It is officially believed that the word “king” comes from the ancient Roman Ceasar, and the kings are called kings only because all the emperors in Rome were called Caesars, starting with Gaius Julius Caesar, whose name eventually became a household name. However, in Russian, a completely different word came from the Roman Ceasar - the word "caesar". That's how, through [k], this name was read in those ancient times. The word “king” comes from the ancient word “Dzar”, it meant the red glow of hot metal, and in this meaning it turned into the word “heat”, as well as dawn, and in this meaning both dawn and glow come from the word “dzar” , and even lightning.
Remember the golden man dug up in 1969 in the Issyk mound? Judging by his attire, this was a dzar, and, in scales like the heat of grief, he really was a clear example of a glowing man.
Around that time, about the same people, whose representative was buried in the Issyk mound, had a queen Zarina. She was called Zarina in Persian, and in her native language, which can be conditionally called Scythian, she was called Dzarnya.
The names Zarina and Zara are still popular in the Caucasus. There is also his male counterpart Zaur.
In the modern Ossetian language, which is considered a descendant of the Scythian, the word zærinæ means gold, and in Sanskrit, in which "dz" turned into "x", gold as हिरण्य (hiranya).
The word Ceasar is related to the word "mower" and he was named so for the reason that his mother's stomach was cut by the same scythe, as a result of which Caesar was born.
Tsars in Russia were traditionally called foreign rulers - first the Byzantine basileus, to whom the Hellenized version of the name of Caesar, which sounded like καῖσαρ, had not been applied for a long time, and then to the Horde khans.
After dominance in our territory passed from the Horde to Moscow, the Moscow grand dukes began to be unofficially called tsars - first Ivan III, and then Vasily III. However, only Ivan IV, later nicknamed the Terrible, officially appropriated this title to himself, since, in addition to the Moscow principality, he already owned two recent kingdoms - Kazan and Astrakhan. From then until 1721, when Russia became an empire, the royal title became the main title of the Russian monarch.

appearance

kings	Period of government	Notes
Simeon II Bekbulatovich		He was appointed by Ivan the Terrible, but after some time he was also dismissed.
Fedor I Ivanovich		The last representative of the Rurik dynasty. He was so religious that he considered marital relations sinful, as a result of which he died childless.
Irina Fyodorovna Godunova		After the death of her husband, she was proclaimed queen, but did not accept the throne and went to the monastery.
Boris Fyodorovich Godunov		The first king of the Godunov dynasty
Fedor II Borisovich Godunov		The last king of the Godunov dynasty. Together with his mother, he was strangled by archers who went over to the side of False Dmitry I.
False Dmitry I		According to the generally accepted version, Yuri Bogdanovich Otrepyev, according to some historians, was Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich who really survived the assassination attempt.
Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky		Representative of the princely Shuisky family from the Suzdal branch of the Rurikovich. In September 1610, he was extradited to the Polish hetman Zholkiewski and died in Polish captivity on September 12, 1612.
Vladislav I Sigismundovich Vase		He was called to the kingdom by the Seven Boyars, but he actually never entered the reign of Russia and was not in Russia. On his behalf, Prince Mstislavsky exercised power.
Mikhail I Fedorovich		The first king of the Romanov dynasty. The actual ruler until 1633 was his father, Patriarch Filaret.
Alexei I Mikhailovich
Fedor III Alekseevich		He died at the age of 20, leaving no heirs.
Ivan V Alekseevich		From April 27, 1682, he ruled jointly with Peter I. Until September 1689, Princess Sofya Alekseevna actually ruled the country. All the time he was considered seriously ill, which did not stop him from marrying and having eight children. One of the daughters, Anna Ioannovna, later became the empress.
Peter I the Great		On October 22, 1721, the post of head of state became known as the All-Russian Emperor. Cm.:
Catherine I
Peter II		The son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich executed by Peter.
Anna Ioannovna		Daughter of Ivan V Alekseevich.
Ivan VI Antonovich		Great-grandson of Ivan V. He ascended the throne at the age of two months. The regents under him were Ernst Johann Biron, and from November 7, 1740 - his mother Anna Leopoldovna.
Peter III		Grandson of Peter I and Catherine I, son of Princess Anna Petrovna and Duke of Holstein-Gottorp Karl Friedrich.
Catherine II the Great		Sophia Augusta Frederica of Anhalt-Zerbst, wife of Peter III. She became empress by overthrowing and killing her husband.

Although each of us studied the history of Russia at school, not everyone knows who was the first tsar in Russia. This high-profile title in 1547 began to be called Ivan IV Vasilyevich, nicknamed Terrible for his difficult character, cruelty and tough temper. Before him, all the rulers in the Russian lands were grand dukes. After Ivan the Terrible became tsar, our state began to be called the Russian kingdom instead of the Moscow principality.

Grand Duke and Tsar: what's the difference?

Having dealt with the one who was first named the king of all Russia, you should find out why a new title became necessary. By the middle of the 16th century, the lands of the Moscow principality occupied 2.8 thousand square kilometers. It was a huge state, stretching from the Smolensk region in the west to the Ryazan and Nizhny Novgorod districts in the east, from the Kaluga lands in the south to the Arctic Ocean and the Gulf of Finland in the north. About 9 million people lived on such a vast territory. Muscovite Rus (that is how the principality was called) was a centralized state in which all regions were subordinate to the Grand Duke, that is, Ivan IV.

By the 16th century, the Byzantine Empire had ceased to exist. Grozny hatched the idea of ​​becoming the patron of the entire Orthodox world, and for this he needed to strengthen the authority of his state at the international level. The change of title in this matter played an important role. In the countries of Western Europe, the word “king” was translated as “emperor” or left untouched, while “prince” was associated with a duke or prince, which was one level lower.

The childhood of the sovereign

Knowing who became the first tsar in Russia, it will be interesting to get acquainted with the biography of this person. Ivan the Terrible was born in 1530. His parents were Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily III and Princess Elena Glinskaya. The future ruler of the Russian lands was orphaned early. When he was 3 years old, his father died. Since Ivan was the only heir to the throne (his younger brother Yuri was born mentally retarded and could not lead the Moscow principality), the rule of the Russian lands passed to him. It happened in 1533. The actual ruler with a young son for some time was his mother, but in 1538 she also died (according to rumors, she was poisoned). Completely orphaned by the age of eight, the future first tsar in Russia grew up among the boyar guardians Belsky and Shuisky, who were not interested in anything but power. Growing up in an atmosphere of hypocrisy and meanness, from childhood he did not trust others and expected a dirty trick from everyone.

