How many bread units are in oatmeal cookies. How to calculate bread units

Diabetes mellitus (a persistent increase in blood glucose due to a deficiency of the hormone insulin) is a disease that is exacerbated by eating. In this regard, information about products that increase blood glucose and the ability to calculate the degree of their negative impact on the human body is of particular relevance. The correct calculation of carbohydrates consumed allows you to avoid the harmful concentration of glucose in the blood after a meal. If the rise in glucose levels is unavoidable, then there is an objective quantitative basis for self-stopping of the process by introducing optimal blocking doses of the sugar-lowering drug - insulin.

To calculate the amount of carbohydrates in food, there is a special measure - a bread unit (XE). This measure got its name because the source material for it was a piece of black bread - a slice of a “brick” cut in half about 1 cm thick. This slice (its weight is 25 g) contains 12 g of digestible carbohydrates. Accordingly, 1XE is 12 g of carbohydrates with dietary fiber (fiber) inclusive. If fiber is not counted, then 1XE will contain 10 g of carbohydrates. There are countries, for example the USA, where 1XE is 15 g of carbohydrates.

You can also find another name for the bread unit - carbohydrate unit, starch unit.

The need to standardize the amount of carbohydrates in products arose due to the need to calculate the dose of insulin administered to patients, which is directly dependent on the mass of carbohydrates consumed. First of all, this applies to insulin-dependent diabetics, i.e. type 1 diabetics, who take insulin daily before meals 4-5 times a day.

It has been established that the use of one bread unit leads to an increase in blood glucose levels by 1.7-2.2 mmol / l. To bring down this jump, you need 1-4 units. insulin according to body weight. Having information about the amount of XE in a dish, a diabetic can independently calculate how much insulin he needs to inject so that the food does not cause complications. The amount of hormone needed, in addition, depends on the time of day. In the morning it may take twice as much as in the evening.

For patients with diabetes, not only the concentration of carbohydrates in the foods they eat is important, but also the period of time during which these substances are broken down to glucose and enter the bloodstream. The unit of the rate at which glucose is formed after eating a particular food is called the glycemic index (GI).

Foods with a high glycemic index (sweets) provoke a high rate of conversion of carbohydrates into glucose, in the blood vessels it is formed in large quantities and creates peak levels. If foods with a low glycemic index (vegetables) enter the body, blood glucose saturation occurs slowly, and spikes in its level after eating are weak.

XE distribution during the day

In diabetic patients, the breaks between meals should not be long, so the 17-28XE required per day (204-336 g of carbohydrates) should be distributed 5-6 times. In addition to the main meals, snacks are recommended. However, if the intervals between meals are extended, and hypoglycemia (lowering blood glucose) does not occur, snacking can be avoided. There is no need to resort to additional meals even when a person injects ultrashort insulins.

With diabetes, bread units are counted for each meal, and if the dishes are combined, for each ingredient. For foods with a small amount of digestible carbohydrates (less than 5 g per 100 g of edible part), XE can be omitted.

So that the rate of insulin production does not cross safe limits, no more than 7XE should be eaten at a time. The more carbohydrates enter the body, the more difficult it is to control sugar. For breakfast, it is recommended 3–5 XE, for lunch - 2 XE, for lunch - 6–7 XE, for an afternoon snack - 2 XE, for dinner - 3–4 XE, at night - 1–2 XE. As you can see, most of the carbohydrate-containing foods should be consumed in the morning.

If the amount of carbohydrates consumed turned out to be greater than planned, in order to avoid a jump in glucose levels some time after eating, an additional small amount of the hormone should be introduced. However, it should be remembered that a single dose of short-acting insulin should not exceed 14 units. If the concentration of glucose in the blood does not go beyond the norm, between meals, some product on 1XE can be eaten without insulin.

A number of experts suggest using only 2–2.5 XE per day (the technique is called a low-carbohydrate diet). In this case, in their opinion, insulin therapy can be abandoned altogether.

Information about bread units of products

To create an optimal menu for a diabetic (both in terms of composition and volume), you need to know how many bread units are contained in various products.

For products in factory packaging, this knowledge is obtained very simply. The manufacturer is obliged to indicate the amount of carbohydrates in 100 g of the product, and this number should be divided by 12 (the number of carbohydrates in grams in one XU) and recalculated based on the entire mass of the product.

In all other cases, tables of bread units become assistants. Such tables describe how much of a product contains 12 g of carbohydrates, i.e. 1XE. For convenience, the products are divided into groups depending on the origin or type (vegetables, fruits, dairy, drinks, etc.).

These reference books allow you to quickly calculate the amount of carbohydrates in the products selected for consumption, draw up an optimal nutritional pattern, correctly replace one product with another, and ultimately, calculate the required dose of insulin. With information about carbohydrate content, diabetics can afford to eat a little of what is usually forbidden.

The quantity of products is usually indicated not only in grams, but also, for example, in pieces, spoons, glasses, as a result of which there is no need to weigh them. But with this approach, you can make a mistake with the dosage of insulin.

Not all products are included in the table of bread units, but only those in which carbohydrates are present in an amount that affects the level of glucose in the blood. The content of the tables of bread units for type 1 diabetes mellitus is the same as for patients with type 2 diabetes, because both diseases have the same driving force and external root cause - carbohydrates.

How Do Different Foods Raise Glucose Levels?

• those that practically do not increase glucose;
• increase glucose levels moderately;
• increase glucose to a great extent.

basis first group products are vegetables (cabbage, radishes, tomatoes, cucumbers, red and green peppers, zucchini, eggplant, green beans, radishes) and greens (sorrel, spinach, dill, parsley, lettuce, etc.). Due to the extremely low level of carbohydrates, XE is not counted for them. Diabetics can use these gifts of nature without restrictions, both raw, and boiled, and baked, both during main meals and during snacks. Especially useful is cabbage, which itself absorbs sugar, removing it from the body.

Legumes (beans, peas, lentils, beans) in their raw form are characterized by a rather low content of carbohydrates. 1XE per 100 g of product. But if they are cooked, then the carbohydrate saturation rises by 2 times and 1XE will already be present in 50 g of the product.

In order to avoid an increase in the concentration of carbohydrates in ready-made vegetable dishes, fats (butter, mayonnaise, sour cream) should be added to them in a minimal amount.

Equivalent to raw legumes are walnuts and hazelnuts. 1XE for 90 g. Peanuts for 1XE require 85 g. If you mix vegetables, nuts and beans, you get healthy and nutritious salads.

The listed products, moreover, have a low glycemic index, i.e. the process of converting carbohydrates into glucose is slow.

Mushrooms and dietary fish and meat, such as beef, are not subject to accounting for special meals for diabetics. But sausages already contain dangerous amounts of carbohydrates, since starch and other additives are usually put there at the factory. For the production of sausages, in addition, soy is often used. Nevertheless, in sausages and boiled sausages, 1XE is formed at a weight of 160 g. Smoked sausages from the menu of diabetics should be completely excluded.

The saturation of cutlets with carbohydrates is increased by adding softened bread to the minced meat, especially if it was filled with milk. Breadcrumbs are used for frying. As a result, 70 g of this product is enough to get 1XE.

There are no XE in 1 tablespoon of sunflower oil and in 1 egg.

Foods That Raise Glucose Levels Moderately

In second group of products includes products from cereals - wheat, oatmeal, barley, millet. For 1XE, 50 g of porridge of any kind is required. The consistency of the product is of great importance. With the same number of carbohydrate units, porridge in a liquid state (for example, semolina) is absorbed into the body faster than loose porridge. As a result, the level of glucose in the blood in the first case increases at a faster rate than in the second.

It should be noted that boiled cereals contain 3 times less carbohydrates than dry ones, when 1XE forms only 15 g of the product. Oatmeal for 1XE needs a little more - 20 g.

An increased carbohydrate content is also characteristic of starch (potato, corn, wheat), fine flour and rye flour: 1XE - 15 g (heaped tablespoon). Wholemeal flour is 1XE more - 20 g. From this it is clear why large quantities of flour products are contraindicated for diabetics. Flour and products from it, in addition, are characterized by a high glycemic index, i.e. carbohydrates are quickly converted into glucose.

Crackers, breadcrumbs, dry biscuits (crackers) differ in identical indicators. But there is more bread in 1XE in terms of weight: 20 g of white, gray and pita bread, 25 g of black and 30 g of bran. A bread unit will weigh 30 g if you bake baking, fry pancakes or pancakes. But it must be borne in mind that the calculations of bread units must be made for the test, and not for the finished product.

Boiled pasta contains even more carbohydrates (1XE - 50 g). In the line of pasta, it is advisable to choose those made from less carbohydrate wholemeal flour.

The second group of products also includes milk and its derivatives. On 1XE you can drink one 250-gram glass of milk, kefir, curdled milk, fermented baked milk, cream or yogurt of any fat content. As for cottage cheese, if its fat content is less than 5%, it does not need to be accounted for at all. The fat content of hard cheeses should be less than 30%.

Products of the second group for diabetics should be consumed with certain restrictions - half of the usual portion. In addition to those mentioned above, this also includes corn and eggs.

