Diseases in the oral cavity. How to treat an infection in the mouth? What factors affect the condition of the human mucosa

The state of the oral cavity (teeth, mucosa, gums, tongue) is an indicator of the work of many internal organs. It is affected by:

• long-term use of various medications (primarily antibiotics);
• immune failure (and in the case of HIV, AIDS);
• inflammatory processes of teeth and gums, gastrointestinal tract, other internal organs;
• unbalanced diet;
• bad habits;
• avitaminosis;
• dehydration of the body;
• hormonal disorders and a host of other factors.

So, in the list of diseases of the oral cavity in adults and children, dentists include pathologies of the oral mucosa, dental diseases and gum disease.

infections

The classification of diseases of the oral cavity involves the allocation of a separate group of inflammatory processes of an infectious and viral nature.

So, the main "representative" of this class of mucosal diseases is stomatitis. As a rule, the appearance of painful rashes, ulcerative lesions, plaque on the tongue, the inside of the cheeks is a consequence of poor home oral hygiene. In some cases, angina leads to stomatitis, malfunctions of the organs of the digestive tract.

Pathological changes in the oral mucosa are alarming signals of the body, announcing both the dysfunction of internal organs and local dental diseases

Types of stomatitis:

• catarrhal (swelling of the entire oral mucosa and tongue, pain during meals, a characteristic yellow coating on the palate of the gums, tongue);
• ulcerative (erosive lesions of the oral mucosa in combination with systemic symptoms - an increase in regional lymph nodes, aching bones and joints, weakness, malaise, dizziness). Patients with signs of ulcerative stomatitis undergo additional diagnostics of diseases of the intestines and stomach (enteritis, ulcers);
• aphthous. The mucous membrane of the mouth and lips is covered with multiple ulcers (aphthae). The causes of this form of viral disease of the oral mucosa are poor hygiene, rheumatism, pathological disorders of the intestines, stomach, and allergies. The course of aphthous stomatitis is accompanied by such changes in the mucosa as redness, swelling, and only then ulceration.

Important! The list of oral diseases of a viral nature includes ulcerative necrotic stomatitis and secondary manifestations of sexually transmitted infections. But first of all, herpes must be “sent” to this group of pathologies. In this case, there is a lesion of the oral mucosa with multiple bubbles filled with transparent exudate (liquid), which can also spread to the lips and skin of the face.

candidiasis

Fungal diseases of the oral cavity are represented by candidiasis. The causative agent is a yeast fungus of the Candida group. This "harmful agent" is activated against the background of an immune failure, hypothermia, and disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. There are several types of candidiasis of the oral mucosa:

• Acute pseudomembranous. Classic manifestations: increased dryness of the lips, cheeks, tongue, palate, burning and itching on the mucosa. Patients experience discomfort during eating, diction, curdled plaque on the mucosa. This form of candidiasis can develop against the background of diabetes mellitus, blood diseases, beriberi.
• Atrophic (acute form). Symptoms: redness, dryness of the mucosa, whitish coating on the gums, cheeks, tongue.
• Atrophic (chronic form). The reason is the long wear of poorly fitting prostheses. Signs: inflamed hyperemic mucosa, seizures in the corners of the mouth.
• Hyperplastic. "Identification mark" - knots, plaques, covering the palate, cheeks, tongue with a dense layer. When trying to clean off the plaque, bleeding ulcers form.

Stomatitis (ulcerative, catarrhal, atrophic) is the most common infectious and inflammatory disease of the oral mucosa.

red lichen

This is another common infection in the mouth. "Trigger" - weakened immunity, chronic diseases of the digestive system, diabetes. Manifestations: mucosal hyperemia, plaques, vesicles, erosion, localized not only on the oral mucosa, but also on the skin of the face (body).

Dysbacteriosis of the oral cavity

The list of diseases of the oral mucosa also includes local dysbacteriosis. The deficiency of beneficial and the predominance of pathogenic bacteria is the result of improper antibacterial treatment and (or) the abuse of antiseptic solutions for the treatment of the oral cavity. Symptoms of dysbacteriosis: bad breath, dryness, cracked lips and tongue, reduced salivation, exacerbation of other dental pathologies.

Glossitis

Infectious diseases of the oral cavity in children, adults, elderly patients are also represented by glossitis. This is an inflammation of the tongue, which is usually caused by streptococcus. The clinical picture of glossitis (“geographic tongue”) is very bright: the mucous membrane is covered with multiple ulcers, reddens, swells, becomes painful during meals and outside the functional load.

