Hematological blood test decoding table. Deciphering the general blood test of adult men and women. Deviations of what indicators of blood pressure indicate pathology of the heart

A complete blood count (CBC) is a medical study that almost every person has had to deal with. People have an inherent curiosity that they try to satisfy, especially when it comes to their health. In polyclinics it is not uncommon to see a sympathetic therapist explain in detail to the patient all the implications of his analysis.

How to decipher without the help of a specialist a general clinical blood test obtained from a hematological analyzer? It is not enough to read Latin letters and digital symbols - knowledge is needed in order to decipher such information. Fortunately, there is the Internet and it contains everything you need to decode any information. Online decryption is available on many resources of the World Wide Web, it can be used by a person who does not have special knowledge.

General (clinical) blood test

What is a complete blood count and why is it called clinical? Complete blood count - diagnosis of the patient's health status using laboratory methods for studying blood parameters - white and red cells. Such a blood test is called clinical because this examination is included in the group of general clinical research methods.

When is clinical analysis prescribed?

The purpose of the general analysis is to provide generalized information about the physiological state of the patient. When a person complains about his state of health, the doctor examines the patient. The examination procedure is the first stage in the diagnosis of the patient. Based on the data obtained, the doctor forms the primary clinical picture of the patient's health status. The second stage is diagnostics based on physiological parameters - blood, feces, urine tests.

The interpretation of the results by the general practitioner is compared with the findings of the initial examination and, as a result, the treatment and regimen are prescribed. In cases where the doctor has doubts, he can prescribe additional examinations, for example, a biochemical blood test, ultrasound diagnostics, serological analysis, and an analysis of thyroid hormones.

With the help of a general analysis, a diagnostician can identify such ailments as:

• leukemia;
• anemia of various types;
• problems with viscosity and blood clotting;
• infectious invasions of various etiologies;
• inflammatory process.

Even a child can describe the procedure for taking blood - a laboratory assistant pierces a finger bundle with a scarifier (a needle for piercing the skin), brushes off the first drop of blood with a cotton swab, then draws blood into test tubes with a glass adapter. In some cases, the laboratory assistant can take the material using a vacuum or closed scarifier - such tools are already found in laboratory practice.

Attention! A detailed clinical analysis involves actions that require blood of a special quality and in a larger volume, so blood for it can be taken from the cubital (ulnar) vein.

How to prepare for a general blood test?

In many first-aid posts and polyclinics, thematic posters and wall newspapers hang - it is always useful to read them for self-educational purposes. They contain the rules for visiting a doctor on the eve of blood sampling. Usually people sitting in line to the doctor, trying to somehow occupy themselves, read this information. While the patient has read everything, the queue approaches and time passes unnoticed.

Does the age and sex of the patient play a role in deciphering the complete blood count?

Deciphering the general blood test, in addition to general values, takes into account additional factors - age and gender.

When deciphering the values ​​​​in the general blood test, be sure to pay attention to the age of the person - the indicators of the child are seriously different from the adult. Children have a different metabolism, different digestion, different immunity, and their blood has a different composition. With age, the situation changes. A child ceases to be considered as such after a hormonal restructuring of the body: in girls, this happens at 11-13 years old; for boys - at 12-14 years old. Moreover, a sufficient period of time is needed for the child's body to form completely. The period of life of children before hormonal changes is called prepubertal in medicine, after - puberty.

The norms of general analysis for women also have their own characteristics, their difference from men's is not very significant, but there are some nuances: a) the menstrual cycle; b) gestation (pregnancy).

Attention! Menstruation is a limiting factor for donating blood for a general analysis. The doctor must be warned about the monthly cycle and wait for his decision.

Deciphering a blood test using a table

The decoding of a clinical blood test is based on normal indicators, thanks to which you can find out about the presence of pathological changes in the patient's body. The norms of a clinical blood test are indicated in the table. Separately, a table is given for adults (for women and men) and for children.

Attention! The information in the tables is published for informational and self-educational purposes only. It is approximate and cannot be a reason for starting self-treatment. If a person is sick, he should see a doctor!