Foods high in carbohydrates

Among the products that significantly increase the level of glucose (the third group ) , the leading place is occupied by sweets. Just 2 teaspoons (10 g) of sugar - and already 1XE. The same situation with jam and honey. More chocolate and marmalade falls on 1XE - 20 g. You should not get carried away with diabetic chocolate either, because on 1XE it only needs 30 g. Fruit sugar (fructose), which is considered diabetic, is also not a panacea, because 1XE forms 12 g. compounds of carbohydrate flour and sugar, a piece of cake or pie immediately gains 3XE. Most sugary foods have a high glycemic index.

But this does not mean that sweets should be completely excluded from the diet. Safe, for example, is a sweet curd mass (without icing and raisins, really). To get 1XE, you need as much as 100 g.

It is also acceptable to eat ice cream, 100 g of which contains 2XE. Preference should be given to creamy varieties, since the fats present there prevent the absorption of carbohydrates too quickly, and, therefore, the level of glucose in the blood rises at the same slow pace. Fruit ice cream, consisting of juices, on the contrary, is quickly absorbed into the stomach, as a result of which blood sugar saturation is intensified. Such a dessert is useful only for hypoglycemia.

For diabetics, sweets are usually made on the basis of sweeteners. But you need to remember that some sugar substitutes increase weight.

Having bought ready-made sweet products for the first time, they should be tested - eat a small portion and measure the level of glucose in the blood.

In order to avoid all sorts of troubles, it is best to cook sweets at home, choosing the optimal amount of starting products.

It is also necessary to exclude from consumption or limit as much as possible butter and vegetable oil, lard, sour cream, fatty meat and fish, canned meat and fish, alcohol. When cooking, the frying method should be avoided and it is advisable to use dishes in which you can cook without fat.

Products of multidirectional influence

Fruits and berries affect blood glucose levels in different ways. Harmless to diabetics are lingonberries, blueberries, blackberries, gooseberries, raspberries, currants (1 XE - 7-8 tablespoons). Lemons belong to the same category - 1XE - 270 g. But pomegranate, figs, kiwi, mango, nectarine, peach, apples for 12 g of carbohydrates require only 1 small fruit. Bananas, melon, watermelon, pineapple also raise the level of glucose in the blood. Strawberries, grapes occupy the middle position in this row. To reach 1XE, you can eat 10-15 of them.

You need to know that sour fruits and berries are more slowly digestible than sweet ones, and therefore do not lead to sharp jumps in blood glucose.

Fruit salads supplemented with crushed nuts and seasoned with yogurt are useful for diabetic patients.

Dried fruits diabetics should eat little. 12 g of carbohydrates give 10 pcs. raisins, 3 pcs. dried apricots and prunes, 1 pc. figs. The exception is apples (1XE - 2 tablespoons).

Among root crops, carrots and beets stand out with a meager content of carbohydrates (1XE - 200 g). The same indicators are characteristic of a pumpkin. In potatoes and Jerusalem artichoke XE is 3 times more. Moreover, the saturation of carbohydrates depends on the method of preparation. In puree, 1XE is obtained at 90 g of weight, in whole boiled potatoes - at 75 g, in fried potatoes - at 35 g, in chips - at only 25 g. The final dish also affects the rate of increase in blood glucose. If the potato food is liquid, then this process is faster, although in general, any potato belongs to the group of foods with a high glycemic index.

Diabetics should also selectively approach drinks, choosing only those that do not contain carbohydrates, or contain them in small quantities. Sweet drinks are excluded.

In large quantities, you can drink only plain water, both with gas and without. You can rarely afford sweetened soda, because 1XE is already obtained from half a glass. Fruit juices are acceptable, but only those that are characterized by a low glycemic index (grapefruit), as well as tea (especially green) and coffee without sugar and cream.

In diabetes, the use of freshly squeezed juices, especially vegetable ones, is welcome. For 1 XE you can drink 2.5 tbsp. cabbage, 1.5 tbsp. tomato, 1 tbsp. beet and carrot juice. Among fruit juices, the least carbohydrate-containing is grapefruit (1.4 tablespoons per 1XE). For orange, cherry, apple juices, 1XE is already collected from half a glass, for grape - from an even smaller volume. Kvass is also relatively safe for diabetics (1XE - 1 tbsp.).

Industrial drinks (lemonade, ready-made cocktails, soda, etc.) contain a large amount of carbohydrates and harmful substances, so diabetics should not drink them. But you can drink drinks with sweeteners, remembering that these substances increase weight.

You can read more about what you absolutely can’t eat and drink with diabetes.

In conclusion - a useful table of the content of bread units in flour and cereal products, berries, fruits and vegetables.

Counting bread units is difficult for a very short time. Most diabetics estimate the amount of XE in products on the machine, without even resorting to reference books and data on the package. This helps them to correctly calculate insulin doses and adhere to the diet prescribed by the doctor.

Hope this article helps someone!

What are Bread Units and what are they "eaten" with?

When compiling a daily menu, you should consider only those foods that increase blood sugar levels. In a healthy person, the pancreas produces the required amount of insulin in response to food intake. As a result, blood sugar levels do not rise. In diabetes, in order to maintain an optimal level of sugar in the blood, we are forced to administer insulin (or hypoglycemic drugs) from the outside, independently changing the dose depending on what and how much the person ate. That is why it is important to learn how to correctly count those foods that increase blood sugar.

How to do it?

It is not necessary to weigh food every time! Scientists studied the products and compiled a table of their carbohydrate content or Bread Units - XE for people with diabetes.

For 1 XE, the amount of a product that contains 10 g of carbohydrates is taken. In other words, according to the XE system, those products that belong to the group of raising blood sugar levels are calculated - these are

Cereals (bread, buckwheat, oats, millet, barley, rice, pasta, vermicelli),
fruits and fruit juices,
milk, kefir and other liquid dairy products (except low-fat cottage cheese),
as well as some varieties of vegetables - potatoes, corn (beans and peas - in large quantities).
but of course, chocolate, cookies, sweets - certainly limited in the daily diet, lemonade and pure sugar - should be strictly limited in the diet and used only in case of hypoglycemia (lowering blood sugar).

The degree of cooking will also affect the level of sugar in the blood. So, for example, mashed potatoes will raise blood sugar levels faster than boiled or fried potatoes. Apple juice gives a faster rise in blood sugar compared to the eaten apple, as well as polished rice than unpolished. Fats and cold foods slow down the absorption of glucose, while salt speeds it up.

For the convenience of compiling a diet, there are special tables of Bread Units, which provide data on the amount of various carbohydrate-containing foods containing 1 XE (I will give below).

It is very important to learn how to determine the amount of XE in the foods you eat!

There are a number of foods that do not affect blood sugar levels:

these are vegetables - any kind of cabbage, radishes, carrots, tomatoes, cucumbers, red and green peppers (with the exception of potatoes and corn),

greens (sorrel, dill, parsley, lettuce, etc.), mushrooms,

butter and vegetable oil, mayonnaise and lard,

as well as fish, meat, poultry, eggs and their products, cheese and cottage cheese,

nuts in a small amount (up to 50 g).

A slight rise in sugar is given by beans, peas and beans in a small amount for garnish (up to 7 tbsp. L)

How many meals should be in a day?

There must be 3 main meals, and intermediate meals are also possible, the so-called snacks from 1 to 3, i.e. there can be 6 meals in total. When using ultrashort insulins (Novorapid, Humalog), snacking is possible. This is acceptable if there is no hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) when skipping a snack.

In order to correlate the amount of digestible carbohydrates consumed with the dose of short-acting insulin administered,

developed a system of grain units.

• 1XE \u003d 10-12 g of digestible carbohydrates
• For 1 XE, from 1 to 4 IU of short (food) insulin is required
• On average, 2 units of short-acting insulin are used for 1 XE.
• Everyone has their own need for insulin per 1 XE.
  Identify it with a self-monitoring diary
• Bread units should be counted by eye, without weighing products

To do this, you need to return to the topic "Rational nutrition", calculate the daily calorie content of your diet, taking 55 or 60% of it, determine the number of kilocalories that should come with carbohydrates.
Then, dividing this value by 4 (since 1g of carbohydrates provides 4 kcal), we get the daily amount of carbohydrates in grams. Knowing that 1 XE is equal to 10 grams of carbohydrates, we divide the received daily amount of carbohydrates by 10 and get the daily amount of XE.

For example, if you are a man and work physically at a construction site, then your daily calorie intake is 1800 kcal,

60% of it is 1080 kcal. Dividing 1080 kcal by 4 kcal, we get 270 grams of carbohydrates.

Dividing 270 grams by 12 grams, we get 22.5 XE.

For a woman working physically - 1200 - 60% \u003d 720: 4 \u003d 180: 12 \u003d 15 XE

The standard for an adult woman and not to gain weight is 12 XE. Breakfast - 3XE, lunch - 3XE, dinner - 3XE and snacks for 1 XE

How to distribute these units during the day?

Given the presence of 3 main meals (breakfast, lunch and dinner), the bulk of carbohydrates should be distributed between them,

taking into account the principles of rational nutrition (more - in the first half of the day, less - in the evening)

and, of course, according to your appetite.

It should be borne in mind that it is not recommended to eat more than 7 XE at one meal, since the more carbohydrates you eat at one meal, the higher the rise in glycemia will be and the dose of short insulin will increase.

