Make an ultrasound of the genital organs. Ultrasound examination of internal female organs. The attitude of patients to gynecological examination

More than 50 years of history of ultrasound diagnostics went through different stages of its development: a period of complete denial, distrust, unwillingness of specialists to use the method, which was replaced by a total passion and its reassessment. This stage is characterized by an adequate assessment of the possibilities and reliability of the results of ultrasound examination (ultrasound).

Especially great popularity among patients and doctors has acquired ultrasound in gynecology and obstetrics. It allows diagnosing inflammatory diseases and developmental anomalies with high reliability, detecting small pelvic tumors, including during screening examinations, etc.

Advantages of the method and reasons for its popularity

The method became possible due to such basic properties of ultrasound as focusing, the ability to propagate in biological tissues and various reflections from the dense media of the body, including from the boundaries between them. Ultrasound is based on the principle of echolocation, which is the perception of reflected waves.

A special sensor device is connected to the device that generates ultrasonic waves. As one of the main elements, it includes a converter of the received information. With the help of the sensor, directional radiation occurs, the perception of reflected signals and their transformation. As a result, a certain “picture” is displayed on the display screen of the device.

When passing through dissimilar tissues and cavities, the wave is attenuated and absorbed to varying degrees, as well as its partial reflection and refraction. When encountering homogeneous structures that have the same temperature and tissue density in all areas, ultrasound will be uniformly partially absorbed and equally reflected, creating an image of the organ with its more or less clear boundaries. In the presence of tissue with different characteristics in this environment, for example, a myomatous node in the muscular layer of the uterus (myometrium), different intensity of the reflected signals forms on the display screen the corresponding pathological formation with its boundaries.

The ultrasound method has taken a strong position among other types of radiation diagnostics. Its popularity is explained by:

• the reliability and information content of the results obtained, which in most diseases coincide with the results of post-mortem examinations (in 85-100%);
• accessibility of the procedure, its relative simplicity and non-invasiveness;
• the possibility of obtaining information in real time;
• the possibility of carrying out diagnostic and some therapeutic manipulations under visual control;
• the absence of a negative effect on tissues and the body as a whole during a short-term study;
• low cost, compared with other radiation diagnostic methods.

Principles of ultrasound

Ultrasound diagnostics is reduced to the definition of indications and goals, the choice of the type and mode of examination, and the preparation of the patient.

Indications for carrying out

In gynecology, ultrasound is recommended:

1. With menstrual irregularities and changes in their nature (abundant or, conversely, scanty, premature or delayed, etc.), which may be a sign of ovarian dysfunction, fibroids or other neoplasms, endometrial or cervical polyps, etc.
2. With painful menstruation as a symptom of endometriosis or inflammatory processes, the assumption of the presence of inflammatory diseases of the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries or pelvic cavity.
3. With the appearance of discharge and / and pain in the lower abdomen; they can occur with the development of tubal pregnancy, torsion of the fallopian tube, adhesive and inflammatory processes in the pelvis, tumors, ovarian cysts.
4. In order to diagnose congenital anomalies in the development of the uterus and appendages, pregnancy and dynamic monitoring of the development of the fetus.
5. With a comprehensive diagnosis of the causes of infertility.
6. When taking oral contraceptives or having doubts about the correct installation of the intrauterine device in order to timely detect complications.
7. With urinary disorders, including urinary incontinence.
8. Before and after diagnostic curettage, medical or instrumental abortion.
9. As a scheduled preventive examination for the early detection of benign and malignant tumors that are asymptomatic.

Types and modes

Various types of ultrasound in gynecology are carried out using sensors of various shapes. Depending on the goals and conditions of acoustic access, there are three types of studies:

1. Vaginal ultrasound (through the vagina), which uses a standard probe. Visualization of the pelvic organs with this method is the clearest. It is performed with an empty bladder by inserting a transducer into the vagina. Transvaginal examination is used in most cases.
2. Transperitoneal, or transabdominal ultrasound - manipulation of the sensor is carried out on the surface of the lower parts of the anterior abdominal wall with a full bladder. The technique is used mainly in the presence of formations of considerable size in the small pelvis.
3. Transrectal ultrasound - through the rectum. This type of diagnosis in gynecology is used only when examining virgins.

The choice of method and, accordingly, the type of sensor depend on the functional and anatomical and topographic features of the area under study or a targeted study of a specific organ or area of ​​the small pelvis.

Vaginal ultrasound

Transabdominal ultrasound

For ultrasound of the pelvic organs, equipment with different modes is used, which have different capabilities and have the appropriate purpose:

2D mode, or two-dimensional

It is characterized by the formation of an image of a planar character of a gray-white color with many shades, that is, the organs are depicted in the same plane (tomogram). In practical work, the method is used most often and is the base for any ultrasound examinations.

