Bacteria living in anaerobic conditions. Aerobic and anaerobic organisms. Aerobic surgical infection

Bacteria are present everywhere, their number is huge, the species are different. anaerobic bacteria- the same types of microorganisms. They can develop and live independently, whether there is oxygen in their feeding environments or it does not exist at all.

Anaerobic bacteria obtain energy from substrate phosphorylation. There are facultative aerobes, obligate or other varieties of anaerobic bacteria.

Facultative species of bacteria are almost everywhere. The reason for their existence is the change of one metabolic pathway to a completely different one. This species includes E. coli, staphylococci, shigella, and others. These are dangerous anaerobic bacteria.

If there is no free oxygen, obligate bacteria die.

Arranged by class:

1. Clostridia- obligate types of aerobic bacteria, can form spores. These are the causative agents of botulism or tetanus.
2. non-clostridial anaerobic bacteria. Varieties from the microflora of living organisms. They play a significant role in the formation of various purulent and inflammatory diseases. Non-spore-forming types of bacteria live in the oral cavity, in the gastrointestinal tract. On the skin, in the genitals of women.
3. Capneistic anaerobes. They live with an exaggerated accumulation of carbon dioxide.
4. Aerotolerant bacteria. In the presence of molecular oxygen, this type of microorganisms has no respiration. But he doesn't die either.
5. Moderately strict types of anaerobes. In an environment with oxygen, they do not die, do not multiply. Bacteria of this species require a nutritional environment with reduced pressure to live.

Anaerobes - bacteroids

Considered the most important aerobic bacteria. They make up 50% of all inflammatory and purulent types. Their causative agents are anaerobic bacteria or bacteroids. These are gram-negative obligate types of bacteria.

Rods with bipolar staining and sizes from 0.5 to 1.5, in areas of approximately 15 microns. They can produce the production of enzymes, toxins, cause virulence. dependent on antibiotic resistance. They can be persistent or just sensitive. All anaerobic microorganisms are very resistant.

The formation of energy for gram-negative obligate anaerobes is carried out in human tissues. Some of the tissues of organisms have increased resistance to reduced oxygen in the food environment.

Under the conditions of the standard, the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate is performed only aerobically. This occurs with increased physical effort, inflammation, where anaerobes act.

ATP is adenosine triphosphate or acid, which appears during the formation of energy in the body. There are several variations of the synthesis of this substance. One of them is aerobic, or there are three variations of anaerobes.

Anaerobic mechanisms for the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate:

• rephosphorylation, which is carried out between adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate;
• the formation of transphosphorylation of adenosine triphosphate molecules;
• anaerobic breakdown of blood components of glucose, glycogen.

Formation of anaerobes

The purpose of microbiologists is the cultivation of anaerobic bacteria. To do this requires a specialized microflora, and the concentration of metabolites. It is usually used in research of a different nature.

There are special methods for growing anaerobes. Occur when replacing air with a mixture of gases. There is an action in thermostats with sealing. This is how anaerobes grow. Another method is the cultivation of microorganisms with the addition of reducing agents.

Sphere of nutrition

There is a sphere of nutrition with a general view or differential diagnostic. The base - for the type of Wilson-Blair is agar-agar, which has some content of glucose, 2-x iron chloride, sodium sulfite among its components. Among them there are colonies that are called black.

The Ressel sphere is used in the study of the biochemical qualities of bacteria called Salmonella or Shigella. This medium may contain both glucose and agar-agar.

Ploskirev's environment is such that it can inhibit the growth of certain microorganisms. They make up a multitude. For this reason, it is used for the possibility of differential diagnostic. Here, dysentery pathogens, typhoid fever, and other pathogenic anaerobes can be successfully produced.

The main direction of the bismuth-sulfite agar medium is the isolation of Salmonella by this method. This is done with the ability of Salmonella to produce hydrogen sulfide.