And the dose of short, “food”, insulin, administered once, should not be more than 14 units.

Thus, the approximate distribution of carbohydrates between main meals can be as follows:

• 3 XE for breakfast (for example, oatmeal - 4 tablespoons (2 XE); cheese or meat sandwich (1 XE); unsweetened cottage cheese with green tea or coffee with sweeteners).
• Lunch - 3 XE: fresh cabbage soup with sour cream (do not count by XE) with 1 slice of bread (1 XE), pork chop or fish with vegetable salad in vegetable oil, without potatoes, corn and legumes (do not count by XE), mashed potatoes - 4 tablespoons (2 XE), a glass of unsweetened compote
• Dinner - 3 XE: vegetable omelet from 3 eggs and 2 tomatoes (do not count by XE) with 1 slice of bread (1 XE), sweet yogurt 1 cup (2 XE).

Thus, a total of 9 XE is obtained. “Where are the other 3 XEs?” - you ask.

The rest of the XE can be used for the so-called snacks between main meals and at night. For example, 2 XE in the form of 1 banana can be eaten 2.5 hours after breakfast, 1 XE in the form of an apple - 2.5 hours after dinner and 1 XE at night, at 22.00, when you inject your "night" long-acting insulin .

The break between breakfast and lunch should be 5 hours, as well as between lunch and dinner.

After the main meal, after 2.5 hours there should be a snack = 1 XE each

Are intermediate and bedtime meals required for all people who inject insulin?

Not required for everyone. Everything is individual and depends on your insulin regimen. Very often one has to deal with such a situation when people have a hearty breakfast or lunch and do not want to eat at all 3 hours after eating, but, mindful of the recommendations to have a snack at 11.00 and 16.00, they forcibly “stuff” XE into themselves and catch up with glucose levels.

Intermediate meals are mandatory for those who have an increased risk of hypoglycemia 3 hours after a meal. This usually happens when, in addition to short insulin, prolonged insulin is administered in the morning, and the larger its dose, the more likely hypoglycemia is at this time (the time of layering of the maximum action of short insulin and the onset of action of prolonged insulin).

After lunch, when prolonged insulin is at its peak and overlaps with the peak of action of short-acting insulin administered before lunch, the likelihood of hypoglycemia also increases, and 1-2 XEs are needed to prevent it. At night, at 22-23.00, when you inject prolonged insulin, a snack in the amount of 1-2 XE ( slowly digestible) for the prevention of hypoglycemia is needed if glycemia at this time is less than 6.3 mmol / l.

With glycemia above 6.5-7.0 mmol / l, a snack at night can lead to morning hyperglycemia, since there is not enough "night" insulin.
Intermediate meals designed to prevent hypoglycemia during the day and at night should be no more than 1-2 XE, otherwise you will get hyperglycemia instead of hypoglycemia.
For intermediate meals taken for prophylactic purposes in an amount of not more than 1-2 XE, insulin is not additionally administered.

Much and in detail is said about bread units.
But why do you need to be able to count them? Consider an example.

Let's say you have a glucometer and you measure glycemia before eating. For example, you, as always, injected 12 units of insulin prescribed by a doctor, ate a bowl of cereal and drank a glass of milk. Yesterday you also injected the same dose and ate the same porridge and drank the same milk, and tomorrow you must do the same.

Why? Because as soon as you deviate from the usual diet, your glycemic indicators immediately change, and they are not ideal anyway. If you are a literate person and know how to count XE, then you are not afraid of changing the diet. Knowing that for 1 XE, on average, there are 2 units of short insulin and being able to count XE, you can vary the composition of the diet, and therefore the dose of insulin, at your discretion, without compromising diabetes compensation. This means that today you can eat porridge for breakfast for 4 XE (8 tablespoons), 2 slices of bread (2 XE) with cheese or meat and add 12 units of short insulin to these 6 XE and get a good result of glycemia.

Tomorrow morning, if you have no appetite, you can limit yourself to a cup of tea with 2 sandwiches (2 XU) and inject only 4 units of short insulin, and still get a good glycemic result. That is, the system of bread units helps to inject exactly as much short-acting insulin as is necessary for the absorption of carbohydrates, no more (which is fraught with hypoglycemia) and no less (which is fraught with hyperglycemia), and maintain good diabetes compensation.

Products that can be consumed without restriction

all vegetables except potatoes and corn

- cabbage (all types)
- cucumbers
- leaf lettuce
- greens
- tomatoes
- pepper
- zucchini
- eggplant
- beet
- carrot
- string beans
- radish, radish, turnip - green peas (young)
- spinach, sorrel
- mushrooms
- tea, coffee without sugar and cream
- mineral water
- drinks with sweeteners

Vegetables can be consumed raw, boiled, baked, pickled.

The use of fats (butter, mayonnaise, sour cream) in the preparation of vegetable dishes should be minimal.

Foods to eat in moderation

- lean meat
- lean fish
- milk and dairy products (low-fat)
- cheeses less than 30% fat
- cottage cheese less than 5% fat
- potato
- corn
- mature grains of legumes (peas, beans, lentils)
- cereals
- pasta
- bread and bakery products (not rich)
- fruit
- eggs

"Moderate" means half of your usual serving.

Foods to Avoid or Limit as Much as Possible

- butter
- vegetable oil*
- salo
- sour cream, cream
- cheeses with more than 30% fat content
- cottage cheese more than 5% fat
- mayonnaise
- fatty meat, smoked meats
- sausages
- oily fish
- bird skin
- canned meat, fish and vegetable in oil
- nuts, seeds
- sugar, honey
- jams, jams
- sweets, chocolate
- pastries, cakes and other confectionery
- biscuits, pastry products
- ice cream
- sweet drinks (Coca-Cola, Fanta)
- alcoholic drinks

If possible, such a method of cooking as frying should be excluded.
Try to use utensils that allow you to cook food without adding fat.

* - vegetable oil is a necessary part of the daily diet, but it is enough to consume it in very small quantities.

Calculation of the amount of XE in the finished product:

The calculation of bread units of a product in factory packaging is very simple.

All factory products indicate the amount of carbohydrates in 100 g of products,

which must be divided by 12 and multiplied by the weight of the package.

We get the number of XE in this product package. Then we simply divide by XE

To calculate bread units in a restaurant or in a home kitchen, you need: a recipe for a cooked dish, a table of bread units, a calculator.

For example, we took 9 tablespoons of flour (1 tablespoon = 1 bread unit, 9 in total), 1 glass of milk (1 bread unit), 1 tablespoon of sunflower oil (no XE), 1 egg (no XE). Made 10 pancakes. So 1 pancake = 1 bread unit.

Or, for example, one cutlet (70 g) consists of meat and bread, rolled out in flour and sprinkled with breadcrumbs. It turns out that one cutlet \u003d 1 bread unit.

Thus, summing up, we can conclude that nutrition in diabetes is not the maximum restriction of everything edible, as it seems at first glance.

Such food can be not only healthy and dietary, but also tasty and varied!

Table of bread units

These are just the basics! Take care of yourself and your loved ones!

Any diabetic knows exactly what the so-called "bread unit" is. This is one of the most important conventional units for this type of disease, which is no less important than the glycemic index in diabetes mellitus and must be considered.

To live a normal life, being in a similar situation, you need to know what foods you can eat, which ones you can’t. In particular, a person with diabetes should take carbohydrates seriously.

In a healthy person, the pancreas produces the required amount of insulin in response to food intake. As a result, blood sugar levels do not rise.

Clinical picture

What doctors say about diabetes

Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor Aronova S. M.

For many years I have been studying the problem of DIABETES. It's scary when so many people die and even more become disabled due to diabetes.

I hasten to announce the good news - the Endocrinological Research Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences has managed to develop a drug that completely cures diabetes mellitus. At the moment, the effectiveness of this drug is approaching 100%.

Another good news: the Ministry of Health has achieved the adoption special program which covers the entire cost of the drug. In Russia and CIS countries, diabetics before can get a remedy IS FREE.

Learn more>>

The concept of carbohydrates

The carbohydrate component of the food is responsible for increasing the level of glucose in the blood. But not all carbohydrates can cause an equally rapid rise in glycemia, some foods with carbohydrates do not raise blood sugar at all.

There are digestible and non-digestible carbohydrates. Indigestible are divided into soluble and insoluble. For a diabetic, it is important to pay attention to indigestible soluble carbohydrates, or dietary fiber, because they:

• form a feeling of satiety;
• stimulate the digestive system;
• do not increase blood sugar;
• reduce cholesterol levels.

These fiber-rich foods include:

• cabbage;
• bran;
• beans;
• green peas;
• coconut;
• parsley;
• pumpkin;
• tomatoes;
• beans and other fresh vegetables.

Carbohydrates have another quality that not only diabetics need to know about - the speed of assimilation. There are fast carbohydrates that can instantly cause an increase in glycemia (high glycemic index), and there are slow carbohydrates that increase sugar smoothly and gradually (low glycemic index). A person with type 1 or type 2 diabetes needs to include slow and indigestible carbohydrates in the menu.

be careful

According to the World Health Organization, 2 million people die every year from diabetes and its complications. In the absence of qualified body support, diabetes leads to various complications, gradually destroying the human body.