Attention! In the tables, the most common units of measurement for the results of a general blood test were given. Some research medical centers may vary these values, which are indicated in relation to the qualitative and quantitative component of the study. Because of this, it is necessary to decipher the results carefully.

Parameters of the general clinical blood test

Indicators of a general blood test can be conditionally divided into three groups: leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets. Each of these groups has its own subgroups: in the first - granulocytic (basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils) and agranulocytic (lymphocytes and monocytes); in the second - erythrocytes plus ESR, hemoglobin plus hematocrit and color indicator; in the third - platelets plus thrombocrit.

Leukocytes

Erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, ESR, color index

Erythrocytes are red blood cells. Visually, these are scarlet-colored plates, concave in the middle. The form of erythrocytes that we have described is the form of normal erythrocytes; there are forms that indicate pathological abnormalities in the structure of red blood cells as a result of severe hereditary diseases, infection (sickle red blood cells are a symptom of malaria), and metabolic abnormalities. The red color of erythrocytes is given by the pigment protein hemoglobin, its main property is the retention of iron atoms in its structure. Thanks to iron, hemoglobin is able to bind oxygen and oxygen oxide - this ability allows you to carry out metabolic processes in cells. Oxygen is an important participant in many biochemical processes in the body.

General analysis, studying the state of erythrocytes, is interested, first of all, how much hemoglobin is in an erythrocyte. For this, methods of ESR and color index have been developed. ESR - which means "erythrocyte sedimentation rate." Hemoglobin is a heavy protein, and if you collect blood in a test tube, then, after an hour, the red blood cells will descend in relation to the interstitial fluid. By the rate of sedimentation and the depth of subsidence of red cells, one can conclude how much hemoglobin is contained in erythrocytes and what quality it is - normal or with a defect. There are no clear standards in this procedure - further diagnosis will depend on the interpretation of other clinical data.

Attention! The mass fraction of red blood cells relative to a unit volume of blood is called hematocrit.

The color indicator also examines the hemoglobin content in red blood cells. The laboratory assistant, studying erythrocytes under a microscope, looks at the center of the red cell (hemoglobin is concentrated there): if the erythrocyte has a transparent center, this will be evidence of the absence of hemoglobin in the cell or dysfunction of the peptide chain (hypochromia); if the center is orange, hemoglobin is normal (normochromia); if the center of the cell merges in color with the body of the erythrocyte, hemoglobin is in excess (hyperchromia).

Platelets, thrombocrit

Platelets are cells that play an important role in the blood clotting process. Platelets do not have a nucleus. Structurally, platelets are a piece of the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes, so their study provides a lot of information about the state of the bone marrow. The number of platelets in the blood, their qualitative composition is an important clinical marker of the bone marrow.

The norms of a general blood test for platelets are 180-320 in 10 9 cells per liter. The total number of platelets, as well as erythrocytes, is measured in absolute terms relative to a unit of blood volume. This parameter is called "thrombocrit".

The norms of blood tests in adults can depend on many different factors: weight, gender, season, the presence of chronic diseases, diet, and much more. For the initial assessment, a table of blood tests can be used - the norm in it is presented as an average value. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust according to individual parameters. So, having examined the general blood test and its norms in the table, it can be found that the level of hemoglobin is slightly increased. This may be due to smoking or active sports. Muscle mass must be taken into account. But the main norms of blood test indicators in the table correspond to the average statistical norm, therefore, if the deviations do not exceed 5% in one direction or another, then they are interpreted as a variant of the norm.

Table of the norm of the general clinical blood test

The table of the norm of a clinical blood test will help determine the likely deviation in one direction or another. However, only a comparison of several indicators will help to reliably assess the state of health. This is one of the most common methods of examination, which allows the doctor to find out the causes of some symptoms and identify some diseases of the blood and other organs. To conduct a complete blood count, capillary blood from a finger or blood from a vein is usually taken. Carrying out a general blood test does not require any special preparation, however, it is recommended to take blood for this examination in the morning on an empty stomach. The following is a table of the norm of a general blood test in an adult with an average body weight.