In the body of every living individual, many anaerobes live. They cause various types of infectious diseases in them. Infection with an infection can occur only with a weakened immune system or disruption of the microflora. There is a possibility of infection getting into a living organism from the environment. It could be in autumn, in winter. Such hit of infections is saved during the listed periods. The ailment caused sometimes gives complications.

Infections caused by microorganisms - anaerobic bacteria, are directly linked to the flora of the mucous membranes of living individuals. With living places anaerobes. Each infection has several pathogens. Their number usually reaches ten. An absolutely specified number of diseases that cause anaerobe cannot be determined with accuracy.

Due to the difficult selection of materials intended for the study of the transportation of samples, the determination of bacteria. Therefore, this type of component is often found only with already chronic inflammation in humans. This is an example of a careless attitude to one's health.

Anaerobic infections are periodically exposed to absolutely all people with different ages. In small children, the degree of infectious inflammation is much greater than in people of other ages. Anaerobes often cause diseases inside the skull in humans. Abscesses, meningitis, other types of diseases. The spread of anaerobes is carried out with blood flow.

If a person has a chronic disease, then anaerobes can form anomalies in the neck or head. For example: abscesses, otitis or lymphadenitis. Bacteria are dangerous for the gastrointestinal tract, lungs of patients.

If a woman has diseases of the genitourinary system, then there is a risk of anaerobic infections. Various diseases of the skin, joints - this is also a consequence of the life of anaerobes. This method is one of the first to indicate the presence of an infection.

Reasons for the appearance of infectious diseases

Human infections are caused by those processes in which energetic anaerobe bacteria enter the body. The development of the disease may be accompanied by unstable blood supply, the appearance of tissue necrosis. These can be injuries of a different nature, swelling, tumors, vascular disorders. The appearance of infections in the oral cavity, diseases in the lungs, inflammation of the pelvic organs, other diseases.

Infection can develop in a peculiar way for each species. The development is influenced by the type of pathogen, the health of the patient. It is difficult to diagnose such infections. The seriousness of diagnosticians is often based on assumptions alone. There is a difference in the characteristics of infections that arise from non-clostridial anaerobes.

The first signs of infection are gas formation, any suppuration, the appearance of thrombophlebitis. Sometimes tumors or neoplasms can be signs as signs. They can be neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract, uterine. Accompanied by the formation of anaerobes. At this time, an unpleasant odor may come from a person. But, even if the smell does not exist, this does not mean that there are no anaerobes as pathogens for infection in this organism.

Features for getting samples

The first study for infections caused by anaerobes is an external examination of the general appearance of a person, his skin. Because the presence of skin diseases in humans is a complication. They indicate that the vital activity of bacteria is the presence of gases in infected tissues.

In laboratory studies, determining a refined diagnosis, it is necessary to correctly obtain a sample of infected matter. Often specialized equipment is used. The best method of obtaining samples is considered to be aspiration performed with a straight needle.

Types of samples that do not correspond to the possibility of continuing analyzes:

• sputum acquired by self-excretion;
• bronchoscopy samples;
• types of smears from the vaults of the vagina;
• urine from free urination;
• types of faeces.

Samples are subject to research:

1. blood;
2. pleural fluid;
3. transtracheal aspirates;
4. pus taken from abscesses
5. fluid from the brain back;
6. lung punctures.

Samples must be moved to their destination quickly. Work is carried out in a specialized container, sometimes in a plastic bag.

It must be designed for anaerobic conditions. Because the interaction of samples with atmospheric oxygen can cause the complete death of bacteria. Liquid types of samples are moved in test tubes, sometimes directly in syringes.

If swabs are moved for research, then they are transported only in test tubes with the presence of carbon dioxide, sometimes with pre-made substances.

Bacteria appeared over 3.5 billion years ago and were the first living organisms on our planet. It is thanks to aerobic and anaerobic species of bacteria that life originated on Earth.

Today they are one of the most species-diverse and widespread group of prokaryotic (non-nuclear) organisms. Different respiration made it possible to subdivide them into aerobic and anaerobic, and nutrition - into heterotrophic and autotrophic prokaryotes.