The most common complications are: diabetic gangrene, nephropathy, retinopathy, trophic ulcers, hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis. Diabetes can also lead to the development of cancerous tumors. In almost all cases, a diabetic either dies while struggling with a painful disease, or turns into a real invalid.

What should people with diabetes do? The Endocrinological Research Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences succeeded make a remedy completely curing diabetes.

Currently, the Federal program "Healthy Nation" is underway, within the framework of which this drug is issued to every resident of the Russian Federation and the CIS IS FREE. For detailed information, see official website MINISTRY OF HEALTH.

Source diabetsaharnyy.ru

We all know about the existence of slow and fast carbohydrates. And we also know that fast ones provoke sharp jumps in blood sugar levels, which a person with diabetes should not allow. But how do you make friends with carbohydrates? How to subjugate these difficult products and make sure that they benefit the body, and do not harm it?

It is difficult to simply calculate the required rate of carbohydrates consumed when they all have different composition, properties and calorie content. In order to cope with this difficult task, nutritionists came up with a special bread unit. It allows you to quickly calculate carbohydrates in a variety of products. The name can also be different, depending on the source. The words "replacement", "starch. unit" and "coal. unit" mean the same. Further, instead of the word combination "bread unit", the abbreviation XE will be used.

Thanks to the introduced XE system, it has become much easier for many people with diabetes, especially insulin, and just those who are watching their weight or losing weight, to communicate with carbohydrates, accurately calculating their daily intake for themselves. The XE system is easy to master. You will be able to correctly compose your daily menu.

Our readers write

Topic: Defeated diabetes

From: Lyudmila S ( [email protected])

To: Administration my-diabet.ru

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The disease continued to develop, periodic attacks began, the ambulance literally brought me back from the next world. I always thought that this time would be the last...

Everything changed when my daughter gave me one article to read on the Internet. You have no idea how grateful I am to her. This article helped me completely get rid of diabetes, a supposedly incurable disease. For the last 2 years, I have begun to move more, in spring and summer I go to the dacha every day, grow tomatoes and sell them on the market. Aunts are surprised how I manage to do everything, where so much strength and energy come from, they still won’t believe that I’m 66 years old.

Who wants to live a long, energetic life and forget about this terrible disease forever, take 5 minutes and read this article.

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So, one XE is 10-12 grams of digestible carbohydrates. The unit is called a bread unit, since exactly so much is contained in one piece of bread, if a piece is cut off from a whole loaf, about 1 cm thick and divided into 2 parts. This part will be equal to HE. She weighs 25 grams.

Since the ChE system is international, it is very convenient to navigate the carbohydrate products of any country in the world. If somewhere there is a slightly different number of the XE designation, about 10-15 years, this is acceptable. After all, there can be no exact number here.

With the help of XE, you can not weigh the products, but determine the carbohydrate component simply by eye.

XE is not only a definition for bread. You can measure carbohydrates in this way with anything - cups, spoons, pieces. What will be more convenient for you to do this.

Source diabetof.ru

When creating the term "bread unit", nutritionists took as a basis the most common product - bread.

If you cut a loaf of bread (“brick”) into the most standard pieces (1 cm thick), then exactly half of such a piece, which weighs 25 g, will be equal to 1 bread unit.

A diabetic should always have a table of bread units at hand, which indicates how much carbohydrate is in a particular product equivalent to 1 XE (12 grams of carbohydrates). For each product, carbohydrates were calculated and replaced by XE. Such tables have long been developed and are the basis for compiling the menu for the day. In the event that this table is not at hand, and you are standing in the store and do not know what is better to choose, then you can easily calculate how many XE are in the product.

You look at the label, which indicates the amount of carbohydrates per 100 grams of product. After that, you need to divide this value by 12 (1 XE \u003d 12 grams of carbohydrate, as you remember). The resulting figure is the number of grain units in 100 grams of the product. Now it remains just to weigh the product that you will use and count XE in this amount.

You need to count like this: for example, 100 grams of cookies contain 50 grams of carbohydrates. 50 must be divided by 12 to determine XE, the result is 4. If you are going to eat 150 grams of this cookie, then in total you will use 6 XE. It is for this amount that it is necessary to calculate how much insulin is required.

Source diabetdieta.ru

The most interesting thing begins when you need to make a menu based on what is known about products for diabetes. How to correctly calculate all other indicators - many are lost, but everything is extremely simple. The main thing is that special scales and a table of bread units are at hand. So the basic rules are as follows:

• it is advisable for diabetics to eat no more than seven XE for a whole meal. In this case, insulin will be produced at an optimal rate;
• consumed one XE increases the degree of concentration of glucose in the blood, as a rule, by exactly 2.5 mmol per liter. This makes measurements easier;
• one unit of such a hormone reduces the blood glucose ratio by about 2.2 mmol per liter. However, it is necessary to use and remember that there is a table of bread units every day.

It should also be remembered that for one XE, which should be considered, at different times of the day and night, a different dosage ratio is necessary. For example, in the morning, one such unit may require up to two units of insulin, at lunchtime - one and a half, and in the evening - only one.

Source diabetikum.ru

XE in products

There are a few more rules that allow you to count XE.

1. When drying bread and other products, the amount of XE does not change.
2. It is better to use pasta from wholemeal flour.
3. When preparing pancakes, XE fritters are counted for the dough, and not for the finished product.
4. Cereals have the same amount of XE, but it is better to give preference to those that have a lower glycemic index, more vitamins and fiber, for example, buckwheat.
5. There is no XE in meat and dairy products, such as sour cream, cottage cheese.
6. If bread or breadcrumbs are added to cutlets, then it can be estimated at 1 XE.

Source diabetdieta.ru

Diabetes and bread units (video):

Below is a table of bread units for basic foodstuffs.

Bread units in cereals and flour products

Bread units in cereals, pasta, potatoes

Stories from our readers

Defeated diabetes at home. It's been a month since I forgot about sugar spikes and taking insulin. Oh, how I used to suffer, constant fainting, emergency calls ... How many times I went to endocrinologists, but they say only one thing - "Take insulin." And now the 5th week has gone, as the blood sugar level is normal, not a single injection of insulin, and all thanks to this article. Anyone with diabetes should read this!

Bread units in fruits and berries

Bread units in vegetables

Bread units in dried fruits

Bread units in nuts

Bread units in sweets and sweeteners

Bread units in drinks and juices

Bread units in ready meals

Video about bread units:

Calculation and use of XE

A diabetic patient needs to calculate bread units in order to calculate the correct dosage of insulin. The more carbohydrates are supposed to be consumed, the higher the dosage of the hormone will be. For the assimilation of 1 XE eaten, 1.4 IU of short-acting insulin is needed.

But basically, bread units are calculated according to ready-made tables, which is not always convenient, since a person also has to consume protein foods, fats, minerals, vitamins, so experts advise planning daily calorie content according to the proportion of the main foods consumed: 50 - 60% - carbohydrates , 25–30% are fats, 15–20% are proteins.

Approximately 10–30 XE should enter the body of a diabetic per day, the exact amount directly depends on age, weight, and type of physical activity.

The largest part of the food containing carbohydrates should come in the morning, the division of the menu should depend on the plan of insulin therapy. In any case, more than 7 XE should not come in at one meal.

Absorbed carbohydrates should mainly be starches (cereals, bread, vegetables) - 15 XE, fruits, berries should account for no more than 2 units. For simple carbohydrates, not more than 1/3 of the total. With a normal blood glucose level between main meals, you can consume a product that contains 1 unit.

Source diabet-doctor.ru

Glycemic index of foods

With diabetes, it is not only the presence of carbohydrates in a certain product that matters, but also how quickly they are absorbed and enter the bloodstream. The more smoothly the carbohydrate is digested, the less the increase in blood glucose occurs.

GI () - the coefficient of the impact of various foods on the blood glucose index. Foods with a high glycemic index (sugar, sweets, sweet drinks, jam) should be excluded from your menu. It is allowed to use only 1-2 XE sweets to stop hypoglycemia.

Glycemic index of products (video):

Drawing conclusions

If you are reading these lines, we can conclude that you or your loved ones have diabetes.

We conducted an investigation, studied a bunch of materials and, most importantly, tested most of the methods and drugs for diabetes. The verdict is:

All drugs, if they gave, then only a temporary result, as soon as the reception was stopped, the disease sharply intensified.

The only drug that has given a significant result is Dialife.

At the moment, this is the only drug that can completely cure diabetes. Dialife showed a particularly strong effect in the early stages of the development of diabetes.

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In diabetes mellitus, especially type 1, it is necessary to abandon many of the usual foods, develop a special diet. Specialists have invented a special term "bread unit", which greatly facilitates the life of diabetics and helps to calculate the correct amount of carbohydrate content in food.

What is a bread unit?

XE (bread unit) is a specially invented term, a kind of measure of the amount of carbohydrates for diabetics. 1 grain or carbohydrate unit requires 2 units of insulin for its absorption. However, this measure is also relative. So, for example, to assimilate 1 XE in the morning, 2 EI are needed, at lunch - 1.5, and in the evening - 1.