Important! Glossitis is primary (caused by injuries of the tongue with fillings, crowns, local dental problems), secondary (inflammation is provoked by diseases of the digestive tract, hormonal disorders).

salivary gland dysfunction

Xerotomia (dry mouth) is another common dental problem. May be the result of diabetes mellitus, dysfunction of the salivary glands, endocrine failure, systemic and local allergic reactions. "Identification marks" of xerotomy are overdrying of the mucous membrane, local inflammation, itching, burning on the cheeks, gums, tongue. The salivary glands and/or submandibular lymph nodes may become inflamed.

Gastritis, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, enteritis and other diseases of the digestive system "leave their mark" on the oral mucosa. Cheilitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the lips. It occurs against the background of hormonal disorders, its “culprits” are often oral infections, allergies, deficiency of B vitamins in the body, prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation, and neurological factors. Cheilitis "declares itself" with painful ulcers in the corners of the lips, swelling and redness of the mucosa.

Diseases of the teeth and gums

Infectious diseases of the oral mucosa are far from all the troubles that patients have to face. Factors such as immune failure, malnutrition, bad habits, injuries and inflammation of the mucosa, allergies, poor oral care lead to a lot of “local” problems that only a dentist can handle.

The first representative of this group of diseases is periodontal disease (destructive changes in periodontal tissue). It can be asymptomatic, eventually flows into periodontitis (inflammatory process). This is facilitated by metabolic disorders, concomitant neuro-somatic diseases, insufficient amount of fibrous roughage in the diet.

Poor home and neglect of professional oral hygiene lead to diseases of the teeth, gums, infectious lesions of the mucosa

Important! Periodontitis is a common complication of gingivitis (inflammation of the gums). The latter “declares itself” by bleeding gums during hygiene procedures or eating, bad breath, a powerful layer of bacterial plaque on the enamel. Advanced stages of gingivitis are fraught with abscesses, severe swelling of the soft tissues of the oral cavity, pain and loosening of the teeth.

The list of the most common dental diseases includes caries and pulpitis. These pathologies cause the destruction of enamel, after - dentin and soft tissue formation of the tooth (pulp). As a rule, poor oral hygiene, the accumulation of powerful bacterial plaque, and “stagnant” tartar lead to caries.

Crayfish

Oncological diseases can also develop in the oral cavity. So, there is cancer of the cheeks, the bottom of the mouth, tongue, alveolar process, palate. Malignant pathologies in the mouth come in three forms:

• Knotty (a seal appears on the mucosa with clear edges, its color does not change or is covered with whitish spots). The innovation is growing rapidly.
• Ulcerative (one or more ulcers form on the soft tissues of the oral cavity, which hurt, bleed heavily, and heal poorly).
• Papillary (dense homogeneous tumor, as a rule, hanging to the mouth floor) Color, structure of the mucosa remain unchanged.

Malignant neoplasms can affect various parts of the oral cavity, as a rule, develop in immunocompromised patients and smokers. Cancer of the oral cavity actively metastasizes, most often spreading to nearby submandibular nodes. Distant metastases (lung, liver, brain) are rare.

The risk zone for developing malignant tumors in the mouth includes:

• smokers;
• those who abuse alcoholic beverages;
• people whose oral mucosa is constantly injured by poorly polished fillings or not very carefully fitted prostheses;
• patients infected with human papillomavirus;
• patients with weak immunity, as well as those suffering from beriberi.

Diagnosis and treatment

Chronic diseases of the oral mucosa are easily determined visually during a dental examination. If necessary, the doctor directs the patient to an x-ray, a number of laboratory tests (bacterial culture from the throat, tongue), general and biochemical blood tests, etc. If the doctor determines that dental diseases are of a secondary nature, he sends the patient to a gastroenterologist, otolaryngologist, neuropathologist and other narrow specialists.

Treatment of diseases of the oral cavity depends on the causes, form, severity of the course, the characteristics of the patient's body and other factors. It happens that in order to cope with unpleasant symptoms and avoid complications, a simple hygienic cleaning in the dentist's office is enough. Caries and pulpitis - indications for the removal of affected foci of enamel, dentin, antiseptic treatment of "affected" units, the installation of fillings (crowns).

Diseases of an infectious-inflammatory nature require local, systemic anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and sometimes antibiotic therapy. With glossitis, cheilitis, xerotomia, a thorough diagnosis of the state of the digestive tract is always carried out, endocrine disorders are excluded. Such diseases are usually secondary, so the main treatment is aimed at eliminating the root cause of abnormal changes in the state of the mucosa.

It is necessary to fight herpes in the mouth (and other diseases of a viral nature) with systemic and local antiviral agents, the treatment of candidiasis, stomatitis is carried out with antifungal, anti-inflammatory drugs in combination with symptomatic agents (antiseptics, painkillers, natural mouthwash solutions with soothing, astringent properties) .