The species diversity of these non-nuclear single-celled organisms is enormous: science has described only 10,000 species, and there are supposedly more than a million species of bacteria. Their classification is extremely complex and is carried out based on the commonality of the following features and properties:

• morphological - form, mode of movement, ability to sporulate, and others);
• physiological - breathing with oxygen (aerobic) or an anoxic variant (anaerobic bacteria), according to the nature of metabolic products, and others;
• biochemical;
• similarity of genetic characteristics.

For example, the morphological classification by appearance subdivides all bacteria as:

• rod-shaped;
• winding;
• spherical.

The physiological classification in relation to oxygen divides all prokaryotes into:

• anaerobic - microorganisms whose respiration does not require the presence of free oxygen;
• aerobic - microorganisms that need oxygen for their life.

Anaerobic prokaryotes

Anaerobic microorganisms fully correspond to their name - the prefix an-denies the meaning of the word, aero is air and b-life. It turns out - airless life, organisms whose breathing does not need free oxygen.

Anoxic microorganisms are divided into two groups:

• facultative anaerobic - able to exist both in an environment containing oxygen, and in its absence;
• obligate microorganisms - dying in the presence of free oxygen in the environment.

The classification of anaerobic bacteria subdivides the obligate group according to the possibility of sporulation into the following:

• spore-forming clostridia - gram-positive bacteria, most of which are mobile, characterized by intensive metabolism and high variability;
• non-clostridial anaerobes are gram-positive and negative bacteria that are part of the human microflora.

Clostridia properties

Spore-forming anaerobic bacteria are found in large numbers in the soil and in the gastrointestinal tract of animals and humans. Among them, more than 10 species are known that are toxic to humans. These bacteria produce highly active exotoxins specific to each species.

Although one type of anaerobic microorganisms can be an infectious agent, intoxication by various microbial associations is more typical:

• several types of anaerobic bacteria;
• anaerobic and aerobic microorganisms (most often clostridia and staphylococci).

Bacterial culture

It is quite natural in the oxygen environment familiar to us that in order to obtain obligate aerobes, it is necessary to use special equipment and microbiological media. In fact, the cultivation of anoxic microorganisms is reduced to the creation of conditions under which the access of air to the media where the cultivation of prokaryotes is performed is completely blocked.

In the case of microbiological analysis for obligate anaerobes, the methods of sampling and the method of transporting the sample to the laboratory are extremely important. Since obligate microorganisms will immediately die under the influence of air, the sample must be stored either in a sealed syringe or in specialized media designed for such transportation.

Aerophilic microorganisms

Aerobes are called microorganisms whose respiration is impossible without free oxygen in the air, and their cultivation takes place on the surface of nutrient media.

According to the degree of dependence on oxygen, all aerobes are divided into:

• obligate (aerophiles) - able to develop only at a high concentration of oxygen in the air;
• facultative aerobic microorganisms that develop even with a reduced amount of oxygen.

Properties and features of aerobes

Aerobic bacteria live in soil, water and air and are actively involved in the cycle of substances. The respiration of bacteria, which are aerobes, is carried out by direct oxidation of methane (CH 4), hydrogen (H 2), nitrogen (N 2), hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), iron (Fe).

Obligate aerobic microorganisms that are pathogenic to humans include tubercle bacillus, tularemia pathogens, and vibrio cholerae. All of them require high levels of oxygen to survive. Facultative aerobic bacteria such as salmonella are able to respire with very little oxygen.

Aerobic microorganisms that carry out their respiration in an oxygen atmosphere are able to exist in a very wide range at a partial pressure of 0.1 to 20 atm.

Growing Aerobes

The cultivation of aerobes involves the use of a suitable nutrient medium. The necessary conditions are also the quantitative control of the oxygen atmosphere and the creation of optimal temperatures.

The respiration and growth of aerobes is manifested as the formation of turbidity in liquid media or, in the case of dense media, as the formation of colonies. On average, it takes about 18 to 24 hours to grow aerobes under thermostatic conditions.