1 XE is equal to about 12 grams of digestible carbohydrates or one piece of brick-type bread, about 1 cm thick. Also, this amount of carbohydrates is found in 50 grams of buckwheat or oatmeal, 10 grams of sugar or a small apple.

For one meal you need to eat 3-6 XE!

Principles and rules for calculating XE

It is important for diabetics to know that the more carbohydrate units the patient is going to eat, the more insulin he will need. Therefore, diabetics have to carefully plan their daily diet, since the total daily component of insulin depends on the food eaten. At first, diabetics have to weigh all the foods they are going to eat, over time, everything is calculated “by eye”.

An example of how to calculate the amount of XE in a product or dish: The first thing to do for a correct calculation is to find out the amount of carbohydrates contained in 100 g of the product. For example, 1XE = 20 carbs. Let's say 200 g of product contains 100 g of carbohydrates. The calculation is the following:

(200x20): 100=40 g

Thus, 200 g of the product contains 4 XE. Next, you need to weigh the product and find out its exact weight in order to accurately calculate the XE.

Diabetics will benefit from the following card:

XE tables for type 1 and type 2 diabetics

XE tables for those who suffer from type 1 and type 2 diabetes contain a complete list of foods needed for good nutrition during illness.

Bakery products

Cereals and flour

Potatoes and dishes from it

The readings of bread units differ as a result of the fact that potatoes are heat-treated.

Fruits and berries

You can find out which fruits are good for diabetics here.

Diet nutrition for diabetics

Everyone can make their own diet for themselves, guided by special tables. We bring to your attention an approximate menu for a week for diabetics, given the number of XE:

Day 1:

• Morning. A bowl of apple and carrot salad mix, a cup of coffee (tea of ​​your choice).
• Day. Lenten borscht, uzvar without sugar.
• Evening. A piece of boiled chicken fillet (gr. 150) and 200 ml of kefir.

Day 2:

• Morning. A bowl of salad mixture of cabbage and sour apple, a cup of coffee with the addition of milk.
• Day. Lenten borscht, seasonal fruit compote without sugar.
• Evening. Boiled or steamed fish, 200 ml of kefir.

Day 3:

• Morning. 2 small sour apples, 50 g dried apricots, tea or coffee (optional) without sugar.
• Day. Vegetable soup and seasonal fruit compote without added sugar.

Day 4:

• Morning. 2 small sour apples, 20 g raisins, a cup of green tea.
• Day. Vegetable soup, fruit compote.
• Evening. A bowl of brown rice seasoned with soy sauce, a glass of kefir.

Day 5:

• Morning. A bowl of sour apple and orange salad mix, green tea (coffee) without sugar.
• Evening. A bowl of buckwheat seasoned with soy sauce and a glass of unsweetened yogurt without additives.

Day 6:

• Morning. A bowl of salad mixture of apples and carrots, seasoned with lemon juice, a cup of coffee with milk.
• Day. Sauerkraut soup, 200 g fruit compote.
• Evening. A serving of durum pasta with tomato paste, a glass of kefir.

Day 7:

• Morning. A serving of a salad mix of half a banana and 2 small sour apples, a cup of green tea.
• Day. Vegetarian borscht and compote.
• Evening. 150-200 g of baked or steamed chicken fillet, a glass of kefir.

People suffering from diabetes need to strictly monitor their diet, independently control blood sugar, develop a special menu and follow all doctor's orders. It is very helpful to make the correct diet of the table of bread units, designed specifically for diabetics, it is with their help that you can create your own special menu without weighing each product on the scales.

diabet.biz

• XE- bread unit

1 XE- the amount of the product containing 10-12 g of net carbohydrates (10 grams (excluding dietary fiber); - 12g (including dietary fiber)).

• 1 XE increases the level of glucose in the blood by 1.7-2.2 mmol / l.

For the assimilation of 1 XE, 1-4 units of insulin are required.

• 1 glass = 250 ml; 1 cup = 300 ml; 1 basket = 250 ml.
• * - products indicated in the table with this icon are not recommended for use in diabetes mellitus due to the high glycemic index.

stopdiabetes.ru

The concept of a bread unit

The presented term should be considered a key one in the process of ensuring glycemic control in such a disease as diabetes mellitus. A well-calculated ratio of XE in the diabetic diet will have the strongest impact on optimizing the compensation of dysfunctions in the process of carbohydrate-type metabolism (this may be due to feet and other bodies).

It equals 12 grams of carbohydrates, there is no need to count this. Let's say that in one bread unit, available in a small piece of rye bread, the total mass is about 25-30 grams. Instead of the term bread unit, the definition of "carbohydrate unit" is sometimes used, which is equal to 10-12 grams of carbohydrates that are easily digested and affect insulin.

Who cares, we read what kind of cookies can diabetics and how to cook it yourself.

It should be noted that with some products containing a small ratio of digestible carbohydrates (less than 5 grams per 100 grams of the edible part of this product), an indispensable calculation for XE in diabetes mellitus is not required.

The vast majority of vegetables can be attributed to this type of products that are useful for each of the diabetics. So, counting bread units in this case is not necessary. If necessary, scales are used for this or a special table of bread units is used.

Implementation of settlements

Firstly, it should be noted that a special calculator has been developed, which makes it possible to calculate and carry out measurements in each individual case when a bread unit is of interest.

Depending on the characteristics of the organism in diabetes mellitus, the proportionality of already taken carbohydrates and the ratio of such a hormone as insulin, which is necessary for their processing, can vary dramatically.

Let's say if the diet per day contains 300 grams of carbohydrates, then this can go in accordance with 25 XE. In addition, there are various tables with the help of which it will not be difficult to calculate this indicator.

The main thing is that all measurements are as accurate as possible.

To do this, you can use special scales, on which you should calculate the mass of a particular product and, based on this, determine what its bread unit is.

Menu planning

The most interesting thing begins when you need to make a menu based on what is known about products for diabetes. How to correctly calculate all other indicators - many are lost, but everything is extremely simple. The main thing is that special scales and a table of bread units are at hand. So the basic rules are as follows:

• it is advisable for diabetics to eat no more than seven XE for a whole meal. In this case, insulin will be produced at an optimal rate;
• consumed one XE increases the degree of concentration of glucose in the blood, as a rule, by exactly 2.5 mmol per liter. This makes measurements easier;
• one unit of such a hormone reduces the blood glucose ratio by about 2.2 mmol per liter. However, it is necessary to use and remember that there is a table of bread units every day.

It should also be remembered that for one XE, which should be considered, at different times of the day and night, a different dosage ratio is necessary. For example, in the morning, one such unit may require up to two units of insulin, at lunchtime - one and a half, and in the evening - only one.

About product groups

It is necessary to dwell separately on some groups of products that help in the process of treating the presented ailment and make it possible to keep the hormone under control. For example, dairy products, which are a source of not only calcium, but also vegetable protein.

In insignificant proportions, they contain almost all groups of vitamins, and most of all those that belong to groups A and B2. With a strict adherence to the diet for diabetes, it is advisable to focus on milk and dairy products with a reduced fat ratio, which does not need to be counted. And it would be more correct to completely refuse the so-called whole milk.

Products related to cereals, such as whole grains, contain oats, barley, millet and are characterized by a more than high degree of carbohydrate concentration. In this regard, it is necessary to consider them XE.

However, their presence in the menu for diabetes is still necessary, because it makes it possible to keep the sugar content under control. In order for such products not to be harmful, you should:

1. in time to control the ratio of sugar in the blood before and after eating any food;
2. in no case exceed the desired rate for one intake of such products.

And, finally, such a group of products as vegetables, legumes and nuts deserves special attention. They have a positive effect and control the ratio of sugar in the blood. Also, vegetables, nuts and legumes reduce the risk of various complications, for example, in the formation of cardiovascular diseases.

Read how to eat quince for diabetics!

Also, these products, which also need to be considered, affect the enrichment of the body in diabetes with microelements such as calcium, fiber and even protein. It is recommended to take as a habit such a norm: as a kind of "snack" to eat raw vegetables.

It is advisable to try to select only vegetables with a low glycemic index and to greatly limit the use of so-called starchy vegetables. It is desirable to do this with diabetes due to the fact that it is in them that a lot of calories and carbohydrates are concentrated.

Thus, the very concept of a bread unit is important not only for diabetics, but also for ordinary people.

However, in the case of diabetes, maintaining and taking into account the presented parameter will be the key to optimal life and maintaining an ideal background. That is why it must always be kept under constant control.

Table of possible consumption of bread units per day

Calculation of bread units in any finished product

1 XE, eaten in any form, increases blood sugar by an average of 1.7 - 2 mm / l (excluding the hypoglycemic effect of drugs)

Even distribution of XE throughout the day:

diabetikum.ru

What is a bread unit

A bread unit is a measured value developed by nutritionists. It is used to count the amount of carbohydrates in a food. This measure of calculation has been introduced since the beginning of the 20th century by the German nutritionist Karl Noorden.

One bread unit is equal to a slice of bread one centimeter thick, divided in half. This is 12 grams of easily digestible carbohydrates (or a tablespoon of sugar). When using one XE, the level of glycemia in the blood rises by two mmol / l. For splitting 1 XE, from 1 to 4 units of insulin is spent. It all depends on working conditions and time of day.

