Basic principles of Russian punctuation examples. Intonation of various syntactic constructions. Other working scheme
WORKSHOP ON PUNCTUATION
in tables and exercises
Study guide for students
Faculty of Philology
Volgograd
"Turn"
Akimova T.P., Kudryavtseva A.A.
Practicum on punctuation in tables and exercises: Textbook for students of the Faculty of Philology. - Volgograd: Change, 2007. - ... p.
The rules of Russian punctuation in tables (with examples and exceptions) and exercises for them aimed at improving the skills of correct punctuation are presented.
For students of philological specialties.
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this manual is to develop literate writing skills related to punctuation marks. First of all, it is intended for use in the classes of the course "Workshop on Spelling and Punctuation". The manual can also be used in preparation for the exam in this discipline, as well as for self-study of students who decide to improve their punctuation literacy.
The manual has a clear structure: the rules of Russian punctuation are divided into 13 blocks, each of which includes theoretical information presented in the form of tables, as well as exercises aimed at consolidating the material being studied. In addition, the manual includes final control exercises, the implementation of which will ensure the repetition and generalization of the acquired knowledge and skills.
The didactic material of this manual is taken from the works of Russian literature, both classical and modern.
At the beginning of the manual, information about the principles of Russian punctuation and a summary index of punctuation rules are presented, and at the end - a list of literature that can be used to study and consolidate the studied material.
Principles of modern Russian punctuation
Term punctuation(Late Latin punctuatio, from Latin punctum - point) has two meanings:
1. System punctuation marks in the writing of any language, the rules for their use. Russian punctuation.
2. Arrangement of punctuation marks in the text. Wrong punctuation. Features of punctuation in the works of M. Gorky.
In the history of Russian punctuation, three main areas have emerged on the issue of its foundations and purpose: logical, syntactic and intonational.
According to logical direction, the main purpose of punctuation is to "indicate the division of speech into parts that are important for expressing thoughts when writing." Proponents of this concept note that, despite the fact that "the use of most punctuation marks in Russian writing is regulated primarily by grammatical (syntactic) rules," "the rules are still based on the meaning of the statement." (F.I. Buslaev, S.I. Abakumov, A.B. Shapiro).
syntactic direction in the theory of punctuation, which has become widespread in the practice of its teaching, proceeds from the fact that punctuation marks are designed primarily to make the syntactic structure of speech visual, to highlight individual sentences and their parts. (J. K. Grot).
Representatives intonation theories believe that punctuation marks serve “to designate the rhythm and melody of a phrase, otherwise phrasal intonation” (L.V. Shcherba), that they reflect “in the vast majority of cases, not grammatical, but declamatory-psychological dissection of speech” (A.M. Peshkovsky) that they are needed “to convey the melody of speech, its tempo and pauses” (L.A. Bulakhovsky).
Despite the significant divergence of views of representatives of different directions, they all recognize the recognition communicative function punctuation, which is an important means of formalizing written speech. Punctuation marks indicate semantic articulation of speech. Thus, the dot indicates the completeness of the sentence in the understanding of the writer; setting commas between homogeneous members of the sentence shows the syntactic equality of the elements of the sentence expressing equal concepts, etc.
To a large extent, our punctuation system is built on a syntactic basis (cf. the formulations of most of the punctuation rules). This does not mean at all that punctuation copies the structure of the sentence, obeying it: the latter is itself determined by the meaning of the statement, therefore the starting point for the structure of the sentence and for the choice of punctuation marks is the semantic aspect of speech. Wed cases of setting a punctuation mark that are not related to syntactic rules, for example, setting the so-called intonational dash: 1) Walk for a long time - could not; 2)I couldn't walk for a long time. This example shows that our punctuation is also related to intonation.
Often there is a discrepancy between punctuation and intonation (rhythm melodics). Yes, in the proposal Pink women's dress flashed in dark green(Turg.) pause between the composition of the subject and the composition of the predicate (after the word dress) is not indicated on the letter by any punctuation mark. On the other hand, in a sentence The boy carried a bundle under his arm and, turning towards the pier, began to descend along a narrow and steep path.(L.) after the union and a pause is not made, but in accordance with the existing rule, a comma is placed here (in passing, it can be noted that a pause in this sentence is made before the union and, but it is not marked with a punctuation mark).
In some cases, punctuation marks are the main or only means of identifying semantic relationships that cannot be expressed in a written text by grammatical and lexical means. Wed setting a comma, dash and colon in the same non-union complex sentence: The youth left, the evening became boring(the sequence of phenomena is indicated); The youth left - the evening became boring(the second part indicates the consequence, the result of the action indicated in the first part); The youth left: the evening became boring(cause-and-effect relationships are identified with the cause indicated in the second part). Wed also the setting or absence of commas in sentences in which the introductory words and members of the sentence lexically coincide: The doctor may be in his office. - The doctor can be in his office. Appropriate punctuation makes it possible to understand the role of definitions preceding the noun being defined: clouds of thick, black smoke(definitions are homogeneous) - clubs thick black smoke(definitions vary).
The Russian punctuation system is highly flexible: along with mandatory rules, it contains indications that are not strictly normative in nature and allow for various punctuation options associated not only with semantic shades, but also with the stylistic features of the written text.
syntax principle. The use of punctuation marks is primarily due to the structure of the sentence, its syntactic structure. All signs here are structurally significant, they are placed without regard to the specific meaning of parts of sentences: the allocation of subordinate clauses, the fixation of syntactic homogeneity, the designation of the boundary of the parts of a compound sentence, the allocation of homogeneous adverbial phrases.
semantic principle. The syntactic division of the text is connected with its semantic division and in most cases coincides with it. In the sentence, the Bridegroom was friendly and very important, then - he was not stupid and very wealthy (M. Gorky) the dash indicates that the word then has the meaning "besides". In the absence of a dash, then it would have the meaning “after something”, “subsequently”, inappropriate in this case. The semantic principle also allows the so-called "author's" signs.
intonation principle. For example, intonation determines the choice of a dot or exclamation mark at the end of a sentence (non-exclamatory or exclamatory intonation), the choice of a comma or exclamation mark after treatment, the setting of an intonation dash, etc. However, there is no literal coincidence between punctuation marks and intonation
o Thus, modern punctuation relies both on the structure, and on the meaning, and on the intonational articulation of speech in their interaction.