Adoption of a new title and marriage

At the beginning of 1547, Grozny announced his intention to marry the king. On January 16 of the same year, he was given the title of Tsar of all Russia. The crown was placed on the head of the ruler by Metropolitan Macarius of Moscow, a man who enjoys authority in society and has a special influence on young Ivan. The solemn wedding took place in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin.

Being a 17-year-old boy, the newly-made king decided to marry. In search of a bride, dignitaries traveled all over the Russian lands. Ivan the Terrible selected his wife from one and a half thousand applicants. Most of all, he liked the young Anastasia Zakharyina-Yuryeva. She conquered Ivan not only with her beauty, but also with her intelligence, chastity, piety, and calm character. Metropolitan Macarius, who crowned Grozny to the kingdom, approved the choice and married the newlyweds. Subsequently, the king had other spouses, but Anastasia was the most beloved of all of them for him.

Moscow uprising

In the summer of 1547, a strong fire broke out in the capital, which could not be extinguished for 2 days. About 4 thousand people became its victims. Rumors spread throughout the city that the relatives of the Tsar Glinsky had set fire to the capital. An angry crowd of people went to the Kremlin. The houses of the Glinsky princes were plundered. The result of popular unrest was the murder of one of the members of this noble family - Yuri. After that, the rebels came to the village of Vorobyovo, where the young tsar was hiding from them, and demanded that all the Glinskys be handed over to them. The rebels were hardly managed to calm down and send back to Moscow. After the uprising waned, Ivan the Terrible ordered the execution of its organizers.

The beginning of the reform of the state

The Moscow uprising spread to other Russian cities. Before Ivan IV, it became necessary to carry out reforms aimed at restoring order in the country and strengthening his autocracy. For these purposes, in 1549, the tsar created the Elected Rada - a new government group, which included people loyal to him (Metropolitan Macarius, priest Sylvester, A. Adashev, A. Kurbsky and others).

This period includes the beginning of the active reformatory activity of Ivan the Terrible, aimed at centralizing his power. To manage various branches of state life, the first tsar in Russia created numerous orders and huts. Thus, the foreign policy of the Russian state was led by the Ambassadorial Order, headed by I. Viskovity for two decades. The petition hut, which was under the control of A. Adashev, was obliged to accept applications, petitions and complaints from ordinary people, as well as conduct investigations on them. The fight against crime was assigned to the Rogue Order. He performed the functions of the modern police. Metropolitan life was regulated by the Zemsky order.

In 1550, Ivan IV published a new Code of Laws, in which all legislative acts existing in the Russian kingdom were systematized and edited. When compiling it, the changes that have taken place in the life of the state over the past half century were taken into account. The document for the first time introduced punishment for bribery. Prior to this, Muscovite Russia lived according to the Sudebnik of 1497, the laws of which by the middle of the 16th century were noticeably outdated.

Church and military policy

Under Ivan the Terrible, the influence of the Orthodox Church increased significantly, and the life of the clergy improved. This was facilitated by the Stoglavy Cathedral convened in 1551. The provisions adopted on it contributed to the centralization of church power.

In 1555-1556, the first tsar in Russia, Ivan the Terrible, together with the Chosen Rada, developed the "Code of Service", which contributed to an increase in the size of the Russian army. In accordance with this document, each feudal lord was obliged to field a certain number of soldiers with horses and weapons from their lands. If the landowner supplied the tsar with soldiers in excess of the norm, he was encouraged with a monetary reward. In the event that the feudal lord could not provide the required number of soldiers, he paid a fine. The Code of Service helped to improve the combat capability of the army, which was important in the context of Ivan the Terrible's active foreign policy.

Territory expansion

During the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the conquest of neighboring lands was actively carried out. In 1552, the Kazan Khanate was added to the Russian state, and in 1556, the Astrakhan Khanate. In addition to this, the king's possessions expanded due to the conquest of the Volga region and the western part of the Urals. The dependence on the Russian lands was recognized by the Kabardian and Nogai rulers. Under the first Russian tsar, an active annexation of Western Siberia began.

During 1558-1583, Ivan IV waged the Livonian War for Russia's access to the shores of the Baltic Sea. The beginning of hostilities was successful for the king. In 1560, Russian troops managed to completely defeat the Livonian Order. However, the successfully launched war dragged on for many years, led to a deterioration in the situation inside the country and ended in complete defeat for Russia. The king began to look for those responsible for his failures, which led to massive disgraces and executions.

Break with the Chosen Rada, oprichnina

Adashev, Sylvester and other figures of the Chosen Rada did not support the aggressive policy of Ivan the Terrible. In 1560, they opposed the conduct of the Livonian War by Russia, for which they aroused the wrath of the ruler. The first tsar in Russia dispersed the Rada. Its members were persecuted. Ivan the Terrible, who does not tolerate dissent, thought about establishing a dictatorship on the lands subject to him. To do this, from 1565 he began to pursue a policy of oprichnina. Its essence was the confiscation and redistribution of boyar and princely lands in favor of the state. This policy was accompanied by mass arrests and executions. Its result was the weakening of the local nobility and the strengthening of the power of the king against this background. Oprichnina lasted until 1572 and was terminated after the devastating invasion of Moscow by the Crimean troops led by Khan Devlet Giray.

The policy pursued by the first tsar in Russia led to a strong weakening of the country's economy, the devastation of lands, and the ruin of estates. By the end of his reign, Ivan the Terrible abandoned execution as a way to punish the guilty. In his will of 1579, he repented of his cruelty towards his subjects.

Wives and children of the king

Ivan the Terrible married 7 times. In total, he had 8 children, 6 of whom died in childhood. The first wife, Anastasia Zakharyina-Yuryeva, presented the tsar with 6 heirs, of which only two survived to adulthood - Ivan and Fedor. The son of Vasily was born to the sovereign by the second wife Maria Temryukovna. He died at 2 months old. The last child (Dmitry) to Ivan the Terrible was born by his seventh wife, Maria Nagaya. The boy was destined to live only 8 years.