Bread units are an approximate value when assessing the carbohydrate content of a meal. The dosage of insulin is selected taking into account the consumption of XE.

How to count bread units

When buying a packaged product in a store, you need to divide the amount of carbohydrates in 100 g indicated on the label into 12 parts. This is how bread units are calculated for diabetes mellitus, while the table will help.

The average carbohydrate intake is 280 g per day. This is about 23 XE. The weight of the product is calculated by eye. The calorie content of food does not affect the content of bread units.

Throughout the day, splitting 1 XE requires a different amount of insulin:

• in the morning - 2 units;
• at lunch - 1.5 units;
• in the evening - 1 Unit.

Insulin consumption depends on the physique, physical activity, age and individual sensitivity to the hormone.

What is the daily requirement for XE

In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas does not produce enough insulin to break down carbohydrates. In type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance occurs.

Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy as a result of metabolic disorders. Disappears after childbirth.

Regardless of the type of diabetes, patients must follow a diet. To correctly calculate the amount of food consumed, bread units are used for diabetes.

People with different physical activities require an individual amount of daily carbohydrate load.

Table of daily consumption of bread units for people of various types of activity

The daily norm of XE should be divided into 6 meals. Three steps are significant:

• breakfast - up to 6 XE;
• afternoon snack - no more than 6 XE;
• dinner - less than 4 XE.

The remaining XE are distributed to intermediate snacks. Most of the carbohydrate load falls on the first meals. It is not recommended to consume more than 7 units per meal. Excessive intake of XE leads to a sharp jump in blood sugar levels. A balanced diet contains 15-20 XE. This is the optimal amount of carbohydrates that cover the daily requirement.

Bread units for diabetes

The second type of diabetes is characterized by excessive accumulation of fatty tissue. Therefore, the calculation of carbohydrate intake often requires the development of an easily digestible diet. The daily intake of XE is from 17 to 28.

Dairy products, cereals, vegetables and fruits, and sweets can be eaten in moderation.

The bulk of carbohydrates should be food should be vegetables, flour and dairy products. The share of fruits and sweets accounts for no more than 2 XE per day.

A table with the products most often eaten and the content of bread units in them should always be kept at hand.

Table of allowed dairy products

Dairy products speed up metabolic processes, saturate the body with nutrients, maintain optimal blood sugar levels.

The fat content of dairy products consumed should not exceed 20%. The daily volume of consumption is not more than half a liter.

Table of grain and cereal products

Grains are a source of complex carbohydrates. They saturate the brain, muscles, and organs with energy. It is not recommended to consume more than 120 grams of flour products per day.

The abuse of flour products leads to the early onset of complications of diabetes mellitus.

Table of vegetables allowed for diabetes

Vegetables are a source of vitamins and antioxidants. They maintain redox balance, prevent the occurrence of complications of diabetes. Vegetable fiber prevents the absorption of glucose.

Cooking vegetables increases the glycemic index. You should limit the intake of boiled carrots and beets. These products contain a significant amount of bread units.

Table of allowed berries for diabetes

Fresh berries contain vitamins, trace elements and minerals. They saturate the body with essential substances that speed up the basal metabolism.

A moderate amount of berries stimulates the release of insulin by the pancreas, stabilizes glucose levels.

fruit table

The composition of fruits includes vegetable fiber, vitamins and trace elements. They stimulate intestinal motility, normalize the functioning of the enzyme system.

Sweets

Sweets should be avoided whenever possible. Even a small amount of the product contains a lot of carbohydrates. This group of goods does not bring significant benefits.

It is advisable to avoid eating fried, smoked and fatty foods. It contains saturated fatty acids, which are difficult to break down and are difficult to absorb.

Approved foods for diabetes

The basis of the daily diet should be products containing a small amount of XE. In the daily menu, their share is 60%. These products include:

• lean meat (boiled chicken and beef);
• fish;
• egg;
• vegetable marrow;
• radish;
• radish;
• lettuce leaves;
• greens (dill, parsley);
• one nut;
• bell pepper;
• eggplant;
• cucumbers;
• tomatoes;
• mushrooms;
• mineral water.

Patients with diabetes need to increase their consumption of lean fish up to three times a week. Fish contains protein and fatty acids that lower cholesterol levels. This reduces the risk of strokes, heart attacks, thromboembolism.

When compiling a daily diet, the content of sugar-lowering foods in the diet is taken into account. Such food includes:

• cabbage;
• Jerusalem artichoke;
• grapefruit;
• nettle;
• garlic;
• flax seeds;
• rose hip;
• chicory.

Dietary meat contains proteins and essential nutrients. Does not contain bread units. It is recommended to consume up to 200 g of meat per day. Can be used in various dishes. This takes into account the additional components that make up the recipes.

Food with a lower glycemic index will not harm your health and saturate the body with vitamins and nutrients. The use of products with a low content of XE will avoid sugar surges, which prevents the occurrence of complications of metabolic disorders.

diabetsaharnyy.ru

What is a grain unit and for what purpose was it introduced?

To calculate the amount of carbohydrates in food, there is a special measure - a bread unit (XE). This measure got its name because the source material for it was a piece of black bread - a slice of a “brick” cut in half about 1 cm thick. This slice (its weight is 25 g) contains 12 g of digestible carbohydrates. Accordingly, 1XE is 12 g of carbohydrates with dietary fiber (fiber) inclusive. If fiber is not counted, then 1XE will contain 10 g of carbohydrates. There are countries, for example the USA, where 1XE is 15 g of carbohydrates.

You can also find another name for the bread unit - carbohydrate unit, starch unit.

The need to standardize the amount of carbohydrates in products arose due to the need to calculate the dose of insulin administered to patients, which is directly dependent on the mass of carbohydrates consumed. First of all, this applies to insulin-dependent diabetics, that is, type 1 diabetics who take insulin daily before meals 4-5 times a day.

It has been established that the use of one bread unit leads to an increase in blood glucose levels by 1.7-2.2 mmol / l. To bring down this jump, you need 1-4 units. insulin according to body weight. Having information about the amount of XE in a dish, a diabetic can independently calculate how much insulin he needs to inject so that the food does not cause complications. The amount of hormone needed, in addition, depends on the time of day. In the morning it may take twice as much as in the evening.

For patients with diabetes, not only the concentration of carbohydrates in the foods they eat is important, but also the period of time during which these substances are broken down to glucose and enter the bloodstream. The unit of the rate at which glucose is formed after eating a particular food is called the glycemic index (GI).

Foods with a high glycemic index (sweets) provoke a high rate of conversion of carbohydrates into glucose, in the blood vessels it is formed in large quantities and creates peak levels. If foods with a low glycemic index (vegetables) enter the body, blood glucose saturation occurs slowly, and spikes in its level after eating are weak.

XE distribution during the day

In diabetic patients, the breaks between meals should not be long, so the 17-28XE required per day (204-336 g of carbohydrates) should be distributed 5-6 times. In addition to the main meals, snacks are recommended. However, if the intervals between meals are extended, and hypoglycemia (lowering blood glucose) does not occur, snacking can be avoided. There is no need to resort to additional meals even when a person injects ultrashort insulins.

With diabetes, bread units are counted for each meal, and if the dishes are combined, for each ingredient. For foods with a small amount of digestible carbohydrates (less than 5 g per 100 g of edible part), XE can be omitted.

So that the rate of insulin production does not cross safe limits, no more than 7XE should be eaten at a time. The more carbohydrates enter the body, the more difficult it is to control sugar. For breakfast, it is recommended 3–5 XE, for lunch - 2 XE, for lunch - 6–7 XE, for an afternoon snack - 2 XE, for dinner - 3–4 XE, at night - 1–2 XE. As you can see, most of the carbohydrate-containing foods should be consumed in the morning.

If the amount of carbohydrates consumed turned out to be greater than planned, in order to avoid a jump in glucose levels some time after eating, an additional small amount of the hormone should be introduced. However, it should be remembered that a single dose of short-acting insulin should not exceed 14 units. If the concentration of glucose in the blood does not go beyond the norm, between meals, some product on 1XE can be eaten without insulin.

A number of experts suggest using only 2–2.5 XE per day (the technique is called a low-carbohydrate diet). In this case, in their opinion, insulin therapy can be abandoned altogether.

Information about bread units of products

To create an optimal menu for a diabetic (both in terms of composition and volume), you need to know how many bread units are contained in various products.

For products in factory packaging, this knowledge is obtained very simply. The manufacturer is obliged to indicate the amount of carbohydrates in 100 g of the product, and this number should be divided by 12 (the number of carbohydrates in grams in one XU) and recalculated based on the entire mass of the product.

In all other cases, tables of bread units become assistants. Such tables describe how much of a product contains 12 g of carbohydrates, i.e. 1XE. For convenience, the products are divided into groups depending on the origin or type (vegetables, fruits, dairy, drinks, etc.).

These guides allow you to quickly calculate the amount of carbohydrates in the products selected for consumption, draw up an optimal diet, correctly replace one product with another, and ultimately calculate the required dose of insulin. With information about carbohydrate content, diabetics can afford to eat a little of what is usually forbidden.