Types of punctuation marks:
1. Emphasis marks. Functions - designation of the boundaries of syntactic constructions that complement, explain the members of the sentence; intonation-semantic separation of parts of a sentence, constructions containing an appeal or the attitude of the speaker to his statement. Single pair signs.
2. Signs of separation. Functions - designation of boundaries between separate independent sentences, between homogeneous members of a sentence, between simple sentences as part of a complex one; an indication of the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement, according to emotional coloring. Period, question and exclamation marks, comma, semicolon, colon, dash, ellipsis.
3. Red line.
o Punctuation marks are single and paired. Paired punctuation marks indicate that the setting of the first punctuation mark requires the setting of the second. These include two commas and two dashes (as single characters), brackets and quotation marks.
More on the topic 31. Basic principles of Russian punctuation. Punctuation features of the media text.:
- SPELLING. PRINCIPLES OF RUSSIAN SPELLING. SPELLING. TYPES OF SPELLING. SPELLING RULE. PUNCTUATION. PRINCIPLES OF PUNCTUATION. ITEM
- Principles of Russian punctuation: semantic, grammatical and intonation. Their hierarchy and interaction.
- Unknown. Basic rules of spelling and punctuation of the Russian language, 0000
- Punctuation system in modern Russian. Basic functions of punctuation marks. Positions of punctuation marks. Single, double and compound punctuation marks. The specifics of the use of punctuation marks.
Punctuation system– it is a system of punctuation marks and rules for their use.
Russian punctuation developed gradually. There was a period without punctuation. The main character is a dot. With the advent of printing - "Grammar of Lawrence" (. , ; : ? word hyphenation sign). "Smotrytsky's grammar" (! - an amazing sign) "Lomonosov's grammar" (8 characters: ! () ; : . , ? hyphen). Then appear ... and ""
Punctuation system in the narrow sense- the main body of punctuation marks. 12 signs: end signs (. ... ? !), middle signs (; ,), double signs ("" () - - ,)
In a broad sense- a body of signs + signs of spatial and compositional organization (font, spaces, paragraphs).
Principles of Russian punctuation:
1) Logical / semantic: punctuation marks indicate semantic segments;
2) Grammatical: punctuation marks are indicators of the syntactic structure of speech;
3) intonation: the sign is placed depending on the citation.
It is impossible to single out the leading principle, all are important, although there are supporters of this or that principle. The simultaneity of all three principles speaks of the consistency of Russian punctuation (Reformatsky).
Main properties and systems:
1) Hierarchy (relationship whole-part);
2) Interrelation, interaction of constituent elements (a change in one component leads to a change in another);
3) Multi-level (form of the field; from the lowest level to the highest).
The systemic organization of punctuation is primarily found in functions:
1) Main:
o separation (typical of single signs);
o selection (implemented by paired characters);
2) Additional:
o connection function (on the border of BSP parts);
o warning functions;
o repeated warning functions (implemented by paired characters);
o distribution function and partition function.
The punctuation system belongs to the category of artificial systems, because it is created by man, serves the natural system. Copyright punctuation proof. Punctuation needs to be studied.
Separating function - lies in the fact that punctuation marks delimit syntactic structures or parts of a syntactic structure from each other. They are divided into 2 groups: signs indicating the end of a sentence, separating one sentence from another; signs used within a sentence.
Dot- a neutral boundary sign, used in declarative and motivating sentences in the absence of a pronounced exclamatory intonation.
Question mark- indicates the end of an interrogative sentence in terms of the purpose of the utterance.
Exclamation point- used to indicate the right border of an exclamatory sentence.
ellipsis- a border sign, may indicate understatement, difficulty in speech, or the presence of subtext.
Dividing marks , used in the middle of a sentence is a comma, semicolon, colon, dash, ellipsis.
Comma- is used to separate parts of a sentence from each other, is characterized by a syntactically equal status. It is most often used (a) between homogeneous members of a sentence, (b) between parts of the SSP and some types of BSP, and (c) between homogeneous subordinate clauses.
Semicolon- is used mainly between parts of the BSP in the event that the semantic connection between them is not close.
Colon- is used in the separating function between the parts of the BSP and denotes either logical, or explanatory, or explanatory relations between the parts.
Dash- used: between the subject and the predicate, which are expressed by the name of the entity or the infinitive, with a zero connection; in an incomplete sentence as a marker of incompleteness; before the generalizing word after the enumeration row; when making direct speech, when the words of the author are after direct speech; between parts of the BSP with conditional, temporary, investigative and connecting relations.
ellipsis- signals the unexpectedness of the part following it or the difficulty of the speaker in choosing words to continue the phrase.
excretory function - using punctuation marks, a part of a sentence is highlighted. This function uses brackets, double comma, double dash, double ellipsis, quotes. Parentheses and quotation marks differ only in paired use, the remaining punctuation marks are double only if the boundaries of the selected fragment do not coincide with the beginning or end of the sentence.
double comma- is used to highlight isolated members of a sentence (a), introductory constructions (b), appeals (c) and subordinate clauses (d).
double dash- can make out a small plug-in structure.
Double dash with comma- a more common plug-in design.
Quotes- direct speech and quotations.
