Moscow State University of Printing Arts. Types of syllables in English in a nutshell

Linguists distinguish such a thing as syllables. Language learners need to be able to correctly determine their boundaries in words and distinguish them by type. Consider the most basic types of syllables, as well as the rules for division.

Slogs - what is it?

There are different approaches to the definition of this concept. From a phonetic point of view, a syllable is one sound or a group of sounds accompanied by an expiratory push. There are always exactly as many syllables in a word as there are vowels in it. We can say that a syllable is the smallest pronunciation unit.

Syllabic (or syllable-forming sound) is a vowel. The consonant, respectively, is considered non-syllable.

Types of syllables

Syllables are also classified into open and closed. Closed syllables end in a consonant, while open syllables end in a vowel. In the Russian language, there is a tendency towards the openness of the syllable.

Also, if a syllable begins with a vowel, it is open, and if it starts with a consonant, then it is covered.

There are also syllables according to the acoustic structure:

• ascending, where from a less sonorous (deaf consonant) comes and / or a sonorous consonant and / or a vowel (pa-pa).
• descending, where, unlike the ascending one, the syllable starts from a vowel, and then already sonorant consonants and / or deaf ones (mind) go.
• ascending-descending, where a kind of "slide" is obtained, in which consonants first go according to the degree of sonority, then the top is a vowel sound, and then - "descent" down, starting with the most sonorous consonants (ping-pong).
• even syllables - one vowel, that is, open and open syllables are even and consist of only one vowel (a).

Stressed and unstressed syllables

A stressed syllable is a syllable whose vowel is stressed, that is, the vowel is in a strong position. Unstressed syllables are not stressed.

And unstressed syllables, in turn, are divided into two types in relation to the stressed syllable: stressed and pre-stressed. It is not difficult to guess that the pre-stressed ones stand before the stressed syllable, the stressed ones, respectively, after. They are also divided into pre-stressed / post-stressed syllables of a different order in relation to the stressed one. The first pre-shock or behind-shock is closest to the one being struck, the second in order is behind the first shock and pre-shock, and so on.

Take for example the word che-re-do-va-ni-e, where all syllables, it is worth noting, are open. The fourth syllable -va- will be stressed, the first prestressed - syllable -do-, the second - -re-, the third - che-. But the first shock will be -ne-, the second - -e.

How to divide a word into syllables?

All words can be divided into syllables. In different languages, division can occur in different ways. But how does the division work in Russian? What are the nuances of the rule?

In general, the division takes place according to general principles:

• How many vowels, so many syllables. If a word has one vowel sound, then this is one syllable, since vowels are syllable-forming. For example, these are the words: cat, whale, that, current, which consist of one syllable.
• A syllable can only be a vowel sound. For example, the word "this" is divided into syllables as e-that.
• Open syllables end in vowels, closed syllables end in consonants. Examples of openness: mo-lo-ko, de-le-ni-e, ko-ro-va. Closed syllables are found, as a rule, at the end of a word or at the junction of consonants (com-pot, mole, give). In the Russian language, as already mentioned, there is a tendency towards openness of the syllable.
• If the word contains the letter "y", then it goes to the previous syllable. For example, mine.
• At the junction of two vowels, there is a division in the middle, because there cannot be two vowels in one syllable. In this case, it turns out that the first syllable is open, and the second is open (ha-os).
• All sonorants (m, n, l, p) at the junction of consonants before the deaf usually "stick" to the sounds preceding them, forming a syllable.

Theories of syllable division

Nevertheless, there is no clear framework for what exactly is a syllable and where its boundaries lie. The main thing is the presence of a vowel, but the definition of boundaries can occur in different ways. There are several main theories of syllable division.

• Sonor theory, which is based on the principle of a syllable sonority wave. It was developed by a scientist from Denmark, Otto Jespersen, and for the Russian language, the idea was continued by R. I. Avanesov. He singled out four degrees of sonority, starting with more sonorant ones and ending with non-sonor ones. At the top are vowels, then sonorants go in the second degree, voiced noisy ones in the third degree, and completely deaf consonants in the fourth place. That is, a syllable is a combination of a vowel with less up to non-sonor ones.
• The expiratory theory (expiratory) implies that a syllable is one expiratory push. How many pushes, so many syllables. However, the minus of this theory lies in the uncertainty of the syllable boundary at the junction of consonants. In this theory, you can use a candle to figure out how many syllables (air pushes) there are in a word.
• The theory of "muscular tension" carries the idea that the syllable combines levels of maximum and minimum muscular tension (ie, tension of the organs of speech). The syllable boundary will be the sounds of minimal muscular tension.