The quantity of products is usually indicated not only in grams, but also, for example, in pieces, spoons, glasses, as a result of which there is no need to weigh them. But with this approach, you can make a mistake with the dosage of insulin.

Not all products are included in the table of bread units, but only those in which carbohydrates are present in an amount that affects the level of glucose in the blood. The content of the tables of bread units for type 1 diabetes mellitus is the same as for type 2 diabetics, because both diseases have the same driving force and external root cause - carbohydrates.

How Do Different Foods Raise Glucose Levels?

• those that practically do not increase glucose;
• increase glucose levels moderately;
• increase glucose to a great extent.

basis first group products are vegetables (cabbage, radishes, tomatoes, cucumbers, red and green peppers, zucchini, eggplant, green beans, radishes) and greens (sorrel, spinach, dill, parsley, lettuce, etc.). Due to the extremely low level of carbohydrates, XE is not counted for them. Diabetics can use these gifts of nature without restrictions, both raw, and boiled, and baked, both during main meals and during snacks. Especially useful is cabbage, which itself absorbs sugar, removing it from the body.

Legumes (beans, peas, lentils, beans) in their raw form are characterized by a rather low content of carbohydrates. 1XE per 100 g of product. But if they are cooked, then the carbohydrate saturation rises by 2 times and 1XE will already be present in 50 g of the product.

In order to avoid an increase in the concentration of carbohydrates in ready-made vegetable dishes, fats (butter, mayonnaise, sour cream) should be added to them in a minimal amount.

Equivalent to raw legumes are walnuts and hazelnuts. 1XE for 90 g. Peanuts for 1XE require 85 g. If you mix vegetables, nuts and beans, you get healthy and nutritious salads.

The listed products, moreover, have a low glycemic index, i.e. the process of converting carbohydrates into glucose is slow.

Mushrooms and dietary fish and meat, such as beef, are not subject to accounting for special meals for diabetics. But sausages already contain dangerous amounts of carbohydrates, since starch and other additives are usually put there at the factory. For the production of sausages, in addition, soy is often used. Nevertheless, in sausages and boiled sausages, 1XE is formed at a weight of 160 g. Smoked sausages from the menu of diabetics should be completely excluded.

The saturation of cutlets with carbohydrates is increased by adding softened bread to the minced meat, especially if it was filled with milk. Breadcrumbs are used for frying. As a result, 70 g of this product is enough to get 1XE.

There are no XE in 1 tablespoon of sunflower oil and in 1 egg.

Foods That Raise Glucose Levels Moderately

In second group of products includes products from cereals - wheat, oatmeal, barley, millet. For 1XE, 50 g of porridge of any kind is required. The consistency of the product is of great importance. With the same number of carbohydrate units, porridge in a liquid state (for example, semolina) is absorbed into the body faster than loose porridge. As a result, the level of glucose in the blood in the first case increases at a faster rate than in the second.

It should be noted that boiled cereals contain 3 times less carbohydrates than dry ones, when 1XE forms only 15 g of the product. Oatmeal for 1XE needs a little more - 20 g.

An increased carbohydrate content is also characteristic of starch (potato, corn, wheat), fine flour and rye flour: 1XE - 15 g (heaped tablespoon). Wholemeal flour is 1XE more - 20 g. From this it is clear why large quantities of flour products are contraindicated for diabetics. Flour and products from it, in addition, are characterized by a high glycemic index, i.e. carbohydrates are quickly converted into glucose.

Crackers, breadcrumbs, dry biscuits (crackers) differ in identical indicators. But there is more bread in 1XE in terms of weight: 20 g of white, gray and pita bread, 25 g of black and 30 g of bran. A bread unit will weigh 30 g if you bake baking, fry pancakes or pancakes. But it must be borne in mind that the calculations of bread units must be made for the test, and not for the finished product.

Boiled pasta contains even more carbohydrates (1XE - 50 g). In the line of pasta, it is advisable to choose those made from less carbohydrate wholemeal flour.

The second group of products also includes milk and its derivatives. On 1XE you can drink one 250-gram glass of milk, kefir, curdled milk, fermented baked milk, cream or yogurt of any fat content. As for cottage cheese, if its fat content is less than 5%, it does not need to be accounted for at all. The fat content of hard cheeses should be less than 30%.

Products of the second group for diabetics should be consumed with certain restrictions - half of the usual portion. In addition to those mentioned above, this also includes corn and eggs.

Foods high in carbohydrates

Among the products that significantly increase the level of glucose (the third group ) , the leading place is occupied by . Just 2 teaspoons (10 g) of sugar - and already 1XE. The same situation with jam and honey. More chocolate and marmalade falls on 1XE - 20 g. You should not get carried away with diabetic chocolate either, because on 1XE it only needs 30 g. Fruit sugar (fructose), which is considered diabetic, is also not a panacea, because 1XE forms 12 g. compounds of carbohydrate flour and sugar, a piece of cake or pie immediately gains 3XE. Most sugary foods have a high glycemic index.

But this does not mean that sweets should be completely excluded from the diet. Safe, for example, is a sweet curd mass (without icing and raisins, really). To get 1XE, you need as much as 100 g.

It is also acceptable to eat ice cream, 100 g of which contains 2XE. Preference should be given to creamy varieties, since the fats present there prevent the absorption of carbohydrates too quickly, and, therefore, the level of glucose in the blood rises at the same slow pace. Fruit ice cream, consisting of juices, on the contrary, is quickly absorbed into the stomach, as a result of which blood sugar saturation is intensified. Such a dessert is useful only for hypoglycemia.

For diabetics, sweets are usually made on the basis of sweeteners. But you need to remember that some sugar substitutes increase weight.

Having bought ready-made sweet products for the first time, they should be tested - eat a small portion and measure the level of glucose in the blood.

In order to avoid all sorts of troubles, it is best to cook sweets at home, choosing the optimal amount of starting products.

It is also necessary to exclude from consumption or limit as much as possible butter and vegetable oil, lard, sour cream, fatty meat and fish, canned meat and fish, alcohol. When cooking, the frying method should be avoided and it is advisable to use dishes in which you can cook without fat.

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I hope this article helps someone!

What are Bread Units and what are they "eaten" with?

When compiling a daily menu, you should consider only those foods that increase blood sugar levels. In a healthy person, the pancreas produces the required amount of insulin in response to food intake. As a result, blood sugar levels do not rise. In diabetes, in order to maintain an optimal level of sugar in the blood, we are forced to administer insulin (or hypoglycemic drugs) from the outside, independently changing the dose depending on what and how much the person ate. That is why it is important to learn how to correctly count those foods that increase blood sugar.

How to do it?

It is not necessary to weigh food every time! Scientists studied the products and compiled a table of their carbohydrate content or Bread Units - XE for people with diabetes.

For 1 XE, the amount of a product that contains 10 g of carbohydrates is taken. In other words, according to the XE system, those products that belong to the group of raising blood sugar levels are calculated - these are

Cereals (bread, buckwheat, oats, millet, barley, rice, pasta, vermicelli),
fruits and fruit juices,
milk, kefir and other liquid dairy products (except low-fat cottage cheese),
as well as some varieties of vegetables - potatoes, corn (beans and peas - in large quantities).
but of course, chocolate, cookies, sweets - certainly limited in the daily diet, lemonade and pure sugar - should be strictly limited in the diet and used only in case of hypoglycemia (lowering blood sugar).

The degree of cooking will also affect the level of sugar in the blood. So, for example, mashed potatoes will raise blood sugar levels faster than boiled or fried potatoes. Apple juice gives a faster rise in blood sugar compared to the eaten apple, as well as polished rice than unpolished. Fats and cold foods slow down the absorption of glucose, while salt speeds it up.

For the convenience of compiling a diet, there are special tables of Bread Units, which provide data on the amount of various carbohydrate-containing foods containing 1 XE (I will give below).

It is very important to learn how to determine the amount of XE in the foods you eat!

There are a number of foods that do not affect blood sugar levels:

these are vegetables - any kind of cabbage, radishes, carrots, tomatoes, cucumbers, red and green peppers (except potatoes and corn),

greens (sorrel, dill, parsley, lettuce, etc.), mushrooms,

butter and vegetable oil, mayonnaise and lard,

as well as fish, meat, poultry, eggs and their products, cheese and cottage cheese,

nuts in a small amount (up to 50 g).

A slight rise in sugar is given by beans, peas and beans in a small amount for garnish (up to 7 tbsp. L)

How many meals should be in a day?

There must be 3 main meals, and intermediate meals are also possible, the so-called snacks from 1 to 3, i.e. there can be 6 meals in total. When using ultrashort insulins (Novorapid, Humalog), snacking is possible. This is acceptable if there is no hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) when skipping a snack.

In order to correlate the amount of digestible carbohydrates consumed with the dose of short-acting insulin administered,

developed a system of grain units.

To do this, you need to return to the topic "Rational nutrition", calculate the daily calorie content of your diet, taking 55 or 60% of it, determine the number of kilocalories that should come with carbohydrates.
Then, dividing this value by 4 (since 1g of carbohydrates provides 4 kcal), we get the daily amount of carbohydrates in grams. Knowing that 1 XE is equal to 10 grams of carbohydrates, we divide the received daily amount of carbohydrates by 10 and get the daily amount of XE.