This mode allows you to determine the shape and size of the uterus and its cavity, cervical canal, the state of their inner membrane, position in relation to other organs of the small pelvis, the structure, shape and size of the uterus and ovaries, the presence of myomatous nodes, the condition of the ovaries, the size of the follicles and corpus luteum , the presence of neoplasms in the small pelvis and their size, the presence of fluid, as well as some pathological changes in the bladder with sufficient fullness.

3D, or 3D but static mode

It is a synthesized three-dimensional image in several planes (two or more). This mode provides the conditions for layer-by-layer study of the pelvic organs at different depths, as well as by "slices" in different planes and different thicknesses - from a few centimeters to less than 1 millimeter.

If you do an ultrasound in gynecology in 3D, this will make it possible to determine the sex of the child, congenital anomalies in the development of the uterus (unicornuate, bicornuate, saddle), more accurate shapes and sizes of a benign or malignant tumor, endometrioid ovarian cysts, the degree of spread of endometriosis, the size of cervical neoplasms. It is also possible to diagnose the presence of polyps and determine their size, the presence of intrauterine septa and synechia (adhesions), the position of the intrauterine device, the ingrowth of its elements into the mucous membrane of the walls or prolapse from the uterine cavity.

4D mode

This is a three-dimensional image, but in dynamics. It allows you to see the movements of the fetus and the dynamics of its development, to detail the vascular network of the pelvic organs by blood flow for differential diagnosis of inflammatory processes with tumors, determining their volume, exact size and even the nature and condition of the tumor, insufficient blood flow in case of necrosis of the myomatous node. You can also see the state of blood supply and varicose veins of the cavity and pelvic organs, diagnose vein thrombosis.

In most devices, 3D and 4D modes are combined with CID mode, which allows you to get a color image. In some cases, it becomes necessary to combine examination modes and ultrasound transducers, for example, transabdominal and transvaginal.

Patient preparation and optimal timing of diagnosis

The doctor recommends to each patient individually when it is better to do an ultrasound scan in gynecology. In standard cases, it is recommended to conduct it in the first phase of the menstrual cycle, that is, 5-7 days after the onset of menstruation. Optimally - this is the 3-5th day after its completion, but not later than the 7-10th day of the cycle. To assess ovarian function (formation of the corpus luteum, development of follicles), ultrasound is performed on the 8-10th, 14-16th and 22-24th day of the menstrual cycle.

The first diagnosis of pregnancy is possible from 3-4 weeks. When using a transvaginal sensor, it is possible at an earlier date. For all women, in order to identify asymptomatic pathological processes, especially tumors, it is recommended to perform preventive ultrasound of the pelvic organs annually or once every 2 years, and after 40 years - annually.

The study is carried out on an empty stomach after acts of defecation and urination. The last meal should be no later than 8-12 hours before the procedure. If there are certain indications, the study is carried out regardless of the timing of the menstrual cycle:

• severe pain;
• heavy bleeding;
• suspected ectopic pregnancy - tubal, ovarian, cervical;
• removal of the intrauterine device;
• the presence of a foreign body, etc.

The recommended preparation for ultrasound in gynecology aims to free the intestines from feces and gases as much as possible. This is necessary to ensure optimal conditions for the passage of ultrasonic waves and their visualization on the screen. Therefore, appropriate preparation should begin 3-4 days before the upcoming study.

During these days, it is recommended to exclude from the diet of indigestible and fatty foods and foods that contribute to gas formation in the intestines. The latter include legumes, fresh vegetables and fruits rich in fiber, black bread, whole milk, carbonated drinks, coffee, high-calorie confectionery products (cakes, cakes)

To improve the digestion of food, you can take enzyme preparations - Festal, Creon, Panzinorm, Enzistal, and for better removal of gases - Espumizan, Karbolen, fennel or chamomile flower infusions. With a tendency to constipation, it is recommended to take laxatives. Do not use cleansing enemas, as this contributes to the retention of gases and air that has entered with water in the lower intestines.

To fill the bladder, if it is planned to conduct a study through the anterior abdominal wall, it is recommended to drink 1-1.5 liters of fluid 1 hour before the procedure (depending on age and the presence of diseases of the heart, blood vessels or kidneys).

The results of ultrasound examination in gynecology

When performing ultrasound of the pelvic organs, a holistic view of the organs under study is created based on the comparison and interpretation of such characteristics as the localization and mobility of the organ or its parts, shape and size, structure, external and internal contours, location and anatomical relationship with neighboring structures or organs, indicators of functionality, the degree of conductivity of sound waves and the degree of their reflection (echogenicity), the absence or, conversely, the presence of effects inherent or not characteristic of acoustic systems.