The first Russian tsar in Russia killed the adult son of Ivan Ivanovich in 1582 in a fit of anger, so Fedor turned out to be the only heir to the throne. It was he who headed the throne after the death of his father.

Death

Ivan the Terrible ruled the Russian state until 1584. In the last years of his life, osteophytes made it difficult for him to walk independently. Lack of movement, nervousness, unhealthy lifestyle led to the fact that at 50 the ruler looked like an old man. In early 1584, his body began to swell and give off a foul odor. Doctors called the sovereign's illness "blood corruption" and predicted his quick death. Grozny died on March 18, 1584, while playing chess with Boris Godunov. Thus ended the life of the one who was the first tsar in Russia. Rumors persisted in Moscow that Ivan IV had been poisoned by Godunov and his accomplices. After the death of the king, the throne went to his son Fedor. In fact, Boris Godunov became the ruler of the country.

Alexey Mikhailovich(1629-1676), tsar since 1645. Son of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, the central government was strengthened and serfdom took shape (Sobornoe ukaz 1649); reunited with the Russian state Ukraine (1654); returned Smolensk, Seversk land, etc.; uprisings in Moscow, Novgorod, Pskov (1648, 1650, 1662) and a peasant war under the leadership of Stepan Razin were suppressed; There was a split in the Russian Church.

Wives: Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya (1625-1669), among her children is Princess Sophia, the future tsars Fedor and Ivan V; Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina (1651-1694) - Peter's mother

Fedor Alekseevich(1661-1682), tsar since 1676. Son of Alexei Mikhailovich from his first marriage with M.I. Miloslavskaya. Under him, various groups of boyars ruled. Household taxation was introduced, localism was abolished in 1682; the unification of Left-bank Ukraine with Russia was finally fixed.

Ivan V Alekseevich (1666-1696), tsar since 1682. Son of Alexei Mikhailovich from his first marriage to M.I. Miloslavskaya. Sickly and incapable of state activity, he was proclaimed tsar together with his younger brother Peter I; until 1689, sister Sophia ruled for them, after her overthrow - Peter I.

Peter I Alekseevich (Great) (1672-1725), tsar from 1682 (ruled from 1689), the first Russian emperor (from 1721). The youngest son of Alexei Mikhailovich - from his second marriage with N.K. Naryshkina. He carried out public administration reforms (the Senate, boards, bodies of higher state control and political investigation were created; the church was subordinate to the state; the country was divided into provinces; a new capital, St. Petersburg, was built). He pursued a policy of mercantileism in the field of industry and trade (the creation of manufactories, metallurgical, mining and other plants, shipyards, marinas, canals). He led the army in the Azov campaigns of 1695-1696, the Northern War of 1700-1721, the Prut campaign of 1711, the Persian campaign of 1722-1723, etc.; he commanded troops during the capture of Noteburg (1702), in battles at Lesnaya (1708) and near Poltava (1709). He supervised the construction of the fleet and the creation of a regular army. Contributed to the strengthening of the economic and political position of the nobility. At the initiative of Peter I, many educational institutions, the Academy of Sciences were opened, a civil alphabet was adopted, etc. The reforms of Peter I were carried out by cruel means, by extreme exertion of material and human forces, oppression of the masses (head tax, etc.), which entailed uprisings (Streletskoye 1698, Astrakhan 1705-1706, Bulavinskoye 1707-1709, etc.), mercilessly suppressed by the government. Being the creator of a powerful absolutist state, he achieved recognition for Russia by the countries of Western Europe of the authority of a great power.

Wives: Evdokia Fedorovna Lopukhina, mother of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich;
Marta Skavronskaya, later Catherine I Alekseevna

Catherine I Alekseevna (Marta Skavronskaya) (1684-1727), empress from 1725. The second wife of Peter I. She was enthroned by the guards, headed by A.D. Menshikov, who became the de facto ruler of the state. Under it, the Supreme Privy Council was created.

Peter II Alekseevich (1715-1730), Emperor from 1727. Son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich. In fact, A.D. Menshikov, then the Dolgorukovs, ruled the state under him. He announced the cancellation of a number of reforms carried out by Peter I.

Anna Ivanovna(1693-1740), Empress from 1730. Daughter of Ivan V Alekseevich, Duchess of Courland from 1710. She was enthroned by the Supreme Privy Council. In fact, E.I. Biron was the ruler under her.

Ivan VI Antonovich (1740-1764), emperor in 1740-1741. Great-grandson of Ivan V Alekseevich, son of Prince Anton Ulrich of Brunswick. E.I. Biron ruled for the baby, then mother Anna Leopoldovna. Overthrown by the guard, imprisoned; killed when V.Ya.Mirovich tried to free him.

Elizaveta Petrovna(1709-1761/62), empress since 1741. Daughter of Peter I from marriage with Catherine I. Enthroned by the guards. She contributed to the elimination of the dominance of foreigners in the government, nominated talented and energetic representatives from among the Russian nobility to government posts. The actual leader of domestic policy under Elizabeth Petrovna was P.I. Shuvalov, whose activities are associated with the abolition of internal customs and the organization of foreign trade; rearmament of the army, improvement of its organizational structure and management system. During the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna, the orders and bodies created under Peter I were restored. The rise of Russian science and culture was facilitated by the establishment, on the initiative of M.V. Lomonosov, of Moscow University (1755) and the Academy of Arts (1757). The privileges of the nobility were strengthened and expanded at the expense of the serfs (distribution of land and serfs, a decree of 1760 on the right to exile peasants to Siberia, etc.). Peasant protests against serfdom were brutally suppressed. The foreign policy of Elizabeth Petrovna, skillfully directed by Chancellor A.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, was subordinated to the task of fighting against the aggressive aspirations of the Prussian king Frederick II.