For example, if you are a man and work physically at a construction site, then your daily calorie intake is 1800 kcal,

60% of it is 1080 kcal. Dividing 1080 kcal by 4 kcal, we get 270 grams of carbohydrates.

Dividing 270 grams by 12 grams, we get 22.5 XE.

For a woman working physically - 1200 - 60% \u003d 720: 4 \u003d 180: 12 \u003d 15 XE

The standard for an adult woman and not to gain weight is 12 XE. Breakfast - 3XE, lunch - 3XE, dinner - 3XE and snacks for 1 XE

How to distribute these units during the day?

Given the presence of 3 main meals (breakfast, lunch and dinner), the bulk of carbohydrates should be distributed between them,

taking into account the principles of rational nutrition (more - in the first half of the day, less - in the evening)

and, of course, according to your appetite.

It should be borne in mind that it is not recommended to eat more than 7 XE at one meal, since the more carbohydrates you eat at one meal, the higher the rise in glycemia will be and the dose of short insulin will increase.

And the dose of short, “food”, insulin, administered once, should not be more than 14 units.

Thus, the approximate distribution of carbohydrates between main meals can be as follows:

• 3 XE for breakfast (for example, oatmeal - 4 tablespoons (2 XE); cheese or meat sandwich (1 XE); unsweetened cottage cheese with green tea or coffee with sweeteners).
• Lunch - 3 XE: fresh cabbage soup with sour cream (do not count by XE) with 1 slice of bread (1 XE), pork chop or fish with vegetable salad in vegetable oil, without potatoes, corn and legumes (do not count by XE), mashed potatoes - 4 tablespoons (2 XE), a glass of unsweetened compote
• Dinner - 3 XE: vegetable omelet from 3 eggs and 2 tomatoes (do not count by XE) with 1 slice of bread (1 XE), sweet yogurt 1 cup (2 XE).

Thus, a total of 9 XE is obtained. “Where are the other 3 XEs?” - you ask.

The rest of the XE can be used for the so-called snacks between main meals and at night. For example, 2 XE in the form of 1 banana can be eaten 2.5 hours after breakfast, 1 XE in the form of an apple - 2.5 hours after dinner and 1 XE at night, at 22.00, when you inject your "night" long-acting insulin .

The break between breakfast and lunch should be 5 hours, as well as between lunch and dinner.

After the main meal, after 2.5 hours there should be a snack = 1 XE each

Are intermediate and bedtime meals required for all people who inject insulin?

Not required for everyone. Everything is individual and depends on your insulin regimen. Very often one has to deal with such a situation when people have a hearty breakfast or lunch and do not want to eat at all 3 hours after eating, but, mindful of the recommendations to have a snack at 11.00 and 16.00, they forcibly “stuff” XE into themselves and catch up with glucose levels.

Intermediate meals are mandatory for those who have an increased risk of hypoglycemia 3 hours after a meal. This usually happens when, in addition to short insulin, prolonged insulin is administered in the morning, and the larger its dose, the more likely hypoglycemia is at this time (the time of layering of the maximum action of short insulin and the onset of action of prolonged insulin).

After lunch, when prolonged insulin is at its peak and overlaps with the peak of action of short-acting insulin administered before lunch, the likelihood of hypoglycemia also increases, and 1-2 XEs are needed to prevent it. At night, at 22-23.00, when you inject prolonged insulin, a snack in the amount of 1-2 XE ( slowly digestible) for the prevention of hypoglycemia is needed if glycemia at this time is less than 6.3 mmol / l.

With glycemia above 6.5-7.0 mmol / l, a snack at night can lead to morning hyperglycemia, since there is not enough "night" insulin.
Intermediate meals designed to prevent hypoglycemia during the day and at night should be no more than 1-2 XE, otherwise you will get hyperglycemia instead of hypoglycemia.
For intermediate meals taken for prophylactic purposes in an amount of not more than 1-2 XE, insulin is not additionally administered.

Much and in detail is said about bread units.
But why do you need to be able to count them? Consider an example.

Let's say you have a glucometer and you measure glycemia before eating. For example, you, as always, injected 12 units of insulin prescribed by a doctor, ate a bowl of cereal and drank a glass of milk. Yesterday you also injected the same dose and ate the same porridge and drank the same milk, and tomorrow you must do the same.

Why? Because as soon as you deviate from the usual diet, your glycemic indicators immediately change, and they are not ideal anyway. If you are a literate person and know how to count XE, then you are not afraid of changing the diet. Knowing that for 1 XE, on average, there are 2 units of short insulin and being able to count XE, you can vary the composition of the diet, and therefore the dose of insulin, at your discretion, without compromising diabetes compensation. This means that today you can eat porridge for breakfast for 4 XE (8 tablespoons), 2 slices of bread (2 XE) with cheese or meat and add 12 units of short insulin to these 6 XE and get a good result of glycemia.

Tomorrow morning, if you have no appetite, you can limit yourself to a cup of tea with 2 sandwiches (2 XU) and inject only 4 units of short insulin, and still get a good glycemic result. That is, the system of bread units helps to inject exactly as much short-acting insulin as is necessary for the absorption of carbohydrates, no more (which is fraught with hypoglycemia) and no less (which is fraught with hyperglycemia), and maintain good diabetes compensation.

Products that can be consumed without restriction

all vegetables except potatoes and corn

- cabbage (all types)
— cucumbers
- leaf lettuce
- greens
- tomatoes
- pepper
- zucchini
– eggplant
- beet
- carrot
- string beans
- radish, radish, turnip - green peas (young)
- spinach, sorrel
- mushrooms
- tea, coffee without sugar and cream
- mineral water
- drinks with sweeteners

Vegetables can be consumed raw, boiled, baked, pickled.

The use of fats (butter, mayonnaise, sour cream) in the preparation of vegetable dishes should be minimal.

Foods to eat in moderation

- lean meat
- lean fish
- milk and dairy products (low-fat)
- cheeses less than 30% fat
- cottage cheese less than 5% fat
- potato
- corn
- mature grains of legumes (peas, beans, lentils)
- cereals
- pasta
- bread and bakery products (not rich)

- eggs

"Moderate" means half of your usual serving.

Foods to Avoid or Limit as Much as Possible

- butter
- vegetable oil*
- salo
- sour cream, cream
- cheeses with more than 30% fat content
- cottage cheese with more than 5% fat content
- mayonnaise
- fatty meat, smoked meats
- sausages
- oily fish
- bird skin
— canned meat, fish and vegetable in oil
- nuts, seeds
- sugar, honey
- jams, jams
- sweets, chocolate
– pastries, cakes and other confectionery
- biscuits, pastry products
- ice cream
- sweet drinks (Coca-Cola, Fanta)
- alcoholic drinks

If possible, such a method of cooking as frying should be excluded.
Try to use utensils that allow you to cook food without adding fat.

* - vegetable oil is a necessary part of the daily diet, but it is enough to consume it in very small quantities.

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A bread unit (XE) is a measure used to calculate the amount of carbohydrates in food when compiling a menu for a diabetic. 1 unit is equal to 10-12 gr. digestible carbohydrates, 25 gr. of bread. One unit gives an increase in glycemia by approximately 1.5-2 mmol / l.

The patient is obliged to keep a record of consumed products containing carbohydrates, and remember which carbohydrates quickly enough (sugar, sweets), and which slowly (starch, fiber) raise blood sugar levels.

Cereals, pasta, potatoes

Dairy

legume products

Vegetables

Fruits and berries

Dried fruits

nuts

Sweets and sweeteners

Drinks, juices

Ready meals

Bread units at McDonald's, fast food

Calculation and use of XE

A diabetic patient needs to calculate bread units in order to calculate the correct dosage of insulin. The more carbohydrates are supposed to be consumed, the higher the dosage of the hormone will be. For the assimilation of 1 XE eaten, 1.4 IU of short-acting insulin is needed.

But basically, bread units are calculated according to ready-made tables, which is not always convenient, since a person must also consume protein foods, fats, minerals, vitamins, so experts advise planning daily caloric content according to the proportion of the main foods consumed: 50–60% are carbohydrates, 25–30% are for fats, 15–20% for proteins.

Approximately 10–30 XE should enter the body of a diabetic per day, the exact amount directly depends on age, weight, and type of physical activity.

The largest part of the food containing carbohydrates should come in the morning, the division of the menu should depend on the plan of insulin therapy. In any case, more than 7 XE should not come in at one meal.

Absorbed carbohydrates should mainly be starches (cereals, bread, vegetables) - 15 XE, fruits, berries should account for no more than 2 units. For simple carbohydrates, not more than 1/3 of the total. With a normal blood glucose level between main meals, you can consume a product that contains 1 unit.

Glycemic index of foods

With diabetes, it is not only the presence of carbohydrates in a certain product that matters, but also how quickly they are absorbed and enter the bloodstream. The more smoothly the carbohydrate is digested, the less the increase in blood glucose occurs.

GI (glycemic index) - the coefficient of the impact of various foods on blood glucose. Foods with a high glycemic index (sugar, sweets, sweet drinks, jam) should be excluded from your menu. It is allowed to use only 1-2 XE sweets to stop hypoglycemia.