The examination protocol only describes the above indicators, but does not make a final diagnosis. Often, the conclusions of doctors-specialists in radiation diagnostics on the results of an ultrasound examination of the same patient, which were carried out in different diagnostic institutions, are different. This is due to the equipment used, the sufficiency of preparing the patient for the procedure and the tasks set by the attending gynecologist, and the qualifications of the specialist.

As a rule, a diagnostician, describing the obtained “picture” of the pelvic cavity and its organs, can only make an assumption about certain deviations from the norm in his conclusion, but does not make a final diagnosis. Diagnosis is the prerogative of a gynecologist who formulates a diagnosis based on a comprehensive examination of the patient, including a general clinical examination, laboratory data, histological examination results, and additional consultations of the necessary specialists.

However, modern ultrasound technology, which allows obtaining volumetric images of the pelvic organs at any depth and in various planes, especially in real time, provides an opportunity to solve complex issues of diagnosing the main number of diseases in gynecology, and in most cases is a decisive factor in making a diagnosis. .

Female ultrasound is one of the main examinations necessary to diagnose the disease. If there are suspicions about the presence of problems in the small pelvis, with timely diagnosis, diseases are successfully cured.

Examination of the female reproductive system requires a special approach

In this article you will learn:

The essence of the procedure

This diagnosis is also called gynecological. The main goal is to assess the state of the female pelvic organs, periuterine space and ligaments that support the uterus.

The need for a procedure

Ultrasound of the internal female organs is prescribed to:

• detect diseases of the female reproductive system at the initial stage;
• assess the anatomical structure of the uterus;
• assess the condition of the cervix;
• monitor ongoing therapy;
• accurately diagnose the disease when it is difficult to determine.

Doctor on ultrasound checks the anatomical structure of the uterus

How to prepare for the procedure

It is worth noting that gynecological ultrasound for women can be performed in two ways: usually (through the wall of the peritoneum) and transvaginally. To conduct a study in the first way, a woman should prepare. First, you need to come to the procedure with a full bladder. To do this, it is recommended to drink about a liter of non-carbonated water. Due to the full bladder, the uterus and ovaries are visualized more clearly, which simplifies the examination.

With an insufficiently filled bladder, the image will not be as informative, which is why the diagnosis can be carried out a second time.

For a transvaginal examination, filling the bladder is not required - the image will still be clear. Diagnosis is carried out if a detailed examination of the uterus and ovaries is necessary, or if there is an obstacle to examination through the peritoneum. Often such a hindrance is excessive body fat. In this case, the insertion of the sensor is carried out through the vagina and the picture on the monitor is formed from the middle. Often, transvaginal diagnosis is used at an early stage of bearing a child, including suspicions of an ectopic pregnancy.

With the help of the device, the doctor can check the condition of the organs

Diagnostic methods

This diagnosis is carried out in three ways:

1. Transvaginal. It is used to more accurately diagnose the pathology of the genital organs. It is carried out by introducing a specialized device into the patient's vagina.
2. Transabdominal. This method is used to examine a virgin or to detect gross pathology in the pelvic organs. Inspection is carried out through the abdominal wall.
3. Transrectal. The examination is carried out by inserting a probe into the anus. The method is as informative as the transvaginal examination. Rarely used, only for virgins.

Carrying out the procedure

Transabdominal diagnosis is carried out as follows:

1. The woman lies face up on the couch.
2. The doctor applies a special gel to the skin.
3. Then the doctor guides the device along the abdominal wall.

Different probes are used for different types of ultrasound.

Transvaginal examination is carried out as follows:

• the patient is located on the couch with legs slightly apart;
• the doctor puts a condom on the examination device;
• the probe is inserted into the woman's vagina.

To carry out such a diagnosis, you can purchase a special sterile condom.

Transrectal examination is carried out by analogy with transvaginal. The only difference is that the examination device is inserted into the woman's anus. In this case, the patient should lie on the couch on his side.

In the process of diagnosis, the nurse keeps a record, where all the information voiced by the doctor is recorded.

Normative indicators for ultrasound

To begin with, in deciphering the ultrasound of the female genital organs, the size of the uterus is indicated. The normative indicator of the distance between the bottom of the uterus and the internal cervical os is 5-8 cm. On average, this distance in a healthy nulliparous woman is 60-71 mm. In females who gave birth, the uterus increases slightly, in this case, its size is due to the number of births.