Lesson Plan
1. Principles of Russian punctuation.
2. Punctuation marks in a simple sentence.
3. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence.
4. Ways to design someone else's speech. Citation.
Punctuation is, firstly, a collection of punctuation rules and, secondly, a system of punctuation marks (graphic images) used in writing to indicate its division.
It is generally accepted that punctuation marks are used to denote such a division of written speech that cannot be conveyed either by morphological means or by word order. An analysis of modern Russian punctuation indicates the absence of any strict principle, but a certain internal organization in the application of various principles of punctuation, of course, exists. Punctuation serves the needs of written communication. It helps the reader to understand the meaning of what is written.
Modern Russian punctuation, reflected in printed texts, is a set of generally accepted, recommended by relevant documents, rules for using punctuation marks and features of individual author's use.
The theoretical development of the issue of punctuation is found in the "Russian Grammar" by M.V. Lomonosov, who gave a list of punctuation marks ("lowercase" characters) and outlined the rules for their use. Lomonosov formulated the basic principle on which the rules for arranging signs are based: this is the semantic side of speech and its structure.
In the future, the development of issues in the theory of punctuation (taking into account its history) went along the path of identifying not one of any principle to the detriment of others, but a set of principles that operate in the practice of printing. These are the principles of formal grammatical, semantic and intonation. Moreover, the greatest percentage of objectivity lies in the first two principles. They are recognized as leading, which makes it possible to combine them terminologically into a single structural-semantic principle.
Three principles of Russian punctuation
Russian punctuation, currently a very complex and developed system, has a fairly solid foundation - a formal grammatical one. Punctuation marks are primarily indicators of the syntactic, structural articulation of written speech. It is this principle that gives stability to modern punctuation. On this basis, the largest number of signs is put.
The “grammatical” ones include such signs as a dot, fixing the end of a sentence; signs at the junction of parts of a complex sentence; signs highlighting functionally diverse constructions introduced into a simple sentence (introductory words, phrases and sentences; inserts; appeals; many segmented constructions; interjections); signs with homogeneous members of the sentence; signs highlighting postpositive applications, definitions - participial phrases and definitions - adjectives with distributors, standing after the word being defined or located at a distance, etc.
In any text, one can find such "mandatory", structurally determined signs.
For example: But now I undertook to re-read a few things by Shchedrin. It was about three or four years ago when I was working on a book where real material was intertwined with lines of satire and fairy tale fiction. I took Shchedrin at that time in order to avoid accidental similarities, but as I began to read, having read deeply, having plunged headlong into the amazing and rediscovered world of Shchedrin's reading, I realized that the similarity would not be accidental, but obligatory and inevitable (Kass.). All signs here are structurally significant, they are placed without regard to the specific meaning of parts of sentences: the allocation of subordinate clauses, the fixation of syntactic homogeneity, the designation of the boundary of the parts of a compound sentence, the allocation of homogeneous adverbial phrases.
Structural the principle contributes to the development of solid commonly used rules for punctuation. Signs placed on such a basis cannot be optional, author's. This is the foundation on which modern Russian punctuation is built. This, finally, is the necessary minimum, without which unhindered communication between the writer and the reader is unthinkable. Such signs are currently quite regulated, their use is stable. The division of the text into grammatically significant parts helps to establish the relation of some parts of the text to others, indicates the end of the presentation of one thought and the beginning of another.
The syntactic articulation of speech ultimately reflects a logical, semantic articulation, since grammatically significant parts coincide with logically significant, semantic segments of speech, since the purpose of any grammatical structure is to convey a certain thought. But quite often it happens that the semantic articulation of speech subjugates the structural, i.e. the concrete meaning dictates the only possible structure.
In the sentence The hut is covered with straw, with a chimney, the comma standing between the combinations covered with thatch and with a chimney fixes the syntactic homogeneity of the members of the sentence and, consequently, the grammatical and semantic relation of the prepositional case form with a chimney to the noun hut.
In cases where different combinations of words are possible, only a comma helps to establish their semantic and grammatical dependence. For example: There was an inner lightness. Freely walks the streets, to work (Levi). A sentence without a comma has a completely different meaning: walks the streets to work (designation of one action). In the original version, there is a designation of two different actions: walks the streets, i.e. walks and goes to work.
Such punctuation marks help to establish the semantic and grammatical relationships between words in a sentence, clarify the structure of the sentence.
The ellipsis also performs a semantic function, which helps to put logically and emotionally incompatible concepts at a distance. For example: Engineer ... in reserve, or the misadventures of a young specialist on the way to recognition; Goalkeeper and gate... in the air; The history of peoples ... in dolls; On skis... for berries. Such signs play an exclusively semantic role (moreover, often with emotional overtones).
The location of the sign that divides the sentence into semantic and, therefore, structurally significant parts also plays an important role in understanding the text. Compare: And the dogs became quiet, because no stranger disturbed their peace (Fad.). - And the dogs became quiet because no stranger disturbed their peace. In the second version of the sentence, the cause of the state is more emphasized, and the rearrangement of the comma contributes to a change in the logical center of the message, draws attention to the cause of the phenomenon, while in the first version the goal is different - a statement of the state with an additional indication of its cause. However, more often the lexical material of the sentence dictates only the only possible meaning. For example: A tigress named Orphan lived in our zoo for a long time. They gave her such a nickname because she really became an orphan at an early age (gaz.). The dismemberment of the union is obligatory, and it is caused by the semantic influence of the context. In the second sentence, the designation of the reason is necessary, since the fact itself has already been named in the previous sentence.
On a semantic basis, signs are put in non-union complex sentences, since it is they who convey the necessary meanings in written speech. Wed: The whistle blew, the train started moving. - There was a whistle - the train started moving.