The table shows the indicators of the normal number of blood elements. In different laboratories, these values ​​\u200b\u200bmay differ, therefore, in order to find out whether the blood test values ​​are exactly within the norm, it is necessary to find out the reference values ​​\u200b\u200bof the laboratory in which the blood test was performed.

Biochemical blood test: norms in the table

A biochemical blood test of its norm in the table allows you to assess the condition of internal organs: kidneys, liver, pancreas. This laboratory research method is used in all areas of medicine and reflects the functional state of various organs and systems. A biochemical blood test is taken from a vein on an empty stomach. Before the study, you do not need to eat, drink or take medications. If you need to take medication, you should consult with your doctor, who will give more accurate recommendations.

After receiving the test results, do not self-medicate. It may be dangerous. Seek advice from your physician.

Blood consists of a liquid part - plasma, as well as cells (shaped elements), the concentration of which can vary significantly under various pathological conditions. Deciphering a clinical blood test allows you to judge the possible presence or absence of inflammation, intoxication of the body, dehydration (dehydration), bleeding, cancer, diseases of the hematopoietic system, etc.

What blood tests are done?

Modern laboratory diagnostics is based mainly on blood tests. The indicators of this main binding substance of the body can tell a lot about the state of human health. The most informative - and therefore most often carried out - are biochemical and general blood tests.

What is a general blood test?

A complete blood count is one of the most important clinical studies, which is carried out for most diseases, as well as as part of a preventive examination (dispanserization). In the diagnosis of blood diseases, this test plays a leading role.

Important:a general blood test from a finger is taken on an empty stomach in the morning. In order to avoid distortion of the results for 8 hours, you can not eat, and you can only drink water.

Before a blood test, it is not allowed to take drinks containing alcohol, as well as tea, andjuices.

Traditionally, blood sampling is carried out from the ring finger, puncturing the skin with a sterile scarifier to a depth of 2-3 mm. The first drop is usually removed with a cotton swab, then blood is drawn to determine the level of hemoglobin and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, the next portion is to determine the number of white and red blood cells. Smears for microscopy are made using glasses.

Laboratory research involves:

• determination of the number of various shaped elements (cells);
• establishment of the main parameters of blood cells (size, type, etc.);
• measurement of the level (concentration) of hemoglobin;
• determination of the leukocyte formula;
• determination of hematocrit.

Main indicators of UAC

Hematocrit is a percentage that determines the volumetric ratio of cell mass to plasma. Erythrocyte indices reflect the main characteristics of red blood cells.

Hemoglobin (HGB)- this is a "respiratory pigment" - a compound of iron and protein, which is responsible for transporting oxygen to organs and tissues.

note: a physiological decrease in the level of hemoglobin is possible in babies of the first year of life.

A low level of hemoglobin indicates the development of anemia (anemia).

Important:anemia often develops against the background of blood loss, impaired formation of red cells, or with their accelerated destruction. It can be a clinical manifestation of a number of pathologies or be an independent disease.

red blood cells(RBC) are highly differentiated cellular elements. They lack nuclei, and the intracellular space is filled with hemoglobin.

The color index of erythrocytes reflects the level of respiratory pigment in these red blood cells.

Mean red cell volume (MCV)- This is an indicator that is used in the diagnosis of various types of anemia. Also, in the differential diagnosis of types of anemia, an indicator reflecting the average content of hemoglobin in erythrocytes is certainly taken into account.

RBC distribution by size (RDW) allows you to set the degree of anisocytosis, i.e. the presence of red cells of various volumes.

Reticulocytes called young forms of red cells.

Platelets(PLT)- These are the cells that are formed in the red bone marrow and are responsible for the process of blood clotting. In the granules of these non-nuclear shaped elements, there are coagulation factors and biologically active substances that are released when platelets are activated. These cells can attach to the walls of blood vessels and to each other, forming a clot that "plugs" damage to the vascular walls. The duration of the existence of a platelet in the blood is no more than 1-1.5 weeks. An increase in bleeding develops if the concentration of these cells is less than 50x10 3 . Such conditions can pose a serious threat to the life of the patient.

note: in the blood test of a pregnant woman, the number of platelets is reduced, which is the norm. Physiological thrombocytopenia is also recorded in women during menstruation. The number of these cells increases with physical activity.