Having studied the indications of ultrasound, the doctor can draw a conclusion about the health of the woman

The thickness of the uterus should be 30-40 mm, and in width - 45-60 mm. A few years after the childbearing function fades away, the uterus can decrease in size up to 40-50 mm. It is important to take into account the localization of the uterus when evaluating the health of the genital organs in a woman.

Normal is the location in the center of the small pelvis with a slight deviation to the peritoneum. Such a position in the act of research is referred to as "anteflexio". "Retroflexio" is a physiological anomaly in the location of the uterus (the uterus deviates back), namely the "bend". The term "lateroflexio" refers to the deviation of the body of the uterus in relation to the center of the body.

When evaluating the localization of the body of the uterus, it must be taken into account that due to the filled bladder, it may slightly deviate from the norm.

Condition of the appendages

The cervix on the echogram is determined as a formation of 2-3 cm, in the form of a cylinder, echogenicity is similar to the uterus. Normally, the cervical canal should be 0.3-0.4 cm wide. The ovaries in the ultrasound image are visualized as an oval-shaped formation located on both sides near the uterus. The length of the ovaries should be 27-37 mm, width 21-29 mm, thickness 17-21 mm.

On ultrasound, the doctor very carefully examines the ovaries

The ovaries can vary in size, as when the follicles grow, so do the ovaries. When the dominant follicle is released, which is determined during the first phase of the cycle and continues to grow vigorously, up to 12-14 days of the cycle, the others become smaller again, and the ovaries return to normal size.

By the time of ovulation, the follicles can grow up to 15-29 mm, so they are well defined on an ultrasound examination. When visually assessed by size, one ovary should be no more than 1/2 the size of the uterus in width. Determination of the fallopian tubes of normal size by ultrasound is impossible. At the end of ovulation, the corpus luteum begins to form, a temporary hormone-producing gland, the main purpose of which is to ensure the implantation of the embryo and maintain pregnancy.

The corpus luteum is visualized as a small formation with a heterogeneous thick wall and fluid inside.

The endometrium in the uterus during the first days of the cycle is determined as a heterogeneous structure with different thicknesses (3-8 mm). By the end of menstruation (4-5 days of the cycle), the endometrium is 2-4 mm thick, so it is almost invisible on ultrasound. During the early stage of proliferation (6-7 days of the cycle), a slight increase in the size of the endometrial layer up to 6-9 mm is determined, while echogenicity decreases in parallel.

The doctor pays special attention to the condition of the endometrium

At the same time, it is easy to determine the appeared thin echo-negative contour up to 0.1 cm in thickness. By day 10, the endometrium increases in thickness up to 10 mm. During the secretory phase (15-27 days), and during menstruation, the endometrial layer thickens significantly (in some cases up to 15 mm), this is visualized on the ultrasound image as a thickened reflective surface inside the uterus.

It should be noted that the detected corpus luteum and thickened endometrial layer in the first days of menstruation, if there is no embryonic egg in the uterus, may indirectly indicate an ongoing ectopic pregnancy.

Diseases determined by ultrasound

Through ultrasound of the genital organs, the presence of:

• pregnancy - uterine, tubal, celiac;
• deviations in the formation of the uterus and appendages;
• inflammatory processes in the uterus and appendages;
• endometriosis;

This method helps to diagnose the presence of cysts in the ovaries

• hemo-, hydro- and pyosalpinx (accumulation in the fallopian tubes of inflammatory or purulent fluids, blood), and there is no exact differentiation of the form of abnormal fluids;
• complications after the birth of a child and abortion (for example, when particles of the fetus or its membrane remain in the uterus);
• neoplasms in the pelvic organs;
• polyps in the endometrial layer;
• fibroids in the uterus, its stages, the state of the myomatous nodes, how they affect the uterine patency;
• cysts in the ovaries;
• torsion of the cyst leg in the ovary;
• pathological fluid in the pelvic organs.

When using IVF, such diagnostics are used to dynamically monitor the state of the uterus with ovaries, and during childbearing it helps to monitor the formation of the child and the health of the mother's organs.

In this video you will be told about the features of gynecological ultrasound:

Modern medicine involves a variety of diagnostic manipulations. The equipment can help the doctor make a correct diagnosis and prescribe timely therapy. A separate breakthrough in medicine has become especially relevant for the fairer sex.

The presented article will tell you about what ultrasound is in gynecology. When is the best time to do it and how to prepare for it, you will learn further. You can also find out everything about the methods of carrying out the procedure and the places where it is performed.

When is this study scheduled?