Peter III Fedorovich (1728-1762), Russian emperor since 1761. German prince Karl Peter Ulrich, son of the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp Karl Friedrich and Anna, the eldest daughter of Peter I and Catherine I. From 1742 in Russia. In 1761 he made peace with Prussia, which nullified the results of the victories of Russian troops in the Seven Years' War. Introduced German orders in the army. Overthrown in a coup organized by his wife Catherine, killed.

Catherine II Alekseevna (Great) (1729-1796), Russian Empress from 1762. German Princess Sophia Frederick Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst. She came to power, overthrowing with the help of the guards Peter III, her husband. She formalized the class privileges of the nobles. Under Catherine II, the Russian absolutist state significantly strengthened, the oppression of the peasants intensified, and a peasant war took place under the leadership of Emelyan Pugachev (1773-1775). The Northern Black Sea region, Crimea, the North Caucasus, Western Ukrainian, Belarusian and Lithuanian lands (in three sections of the Commonwealth) were annexed. She pursued a policy of enlightened absolutism. From the late 80's - early 90's. actively participated in the struggle against the French Revolution; pursued freethinking in Russia.

Pavel I Petrovich (1754-1801), Russian emperor from 1796. Son of Peter III and Catherine II. Introduced a military-police regime in the state, Prussian orders in the army; restricted the privileges of the nobility. He opposed revolutionary France, but in 1800 he made an alliance with Bonaparte. Killed by conspiring nobles.

Alexander I Pavlovich (1777-1825), emperor since 1801. The eldest son of Paul I. At the beginning of his reign, he carried out moderate-liberal reforms developed by the Unofficial Committee and M.M. Speransky. In foreign policy, he maneuvered between Great Britain and France. In 1805-1807 he participated in anti-French coalitions. In 1807-1812 he temporarily became close to France. He led successful wars with Turkey (1806-1812) and Sweden (1808-1809). Under Alexander I, East Georgia (1801), Finland (1809), Bessarabia (1812), Azerbaijan (1813), and the former Duchy of Warsaw (1815) were annexed to Russia. After the Patriotic War of 1812, he headed the anti-French coalition of European powers in 1813-1814. He was one of the leaders of the Vienna Congress of 1814-1815 and the organizers of the Holy Alliance.

Nicholas I Pavlovich (1796-1855), Russian emperor since 1825. Third son of Emperor Paul I. Honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1826). Ascended the throne after the sudden death of Alexander I. Suppressed the Decembrist uprising. Under Nicholas I, the centralization of the bureaucratic apparatus was strengthened, the Third Department was created, the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire was drawn up, and new censorship charters were introduced (1826, 1828). The theory of official nationality gained currency. The Polish uprising of 1830-1831 and the revolution in Hungary of 1848-1849 were suppressed. An important aspect of foreign policy was the return to the principles of the Holy Alliance. During the reign of Nicholas I, Russia participated in the Caucasian War of 1817-1864, the Russo-Persian War of 1826-1828, the Russo-Turkish War of 1828-1829, and the Crimean War of 1853-1856.

Alexander II Nikolayevich (1818-1881), emperor since 1855. The eldest son of Nicholas I. He carried out the abolition of serfdom and then carried out a number of other bourgeois reforms (zemstvo, judicial, military, etc.) that contributed to the development of capitalism. After the Polish uprising of 1863-1864, he switched to a reactionary internal political course. Since the late 1970s, repressions against revolutionaries have intensified. In the reign of Alexander II, the accession to Russia of the Caucasus (1864), Kazakhstan (1865), most of Central Asia (1865-1881) was completed. A number of attempts were made on the life of Alexander II (1866, 1867, 1879, 1880); killed by the people.

Alexander III Alexandrovich (1845-1894), Russian emperor since 1881. Second son of Alexander II. In the first half of the 1980s, in the conditions of the growth of capitalist relations, he abolished the poll tax and lowered redemption payments. Since the 2nd half of the 80s. carried out counter-reforms. Suppressed the revolutionary-democratic and workers' movement, strengthened the role of the police and administrative arbitrariness. In the reign of Alexander III, the annexation of Central Asia to Russia (1885) was basically completed, the Russian-French alliance was concluded (1891-1893).

Nicholas II Aleksandrovich (1868-1918), the last Russian emperor (1894-1917). Eldest son of Alexander III. His reign coincided with the rapid development of capitalism. Under Nicholas II, Russia was defeated in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, which was one of the reasons for the revolution of 1905-1907, during which the Manifesto was adopted on October 17, 1905, which allowed the creation of political parties and established the State Duma; Stolypin agrarian reform began to be carried out. In 1907 Russia became a member of the Entente, in which it entered World War I. From August 1915 he was commander in chief. During the February Revolution of 1917 he abdicated. Shot with his family in Yekaterinburg

Such a great country as Russia should naturally be very rich in history. And indeed it is! Here you can see what were Russian rulers and you can read biographies of Russian princes, presidents and other rulers. I decided to provide you with a list of the rulers of Russia, where each will have a short biography under the cut (next to the name of the ruler, click on this icon " [+] “to open a biography under the cut), and then, if the ruler is iconic, a link to the full article, which will be very useful for both schoolchildren and students and everyone who is interested in the history of Russia. The list of rulers will be replenished, Russia really had a lot of rulers and each one is worthy of a detailed review. But, alas, I don’t have so many forces, so everything will be gradual. In general, here is a list of the rulers of Russia, where you will find the biographies of the rulers, their photographs and the dates of their reign.

Novgorod princes:

Kyiv Grand Dukes:

• (912 - autumn 945)

  

  Grand Duke Igor is a controversial character in our history. Historical chronicles give different information about him, starting from the date of birth and ending with the cause of his death. It is generally accepted that Igor is the son of the prince of Novgorod, although there are inconsistencies in the age of the prince in different sources ...

• (autumn 945 - after 964)

  Princess Olga is one of the great women of Russia. Regarding the date and place of birth, ancient chronicles give very contradictory information. It is possible that Princess Olga is the daughter of the one called the Prophetic, or maybe her ancestry comes from Bulgaria from Prince Boris, or she was born in a village near Pskov, and again there are two options: an humble family and the ancient princely family of the Izborskys.