ESR is the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. In women, this indicator is normally higher than in men, which is explained by regular physiological blood loss. An increase in ESR may indicate the presence of an inflammatory process, the presence of infectious agents in the body, or intoxication.

Leukocytes (WBC) are white blood cells produced in the lymphatic system and bone marrow. They protect the body by recognizing and neutralizing foreign agents, as well as their own cells that have undergone pathological changes. Leukocytosis (an increase in the number of leukocytes), as a rule, indicates the development of an inflammatory process. In particular, leukocytes include neutrophils (stab and segmented), basophils, eosinophils, monocytes (large white cells) and lymphocytes (elements responsible for acquired).

An increase in the number of eosinophils often indicates helminthic invasions or the presence of diseases of an allergic origin.

The results of the blood test are prepared in the laboratory within one day.

Normal performance

Only a doctor can interpret the results, that is, make any conclusions based on the data obtained in the course of a laboratory blood test. However, some conclusions can be drawn by comparing your complete blood count from a finger with the reference (normal) values ​​​​in the tables below.

Important:the results of an adult blood test differ from the results of this study in a child.

Table of norms for a blood test in adults:

Table for deciphering a blood test in children (normal):

What do the deviations indicate?

A cause for concern may be leukocytosis, i.e. an increase in the number of white blood cells.

The reason for the increase in the number of leukocytes are pathologies such as:

• bacterial infections accompanied by purulent inflammation;
• any ;
• blood diseases (leukemia).

If leukocytosis occurs, then this is the reason for a deep and comprehensive medical examination. If infectious diseases are suspected, a blood test for antibodies may be additionally performed.

Important: it should be borne in mind that the number of leukocytes may temporarily increase in the postoperative period, after vaccination, as well as after eating or significant physical activity.

Leukopenia (a decrease in the number of leukocytes) is often due to a lack of vitamins, unfavorable environmental conditions or viral infections. As a rule, it is not a cause for serious concern.

ESR depends on the positive charge of red blood cells, due to which they repel each other. In some pathologies, red blood cells lose their charge, as a result of which they begin to settle faster.

You should be examined if the indicator is 3-5 times higher than normal values.

The reason for the increase in ESR may be:

• kidney disease - inflammation of the renal pelvis () or glomeruli (glomerulonephritis);
• bacterial (pneumonia);
• foci of purulent inflammation (abscesses and phlegmon);
• (generalized process);
• inflammatory diseases of the pancreas, gallbladder and other organs of the digestive system;
• diseases of rheumatic (autoimmune) origin - rheumatoid arthritis and SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus);
• malignant neoplasms.

Important: to exclude cancer, a special clinical blood test for tumor markers is performed.

Women should not worry if the erythrocyte sedimentation rate increases before the onset of menstruation - this is a physiological norm. The indicator is also increased during pregnancy (from week 5) and returns to normal only by the fourth week after the baby is born.

Thrombocytopenia refers to a decrease in the number of platelets below 100 × 109/L.

Possible causes of thrombocytopenia may include:

• acute infectious diseases;
• aplastic form of anemia;
• malignant blood diseases (leukemia).

note: special vigilance should be exercised when detecting a decrease in the number of platelets in the blood test of pregnant women. One of the causes of the pathology is the antiphospholipid syndrome, which quite often leads to miscarriage.

Thrombocytosis (an increase in the number of these cells) indicates the possible presence of the following pathologies:

• acute inflammation;
• exacerbation of a chronic inflammatory process;
• amyloidosis (impaired protein metabolism);
• malignant tumors.

note : there is no reason to worry if thrombocytosis is recorded in the postoperative period or after significant physical exertion.

A decrease in hemoglobin levels with a high degree of probability indicates iron deficiency anemia.

Reasons for low hemoglobin levels may include:

• hypovitaminosis of vitamin B12, due to a violation of its absorption (typical for patients suffering from atrophic gastritis and for elderly and senile people);
• lack of animal products in the diet (vegetarian diet);
• period of pregnancy and lactation;
• regular blood loss (including physiological during menstruation).