Now that you know the rules for dividing words into syllables, you won't have any problems wrapping words.

The definition of a syllable presents certain difficulties, although every speaker can pronounce words syllable by syllable. The definition of a syllable from an articulatory point of view is most often used: a syllable is a part of a measure, consisting of one or more sounds and pronounced in one breath. However, the pronunciation of syllables without exhalation in the language is possible, for example, when the sound of a kiss or the smacking of horses is depicted, but one syllable cannot be pronounced in more than one exhalation. Based on this, L.V. Shcherba proposed a theory of pulsation, according to which syllables are segments of speech corresponding to the alternations of pumping and discharging the muscular tension of the speech apparatus during pronunciation. From an acoustic point of view, a syllable is a sound segment of speech in which one sound is distinguished by the greatest sonority in comparison with others. Syllabic, i.e. forming a syllable, in modern Russian are vowels as the most sonorous. Consonants as sounds of the least sonority do not form syllables, although sonorant consonants have the ability to form syllables. In modern Russian, the syllabic property of sonorants manifests itself in the ability to replace the disappeared weak consonant, for example, in colloquial fluent speech, the combination actually sounds like [fsa?m d?e?l?], instead of<о>between two [m] syllabic became [m]. Sometimes even deaf consonants become syllabic, for example, when pronouncing the interjection ks-ks-ks.

Syllables are separated by syllable sections. A syllable division is a real or potential boundary between syllables. In speech, we meet with a syllable section when scanning, clearly pronouncing, dictating words. The structure of a syllable in Russian obeys the law of ascending sonority, i.e. The sounds in a syllable are arranged from the least sonorous to the most sonorous. Sonority can be indicated by numbers: 1 - noisy deaf, 2 - noisy voiced, 3 - sonorous, 4 - vowels. In accordance with this law, we will make a syllable division:

In Russian, the syllable division usually passes between the most contrasting sounds in sonority. In the examples given, the syllable division occurred at the place of the greatest decline in sonority: in the word vata, the syllable division passes between the sound [a], which has a sonority of 4, and the sound [t], whose sonority is estimated at 1, the same is observed in the words prostor and sunrise; in the word girl, the syllable division passes between the sounds [e] (sonority 4) and [v] (sonority 2), between [y] (sonority 4) and [w] (sonority 1), in the word break - between [/] (sonority 4) and [h] (sonority 2), in the words flight, feed, throat between a vowel (sonority 4) and sonorant (sonority 3); in the word sing - between sounds with sonority 4 and 3 and 4 and 1.

The syllable section may or may not coincide with the division of words into syllables during hyphenation. So, the word girl can be transferred: girl, i.e. the way a syllable division, or a girl, goes; however, in some cases, the division into syllables for transfer is strictly regulated by the rules: the transfer of the word sunrise does not correspond to the syllable section, the word can only be transferred in this way: sunrise, since when transferring one letter cannot be torn off from the prefix and attached to the root, the syllable section of the word break is also different from the transfer of the word to break, since it is impossible to tear off one letter from the root and attach it to the prefix; many words that have two vowels in their composition, therefore, from an articulatory and acoustic point of view, consisting of two syllables, cannot be transferred from one line to another, for example: dinner, autumn, deer, perch, etc.

As we could see, syllables are indeed built according to the law of ascending sonority, and since vowels have the greatest sonority, most often syllables end in a vowel, i.e. is open. This applies primarily to non-final syllables; final syllables can be open and closed, i.e. end in a consonant: hello [pr?i|v?e?t], lunch, bear [m? ie|dv?e?t?].

However, non-final syllables can also be closed. This applies to words in which a vowel is followed by a sonorant consonant, and then a noisy consonant: shelf [po?l|kъ], burka [bu?r|kъ], brand [ma?r|k], ribbon [l?e? n|tb], flask [ko?l|bb], brick [k?ir|p?i?ch?], hurdy-gurdy [w/|rma?n|kj], [a?r|kt?i|kj ]. Despite the fact that in the above words the first syllable is not open, nevertheless, in them the syllable section passes at the place of the greatest decline in sonority: in the words polka, burka, mark, the syllable section did not pass between the vowel, which has sonority 4, and sonorant, having sonority 3, and between sonorous (sonority 3) and deaf consonant (sonority 1); in the word flask, the syllable division runs between a sonorant (sonority 3) and a voiced consonant (sonority 2).