When is the best time to do an ultrasound in gynecology? The answer to this question is simple. The procedure must be performed under the available indications. They are determined by a specialist. Therefore, if you have any complaints, then you need to go to the gynecologist and get recommendations. Ultrasound diagnostics is prescribed in the following situations:

• menstrual disorders (long, breakthrough bleeding);
• pain in the lower abdomen;
• discomfort during intercourse;
• hormonal disorders;
• infertility;
• pain in the mammary glands;
• discharge from the genital tract with an unpleasant odor and unusual consistency;
• suspicion of various pathologies;
• preventive examinations and so on.

Places of the procedure

When you contact a private institution, you will quickly be provided with the necessary services. However, you will have to pay a certain amount for this. Typically, the examination costs from three hundred rubles to three thousand. If you decide to use the services of public hospitals, then money is not required. However, you need to have a policy and a passport with you. You need to book an appointment with a doctor. In some cases, you have to wait in line.

Diagnostic methods

Before learning more about ultrasound in gynecology, when is the best time to do it, the methods of examination should be studied. The procedure is carried out in two ways. Which one is preferable depends on the situation and the condition of the patient. Sometimes a specialist needs to examine in two ways. Often this is required during pregnancy. Let us consider in detail the methods of examination.

Vaginal sensor

This device is shaped like a thin cylinder. At the very end is the so-called camera. The sensor is inserted into the vagina and transmits an image of the genital organs of the small pelvis to the screen to a specialist. After that, the doctor fixes the necessary indicators and draws up a protocol. This method of diagnosis is usually chosen for non-pregnant women who are sexually active. Also, this method is used for expectant mothers in the early stages to establish the fact of conception. Often in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, a vaginal probe is diagnosed. It allows you to assess the condition of the cervical canal and cervix. Often this method is necessary when there is a threat of abortion or isthmic-cervical insufficiency.

Alternative way

There is another method of examination. It's called transabdominal. Usually, several types of sensors are located on one ultrasound diagnostic device. The device for transabdominal ultrasound has a flat shape. With its help, the picture is transmitted to the screen through the abdominal wall. Before the manipulation, the doctor must apply a conductive gel to the desired part of the patient's abdomen. This method of examination is preferable for virgins and pregnant women, as well as for those representatives of the weaker sex who are unable to use the device.

The transabdominal method of diagnosis in the non-pregnant state may be less accurate than its alternative, since the uterus and ovaries are usually located in the pelvic cavity. It can be difficult for the sensor to get a result from hidden areas.

Ultrasound in gynecology: when is it better to do?

The determination of the date of the study is always done by a specialist. The doctor will definitely tell you about all the nuances. Much depends on your individual situation. So, the usual preventive examination is carried out at the beginning of the menstrual cycle. Ovulation tracking is carried out approximately in the middle of the period. If you need to establish the fact of pregnancy, then the end of the cycle is selected. Pregnant women have separate diagnostic periods. Consider all the situations and find out on which day it is better to do an ultrasound (gynecology).

Preventive examination or suspicion of pathology

When is it better to do a conventional ultrasound in gynecology? Ultrasound diagnostics in the usual mode is carried out immediately after the end of menstruation. Doctors most often set the fifth to seventh day from the first bleeding. It is during this period that all defects can be considered as much as possible. After all, at this time the minimum. The specialist can see different neoplasms: fibroids, polyps, cysts. It is worth noting that the ovaries at this moment have a minimum size, they should not have neoplasms. But some women have cysts, which may be functional or pathological.

Despite the standard recommendations, in some cases, doctors choose other periods for examinations. Much depends on the length of the patient's cycle. If it has an average duration, then experts adhere to standard norms. With a short female cycle, it is recommended to conduct an examination from the third day, since by the seventh day ovulation may already occur. With a long period, you can somewhat postpone the ultrasound and perform it in the period from 5 to 10 days.

If pregnancy is suspected

If the patient thinks she is pregnant, when is the best time to do an ultrasound in gynecology? The answer to this question will be unanimous. Experts say that the study can show a positive result only two weeks after the expected menstruation. Some devices have more accurate and modern devices. Such sensors show the presence of a fetal egg in the uterus after one week of delay.

In accordance with the duration of the female cycle, the day of the examination is selected: 35, 42 or 49.

Folliculometry and its features

If you need to track the growth of the follicle and determine ovulation, when is the best time to do an ultrasound in gynecology? Most likely, you will not be able to choose the right days on your own. Since in this case everything depends on the length of the cycle. At the appointment, the doctor will ask you to remember the dates of the last 3-6 periods. Based on the data obtained, the average cycle time is calculated. After that, the most favorable day for the start of folliculometry is determined.