Blood performs a transport function - it supplies cells with oxygen and other necessary substances, takes away carbon dioxide and metabolic products. It includes plasma and formed elements, the ratio and amount of which can tell a lot about the state of health.

Below we will describe in detail the indications and features of a general blood test - a table of norms in adults, a transcript of the results and the values ​​​​of deviations upward or downward.

What is analysis for?

A general clinical blood test is carried out to identify most pathologies of an infectious, inflammatory, malignant nature.

With its help, the effectiveness of treatment is assessed, it is an obligatory part of the examination when the patient enters the hospital and during a preventive examination.

A general blood test is needed to determine the number of erythrocytes, the concentration of hemoglobin in them and the sedimentation rate, the number and composition of leukocytes and platelets, the ratio of the number of cellular and liquid components.

These indicators can tell a lot about the state of the body and help diagnose pathologies in the early stages.

Decoding and norm of a general blood test in adults

In a general clinical blood test, the level of the following elements is determined:

• erythrocytes and their average volume;
• hemoglobin;
• hematocrit;
• average amount and percentage concentration of hemoglobin in erythrocytes;
• reticulocytes;
• anisocytosis of erythrocytes;
• platelets and their average volume;
• leukocytes;

The leukocyte formula is written in detail, including values ​​for six types of white blood cells: eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils, stab and segmented neutrophils.

Table 1. The norm of the result of a general clinical blood test

Table 2. Leukocyte formula (norm)

red blood cells

Their increased content is detected with hypoxia, dehydration, heart defects, excess steroid hormones and dysfunction of the adrenal cortex, erythremia.

Decrease - with anemia, acute blood loss, in the II-III trimester of pregnancy, chronic inflammation, as well as pathologies of the bone marrow.

Hemoglobin

Many diseases are associated with disturbances in the volume and structure of hemoglobin. A decrease in its level is detected with anemia, bleeding, tumors, damage to the kidneys, bone marrow. An increase may indicate a thickening of the blood due to dehydration, erythremia, iron supplementation.

Hematocrit

This indicator is the ratio of red blood cells and plasma, it determines the degree of development of anemia. Hematocrit is high with dehydration, polycythemia, peritonitis, extensive burns.

The decrease accompanies anemia, cancer, chronic inflammation, late pregnancy, starvation, chronic hyperazotemia, pathologies of the heart, blood vessels and kidneys.

The ratio of the amount of hemoglobin in one erythrocyte to the normal value reflects the color (or color) indicator. Its decrease is detected in lead poisoning, anemia in pregnant women and iron deficiency anemia.

Above the norm, the CPU rises with a deficiency of vitamins B12 and B9, gastric polyposis and cancer.

RBC anisocytosis

This is the presence in the blood of erythrocytes of various diameters (mature - 7-8 microns, and microcytes - up to 6.7 microns), which indicates the development of anemia. Depending on their ratio, different pathological conditions are determined.

With iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, thalassemia, the level of microcytes is 30-50%, and with a lack of folic acid, diffuse liver damage, macrocytic anemia, alcoholism, bone marrow metastases, it exceeds 50%.

Platelets

These cells are responsible for blood clotting. Their number decreases with leukemia, AIDS and other viral diseases, some genetic pathologies, aplastic anemia, bone marrow lesions, bacterial infections, drug, chemical, alcohol poisoning.

There are fewer platelets in the blood due to treatment with antibiotics, analgesics, estrogens, prednisolone, nitroglycerin, antiallergic drugs and vitamin K. An increase in the number of these cells is observed in the following cases:

• osteomyelitis;
• colitis;
• tuberculosis;
• erythremia;
• joint diseases;
• myelofibrosis;
• bleeding;
• cancerous tumors;
• cirrhosis of the liver;
• corticosteroid therapy;
• hemolytic anemia;
• after operations.

During pregnancy, menstruation, in the postpartum period, the rate at which red blood cells settle is higher than usual. This indicator is also high in diseases of the liver, kidneys, connective tissue, trauma, infectious pathologies in acute and chronic form, inflammatory processes, anemia, poisoning and oncological diseases.