The same applies to combinations [j] (this sound is more sonorous than sonorants) and a noisy consonant: washing [my? y | k], like [la? y | k], puck [sha? y | b].

The Russian language has non-finite syllables ending in noisy consonants [zh] and [sh]. This is possible when after [g], [w] there is noisy, and the indicated sibilants are after the sonorant [p], with which they have close articulation ([p], [g], [w] are anterior-lingual palatine-tooth), and therefore, when pronouncing, they join it: [g / rsh | k? and?], but [g / r | sho? k].

The characteristic of syllables takes into account not only the final sound of the syllable, but also the initial one. A syllable can be covered if it starts with a consonant: in the words [kn? and? | gb], [pr? and | you? | h? kb], [l / | zu? | rny]; the initial syllable can be undisguised: , [u?|vb], . Note that the syllable starting with the initial iotated vowel is covered: apple, if, fir-trees.

From the point of view of sonority, from the acoustic side, a syllable is a sound segment of speech in which one sound is distinguished by the greatest sonority in comparison with neighboring ones - the previous and subsequent ones. Vowels, as the most sonorous, are usually syllabic, and consonants are non-syllabic, but sonorants (r, l, m, n), as the most sonorous of the consonants, can form a syllable. Syllables are divided into open and closed depending on the position of the syllabic sound in them. An open syllable is called a syllable ending in a syllable-forming sound: va-ta. A syllable ending in a non-syllable sound is called closed: there, barking. A syllable that begins with a vowel sound is called naked: a-orta. Covered is a syllable that begins with a consonant sound: ba-tone.

The structure of a syllable in Russian obeys the law of ascending sonority. This means that the sounds in the syllable are arranged from the least sonorous to the most sonorous.

The law of ascending sonority can be illustrated in the words below, if the sonority is conventionally denoted by numbers: 3 - vowels, 2 - sonorous consonants, 7 - noisy consonants. Vo-yes: 1-3/1-3; boat: 2-3 / 1-1-3; ma-slo: 2-3/1-2-3; wave: 1-3-2/2-3. In the examples given, the basic law of the syllable section is realized at the beginning of a non-initial syllable.

The initial and final syllables in Russian are built according to the same principle of increasing sonority. For example: le-to: 2-3/1-3; glass-clo: 1-3/1-2-3.

When combining significant words, the syllable section is usually preserved in the form that is characteristic of each word included in the phrase: us Turkey - us-Tur-qi-i; nasturtiums(flowers) - on-stur-qi-i.

A particular pattern of the syllable division at the junction of morphemes is the impossibility of pronouncing, firstly, more than two identical consonants between vowels and, secondly, identical consonants before the third (other) consonant within one syllable. This is more often observed at the junction of a root and a suffix and less often at the junction of a prefix and a root or a preposition and a word. For example: Odessa [o/de/sit]; art [and/beauty/stvo]; part [ra / become / sya]; from the wall [ste / ny], therefore more often - [with / ste / ny].

In the speech flow, phrasal, clock and verbal stress is distinguished.

word stress is called the selection during the pronunciation of one of the syllables of a disyllabic or polysyllabic word. Word stress is one of the main external signs of an independent word. Service words and particles usually do not have stress and are adjacent to independent words, making up one with them. phonetic word: [under-mountain th], [on-side], [here-te-ra h].

The Russian language is characterized by power (dynamic) stress, in which the stressed syllable stands out in comparison with non-stressed syllables with greater tension of articulation, especially the vowel sound. A stressed vowel is always longer than its corresponding unstressed sound. Russian stress is different: it can fall on any syllable (in s move, go out, go out). Variation of stress is used in Russian to distinguish between homographs and their grammatical forms ( o organ - organ) and individual forms of various words (m oh my), and in some cases serves as a means of lexical differentiation of the word (х a os - hao s) or gives the word a stylistic coloring (young e c - well done). The mobility and immobility of the stress serves as an additional means in the formation of forms of the same word: the stress or remains in the same place of the word (ogor o d, -a, -y, -om, -e, -s, -ov etc.), or moves from one part of the word to another (r about the genus, -a, -y, -om, -e; -a, -o in etc.). The mobility of stress ensures the distinction of grammatical forms (to u pite - buy those, but gi - legs etc.).