Often, with the help of punctuation marks, the specific meanings of words are clarified, i.e. the meaning contained in them in this particular context. Thus, a comma between two definitions-adjectives (or participles) brings these words together in a semantic sense, i.e. makes it possible to highlight the general shades of meaning that emerge as a result of various associations, both objective and sometimes subjective. Syntactically, such definitions become homogeneous, since, being close in meaning, they alternately refer directly to the word being defined. For example: The crown of spruce needles is written in thick, heavy oil (Sol.); When Anna Petrovna left for her place in Leningrad, I saw her off at a cozy, small station (Paust.); Thick, slow snow flew (Paust.); Cold, metallic light flashed on thousands of wet leaves (Gran.). If we take out of context the words thick and heavy, cozy and small, thick and slow, cold and metallic, then it is difficult to catch something in common in these pairs, since these possible associative convergences are in the sphere of secondary, not basic, figurative meanings, which become the main ones. in the context.
In part, Russian punctuation is also based on intonation: a dot at the site of a large drop in voice and a long pause; question and exclamation marks, intonational dashes, dots, etc. For example, an appeal can be highlighted with a comma, but increased emotionality, i.e. a special accentuating intonation dictates another sign - an exclamation mark. In some cases, the choice of a sign depends entirely on intonation. Wed: Children will come, let's go to the park. - Children will come - let's go to the park. In the first case, enumerative intonation, in the second - conditional intonation. But the intonational principle acts only as a secondary, not primary. This is especially evident in cases where the intonation principle is “sacrificed” to the grammatical one. For example: Frost lowered the bag and, cowardly putting his head in his shoulders, ran to the horses (Fad.); The deer digs the snow with its front foot and, if there is food, begins to graze (Ars.). In these sentences, the comma is after the union and, since it fixes the boundary of the structural parts of the sentence (participle turnover and the subordinate part of the sentence). Thus, the intonational principle is violated, because the pause is before the union.
The intonation principle operates in most cases not in an “ideal”, pure form, i.e. some intonation stroke (for example, a pause), although it is fixed by a punctuation mark, but ultimately this intonation itself is a consequence of a given semantic and grammatical division of the sentence. Wed: My brother is my teacher. - My brother is a teacher. The dash here fixes a pause, but the place of the pause is predetermined by the structure of the sentence, its meaning.
So, the current punctuation does not reflect any single consistent principle. However, the formal-grammatical principle is now the leading one, while the semantic and intonation principles act as additional ones, although in some specific manifestations they can be brought to the fore. As for the history of punctuation, it is known that pauses (intonation) served as the initial basis for the articulation of written speech.
Modern punctuation represents a new stage in its historical development, and a stage that characterizes a higher level. Modern punctuation reflects the structure, meaning, intonation. Written speech is organized quite clearly, definitely and at the same time expressively. The greatest achievement of modern punctuation is the fact that all three principles operate in it not in isolation, but in unity. As a rule, the intonational principle is reduced to semantic, semantic to structural, or, conversely, the structure of a sentence is determined by its meaning. Separate principles can be singled out only conditionally. In most cases, they act inseparably, although with a certain hierarchy. For example, a dot also denotes the end of a sentence, the boundary between two sentences (structure); and lowering the voice, a long pause (intonation); and completeness of the message (meaning).
It is the combination of principles that is an indicator of the development of modern Russian punctuation, its flexibility, which allows it to reflect the subtlest shades of meaning and structural diversity.
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Target lectures: introduce the history of Russian punctuation, show the system of punctuation marks, their functions in accordance with the principles of punctuation.
1. The general concept of punctuation. History of Russian punctuation.
2. Principles of Russian punctuation: semantic, grammatical and intonation. Their hierarchy and interaction.
3. The system of punctuation marks in modern Russian. Basic functions of punctuation marks. Positions of punctuation marks. Single, double and compound punctuation marks. The specifics of the use of punctuation marks.
1. The general concept of punctuation. History of Russian punctuation
Punctuation (from Latin punctum ‘dot’) is a set of punctuation marks and a system of developed and fixed rules for their use.
Why is punctuation necessary? Why are the letters of the alphabet not enough to make what is written understandable to the reader? After all, words are made up of letters denoting speech sounds, and speech is made up of words.
Pronouncing individual words one after another does not mean making what is being said intelligible. Words in speech are combined into groups, between groups of words, and sometimes intervals of various lengths are made between individual words, on word groups or over individual words there is either an increase or decrease in tone. And all this is not accidental, but is subject to certain rules: both intervals, and rises and falls in tone (the so-called intonation) express certain shades of the meaning of speech segments. The writer must firmly know what semantic connotation he wants to give to his statement and its individual parts, and what methods he must use for this.
Punctuation, like spelling, is part of the graphic system adopted for a given language, and must be as firmly mastered as the letters of the alphabet with their sound values, in order for the letter to accurately and completely express the content of the statement. And in order for this content to be equally perceived by all readers, it is necessary that the meaning of punctuation marks be firmly established within one national language. It does not matter that the appearance of punctuation marks in different languages may be the same, but the meaning and, therefore, their use are different. It is important that all those who write and read in a given language have the same understanding of what this or that punctuation mark expresses.
Thus, the purpose of punctuation is to break up speech, to make its content as clear as possible to the reader.
Russian punctuation, in contrast to spelling, developed relatively late - by the beginning of the 19th century - and in general terms is similar to the punctuation of other European languages.
In ancient Russian writing, the text was not divided into words and sentences. Punctuation marks (period, cross, wavy line) divided the text mainly into semantic segments or indicated the situation in the scribe's work. Later, the question mark, parentheses, and colon come into use.