For women with a short cycle, this is the fifth day, with an average duration - the tenth. The long period (up to 35 days) involves the start of an ovarian examination on the 17th day. After the first study, the doctor will be able to determine for you the next days of folliculometry. Usually it is carried out every 2-3 days. But given the size of the follicle, it can be prescribed after a few hours. A feature of the manipulation is that the examination provides only an examination of the ovaries. The doctor will not pay attention to other indicators.

Is preparation necessary?

You already know in which cases ultrasound in gynecology is best to do. Preparation for the procedure is very simple. However, it depends on the diagnostic method. In both cases, you must definitely remember when the last menstruation was. The doctor should be informed about the first day and duration of bleeding.

Vaginal examination

If a vaginal examination is recommended for you, be sure to specify what you need to bring with you. Some clinics do not provide free condoms that are placed over the transducer. In this case, you will have to purchase a latex product in advance.

Perform hygiene procedures: wash with soap. Do not use any vaginal gels. This may reduce the accuracy of the diagnosis. Empty your bladder immediately before the examination. On the day of the procedure, it is necessary to perform an act of defecation.

Ultrasound through the abdominal wall

In this type of examination, much depends on the condition of the patient.

• If the diagnosis is carried out in a non-pregnant woman, then it is necessary to drink a glass of water a few minutes before the ultrasound. The bladder should be slightly full.
• When an examination is scheduled for a pregnant woman, on the contrary, it is necessary to urinate before the procedure. So the doctor will be able to correctly determine the position and parameters of the fetus.
• If the diagnosis is assigned to a future mother who has, then the bladder must be filled.

You have already been able to learn a lot about the procedure called ultrasound in gynecology (when to do it). Types of research and methods of its implementation are presented to your attention. Experts give the following recommendations:

• tell the doctor about what is bothering you;
• do not take any medications before manipulation;
• if you use hormonal contraceptives, then tell us about it;
• do not try to decrypt the received data yourself;
• go after the diagnosis to the gynecologist for further appointments and recommendations.

Summing up

If you need an ultrasound in gynecology, when is it better to do it, it is better to check the types of ultrasound diagnostics and methods of preparation with gynecologists. Only a doctor can reasonably assess your condition and say about the need for research or its absence. Even if nothing bothers you, then you need to visit specialists regularly. In the absence of indications and complaints, diagnostics should be carried out once a year. After the onset of menopause, it is recommended to do this more often. Take care of your health, all the best to you!

The female body is a unique creation that undergoes many transformations throughout life. Any, even minor, violation of his activity can lead to irreversible consequences, such as, for example, infertility, depriving him of the incomparable joy of motherhood.

To avoid such a sad turn of events, it is recommended to undergo a preventive examination, which includes mandatory ultrasound of the female organs of the reproductive and genitourinary system. This will allow early recognition of many pathologies and take appropriate measures.

When should a woman undergo a pelvic ultrasound?

Ultrasound examination is one of the simplest and most informative diagnostics, moreover, it is absolutely painless and harmless, therefore it is prescribed first of all when many pathological manifestations occur.

So, the doctor prescribes a referral for ultrasound of the internal female organs if there is:

• pain in the inguinal region of a pulling, aching character;
• false frequent urge to urinate, accompanied by discomfort;
• pain when emptying the bladder and burning in the urethra (urethra);
• bleeding from the genitals, different from normal menarche;
• irregular menstrual cycle with heavy or scanty periods;
• hematuria (blood in the urine) and other signs of pelvic disease.

In addition to pathological signs, ultrasound of the internal female organs is done during planned preparation for pregnancy, the establishment or removal of the IUD (intrauterine device), postoperative control in the rehabilitation period. To obtain the most detailed picture of the organs, it is of great importance on which day of the menstrual cycle a woman will be examined. The procedure will be most informative on the 7-10th day of the cycle, as this is the most suitable time to study the uterus and ovaries for the presence of pathologies such as erosion, polycystic disease and others.

Techniques

It depends on the indications, contraindications and age characteristics of females, in what way the study will be conducted. The main types that are used for women are transabdominal, transvaginal and transrectal. Despite the common points, these techniques have some differences that patients should take into account when preparing for the procedure.

Transabdominal ultrasound

The simplest method used in most cases. Its essence lies in the study of the genitourinary system in women with the usual movement of the ultrasonic emitter in the lower abdomen. To improve contact with the skin and minimize friction, the diagnostician applies a special gel to the emitter and then examines the projections of the internal organs of the small pelvis.

In order for the results to be as accurate as possible, all of the above methods require special preparation, consisting of food restrictions and proper filling of the bladder before the procedure. Dietary restrictions look like eliminating foods that increase gas formation in the intestines, since gas bubbles can be mistaken for cysts or tumors.