General properties for aerobes and anaerobes

1. All these prokaryotes do not have a pronounced nucleus.
2. They reproduce either by budding or division.
3. Carrying out respiration, as a result of the oxidative process, both aerobic and anaerobic organisms decompose huge masses of organic residues.
4. Bacteria are the only living things whose respiration binds molecular nitrogen into an organic compound.
5. Aerobic organisms and anaerobes are capable of respiration over a wide range of temperatures. There is a classification according to which nuclear-free unicellular organisms are divided into:

• psychrophilic - living conditions in the region of 0 ° C;
• mesophilic - vital temperature from 20 to 40 ° C;
• thermophilic - growth and respiration occurs at 50-75 ° C.

Anaerobes I Anaerobes (Greek negative prefix an- + aēr + b life)

microorganisms that develop in the absence of free oxygen in their environment. They are found in almost all samples of pathological material in various purulent-inflammatory diseases, they are conditionally pathogenic, sometimes pathogenic. Distinguish facultative and obligate A. Facultative A. are able to exist and multiply both in oxygen and in an oxygen-free environment. These include coli, Yersinia, Streptococcus, and other Bacteria .

Obligate A. die in the presence of free oxygen in the environment. They are divided into two groups: those that form, or clostridia, and bacteria that do not form spores, or the so-called non-clostridial anaerobes. Among clostridia, causative agents of anaerobic clostridial infections are distinguished - botulism, clostridial wound infection, tetanus. Non-clostridial A. include gram-negative and gram-positive rod-shaped or spherical bacteria: fusobacteria, veillonella, peptococci, peptostreptococci, propionibacteria, eubacteria, etc. Non-clostridial A. are an integral part of the normal microflora of humans and animals, but at the same time play an important role in the development of such purulent-inflammatory processes as lung and brain abscesses, pleural empyema, phlegmon of the maxillofacial region, otitis media, etc. Most anaerobic infections (Anaerobic infection) , caused by non-clostridial anaerobes, refers to endogenous and develops mainly with a decrease in the body's resistance as a result of surgery, cooling, impaired immunity.

The main part of clinically significant A. are bacteroids and fusobacteria, peptostreptococci and spore Gram-positive rods. Bacteroides account for about half of purulent-inflammatory processes caused by anaerobic bacteria.

Bibliography: Laboratory research methods in the clinic, ed. V.V. Menshikov. M., 1987.

1. Small medical encyclopedia. - M.: Medical Encyclopedia. 1991-96 2. First aid. - M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia. 1994 3. Encyclopedic dictionary of medical terms. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. - 1982-1984.

See what "Anaerobes" are in other dictionaries:

Modern Encyclopedia

- (anaerobic organisms) are able to live in the absence of atmospheric oxygen; some types of bacteria, yeast, protozoa, worms. Energy for life is obtained by oxidizing organic, less often inorganic substances without the participation of free ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (gr.). Bacteria and similar lower animals, capable of living only in the complete absence of atmospheric oxygen. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. anaerobes (see anaerobiosis) otherwise anaerobionts, ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Anaerobes- (from the Greek an negative particle, aer air and bios life), organisms that can live and develop in the absence of free oxygen; some types of bacteria, yeast, protozoa, worms. Obligate, or strict, anaerobes develop ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (from a ..., an ... and aerobes), organisms (microorganisms, mollusks, etc.) that can live and develop in an oxygen-free environment. The term was introduced by L. Pasteur (1861), who discovered butyric fermentation bacteria. Ecological encyclopedic dictionary. ... ... Ecological dictionary

Organisms (mainly prokaryotes) that can live in the absence of free oxygen in the environment. Obligate A. receive energy as a result of fermentation (butyric acid bacteria, etc.), anaerobic respiration (methanogens, sulfate-reducing bacteria ... Dictionary of microbiology