The advent of printing was of great importance for the development of punctuation. The punctuation in printed works was primarily the work of typographic masters, who often did not take into account what the author's handwritten text was in terms of punctuation. The foregoing, however, does not mean that the authors, especially writers and poets, did not exert any influence on the formation of the Russian punctuation system. On the contrary, their role in this regard has increased over time. Modern Russian punctuation should be considered as the result of a long and complex interaction of the punctuation system that was established in a number of European languages (including Russian) after the introduction of printing, and those methods of using signs that were developed by the best masters of Russian literary speech for a long time. period from the 18th century to the present.
The system of punctuation marks, which was formed in its main features by the 18th century, also required the development of certain rules for their use. As early as the 16th and 17th centuries, the first attempts to theoretically comprehend the setting of the punctuation marks that existed by that time were observed (Maxim the Greek, Lavrenty Zizaniy, Melety Smotrytsky). However, the general and particular foundations for punctuation marks in their main features took shape during the 18th century, when the formation of the foundations of the modern Russian literary language ended.
The beginning of the scientific development of Russian punctuation was laid by the brilliant representative of grammatical science of the 18th century, M. V. Lomonosov, in his work Russian Grammar, written in 1755. M.V. Lomonosov gives an exact list of punctuation marks used by that time in Russian printed literature. He systematically sets out the rules for their use, formulating the rules on a semantic and grammatical basis, that is, for the first time in Russian grammatical literature, he brings a theoretical foundation to practically existing punctuation, namely, reduces all the rules for using punctuation marks to a semantic-grammatical principle.
The rules of punctuation are very detailed by the student of M. V. Lomonosov, professor of Moscow University A. A. Barsov in his grammar, which, unfortunately, was not printed, but came down to us in handwritten form. The grammar of A. A. Barsov dates back to 1797. The rules of punctuation are contained in it in the section called "Statement of Law", and thus they are put in connection with the rules of reading. This is explained by the fact that in A. A. Barsov both the very definition of punctuation and its rules cover different aspects of written speech, including the methods of oral pronunciation of written and printed.
The greatest merit in streamlining Russian punctuation in the 19th century belongs to Academician Ya. K. Grot, whose book "Russian Spelling" was the result of many years of research into the history and principles of Russian writing. The book became the first academic set of spelling and punctuation rules in Russia and went through several editions until 1917.
Ya.K. Grot gives a scientifically systematized and theoretically meaningful set of rules for spelling and punctuation. The rules for the use of punctuation marks formulated by him are valuable in that they sum up the searches in the field of punctuation of previous authors. Ordered punctuation, as well as spelling, the rules of J. K. Grot entered the practice of the school and publishing houses; they are fundamentally, with minor changes, still in force today. In the set of "Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation" in 1956, only some contradictions and ambiguities were clarified and new rules were formulated for previously unregulated cases.
In the first half of the 20th century, A. M. Peshkovsky, L. V. Shcherba and some other linguists paid attention to punctuation in their works. In the middle and second half of the 20th century, fundamental research on punctuation by A. B. Shapiro appeared. However, until now, the theory of punctuation is at a low level of development and does not correspond to the general theoretical level of Russian linguistic science.
To date, linguists working in the field of punctuation do not have a single point of view on the foundations of modern Russian punctuation.
Some scientists adhere to the point of view that Russian punctuation is based on a semantic basis, others on a grammatical basis, still others on a semantic-grammatical basis, and still others on an intonation basis. However, despite the theoretical disagreements of scientists, the fundamental foundations of Russian punctuation remain unchanged. This contributes to its stability, although certain punctuation rules are periodically refined and specified in connection with the development of Russian grammatical theory and the Russian literary language as a whole.
2.Principles of Russian punctuation: semantic, grammatical and intonation. Their hierarchy and interaction.
The stability of the Russian punctuation system is explained, first of all, by the fact that the principles that define it make it possible to convey in writing both the semantic, syntactic, and, to a large extent, intonation structure of speech. Punctuation marks in most cases divide the text into syntactic units related in meaning and intonation.
N-r: Terkin - who is he?
Let's be frank:
he's just an ordinary guy.
However, the guy though where.
Guy like that
In each company there is always
Yes, and in every platoon.
In this text, the question mark and dots indicate the boundaries of independent syntactic units - sentences expressing in each case a relatively complete thought. These punctuation marks also characterize the purpose and intonation of the utterance and indicate large pauses at the end of the sentence. The dash in the first sentence connects the nominative theme (Terkin) with the second developing part of the sentence (who is he?) and indicates warning intonation and a pause between parts of the sentence. The colon connects the second part of a complex non-union sentence with the first and indicates explanatory intonation and explanatory semantic relations between the parts of the sentence. The comma highlights the introductory word, however, and corresponds to the pause and intonation that accompanies the introductory words. The comma in the last sentence separates the connecting construction (and in each platoon) and also corresponds to a pause.
The principles on which the system of rules of Russian punctuation is based were comprehended and formulated gradually.
1. So, V.K. Trediakovsky believed that “punctuation is words, members and whole speeches, the division, depicted by certain signs, in reading to the concept of content and to rest serving, also indicating the order of composition.” In other words, V. K. Trediakovsky saw the purpose of punctuation (“punctuation”) in the semantic, intonational and syntactic division of speech.
2. M. V. Lomonosov emphasized the semantic and syntactic functions of punctuation marks: “Lower characters are placed according to the strength of the mind and according to its disposition to unions.”
In modern Russian linguistics, there are three main areas in understanding the principles of punctuation:
1) logical (semantic);
2) syntactic;
3) intonation.
Proponents of the logical direction consider the main purpose of punctuation to be the semantic articulation of speech and the transfer of semantic relations of dissected parts. These include F. I. Buslaev, D. N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovskiy, P. N. Sakulin.
F. I. Buslaev wrote about the use of punctuation marks: “Since one person conveys thoughts and feelings to another through language, punctuation marks have a dual purpose: 1) contribute to clarity in the presentation of thoughts, separating one sentence from another or one part from another , and 2) express the sensations of the speaker's face and his attitude towards the listener.