Prohibited foods include fatty types of cheeses, meat, fish and broths from them, raw fruits and vegetables, spicy, salty, fried foods, smoked meats, spices, dairy and bakery products, sweets.

Alcohol, carbonated drinks and water should be excluded, and a few hours before the procedure, you can not smoke, chew gum and suck on lollipops. Your menu 3-4 days before the study should be composed of low-fat types of meat, poultry, fish and first courses based on them, boiled vegetables, cereals - buckwheat, rice, oatmeal. You can also eat 1 boiled egg a day and drink 1 glass of kefir or milk.

It is allowed to drink weak tea or coffee during the preparation for the ultrasound. For transabdominal ultrasound, care must be taken to ensure that the bladder is full - due to this, the intestinal loops will rise and the internal organs will be available for study. For sufficient filling of the bladder, you can simply refrain from urinating for at least 3 hours, or drink at least 1 liter of non-carbonated water 1–1.5 hours before the ultrasound.

Transvaginal ultrasound

Or as it is sometimes called intravaginal ultrasound, despite a slightly more complicated access, it is also used quite often, like the previous technique. When it is carried out, a special gynecological sensor is used, having a diameter of about 3 cm, which does not bring any pain during examination.

Due to its size, the gynecological sensor allows for a painless procedure

The vaginal examination, like the other two procedures, lasts no more than 10-20 minutes, and only in controversial cases can be delayed a little. Preparation for a gynecological ultrasound through the vagina is simpler than the previous one - it is necessary to urinate before the study so that a full bladder does not interfere with the movement of the transducer (sensor). The doctor puts a condom on him for hygienic purposes, the patient lies back on the couch, spreads her knees according to the principle of position on the gynecological chair. Intravaginal ultrasound remotely resembles an obstetric examination.

Important! If the patient has an allergy to latex, then when prescribing intravaginal ultrasound diagnostics, it is necessary to tell the doctor about it.

Transrectal ultrasound

In gynecology, a transrectal technique is also used, but much less often - mainly in virgins or for some specific indications. To prepare for an ultrasound in this way, it is imperative to clean the rectum from feces, as the procedure is done by inserting a special sensor into it.

The rectal ultrasonic emitter is even smaller in diameter than the vaginal one, so there is no pain or just discomfort. When conducting gynecological diagnostics with this technique, a condom is also used, and its lubrication allows the doctor to enter the anus easily and painlessly. The bladder does not need to be filled.

Features of carrying out during pregnancy

Now, not a single pregnancy passes without ultrasound diagnostics of the state of the reproductive organs of the mother and the development of the fetus. So, in addition to determining the presence of conception, ultrasound is scheduled at least three times during the gestation period - at 11–13 weeks, 22–23 and 31–32. This allows you to control the intrauterine development and growth of the embryo, as well as the possible formation of pathologies in the mother's body.

• At 11–13 weeks, gross developmental disorders of the fetus are determined, the thickness of the collar zone is an important indicator of the presence or absence of Down syndrome, and anatomical features are evaluated.
• At 22-23 weeks, it becomes possible to study the structure of the main organs and systems of the fetus - the cardiovascular, nervous, digestive tract and urinary tract. At this time, you can determine the sex of the unborn baby.
• At 31–32 weeks, ultrasound shows late anomalies in the development of the heart, gastrointestinal tract, urinary and respiratory systems, as well as other important organs. In addition, the growth rate and its compliance with normal indicators are being studied.

The high accuracy of ultrasound devices makes it possible to determine pregnancy in the early stages

Important! Timely screenings during pregnancy in the first and second trimesters, plus correctly performed preparation for them, provide the most informative picture. This will allow, with gross pathologies found, to terminate the pregnancy, relieving both the mother and the child from suffering.

Decoding of research materials

After the end of the procedure, the diagnostician performs the interpretation of the received data. The study protocol indicates the norm and, if any, deviations from it. Ideally, such a conclusion should be made by an obstetrician-gynecologist or a urologist, that is, a doctor specializing in diseases of the female pelvic organs. During decoding, the position, size and structure of the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and bladder are evaluated.

The presence or absence of calculi in the bladder and kidneys, and formations in the large intestine is indicated. The presence of follicles in the ovaries and pathological formations in them is established. Various deviations from normal indicators indicate the development of diseases. For example, thickening of the walls of the uterus or fallopian tubes can be a development of oncological processes. Round-shaped formations diagnosed on ultrasound can be cysts or fibromas.