• (after 964 - spring 972)
  The Russian prince Svyatoslav was born in 942. His parents were - who became famous for the war with the Pechenegs and campaigns against Byzantium and. When Svyatoslav was only three years old, he lost his father. Prince Igor collected an unbearable tribute from the Drevlyans, for which he was brutally killed by them. The widowed princess decided to take revenge on these tribes and sent the princely army on a campaign, which was led by the young prince under the tutelage of the governor Sveneld. As you know, the Drevlyans were defeated, and their city Ikorosten was completely destroyed.
  
• Yaropolk Svyatoslavich (972-978 or 980)
• (June 11, 978 or 980 - July 15, 1015)

  

  One of the greatest names in the fate of Kievan Rus is Vladimir the Holy (Baptist). This name is shrouded in a veil of legends and secrets, epics and myths were composed about this man, in which Prince Vladimir the Red Sun was invariably called his bright and warm name. And according to the chronicles, the Prince of Kyiv was born around 960 as a half-breed, as contemporaries would say. His father was a mighty prince, and his mother was a simple slave Malusha, who was in the service of, from the small town of Lyubech.

• (1015 - autumn 1016) Prince Svyatopolk the Accursed is the son of Yaropolk, after whose death he adopted the boy. Svyatopolk wanted great power during the life of Vladimir and prepared a conspiracy against him. However, he became a full-fledged ruler only after the death of his stepfather. He earned the throne in a dirty way - he killed all the direct heirs of Vladimir.
• (autumn 1016 - summer 1018)

  Prince Yaroslav I Vladimirovich the Wise was born in 978. The chronicles do not provide a description of his appearance. It is known that Yaroslav was lame: the first version says that since childhood, and the second - this was a consequence of one of the wounds in the battle. The chronicler Nestor, describing his character, mentions his great mind, prudence, devotion to the Orthodox faith, courage and compassion for the poor. Prince Yaroslav the Wise, unlike his father, who loved to arrange feasts, led a modest lifestyle. Great devotion to the Orthodox faith sometimes turned into superstition. As mentioned in the chronicle, by his order, the bones of Yaropolk were dug and, and, after illumination, they were reburied in the Church of the Most Holy Theotokos. With this act, Yaroslav wanted to save their souls from torment.

• Izyaslav Yaroslavich (February 1054 - September 15, 1068)
• Vseslav Bryachislavich (September 15, 1068 - April 1069)
• Svyatoslav Yaroslavich (March 22, 1073 - December 27, 1076)
• Vsevolod Yaroslavich (January 1, 1077 - July 1077)
• Svyatopolk Izyaslavich (April 24, 1093 - April 16, 1113)
• (April 20, 1113 – May 19, 1125) The grandson and son of the Byzantine princess - went down in history as Vladimir Monomakh. Why Monomakh? There are suggestions that he took this nickname from his mother, the Byzantine princess Anna, the daughter of the Byzantine king Constantine Monomakh. There are other assumptions about the nickname Monomakh. Allegedly, after a campaign in Taurida, against the Genoese, where he killed the Genoese prince in a duel during the capture of Kafa. And the word monomakh is translated as a single combatant. Now, of course, it is difficult to judge the correctness of this or that opinion, but it was with such a name as Vladimir Monomakh that the chroniclers captured it.
• (May 20, 1125 – April 15, 1132) Having inherited a strong power, Prince Mstislav the Great not only continued the work of his father, Prince Vladimir Monomakh of Kyiv, but also made every effort to ensure the prosperity of the Fatherland. Therefore, the memory remained in history. And his ancestors called him - Mstislav the Great.
• (April 17, 1132 - February 18, 1139) Yaropolk Vladimirovich was the son of a great Russian prince and was born in 1082. No information has been preserved about the childhood years of this ruler. The first mention in history of this prince refers to 1103, when he, together with his retinue, went to war against the Polovtsians. After this victory in 1114, Vladimir Monomakh entrusted his son with the management of the Pereyaslav volost.
• Vyacheslav Vladimirovich (February 22 - March 4, 1139)
• (March 5, 1139 - July 30, 1146)
• Igor Olgovich (until August 13, 1146)
• Izyaslav Mstislavich (August 13, 1146 - August 23, 1149)
• (August 28, 1149 - summer 1150)
  This prince of Kievan Rus went down in history thanks to two great achievements - the founding of Moscow by the heyday of the North-Eastern part of Russia. Until now, historians are debating about when Yuri Dolgoruky was born. Some chroniclers claim that this happened in 1090, while others are of the opinion that this significant event took place around 1095-1097. His father was the Grand Duke of Kyiv -. Almost nothing is known about the mother of this ruler, except that she was the second wife of the prince.
• Rostislav Mstislavich (1154-1155)
• Izyaslav Davydovich (winter 1155)
• Mstislav Izyaslavich (December 22, 1158 - spring 1159)
• Vladimir Mstislavich (spring 1167)
• Gleb Yurievich (March 12, 1169 - February 1170)
• Mikhalko Yurievich (1171)
• Roman Rostislavich (July 1, 1171 - February 1173)
• (February - March 24, 1173), Yaropolk Rostislavich (co-ruler)
• Rurik Rostislavich (March 24 - September 1173)
• Yaroslav Izyaslavich (November 1173-1174)
• Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich (1174)
• Ingvar Yaroslavich (1201 - January 2, 1203)
• Rostislav Rurikovich (1204-1205)
• Vsevolod Svyatoslavich Chermny (summer 1206-1207)
• Mstislav Romanovich (1212 or 1214 - June 2, 1223)
• Vladimir Rurikovich (June 16, 1223-1235)
• Izyaslav (Mstislavich or Vladimirovich) (1235-1236)
• Yaroslav Vsevolodovich (1236-1238)
• Mikhail Vsevolodovich (1238-1240)
• Rostislav Mstislavich (1240)
• (1240)