We find a syntactic understanding of punctuation words in J.K. Grot and S.K. Bulich, who believed that punctuation makes the syntactic structure of speech visual.
In the works of J.K. Grot, it is important to point out the connection between the punctuation system and the general nature of the syntactic structure of the sentence and written speech. He draws attention to the tendency in contemporary literature to abandon "too complex or common sentences" and use more "jerky speech". “Jerky speech, on the other hand, consists in expressing itself in as short sentences as possible for greater simplicity and clarity of presentation, and thereby allowing the reader to pause more often. In relation to the use of punctuation marks, this means: between two points do not accumulate too many sentences that are mutually dependent or closely related to each other, and at the same time arrange them so that they can determine one from the other, at least by a semicolon or colon. An immoderate set of subordinate clauses between the main ones confuses and obscures speech.
J.K. Grot outlined punctuation rules with punctuation marks: for each character, all cases of its use are indicated; each rule is illustrated by one or more examples from the works of the late 18th century and the first half of the 19th century, but, due to J.K. Grot's dislike for authors of a later period, some of his rules became outdated by the end of the 19th century.
Nevertheless, the rules of punctuation formulated by him, together with his spelling rules, as mentioned above, entered the everyday life of the school, and through it into the practice of printing. For everyday use, they turned out to be quite clear and convenient, as they were based on the syntactic structure of the sentence, which the writers learned in the school grammar course.
The transfer of the intonation side of speech seems to be the main task of punctuation to A. Kh. Vostkov, I. I. Davydov, A. M. Peshkovsky, L. V. Shcherba.
In cases where the choice of a punctuation mark is determined by the differentiation of semantic connections of words or semantic relations between parts of a complex sentence, there are punctuation variants, which in oral speech correspond to various intonational features of the statement. In such situations, punctuation in written speech and intonation in oral speech are interconnected, single-functional - they perform a meaningful function.
However, the meaning of the statement is inextricably linked with the grammatical structure and intonation of the sentence. This explains the fact that the rules for punctuation in modern Russian writing cannot be reduced to any one of the listed principles, and individual punctuation marks in each specific case of use emphasize either the logical, syntactic, or intonational structure of speech or are syntactic - simultaneously divide the text into semantic and syntactic segments, characterize its semantic and intonational structure, etc.
Returning to the historical aspects of this issue, we will consider the works of A. M. Peshkovsky and L. V. Shcherba, which are extremely valuable for the theory and practice of punctuation. Although these works are not scientific studies based on the analysis of a large number of literary texts of various genres and styles, they nevertheless represent interesting attempts to comprehend the punctuation norms in force in our writing and contain original thoughts regarding the construction of a new punctuation system for the Russian literary language.
The first speeches by A.M. Peshkovsky on punctuation, in which his views in this area, as well as in a number of other areas related to the teaching of the Russian language, were determined, took place during the years of the highest rise of pre-revolutionary Russian social and pedagogical thought, immediately preceding the 1917 revolution . We are talking about the report of the scientist "The role of expressive reading in teaching punctuation marks", read at the All-Russian Congress of teachers of the Russian language in secondary schools, held in Moscow in December 1916 - January 1917, and his article "Punctuation marks and scientific grammar".
It should be borne in mind that A.M. Peshkovsky, as a theoretical scientist and methodologist, was a staunch and ardent supporter of that trend in Russian linguistics, which put forward the position on the need to strictly distinguish between oral speech and written speech, putting live, sounding speech in the first place. This was constantly and tirelessly spoken in their university lectures and public reports by such prominent Russian linguists as F.F. Fortunatov and I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay and their followers and students, who raised the study of phonetics to an unprecedented height before both general and Russian historical, and for the first time put on a strictly scientific basis applied disciplines - spelling and orthoepy.
Punctuation marks in the vast majority of cases of use reflect "not grammatical, but declamatory-psychological dismemberment of speech." Rhythm and intonation are auxiliary syntactic means only because in certain cases they can acquire meanings similar to those created by the forms of words and their combinations. “But at the same time, these signs can at every step contradict actual grammatical signs, because always and everywhere they reflect, in their essence, not the grammatical, but only the general psychological element of speech.”
In order to master the ability to punctuate, one should always consciously read the signs, i.e., “bring this or that pronunciation figure ... with one sign or another”, as a result of which “a strong association of each sign with the corresponding pronunciation figure (or figures, if the sign has several of them) - an association flowing, of course, in both directions. Only for the assimilation of the existing rules about the use of a comma will it be necessary to coordinate the indicators of expressive reading and grammar.
For A.M. Peshkovsky, such a formulation of the question of punctuation and the methodology of teaching it was part of a common big problem - the relationship between written and living oral language. Therefore, he ended his report “The Role of Expressive Reading in Teaching Punctuation” with the following words: “I will also note that such a convergence of expressive reading with punctuation will benefit not only punctuation. Mentally hear what you write! After all, it means to write beautifully, lively, in a peculiar way, it means to be interested in what you write! How often it is enough for a teacher to read from the pulpit an incoherent expression of a student for the author to be horrified by his own expression. Why did he write it? Because he did not hear when he wrote, because he did not read himself aloud. The more the student reads himself aloud, the better he will delve into the stylistic nature of the language, the better he will write. The reunification of the written top of a language tree with its living oral roots is always life-giving, while cutting off is always death.