If there is a simultaneous decrease in the uterus and an increase in the size of the ovary, most likely, we are talking about polycystic disease. A change in echogenicity indicates a fibroid (benign tumor of the uterus) or endometriosis. But the correct diagnosis can only be made by an experienced specialist who is able to take into account all the subtleties in the pictures or records. As a result, the decoding of the research materials contains the smallest details for each organ, on their basis a conclusion is formed, which is issued to the patient. She can then go to her primary care physician for further advice.

The body of the fair sex is a special mechanism in its structure, characterized by excessive fragility. That is why it requires increased attention and timely care. When situations occur that were not previously characteristic of the nature of a particular organism, the question arises of what to do.

In this case, you need to timely seek help from a specialized center for ultrasound diagnostics and make an appointment. Thanks to the results of research, it is possible to completely cure the ailments of the reproductive system in women.

Ultrasound in gynecology: indications for the passage

Ultrasound examination (ultrasound) is characterized by high accuracy of the results obtained and the absence of harm to the body. Ultrasound is based on the principle of a sound wave, due to which an idea of ​​the current state of the body is formed.

During the study of the reproductive system of women, the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries are subject to diagnosis. In addition, the bladder and rectum are examined. An ultrasound is used to determine the presence of a possible pregnancy.

As a rule, a referral for an ultrasound scan is issued in the case of:

• violations or failure of the menstrual cycle;
• the presence of changes in menstrual flow;
• increased pain due to menstruation;
• suspicions of ovarian dysfunction, the appearance of neoplasms, endometriosis, inflammatory processes;
• the appearance of uncharacteristic discharge with a simultaneous occurrence in the lower abdomen;
• tracking existing anomalies of the genital internal organs;
• identifying the root causes of infertility;
• diagnosing urolithiasis;
• prescribing oral contraceptive methods;
• problems with urination;
• after surgical intervention of a gynecological nature;
• disease prevention and control.

In most cases, ultrasound is used not only to diagnose existing gynecological diseases, but also to monitor the course of pregnancy, as well as monitor the effectiveness of the treatment and the results of its implementation.

Ultrasound in gynecology: preparation for conducting

The effectiveness of the study and the reliability of the data obtained directly depends on the conditions in which the preparation for ultrasound in gynecology was carried out. In the absence of a pregnant state, ultrasound is done on condition that the bladder is full.

Therefore, it is important to know how to prepare for a gynecological ultrasound and follow the following rules:

1. For ultrasound through the surface of the abdomen: you need to drink one and a half liters of water without gas an hour before the event and do not urinate until the end of the process;
2. For ultrasound through the vagina: you can be examined with an empty bladder;
3. For ultrasound according to obstetric indications: carried out with a relatively full bladder (you can drink 1 - 2 glasses of water an hour before the study).

The main criterion for an effective ultrasound is an empty intestine in the absence of gases. It is advisable to follow a diet before the ultrasound with the exclusion or restriction of products that cause increased gas formation and constipation. These include fruits, vegetables, black bread, milk, confectionery.

It is possible to use preparations containing enzymes (creon, festal, etc.). It is recommended to use dill water, activated charcoal. In the absence of bowel movements, you can resort to the help of laxatives.

Gynecological ultrasound: terms of preparation and conduct

The most effective is ultrasound, which is carried out at the beginning of the menstrual cycle, namely on the 7th - 10th day. This condition extends to the study of the condition of the appendages and uterus. In addition, such a study is typical for tracking gynecological diseases such as cervical erosion and polycystic disease.

Depending on the type of disease, the timing of the ultrasound varies:

1. With uterine fibroids: at the end of menstruation (if there are violations) or on any day;
2. With folliculogenesis: on the 5th, 9th and 14-17th days of the cycle;
3. With adenomyosis: on the 16th day of the cycle.

In preparation for IVF, the study is carried out on the 5th - 7th day of the menstrual cycle. In the case of preventive monitoring, it is recommended to undergo a gynecological ultrasound every year. If strange symptoms appear, it is important to seek help from a specialist in a timely manner.

To ensure a smooth pregnancy, it is imperative to conduct an ultrasound every trimester (on the 9-10th, 16-20th and 32-34th weeks). Such a diagnosis is called screening. The very first study characterizes the presence of deviations of the genetic plan in the embryo. The second diagnosis shows the sex of the child. The third ultrasound displays the parameters and general features of the child.

The ultrasound procedure is not characterized by the presence of pain. An exception to the rule is the presence of acute inflammatory processes in the area.

In the case of transvaginal ultrasound, a device with a diameter of 3 cm is used. The study through its use is also painless.

The data obtained are displayed on a special device, where a specialist monitors the state of the body and takes a numerical characteristic of the indicators of interest to him.