Vladimir Grand Dukes

• (1157 - 29 June 1174)
  Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky was born in 1110, was the son and grandson of . As a young man, the prince was named Bogolyubsky for his especially reverent attitude towards God and the habit of always turning to Scripture.
• Yaropolk Rostislavich (1174 - June 15, 1175)
• Yuri Vsevolodovich (1212 - April 27, 1216)
• Konstantin Vsevolodovich (Spring 1216 - February 2, 1218)
• Yuri Vsevolodovich (February 1218 - March 4, 1238)
• Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich (1246-1248)
• (1248-1248/1249)
• Andrei Yaroslavich (December 1249 - July 24, 1252)
• (1252 - 14 November 1263)
  In 1220, Prince Alexander Nevsky was born in Pereyaslav-Zallesk. Still, being very young, he accompanied his father in all campaigns. When the young man was 16 years old, his father Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, due to his departure to Kyiv, entrusted Prince Alexander with the throne in Novgorod.
• Yaroslav Yaroslavich of Tver (1263-1272)
• Vasily Yaroslavich of Kostroma (1272 - January 1277)
• Dmitry Alexandrovich Pereyaslavsky (1277-1281)
• Andrei Alexandrovich Gorodetsky (1281-1283)
• (autumn 1304 - 22 November 1318)
• Yuri Danilovich of Moscow (1318 - November 2, 1322)
• Dmitry Mikhailovich Terrible Eyes of Tver (1322 - September 15, 1326)
• Alexander Mikhailovich of Tverskoy (1326-1328)
• Alexander Vasilievich of Suzdal (1328-1331), Ivan Danilovich Kalita of Moscow (1328-1331) (co-ruler)
• (1331 - 31 March 1340) Prince Ivan Kalita was born in Moscow around 1282. But the exact date, unfortunately, is not set. Ivan was the second son of the Moscow prince Danila Alexandrovich. The biography of Ivan Kalita until 1304 was not marked with practically anything significant and important.
• Semyon Ivanovich Proud of Moscow (October 1, 1340 - April 26, 1353)
• Ivan Ivanovich Red of Moscow (March 25, 1353 - November 13, 1359)
• Dmitry Konstantinovich of Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod (June 22, 1360 - January 1363)
• Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy of Moscow (1363)
• Vasily Dmitrievich of Moscow (August 15, 1389 - February 27, 1425)

Moscow princes and Moscow grand dukes

Russian emperors

• (October 22, 1721 - January 28, 1725) The biography of Peter the Great deserves special attention. The fact is that Peter 1 belongs to the group of Russian emperors who made a huge contribution to the history of the development of our country. This article tells about the life of a great man, about the role he played in the transformation of Russia.

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  Also on my site there are a number of articles about Peter the Great. If you want to thoroughly study the history of this outstanding ruler, then please read the following articles from my website:

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• (January 28, 1725 – May 6, 1727)
  Catherine 1 was born under the name of Martha, she was born in the family of a Lithuanian peasant. Thus begins the biography of Catherine the Great, the first Empress of the Russian Empire.
  
  
• (May 7, 1727 - January 19, 1730)
  Peter 2 was born in 1715. Already at an early age he became an orphan. First, his mother died, then in 1718, the father of Peter II, Alexei Petrovich, was executed. Peter II was the grandson of Peter the Great, who was absolutely not interested in the fate of his grandson. HE never considered Peter Alekseevich as the heir to the Russian throne.
  
• (February 4, 1730 - October 17, 1740) Anna Ioannovna is known for her difficult character. She was a vindictive and vindictive woman, distinguished by capriciousness. Anna Ioannovna had absolutely no ability to conduct public affairs, while she was not even simply inclined to this.
  
• (October 17, 1740 - November 25, 1741)
• (November 9, 1740 - November 25, 1741)
• (November 25, 1741 - December 25, 1761)
• (December 25, 1761 - June 28, 1762)
• () (June 28, 1762 - November 6, 1796) Many will probably agree that the biography of Catherine 2 is one of the most fascinating stories about the life and reign of an amazing, strong woman. Catherine 2 was born on April 22 / May 2, 1729, in the family of Princess Johanna - Elizabeth and Prince Christian August of Anhalt - Zerbsky.
• (November 6, 1796 - March 11, 1801)
• (Blessed) (March 12, 1801 - November 19, 1825)
• (December 12, 1825 - February 18, 1855)
• (Liberator) (February 18, 1855 - March 1, 1881)
• (Peacemaker) (March 1, 1881 - October 20, 1894)
• (October 20, 1894 - March 2, 1917) The biography of Nicholas II will be quite interesting to many of the inhabitants of our country. Nicholas II was the eldest son of Alexander III, the Russian Emperor. His mother, Maria Feodorovna, was Alexander's wife.
  

Peter I Alekseevich 1672 - 1725

Peter I was born on 05/30/1672 in Moscow, died on 01/28/1725 in St. Petersburg, Russian tsar from 1682, emperor from 1721. The son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from his second wife, Natalia Naryshkina. He ascended the throne for nine years, together with his elder brother Tsar John V, under the regency of his elder sister, Princess Sofya Alekseevna. In 1689, the mother married Peter I to Evdokia Lopukhina. In 1690, a son, Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, was born, but family life did not work out. In 1712, the tsar announced his divorce and married Catherine (Marta Skavronskaya), who from 1703 was his actual wife. In this marriage, 8 children were born, but except for Anna and Elizabeth, they all died in infancy. In 1694, the mother of Peter I died, and two years later, in 1696, his elder brother, Tsar John V, also died. Peter I became the sovereign sovereign. In 1712, the new capital of Russia was St. Petersburg, founded by Peter I, where part of the population of Moscow was transferred.

Catherine I Alekseevna 1684 - 1727

Catherine I Alekseevna was born on 04/05/1684 in the Baltic States, died on 05/06/1727 in St. Petersburg, the Russian Empress in 1725-1727. The daughter of the Lithuanian peasant Samuil Skavronsky, who moved from Lithuania to Livonia. Before the adoption of Orthodoxy - Marta Skavronskaya. In the autumn of 1703, she became the actual wife of Peter I. The church marriage was formalized on February 19, 1712. Following the decree on succession to the throne, not without the participation of A.D. Menshikov, she bequeathed the throne to the grandson of Peter I - 12-year-old Peter II. She died May 6, 1727. She was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg.