In some cases, the difference in the place of verbal stress loses all meaning: cf .: tv oh horn and creation oh g and nacha and in oh wow and about y x etc.

Words can be unstressed or weakly stressed. Functional words and particles are usually devoid of stress, but they sometimes take on stress, so that the preposition with the independent word following it has one stress: [n a - winter], [h what about the town], [P oh d-evening].

Weakly impacted can be disyllabic and trisyllabic prepositions and conjunctions, simple numerals in combination with nouns, connectives to be and become, some of the introductory words.

Some categories of words have, in addition to the main one, an additional, secondary stress, which is usually in the first place, and the main one is in the second, for example: drêvner u ssky. These words include:

1) polysyllabic, as well as complex in composition ( aircraft construction),

2) compound abbreviations (gôstelets e ntr),

3) words with prefixes after-, over-, archi-, trans-, anti- and etc. ( transatlantic, post-October),

4) some foreign words (pôstskr and ptum, pôstfa ktum).

time accent is called the allocation in the pronunciation of a more semantic word within the speech tact. For example.

SYLLABLE- a sound or a combination of sounds united by a wave of sonority, that is, the degree of sonority (glasnost). This is based on the specifics of the work of our speech apparatus, according to which breathing is associated with the work of the vocal cords, and their maximum tension is sonority. As a rule, the syllable-forming sound is a vowel, but if for some reason there is no vowel in a given rhythmic grouping of sounds, its role can be taken by sonorant (r, l, m, n) and even noisy: Sh-Sh ... TS-S -S ... And vice versa, the vowel may lose its "syllabicity" - in diphthongs: AU, OH (KOYKA).

From the point of view of education, from the physiological point of view, a syllable is a sound or several sounds pronounced with one expiratory push.

From the point of view of sonority, from the acoustic side, a syllable is a sound segment of speech in which one sound is distinguished by the greatest sonority in comparison with neighboring ones - the previous and the next. Vowels, as the most sonorous, are usually syllabic, and consonants are non-syllabic, but sonorants (r, l, m, n), as the most sonorous of the consonants, can form a syllable. Syllables are divided into open and closed depending on the position of the syllabic sound in them. An open syllable is a syllable ending in a syllable-forming sound: va-ta. A closed syllable is called a syllable ending in a non-syllable sound: there, barking. A syllable that begins with a vowel sound is called undisguised: a-orta. Covered is a syllable that begins with a consonant sound: ba-tone.

Theories of the syllable

There are several theories of syllable and syllable division.

1) expiratory theory(“expiratory”): a syllable is a combination of sounds pronounced by one push of exhaled air. This theory does not explain cases of gaping vowels in a word, where there are two syllables on one exhalation (ay>), and, conversely, cases of a junction of three or more consonants, where two or more exhalations per syllable (alloy).

2) Sonor theory(Moscow Phonological School, R.I. Avanesov) examines the syllable through the acoustic properties of speech - described in the textbook. According to this theory, the syllable is a wave of sonority; combining sounds in ascending order around the reference sound with the greatest degree of sonority. Sounds are assigned a sonority index: noisy deaf -1, noisy voiced - 2, sonorous - 3, vowel - 4.

3) Ttension theory: According to the theory of tension or articulatory theory, which was put forward by the Soviet linguist Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba, the syllable is formed due to articulatory muscle tension, which grows towards the top of the syllable (that is, the vowel and sonorant sound), and then subsides. Tension thus acts as an analogue of sonority, and, indeed, it also decreases in the direction from vowels through sonorants to voiced and voiceless consonants. In this case, the syllable is interpreted from the point of view of the unity of the pronunciation impulse (which, accordingly, explains its - syllable - indivisibility).

4) Dynamic syllable theory: According to the dynamic theory, the syllable is considered as a complex phenomenon, which is determined by the action of a number of factors: acoustic, articulatory, prosodic and phonological. According to the dynamic theory, the syllable is a wave of intensity, force. The loudest, strongest sounds in a word are syllabic, the less strong are non-syllabic.

