called the mesenteric part of the organ. The jejunum is located at the top on the left side, the ileum at the bottom in the right region of the peritoneum.

Colon

The organ reaches one and a half meters in length. Connects the small intestine to the anus. Comprises . Feces accumulate in the rectum, from where they are excreted from the body through the anus.

What is not included in the digestive system

All other organs "living" in the peritoneal area belong to the genitourinary system. These are the kidneys, adrenal glands, bladder, and also the ureters, female and male genital organs.

Kidneys are shaped like beans. They are located in the lumbar region. The right organ is comparatively smaller than the left. Paired organs perform the cleansing and secretory function of urine. Regulate chemical processes. The adrenal glands produce a number of hormones:

• norepinephrine;
• adrenalin;
• corticosteroids;
• androgens;
• cortisone and cortisol.

From the name you can understand the location of the glands in the body - above the kidneys. Organs help people adapt to different living conditions.

Important! Thanks to the adrenal glands, a person remains resistant in stressful situations, which protects the central nervous system from negative effects.

The appendix is ​​a small organ of the peritoneum, an appendage of the caecum. Its size in diameter is not more than one centimeter, in length it reaches twelve millimeters. Protects the gastrointestinal tract from the development of diseases.

How are the organs of the peritoneum checked for pathology?

The main method for diagnosing the health of the abdominal organs is ultrasound. The study does not damage the structural units of tissues, therefore it is safe for the body. The procedure can be carried out repeatedly, if necessary. When eventration develops, methods of tapping (percussion), palpation and listening (auscultation) of the peritoneal organs are used. The correct location of the viscera, the presence of foci of infection can also be checked by MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) and CT (computed tomography).

Important! Diseases of the abdominal organs can threaten human life. Therefore, at the first symptoms, pain in the areas of the peritoneum, immediately seek help from medical professionals.

What diseases affect the abdominal cavity?

When a bacterial infection enters the body, appendicitis can develop. The treatment is carried out using the surgical method, that is, the appendix is ​​removed. Often, organ prolapse is diagnosed. The stomach usually goes down first. The therapy includes proper nutrition prescribed by a nutritionist, exercise therapy and wearing a special belt - a bandage.

With the development of intestinal obstruction or the appearance of adhesions, an operation is performed. If adhesions have caused obstruction, they are removed, but only for health reasons. In such cases, relapses are possible. With frequent exacerbations of obstruction, doctors recommend slag-free nutrition.

When contacting a doctor, it is not necessary if the symptoms disappear within a couple of days. It is important to drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration. If the patient does not feel better on the third day, it is necessary to go to the clinic. Doctors will prescribe the necessary tests, complex treatment. In most cases, these are drugs.

The most common disease of the retroperitoneal area is hemorrhoids. Pathology brings a lot of discomfort. With unbearable pain syndrome, doctors perform surgical treatment. If the progression of the disease is moderate, therapy is carried out with drugs, lotions, compresses and baths using herbal preparations.

Abdominal hernia is a congenital or acquired disease, as a result of which the large or small intestine protrudes through an opening in the abdominal cavity. It occurs during pregnancy, obesity or heavy physical exertion due to constant pressure on a certain point in the peritoneum. Another reason is the strong pressure on the membrane of the internal organs. Pathology is treated through surgery.

How and what to eat for healthy digestion?

In order for the body to feel comfortable, it is worth acquiring several useful habits:

1. Watch what you eat. Include more vegetables, fruits, cereals in your diet. Avoid fatty, salty and sugary foods.
2. Chew thoroughly. All foods should be eaten slowly and grind well with the help of teeth. This will help to avoid bloating, gastrointestinal disorders.
3. Have a snack. Instead of three standard meals, switch to 5-6 meals a day. Reduce portions for breakfast, lunch and dinner, and in between satisfy your hunger with vegetables, fruits, dairy products, nuts.
4. Eliminate fatty foods. Fats only bring problems with digestion, excess weight and develop pathologies of the heart muscle. Try steaming or baking.
5. Prepare yourself. Food prepared by yourself is healthier and more nutritious for the body. Semi-finished products, being high-calorie, oversalted, harm the digestive system and the body as a whole.

The anatomical structure of the abdominal organs is carefully studied in many laboratories by modern scientists. This will contribute to the possibility of diagnosing the pathologies of this zone at the early stages of the development of diseases. As a result, the preparation and treatment of patients will be carried out faster, preventing the pathology from moving to more severe stages of progression. At the same time, radical methods of solving problems will fade into the background.

The health of the organs largely depends on the person. Timely diagnosis and therapeutic procedures increase the chances of a complete restoration of the functioning of organs. Therefore, one should seek help at the first symptoms of malaise.

Anton Palaznikov

Gastroenterologist, therapist

Work experience more than 7 years.

Professional skills: diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and biliary system.