Peter II Alekseevich 1715 - 1730

Peter II Alekseevich was born on 10/12/1715 in St. Petersburg, died on 01/18/1730 in Moscow, the Russian emperor (1727-1730) from the Romanov dynasty. The son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich and Princess Charlotte Christina Sophia of Wolfenbüttel, the grandson of Peter I. Elevated to the throne through the efforts of A.D. Menshikov after the death of Catherine I, Peter II was not interested in anything but hunting and pleasure. At the beginning of the reign of Peter II, power was actually in the hands of A. Menshikov, who dreamed of intermarrying with the royal dynasty by marrying Peter II to his daughter. Despite the engagement of Menshikov's daughter Maria to Peter II in May 1727, Menshikov's dismissal and disgrace followed in September. Peter II was under the influence of the Dolgoruky family, I. Dolgoruky became his favorite, and Princess E. Dolgorukaya became his bride. The real power was in the hands of A. Osterman. Peter II fell ill with smallpox and died on the eve of the wedding. With his death, the Romanov family was interrupted in the male line. He was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg.

Anna Ioannovna 1693 - 1740

Anna Ioannovna was born on 01/28/1693 in Moscow, died on 10/17/1740 in St. Petersburg, the Russian Empress in 1730-1740. Daughter of Tsar Ivan V Alekseevich and P. Saltykova, niece of Peter I. In 1710 she was married to the Duke of Courland Friedrich-Welgem, soon became a widow, lived in Mitau. After the death of Emperor Peter II (he did not leave a will), the Supreme Privy Council at a meeting in the Lefortovo Palace on 01/19/1730 decided to invite Anna Ioannovna to the throne. In 1731, Anna Ioannovna issued a Manifesto on the nationwide oath to the heir. 01/08/1732 Anna Ioannovna, together with the court and the highest state. Institutions moved from Moscow to St. Petersburg. Power during the reign of Anna Ioannovna was in the hands of E. Biron, a native of Courland, and his proteges.

Ivan VI Antonovich 1740 - 1764

John Antonovich was born on 08/12/1740, killed on 07/07/1764, Russian emperor from 10/17/1740 to 11/25/1741. Son of Anna Leopoldovna and Prince Anton Ulrich of Braunschwetz- Brevern-Luneburg, great-grandson of Tsar Ivan V, great-nephew of Empress Anna Ioannovna. On November 25, as a result of a palace coup, the daughter of Peter I, Elizabeth Petrovna, came to power. In 1744, Ivan Antonovich was exiled to Kholmogory. In 1756 he was transferred to the Shlisselburg fortress. On July 5, 1764, Lieutenant V. Mirovich tried to free Ivan Antonovich from the fortress, but failed. The guards killed the prisoner.

Elizaveta Petrovna 1709 - 1762

Elizaveta Petrovna was born on 12/18/1709 in the village of Kolomenskoye, near Moscow, died on 12/25/1761 in St. Petersburg, Russian Empress in 1741-1761, daughter of Peter I and Catherine I. which representatives of the Brunswick dynasty (Prince Anton Ulrich, Anna Leopoldovna and John Antonovich), as well as many representatives of the "German Party" (A. Osterman, B. Minich, and others) were arrested. One of the first acts of the new government was to invite Elizaveta Petrovna's nephew Karl Ulrich from Holstein and declare him heir to the throne (future Emperor Peter III). In fact, Count P. Shuvalov became the head of domestic policy under Elizabeth Petrovna.

Peter III Fedorovich 1728 - 1762

Peter III was born on 02/10/1728 in Kiel, killed on 07/07/1762 in Ropsha near St. Petersburg, Russian emperor from 1761 to 1762. Grandson of Peter I, son of the Duke of Holstein-Gottop Karl Friedrich and Tsesarevna Anna Petrovna. In 1745 he married Princess Sophia Frederica Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbskaya (future Empress Catherine II). Having ascended the throne on December 25, 1761, he immediately stopped hostilities against Prussia in the Seven Years' War, ceded all the conquests to his admirer Frederick II. The anti-national foreign policy of Peter III, the disdain for Russian rituals and customs, the introduction of the Prussian order in the army caused opposition in the guard, which was headed by Catherine II. During the palace coup, Peter III was arrested and then killed.

Catherine II Alekseevna 1729 - 1796

Catherine II Alekseevna was born on 04/21/1729 in Stettin, died on 11/06/1796 in Tsarskoye Selo (now the city of Pushkin), Russian Empress 1762-1796. She came from a small North German princely family. Born Sophia Augusta Frederick of Anhalt-Zerbst. Received home education. In 1744, she was summoned to Russia with her mother by Empress Elizabeth Pertovna, baptized according to Orthodox custom under the name of Catherine and named the bride of Grand Duke Peter Fedorovich (the future Emperor Peter III), whom she married in 1745. In 1754 Catherine II gave birth to a son, the future Emperor Paul I After the accession of Peter III, who was increasingly hostile to her, her position became precarious. On June 28, 1762, relying on the guards regiments (G. and A. Orlovs and others), Catherine II made a bloodless coup and became an autocratic empress. The time of Catherine II is the dawn of favoritism, characteristic of European life in the second half of the 18th century. Having parted with G. Orlov in the early 1770s, in subsequent years the empress changed a number of favorites. As a rule, they were not allowed to participate in solving political issues. Only two of her famous favorites - G. Potemkin and P. Zavodovsky - became major statesmen.

Pavel I Petrovich 1754 - 1801

Pavel I was born on September 20, 1754 in St. Petersburg, killed on March 12, 1801 in the Mikhailovsky Castle in St. Petersburg, Russian Emperor 1796-1801, son of Peter III and Catherine II. He was brought up at the court of his grandmother Elizabeth Petrovna, who intended to make him the heir to the throne instead of Peter III. The main educator of Paul I was N. Panin. Since 1773, Paul I was married to Princess Wilhelmina of Hesse-Darmstadt, after her death in 1776 - Princess Sophia Dorothea of ​​Württemberg (Maria Feodorovna in Orthodoxy). He had sons: Alexander (future Emperor Alexander I, 1777), Constantine (1779), Nicholas (future Emperor Nicholas I, 1796), Mikhail (1798), as well as six daughters. Among the guards officers, a conspiracy matured, about which the heir to the throne, Alexander Pavlovich, was aware. On the night of March 11-12, 1801, the conspirators (Count P. Palen, P. Zubov and others) entered the Mikhailovsky Castle and killed Paul I. Alexander I came to the throne, in the very first weeks of his reign, returning many exiled by his father and destroyed many of his innovations.