L. V. Shcherba was partly close to the position of A. M. Peshkovsky. He also saw the role of punctuation in designating the rhythmic-melodic side of speech. "Punctuation - the rules for the use of additional written characters (punctuation marks)," he wrote, "serving to indicate the rhythm and melody of a phrase, otherwise phrase intonation." Meanwhile, while A. M. Peshkovsky believed that all punctuation marks, with the exception of partly a comma, denote "first of all and immediately only the rhythmic-melodic side of live speech", L. V. Shcherba, looking into the essence of the rhythm melody itself , was not limited to this, but added: “Since one rhythm and melody of speech express the articulation of the stream of our thought, and sometimes both the connection of its individual moments and finally some semantic shades, since it can be said that punctuation marks actually serve to designate all this on letter. This determines the dual nature of any punctuation: phonetic, since it expresses some sound phenomena, and ideographic, since it is directly related to meaning.
Further, L. V. Shcherba points out that “the division of speech-thought, and to an even greater extent the connection between its individual parts and their different semantic shades are expressed in speech not only intonation, but also in separate words, word forms and word order , and if it is true that articulation and affective shades always find expression in intonation (although this is not always indicated in writing), then the connection between individual parts of speech is only very summarily expressed intonation, and their logical shades are very rarely. In some cases, as the scientist points out, intonation acts as the only indicator of both articulation and the nature of the connection between the individual parts of the sentence.
Modern Russian punctuation is built on the semantic and structural-grammatical foundations, which are interconnected and condition each other, and therefore we can talk about a single semantic-grammatical basis of Russian punctuation. Punctuation reflects the semantic division of written speech, indicates semantic connections and relationships between individual words and groups of words, and various semantic shades of parts of a written text. But certain semantic connections of words and parts of the text find their expression in a certain grammatical structure. It is no coincidence that the formulation of most of the rules of modern Russian punctuation relies simultaneously on the semantic features of the sentence (on the semantic basis) and on the features of its structure, i.e. the features of the construction of the sentence, its parts, the presence or absence of conjunctions, the ways of expressing the members of the sentence, the order of their location, etc. are taken into account, which constitutes the structural and grammatical basis of punctuation.
Principles of Russian punctuation:
1. Syntactic. Punctuation marks reflect the syntactic structure of the language, speech, highlighting individual sentences and their parts (leading).
2. Semantic (logical). Punctuation marks perform a semantic role, indicate the semantic articulation of speech and express various additional semantic shades.
3. Intonation. Punctuation marks are used to indicate the rhythm and melody of speech.
3. The system of punctuation marks in modern Russian. Basic functions of punctuation marks. Positions of punctuation marks.
Single, double and compound punctuation marks. The specifics of the use of punctuation marks.
Punctuation marks in the modern Russian language, differing in their functions, in purpose, in the place of their placement in a sentence, enter into a certain hierarchical dependence. According to the place of arrangement in the sentence, punctuation marks of the end and middle of the sentence are distinguished - final and internal signs. All separating end signs - a period, question and exclamation marks, ellipsis - have more power than internal signs.
The so-called internal punctuation marks - semicolon, comma, dash, colon, brackets - are heterogeneous in their use. The most “strong”, hierarchically senior separating punctuation mark within a sentence is a semicolon. This sign, denoting the boundaries of homogeneous members of a sentence or predicative parts in a complex sentence, is able to convey a meaningful pause in oral speech. The other four internal punctuation marks (comma, dash, colon, brackets) differ both in their informative load, in their functional range, and in the duration of pauses during their “reading”. The hierarchy of their pause values begins with a comma and ends with parentheses.
The difference between the four internal punctuation marks under consideration in terms of content is expressed, on the one hand, in a different amount of informative load and, on the other hand, in a different degree of specificity of the meanings that they can fix in writing. Of these signs, the comma is the most ambiguous, the dash has a somewhat narrower circle of meaning, the colon is noticeably narrower, and the brackets are the most concrete sign in terms of content. Therefore, the smallest degree of specificity of values is inherent in a comma and the greatest - in brackets. Thus, the hierarchy of increasing the degree of specificity of the meanings of the indicated four punctuation marks corresponds to the noted hierarchy of pause values and the hierarchy of their functional range.
Based on the hierarchical dependence of punctuation marks, the features of their compatibility when they meet in a sentence are established. In some cases, punctuation marks are combined when they meet, in others, a sign of lesser strength is absorbed by a stronger sign.
One of the two elements of a paired distinguishing sign with a separating sign or with an element of another paired sign can occur. A meeting with a separating sign is usually observed if the selected construction is at the beginning or at the end of a sentence (the predicative part of a complex sentence) or on the border with homogeneous members. The meeting of elements of distinguishing characters takes place in cases where one distinguished syntactic construction follows another distinguished construction, for example, a separate member, or a comparative turnover, or a participial part after another isolated member, after a subordinate clause after another isolated member, after a clause, after an introductory or insertion construction, etc.
Only a comma or a dash can be absorbed as part of a paired, distinguishing sign. They are always swallowed up by a period, a question mark, an exclamation point, an ellipsis, a semicolon, followed by a closing parenthesis, or subsequent closing quotation marks as higher characters. Signs of the same name are also absorbed by one another: a comma - a comma, a dash - another dash, a closing bracket or quotation marks - another closing bracket or quotation marks.
When a comma and a dash meet, different punctuation options are possible: these characters can be combined as equal in strength, or one of these characters is absorbed by another.
The main three types of punctuation features are:
J. Grammatical (syntactic, formal, structural):
1. Emphasis (eg, highlighting complicating structures in the structure of a simple sentence, etc.).
2. Delimiting (for example, when distinguishing between homogeneous members of a sentence, main and subordinate parts in a complex sentence).
3. Shutdown function (isolating)
4. Ascertaining (qualifying) (for example, an exclamation mark indicates that we have an incentive, exclamatory sentence).
YY. Meaningful:
1. Indicate the grammatical meaning of the sentence (e.g., a comma between parts of the joint venture for enumeration relations)
2. Express the nature of the thought (eg, end signs - dot, exclamation point, question mark, etc.).
3. Express additional information (for example, parentheses with insert constructions, the use of quotation marks when using other people's words, words in a figurative sense).