Abbr. name anaerobic organisms. Geological dictionary: in 2 volumes. M.: Nedra. Edited by K. N. Paffengolts et al. 1978 ... Geological Encyclopedia

ANAEROBES- (from Greek a negative frequent, aer air and bios life), microscopic organisms that can draw energy (see Anaerobiosis) not in oxidation reactions, but in splitting reactions of both organic and inorganic compounds (nitrates, sulfates and etc … Big Medical Encyclopedia

ANAEROBES Organisms that develop normally in the complete absence of free oxygen. In nature, A. are found everywhere where organic matter decomposes without access to air (in deep layers of soil, especially waterlogged soil, in manure, silt, etc.). There are… Pond fish farming

Ow, pl. (unit anaerobe, a; m.). Biol. Organisms capable of living and developing in the absence of free oxygen (cf. aerobes). ◁ Anaerobic, oh, oh. Ah, bacteria. Ah, the infection. * * * anaerobes (anaerobic organisms), able to live in the absence of ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

- (anaerobic organisms), organisms that can live and develop only in the absence of free oxygen. They receive energy due to the oxidation of organic or (less commonly) inorganic substances without the participation of free oxygen. To anaerobes ... ... Biological encyclopedic dictionary

Anaerobes are bacteria that appeared on planet Earth before other living organisms.

They play an important role in the ecosystem, are responsible for the vital activity of living beings, participate in the process of fermentation and decomposition.

At the same time, anaerobes cause the development of dangerous diseases and inflammatory processes.

What are anaerobes

Under anaerobes, it is customary to understand micro- and macro-organisms that are able to live in the absence of oxygen. They receive energy as a result of the process of substrate phosphorylation.

The development and reproduction of anaerobes occurs in purulent-inflammatory foci, affecting people with weak immunity.

Classification of anaerobes

There are two types of these bacteria:

• Facultative, which are able to live, develop and reproduce in both oxygen and oxygen-free environments. Such microorganisms include staphylococci, Escherichia coli, streptococci, shigella;
• Obligate live only in an environment where there is no oxygen. If this element appears in the environment, then obligate anaerobes die.

In turn, obligate anaerobes are divided into two groups:

• Clostridia are bacteria that form spores; excite the development of infections - butulism, wound, tetanus.
• Non-clostridial - bacteria that are not able to form spores. They live in the microflora of people and animals, are not dangerous to living beings. These bacteria include eubacteria, peillonella, peptococci, bacterioids.

Often, non-clostridial anaerobes cause purulent and inflammatory processes, including peritonitis, pneumonia, sepsis, otitis, etc. All infections caused by this type of bacteria occur under the influence of internal causes. The main factor in the development of infections is a decrease in immunity and body resistance to pathogenic microbes. This usually happens after operations, injuries, hypothermia.

Examples of anaerobes

Prokaryotes and protozoa. Mushrooms. Seaweed. Plants. Helminths are flukes, tapeworms and roundworms. Infections - intra-abdominal, intracranial, pulmonary, wound, abscesses, in the neck and head, soft tissues, cerebrospinal fluid. Aspiration pneumonia. Periodontitis.

Infections that are provoked by anaerobic bacteria cause the development of necrosis, the formation of an abscess, sepsis and gas formation. A lot of anaerobes create enzymes in tissues that produce paralytic toxins.

Anaerobic bacteria cause the development of the following diseases: Infections of the oral cavity. Sinusitis. Acne. Inflammation of the middle ear. Gangrene. Botulism. Tetanus. In addition to the dangers, anaerobes are beneficial to humans. In particular, they convert harmful toxic sugars into beneficial enzymes in the colon.

Differences between anaerobes and aerobes

Anaerobes mainly live in an environment where there is no oxygen, while aerobes are able to live, develop and multiply only in the presence of oxygen. Anaerobes include birds, fungi, several types of fungi, and animals. Oxygen in anaerobes takes part in all life processes, which contributes to the formation and production of energy.