A decrease in ESR occurs with impaired blood circulation, anaphylactic shock, diseases of the heart and blood vessels.

Average platelet volume

There are young and old platelets in the blood, the former are always larger, the latter decrease in size. Their life span is 10 days. The lower the MPV value, the less mature, aged platelets in the bloodstream, and vice versa. Deviations in the ratio of such cells of different ages helps to diagnose many diseases.

An increase in MPV can be provoked by diabetes mellitus, thrombocytodystrophy, blood pathologies (systemic lupus), splenectomy, alcoholism, myeloid leukemia, vascular atherosclerosis, thalassemia (a genetic disorder in the structure of hemoglobin), May-Hegglin syndrome, posthemorrhagic anemia.

Below the norm, this indicator falls due to radiation therapy, with cirrhosis of the liver, anemia (plastic and megaloblastic), Wiskot-Aldrich syndrome.

Leukocytes

Leukocytosis is an increase, and leukopenia is a decrease in the number of leukocytes in plasma. White blood cells engulf disease-causing bacteria, viruses, and other foreign objects and produce antibodies that recognize pathogens. Leukocytosis is physiological and pathological.

In the first case, the reasons for the increase are food intake, pregnancy and childbirth, premenstrual syndrome, physical activity and mental stress, hypothermia or overheating.

Of the pathologies, an increase in the WBC index can be caused by hypoxia, suppuration, severe blood loss, intoxication or allergies, blood diseases, burns, epilepsy, the administration of insulin or adrenaline hormones, and a malignant tumor.

Leukopenia occurs with radiation sickness, systemic lupus erythematosus, poisoning, cirrhosis of the liver, cancerous metastases in the bone marrow, lymphogranulomatosis, functional nervous disorders, leukemia, acromegaly, bone marrow hypoplasia, due to the intake of certain drugs.

The level of leukocytes also decreases with infectious and inflammatory pathologies - influenza, hepatitis, malaria, measles, colitis and others.

Features during pregnancy

In women who are expecting a child, the volume of blood circulating in the body increases, and the level of formed elements changes somewhat. During the gestation period, the study is carried out at least four times. Below is a table - the norm of a general blood test during pregnancy.

Indications for the appointment of a general blood test

Conducting a general (clinical) blood test is indicated for the diagnosis of:

• anemia;
• inflammatory and infectious diseases;
• malignant tumors;
• functional states of the body;
• blood diseases and systemic pathologies.

It is necessary for regular monitoring of chronically ill people, if complications arise during therapy and with prolonged recovery. In healthy children and adults, a general blood test should be performed once a year for preventive purposes.

Anemia, erythrocytosis, neutropenia, or other conditions depend on which blood cells are abnormal.

How is a general blood test performed in adults?

The delivery of a general blood test is carried out on an empty stomach in the morning, with the exception of emergency cases - heart attack, appendicitis and other urgent conditions.

Before donating, you don’t need to smoke, be stressed, you can drink some clean water, you can’t take alcohol for 3-4 days. On the day of the analysis, you should not allow large physical activity.

For research, capillary blood from the ring finger or venous blood taken from the cubital vein is used - in this case, along with a general analysis, it is possible to conduct a study on infections, hormones and other indicators.

• When taken from the finger, the first drop is removed with a cotton ball, and the next ones go for analysis. You can’t rub or knead your fingers before donating - this can cause an increase in leukocytes and a change in other values.

Complete blood count is perhaps the most common method of laboratory diagnosis. In a modern civilized society, there is practically not a single person who would not have to repeatedly donate blood for a general analysis.

After all, this study is carried out not only for sick people, but also for completely healthy people during scheduled medical examinations at work, in educational institutions, and in the army.

And for various diseases, a complete blood count is mandatory and is included in the standard of any clinical research.

Hematocrit- this is the percentage of formed elements, dry residue to the total volume of blood. This dry residue is mainly represented by erythrocytes - the effect of other formed elements on hematocrit is not significant due to their relatively low content.

Normally, in men, the hematocrit is in the range of 39 - 49%, in women - 35 - 45%.