Alexander I Pavlovich 1777 - 1825

Alexander I was born on 12/12/1777 in St. Petersburg, died on 11/19/1825 in Taganrog, the Russian emperor 1801-1825, the eldest son of Paul I. By the will of his grandmother Catherine II, he was educated in the spirit of the enlighteners of the 18th century. His mentor was Colonel Frederic de La Harpe, a republican by conviction, a future figure in the Swiss revolution. In 1793, Alexander I married the daughter of the Margrave of Baden, Louise Maria Augusta, who took the name of Elizaveta Alekseevna. Alexander I succeeded to the throne after the assassination of his father in 1801, undertook broadly conceived reforms. The main executor of the social transformations of Alexander I became in 1808-1812. his secretary of state M. Speransky, who reorganized the ministries, created the state. Council and carried out financial reform. In foreign policy, Alexander I participated in two coalitions against Napoleonic France (with Prussia in 1804-05, with Austria in 1806-07). Having been defeated at Austerlitz in 1805 and Friedland in 1807, he concluded the Peace of Tilsit in 1807 and an alliance with Napoleon. In 1812, Napoleon invaded Russia, but was defeated during the Patriotic War of 1812. Alexander I, at the head of the Russian troops, together with his allies, entered Paris in the spring of 1814. He was one of the leaders of the Congress of Vienna in 1814-1815. According to official data, Alexander I died in Taganrog.

Nicholas I Pavlovich 1796 - 1855

Nicholas I was born on 06/25/1796 in Tsarskoye Selo, now the city of Pushkin, died on 02/18/1855 in St. Petersburg, Russian emperor (1825-1855). The third son of Paul I. Recorded for military service from birth, Nicholas I was brought up by Count M. Lamsdorf. In 1814 he traveled abroad for the first time under the Russian army under the command of his elder brother Alexander I. In 1816 he made a three-month journey through European Russia, and from October 1816 to May 1817 he traveled and lived in England. In 1817 he married the eldest daughter of the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm II, Princess Charlotte Frederick Louise, who took the name of Alexandra Feodorovna. Under Nicholas I, the monetary reform of the Minister of Finance E. Kankrin was successfully carried out, streamlining monetary circulation and protecting the backward Russian industry from competition.

Alexander II Nikolaevich 1818 - 1881

Alexander II was born on 04/17/1818 in Moscow, killed on 03/01/1881 in St. Petersburg, Russian emperor 1855-1881, son of Nicholas I. His tutors were General Merder, Kavelin, as well as the poet V. Zhukovsky, who instilled in Alexander II liberal views and romantic attitude to life. 1837 Alexander II made a long journey through Russia, then in 1838 - through the countries of Western Europe. In 1841 he married the princess of Hesse-Darmstadt, who took the name of Maria Alexandrovna. One of the first acts of Alexander II was the pardon of the exiled Decembrists. 02/19/1861. Alexander II issued a manifesto on the liberation of the peasants from serfdom. Under Alexander II, the annexation of the Caucasus to Russia was completed and its influence in the east expanded. The structure of Russia included Turkestan, the Amur region, the Ussuri Territory, the Kuril Islands in exchange for the southern part of Sakhalin. He sold Alaska and the Aleutian Islands to the Americans in 1867. In 1880, after the death of Empress Maria Alexandrovna, the Tsar entered into a morganatic marriage with Princess Ekaterina Dolgoruky. A number of attempts were made on the life of Alexander II, he was killed by a bomb thrown by the People's Will I. Grinevitsky.

Alexander III Alexandrovich 1845 - 1894

Alexander III was born on 02/26/1845 in Tsarskoye Selo, died on 10/20/1894 in the Crimea, Russian Emperor 1881-1894, son of Alexander II. The mentor of Alexander III, who had a strong influence on his worldview, was K. Pobedonostsev. After the death of his elder brother Nicholas in 1865, Alexander III became heir to the throne. In 1866, he married the bride of his deceased brother, the daughter of the Danish king Christian IX, Princess Sophia Frederica Dagmar, who took the name of Maria Feodorovna. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-78. was the commander of the Separate Ruschuk Detachment in Bulgaria. He created the Volunteer Fleet of Russia since 1878, which became the core of the country's merchant fleet and the reserve of the navy. Having ascended the throne after the assassination of Alexander II on March 1, 1881, he canceled the draft constitutional reform signed by his father immediately before his death. Alexander III died in Livadia in the Crimea.

Nicholas II Alexandrovich 1868 - 1918

Nicholas II (Romanov Nikolay Alexandrovich) was born on May 19, 1868 in Tsarskoe Selo, shot on July 17, 1918 in Yekaterinburg, the last Russian emperor 1894-1917, the son of Alexander III and the Danish princess Dagmara (Maria Feodorovna). From February 14, 1894, he was married to Alexandra Feodorovna (nee Alice, Princess of Hesse and the Rhine). Daughters Olga, Tatyana, Maria, Anastasia, son Alexei. He ascended the throne on October 21, 1894 after the death of his father. On February 27, 1917, Nicholas II, under pressure from the high military command, renounced the throne. On 03/08/1917 he was "imprisoned". After the Bolsheviks came to power, the regime of his maintenance was sharply strengthened, and in April 1918 the royal family was transferred to Yekaterinburg, where they were placed in the house of mining engineer N. Ipatiev. On the eve of the fall of Soviet power in the Urals, a decision was made in Moscow to execute Nicholas II and his family. The murder was entrusted to Yurovsky and his deputy Nikulin. The royal family and all close associates and servants were killed on the night of 16 July 17, 1918, the execution took place in a small room on the ground floor, where the victims were brought under the pretext of evacuation. According to the official version, the decision to kill the royal family was made by the Ural Council, which feared the approach of Czechoslovak troops. However, in recent years it became known that Nicholas II, his wife and children were killed on the direct orders of V. Lenin and Y. Sverdlov. After the remains of the royal family were discovered and, by decision of the Russian government, on July 17, 1998, they were buried in the tomb of the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg. The Russian Orthodox Church Abroad canonized Nicholas II as a saint.