Recently, scientists from the Netherlands discovered that anaerobes living at the bottom of water bodies can oxidize methane. In this case, the reduction of nitrates and nitrites, which release molecular nitrogen. Archaeobacteria and eubacteria take part in the formation of this substance.

Microbiologists are engaged in the cultivation of anaerobic microorganisms. This process requires a specific microflora and a certain degree of concentration of metabolites.

Anaerobes are grown on nutrients - glucose, sodium sulfate, casein.

Anaerobes have a different metabolism, which allows us to distinguish several subgroups of bacteria on this basis. These are organisms that use anaerobic respiration, solar radiation energy, catabolism of macromolecular compounds.

Anaerobic processes are used to decompose and decontaminate sewage sludge, to ferment sugars to produce ethyl alcohol.

conclusions

Anaerobes can bring both benefit and harm to humans, animals and plants. If conditions are formed for the development of pathogenic processes, then anaerobes will provoke infections and diseases that can be fatal. In industry and microbiology, scientists are trying to use the anaerobic properties of bacteria to obtain useful enzymes, purify water and soil.

All living organisms are divided into aerobes and anaerobes, including bacteria. Therefore, there are two types of bacteria in the human body and in nature in general - aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobes need to get oxygen to live while it is not needed at all or not required. Both types of bacteria play an important role in the ecosystem, taking part in the decomposition of organic waste. But among the anaerobes, there are many species that can cause health problems in humans and animals.

Humans and animals, as well as most fungi, etc. are all obligatory aerobes that need to breathe and inhale oxygen in order to survive.

Anaerobic bacteria, in turn, are divided into:

• optional (conditional) - need oxygen for more efficient development, but can do without it;
• obligate (mandatory) - oxygen is deadly for them and kills after a while (it depends on the species).

Anaerobic bacteria are able to live in places where there is little oxygen, such as the human mouth, intestines. Many of them cause disease in those areas of the human body where there is less oxygen - the throat, mouth, intestines, middle ear, wounds (gangrene and abscesses), inside acne, etc. In addition, there are also useful species that help digestion.

Aerobic bacteria, compared to anaerobic bacteria, use O2 for cellular respiration. Anaerobic respiration means an energy cycle with less efficiency for energy production. Aerobic respiration is the energy released in a complex process where O2 and glucose are metabolized together inside the cell's mitochondria.

With strong physical exertion, the human body may experience oxygen starvation. This causes a switch to anaerobic metabolism in skeletal muscle, during which lactic acid crystals are produced in the muscles, since carbohydrates are not completely broken down. After this, the muscles later begin to ache (krepatura) and are treated by massaging the area to speed up the dissolution of the crystals and flushing them out naturally in the bloodstream over time.

Anaerobic and aerobic bacteria develop and multiply during fermentation - in the process of decomposition of organic substances with the help of enzymes. At the same time, aerobic bacteria use the oxygen present in the air for energy metabolism, compared to anaerobic bacteria, which do not need oxygen from the air for this.

This can be understood by doing an experiment to identify the type by growing aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in liquid culture. Aerobic bacteria will congregate at the top to take in more oxygen and survive, while anaerobic bacteria tend to congregate at the bottom to avoid oxygen.

Nearly all animals and humans are obligatory aerobes that require oxygen for respiration, while staphylococci in the mouth are an example of facultative anaerobes. Individual human cells are also facultative anaerobes: they switch to lactic acid fermentation if oxygen is not available.

Brief comparison of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria

1. Aerobic bacteria use oxygen to stay alive.
   Anaerobic bacteria need minimal or even die in its presence (depending on the species) and therefore avoid O2.
2. Many species among those and other types of bacteria play an important role in the ecosystem, taking part in the decomposition of organic matter - they are decomposers. But mushrooms are more important in this regard.
3. Anaerobic bacteria are the cause of a variety of illnesses ranging from sore throats to botulism, tetanus, and more.
4. But among the anaerobic bacteria, there are also those that are beneficial, for example, they break down vegetable sugars that are harmful to humans in the intestines.