In Russian linguistics, there has not been a single definition of the syllable, although the problem of the syllable and syllable division of the word has long attracted the attention of researchers in Russian phonetics: one of the first to speak on this topic was V.G. Trediakovsky. A significant contribution to the development of this area was made by such well-known domestic linguists as L.V. Bondarko, L.R. Zinder, M.V. Panov, R.I. Avanesov, L.V. Shcherba. Several theories of syllable and syllable division have been created, which are based on different approaches to the syllable and, more broadly, to phonetics and different aspects of the study of the syllable.
From the point of view of representatives of the expiratory (physiological) theory, a phonetic syllable is a sound stream pronounced by one expiratory push. By conducting an experiment with a candle flame, supporters of this theory tried to demonstrate the legitimacy of this approach. If you pronounce the words tom over the flame of a candle, then the flame will tremble once, and in the word dark - twice. But this theory does not explain why in the word spray the flame of the candle sways twice.

Proponents of the sonor theory define a syllable based on its acoustic features. According to this theory, a syllable is a wave of sonority, therefore, sounds of varying degrees of sonority are grouped in a syllable. R.I. Avanesov, developing a sonor theory in relation to the Russian language, assigned indices to all groups of sounds, taking into account the degree of their sonority: vowels - 4, sonorants - 3, noisy voiced - 2, deaf - 1. For example, the word amplitude will correspond to a series of indices 431341424. Place syllable division will coincide with the place of maximum decline in sonority. The syllable element is the vowel; syllabic consonants are atypical for the Russian language, so they often develop a vowel in front of them - pronounced [zhyzin], [tiatar]. Noisy consonants are sometimes syllabic; a syllabic consonant is, for example, the sound [s] in the interjections ks-ks-ks (when a cat is called) or ts! (call for silence).

In the theory of muscle tension (dynamic), developed by L.V. Shcherba and his followers, understands a syllable as a segment of sound, pronounced by one push of muscular tension. In each syllable, muscular tension rises, reaches a maximum with the formation of vowels, and then falls with the formation of consonants. Usually, a wave of sonority coincides with a wave of muscular tension. This theory, however, allows us to draw a syllable boundary in the same word in different ways (spra-zha and spa-rye). According to the theory of muscular tension, the place of syllable division is influenced by the place of stress: the percussive sound, as the most intense one, is able to attract adjacent consonants to itself: [shap-k], but [kA-pkan].
According to the theory of explosive-implosive put forward by F. de Saussure, sounds are divided into "connectors" (implosive) and "openers" (explosive). For example, in the word Kola, syllables are distributed as follows: [kol-skiu]. Syllable division usually takes place in the same place as according to the theory of sonority.
Apparently, each of these theories, according to M.V. Panov, contains only part of the truth. Apparently, it should be recognized that in the Russian language there are cases of double and equally acceptable syllable division.

Syllabic and non-syllabic sounds in Russian

The division into syllables occurs next to the sound of the least sonority. Sonority - the audibility of sound at a distance. The sound that has the greatest sonority is the syllabic carrier of the syllable.

Non-syllabic - consonants, but consonants can also be syllabic, but only in fluent speech: in combinations of sonorants with noisy ones, additional syllables may appear at the end and beginning of words. Rhythm, ruble, theater. Soundness can be indicated by numbers. 4 - sonorous vowel, 3 - sonorous sonorant, 2 - sonorous sound-noisy. 1 - deaf-noisy.

Types of syllables

The types of syllables are distinguished by the location of the syllable in the word, structure, degree of sonority, and relation to stress.

1. According to the location of the syllable the word distinguishes between initial, non-initial (middle) and final syllables: [р/\-bo-tъ].
2. By structure syllables are

• uncovered (begin with a vowel) and covered (begin with a non-syllable): [i-gla];
• open (ends in a vowel) and closed (ends in a consonant): [bir-ky].
• covered - a syllable with a consonant at the beginning, and uncovered
• full - closed and covered [ juice)
• truncated from the beginning - closed and uncovered [ mind, lawsuit]
• truncated at the end [ haze]

1. According to the degree of sonority distinguish syllables

• constant sonority (consist of one vowel sound): in the word needle, the first syllable [and] constant sonority;
• ascending sonority (sonority increases from a consonant to a vowel): for example, the second syllable in the word needle [gla] has a sonority of 234;
• descending sonority (sonority falls): for example, the first syllable in the word arch [ar] has a sonority of 43;
• ascending-descending sonority (sonority increases and then falls): the first syllable in the word asparagus has a complex sonority 1143 [spar-zh];
• descending-ascending sonority (the sonority falls and then increases): for example, the first syllable in the word mossy [.mossy-styj] has a sonority of 314.