4. Focus on the special meaning of parts of the text highlighted with punctuation marks (for example, the use of brackets when inserting
constructions).
YYY. Intonation: require a certain intonation.
Any punctuation mark performs three types of functions in a sentence at the same time.
Characteristics of punctuation marks
Sign Grammar functions Semantic functions Intonation functions
1. End (dot)
2. Delimiter, separates sentences within the text
3. Ascertaining, indicates the end of not every sentence, but only a narrative non-exclamatory one.
4. Indicates the completeness of thought.
5. Indicates that the sentence contains a message.
6. The point requires a calm perception of the content of the text. The point requires calm-
leg reading of the text. The dot calls for a drop in intonation.
2 . ! (Exclamation point)
2. Ascertaining, does not indicate the end of any sentence, but only encourage
body exclamatory
3. Indicates the completeness of thought.
4. Indicates that the sentence contains some kind of motivation.
5. The exclamation mark requires an emotional perception of the content of the text
6. The exclamation mark requires a special intonation expression when reading
suggestions. An exclamation mark requires an increase in intonation.
3. ? (question mark)
1. Delimiter, separates sentences within the text
2. Ascertaining, indicates the end of not every sentence, but only the sentence in which the question is concluded.
1. Indicates the completeness of thought.
2. Indicates that the sentence contains a question about something.
3. The question mark requires a special accent on the intonation
4. The question mark requires attention when perceiving the essence of the issue.
5. The question mark requires strengthening the intonation pattern before
4. Internal; (semicolon)
1. Delimiter, separates predicative parts within a complex sentence
2. Ascertaining, indicates a complication or a greater prevalence
the presence of predicative parts of a complex sentence
4. Indicates that between the parts of a complex sentence are established
enumeration relations
5. Requires a longer pause than before a comma.
6. Indicates enumerative intonation
5. , (comma)
1. Delimiting, separates the predicative parts within the joint venture, between the OCHP.
2. Highlighting (for example, highlighting complicating structures in the structure of a simple
suggestions). The most multifunctional sign in the Russian language.
3. Indicates the incompleteness of thought.
4. Indicates that between parts of a complex sentence or members of pre-
provisions establish a certain type of relationship (in each case, its own)
5. Requires a moderate pause.
6. Indicates intonation depending on the type of syntactic relations
between components.
6. : colon
1. Ascertaining, indicates that we have before us either BSP, or a generalizing word for OCHP, or KsPR
2. Delimiting, separates the predicative parts within the BSP, SA and PR, generalized
swearing word and OCHP
3. Indicates that in the future there will be an explanation, disclosure of what
than stated in the previous part of the proposal
4. Requires a longer pause than before a comma.
5. Indicates that the subsequent narration should be accompanied by rhematic intonation
7. - (dash)
1. Separating between parts of the joint venture, between the subject and the predicate, etc.
2.Excretory (with plug-in structures)
3. Indicates the omission of members of the proposal. Like a comma, a multifunctional sign.
4. For the transfer of expressiveness and expressiveness of speech. Indicates a pause
8. () (parentheses)
1. Shutdown function (isolating) (for example, the use of brackets when inserting
constructions).
2. Ascertaining (qualifying) (brackets are used only with insertion-
mi designs)
3. Indicate the secondary importance of the information contained in them)
4. The inclusion intonation is characteristic - a pause and a quick reading of the insert.
9. … (ellipsis) Indicates a omission when quoting
1. Indicates agitation, discontinuity of speech.
2. Indicates a large subtext (lyrical ellipsis).
Hyperpauses
10 . " " (quotes)
1. Ascertaining (qualifying) (for example, in the KSPR).
2. Highlighting (eg, highlighting direct speech in KsPR)
3. Indicate the foreignness and unusualness of the components contained in them.
4. Accentual reading of the construction contained in them.
5. Indicates the ironic meaning of the words contained in them
11. paragraph (letter from a red line)
1. Delimiter, divides the text into paragraphs.
2. Requires letters from a new line.
3. Indicates a new set of thoughts
4. Requires super pauses
Punctuation marks are international in nature, since the same punctuation, with minor differences, is adopted in other languages based on the Latin and Russian alphabets.
Thus, punctuation marks make it possible to express much more in writing than can be written in letters. The fact of such "wordless" correspondence is known. The French writer Victor Hugo, having finished Les Misérables, sent the manuscript of the book to the publisher. He attached a letter to the manuscript, in which there was not a single word, but only the sign: “?” The publisher also responded with a letter without words: "!".
Words written on paper can express far from everything that is contained in living human speech, which is conveyed by intonation, tempo of speech, gestures and facial expressions. However, at the disposal of the writer and reader there are not only words, but also additional means - punctuation marks. They help to more fully and accurately express the meaning of written speech. “Signs are placed according to the power of reason,” wrote M. V. Lomonosov, the founder of Russian grammar.
Literature
1. Valgina N.S., Rosenthal D.E. Modern Russian language. - M., 2001.
2. Rosenthal D.E., Golub I.B. Modern Russian language. - M., 2001.
3. Babaitseva V.V., Maksimov L.Yu. Modern Russian language. At 3 o'clock Part 3. - M., 1987.
4. Popov R.N. Modern Russian language. - M., 1978.
5. Valgina N.S. Syntax of the modern Russian language. - M., 1991.
test questions
1. The origins of the formation of Russian punctuation.
2. Principles of Russian punctuation.
3. Punctuation marks and their functions.
Each practical lesson consists of questions for discussion, without which it is difficult to fully master the course content, types of practical tasks are offered that contribute to the development of linguistic skills, tasks for independent work, questions for self-examination.