A decrease in hematocrit is most often due to blood loss, and an increase indicates blood clotting. The color indicator is the degree of saturation of the erythrocyte with hemoglobin. Normally, it ranges from 0.85 to 1.15. This indicator decreases with hypochromic iron deficiency anemia.

Leukocytes

Leukocytes are white blood cells. The main function of leukocytes is to protect the body from infection, pathological external influences, and neutralize various toxins.

In 1l. blood contains from 4 to 9 X 10 9 leukocytes.

An increase in the number of leukocytes (leukocytosis) is observed in many pathological conditions - infections, poisoning, injuries, diseases of internal organs, after blood loss and surgical interventions. Also, leukocytosis is noted during pregnancy, after abundant fatty foods and physical activity. A decrease in the number of leukocytes (leukopenia) is observed in debilitated and malnourished patients, after prolonged use of certain drugs. Leukopenia indicates a low resistance of the body and the danger of infectious diseases.

Leukocytes are not homogeneous in composition. The percentage of their varieties is displayed in the so-called. leukocyte formula.

• Eosinophils 0-5
• Basophils 0-1
• Neutrophils
• Band 1-5
• Segmented 47-72

• Lymphocytes 21-38
• Monocytes 4-10

All leukocytes are divided into 2 types - granulocytes and agranulocytes.

Granulocytes have a specific granularity in their cytoplasm. This granularity can be stained with acidic (eosinophils), basic (basophils), and neutral (neutrophils) stains.

In agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes) such granularity is absent.

An increase in the level of eosinophils is observed with helminthic invasions, tuberculosis and various allergic conditions, including bronchial asthma. The absence of eosinophils (aneosinophilia) is detected in infectious diseases, anemia, severe injuries, after surgical interventions. The number of basophils has no significant clinical significance.

Neutrophils- the most numerous (in adults) type of leukocytes. Their function is to neutralize microbial cells and foreign particles by phagocytosis. Neutrophils themselves can be mature (segmented) and maturing (stab). An increase in the number of neutrophils is observed with infections, mainly bacterial, trauma, myocardial infarction, and malignant tumors. In severe diseases, mainly stab neutrophils increase - the so-called. stab shift to the left. In especially severe conditions, purulent processes and sepsis, young forms can be found in the blood - promyelocytes and myelocytes, which should not normally be present. Also, with severe processes in neutrophils, toxic granularity is detected.

An increase in the level of lymphocytes is observed with viral infections - influenza, viral hepatitis, rubella, as well as with tumors of the hematopoietic organs. The function of monocytes is phagocytosis. They increase with tuberculosis, syphilis, rheumatism, diseases of the hematopoietic organs. The reasons for the decrease in the level of agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes) are serious illnesses leading to exhaustion of the patient, long-term use of certain drugs.

Platelets

These are platelets, thanks to which blood coagulation and bleeding stop (hemostasis) is carried out.

Normally in 1l. blood contains from 200 to 300x10 9 .

A decrease in this indicator (thrombocytopenia) is observed with viral and bacterial infections, after blood loss and massive injuries, with some diseases of the connective tissue, with bone marrow tumors.

Thrombocytopenia is a dangerous sign indicating the risk of massive bleeding.

An increase in platelets (thrombocytosis) develops after removal of the spleen, surgical interventions, with malignant tumors. Thrombocytosis may also be secondary to hemodilution. The main danger of thrombocytosis is thrombosis, intravascular coagulation, leading to severe damage to organs and tissues. It should be noted that the level of platelets in the general blood test does not provide an exhaustive picture of blood coagulation. This requires another blood test - a coagulogram.

Conclusion

In conclusion, it should be noted that the data of the general blood test are mostly non-specific. And on the basis of this study alone, it is hardly possible to make a diagnosis. The existing deviations serve as a reason for a more in-depth diagnosis. In addition, the norms of general analysis are too different for both sexes and different age categories. This can be seen in the example of children, in whom the blood picture in the norm can differ significantly from that in adults. And the standards themselves are reviewed from time to time by clinicians and laboratory assistants. Therefore, in different sources you can find values ​​\u200b\u200bthat are slightly different from each other.

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