1. In relation to stress syllables are divided into stressed and unstressed, among which one should distinguish between pre-stressed and post-stressed.

As the most important, two options for classifying syllables are traditionally considered: according to the final sound and according to the number of vowels.

I. By final sound distinguish syllables:

1. open- that is, those that end directly with a syllabic sound and do not have a back periphery;
2. Closed- that is, those that end in a non-syllabic sound and, accordingly, have a back periphery.

In some languages, both named types of syllables are used equally actively, in others there are no closed syllables. In particular, the Proto-Slavic language belonged to the number of open syllable languages ​​at a certain stage of its development; At present, in Russian, closed syllables are possible, but they are used much less frequently than open ones - consonant groups that are in a position between two vowels are usually referred to as the next vowel in syllable division.

II. By number of vowels distinguish syllables:

1. long- that is, those that include either a long vowel or a group of several consonants;
2. Brief- that is, those in which there is a short vowel and at the same time there are no groups of consonants.

The concept of a syllable.

Types of syllables.

Various theories of the syllable.

On the relationship between syllable and morpheme in different languages.

Word stress.

Functions of word stress.

Intonation.

1. The concept of a syllable

In all languages ​​of the world, the division of the speech stream into syllables is manifested. The syllable everywhere appears as the minimum natural unit of pronouncing the sounds of speech. When pronouncing words, the speaker divides them not into separate sounds, but into syllables.

Syllable is the minimum phonetic unit of segmentation of the speech stream, which includes, as a rule, one vowel with consonants adjacent to it. There are languages ​​in which the type of syllables consisting only of consonants can be represented. Such, for example, is the Czech language, in which there are quite a few monosyllabic words that do not contain vowels in their sound, for example: vlk - wolf, krk - neck. The core or top of the syllable in these words is formed by sonorant consonants l r. Depending on the number of syllables in a word, words are single-syllable, two-syllable, three-syllable, and so on.

2. Types of syllables

Depending on what sound, vowel or consonant, the syllable ends with, syllables are open, closed and conditionally closed.

open syllables end in a vowel sound, for example, in Russian in-ro-ta, re-ka, in German Du, Ra- be, Leh- re. A feature of German open syllables is the presence of only long vowels in them.

Closed syllables end in a consonant and cannot be opened, for example: ruble, fruit drink, Nacht, Berg. German closed syllables overwhelmingly contain short vowels, see examples above. However, in some closed syllables, long vowels may also be present, for example Arzt, nun, Mond, wust.

Conditionally closed syllable can be opened with inflection, for example: pond - ponds, cat - cats, Tag - Ta-ge, schwul - schwu-le. The last type of syllables is interesting as evidence that the sound structure of the syllables included in the structure of modified words is not a constant value.

There are also covered-closed syllables - mother, give.

Depending on what sound, vowel or consonant, a syllable begins, syllables are covered and uncovered.

Covered syllables - these are syllables that begin with a consonant sound, for example: re-ka, mo-lo-ko, Tal, Raum.

Bare syllables - these are syllables that begin with a vowel sound, for example: tin, arena, Ei, aus, Uhr.

3. Various theories of the syllable.

There are several theories that seek to explain the nature of the syllable.

1. Sonor theory. According to this theory, a syllable is a combination of a more sonorous (or more sonorous) element with a less sonorous (less sonorous) element (the first is the core, the second is the periphery). Sounds have a different degree of sonority, and hence a different ability to syllabic formation. Let's name in descending order: vowels, sonorous, voiced, deaf. (Otto Jespersen).

2. The expiratory theory, according to which a syllable is a sound combination that corresponds to one expiratory push. (Stetson).

3. The theory of muscular tension considers the syllable as the minimum segment of the speech flow, pronounced by one impulse of the muscular tension of the pronunciation apparatus and represents the unity of the rise, tension and amplification of sonority at the beginning of the syllable and their fall at the end of the syllable. (Shcherba)