Important! Cancer lesions of the oral mucosa are subject to surgical treatment followed by chemotherapy, radiation therapy.

Bad habits, unbalanced diet, weak immunity - "provocateurs" of dental diseases

Complications and prevention

With untimely treatment (or lack thereof), diseases of the oral cavity lead to partial or complete adentia, the spread of inflammation (infection) in the gastrointestinal tract, upper respiratory tract and a host of other problems. To avoid problems with teeth, gums, oral mucosa, you must:

• strengthen immunity;
• carefully monitor the condition of the oral cavity, observe the rules of hygiene;
• visit the dentist regularly;
• rational and balanced diet;
• avoid stress;
• monitor the hormonal background, the work of the digestive tract, treat all chronic diseases in a timely manner.

If the first abnormal changes in the state of the oral mucosa (hyperemia, swelling, plaque, rash), toothache, bleeding and sensitivity of the gums are detected, it is necessary to seek medical help from a dentist.

Among all the health problems that arise in the life of every person, diseases of the oral cavity occupy a separate place. Traditionally, many people treat them quite lightly, neglecting not only prevention, but even timely treatment. Knowledge of the main probable diseases of the mouth and their features will allow the patient to receive the necessary therapy in time and avoid complications.

Given the density of the location of various functional areas in the oral cavity and their high vulnerability due to constant contact with various pathogens, differential diagnosis comes to the fore. This is due to the fact that many diseases of the oral cavity have a similar set of clinical manifestations, which is why often the final diagnosis can only be made on the basis of microscopic examination of samples taken from the affected areas.

The most simple and obvious classification of this group of diseases distributes them according to the principle of localization into three main types:

• periodontal disease;
• diseases of the rest of the mucosa (including the tongue).

Diseases of the teeth.

The first type is considered the most common, because every person faces plaque, caries or tooth loss, starting from the early years of his life. Periodontal diseases are somewhat less common, as they represent a rather narrow range of diseases that affect the tissues around the teeth.

Pathologies of the rest of the oral mucosa and tongue, on the contrary, have dozens of possible variants of various etiologies, while some of them can pose a threat to life - for example, malignant tumors.

Additionally, diseases of the oral cavity can be considered in terms of their endogenous or exogenous nature, biological or mechanical causes.

Important! In a separate category, it is necessary to single out those few diseases that are congenital in nature and cannot be completely cured, as well as pathologies that have arisen in infants (due to the structural features of their body).

Diseases of the teeth

The most common dental disease is caries.

All oral diseases associated with teeth can be divided into two large groups: carious and. The first ones are well known to every person, because there are hardly any adults who have never encountered a problem. This process is slow and complex, taking place in the hard tissues of the tooth: in the early stages, local demineralization of the enamel begins, which can subsequently develop into destruction of the dentin and the formation of a cavity in it.

Lack of dental treatment directly leads to a worsening of the situation up to inflammation of the pulp of the tooth and the periodontium surrounding it. Carious destruction of enamel is a consequence of its weak resistance to changes in the pH (acidity) level on the tooth surface. These fluctuations occur as a result of the fermentation of carbohydrates (sugars) in dental plaque, which occurs through the fault of pathogenic microorganisms - mainly streptococci and some lactobacilli.

For their active reproduction and functioning, a number of conditions are necessary, which can be called risk factors for the development of caries:

• oral hygiene with the use of toothpastes and rinses, involving the timely removal of plaque;
• the saturation of the enamel with fluorine, which prevents the effects of an acidic environment;
• human diet, namely, the balance between the amount of carbohydrates and the amount of vitamins;
• anatomical features of the dentition: the accuracy of the arrangement of the teeth, the size of the gaps between them, their possible curvature;
• the quantity and quality of saliva, which acts as an active barrier to the spread of bacteria;
• heredity;
• general health.

Fluorosis refers to non-carious lesions of the teeth.

Note! Milk teeth are much more susceptible to the destructive effects of caries due to the thin layer of enamel on them and its weak saturation with fluoride. It is worth adding to this also the craving of babies for sweets, carbohydrates in which create a nutrient medium for pathogenic microflora in the mouth.
Non-carious lesions include a number of pathologies of completely different origin and with different symptoms. They were divided into two groups: arising before and after teething. The first group should include hypoplasia and hyperplasia, fluorosis, hereditary and drug-induced developmental disorders. The first two deviations, as their names imply, are characterized by insufficient or excessive development of dental tissues, respectively.

Fluorosis involves a supersaturation of the child's body with fluorine as a result of excessive consumption of water containing it, since an excess of this mineral can be as harmful as a deficiency. As a result, various spots and defects form on the enamel, which, if the situation develops unfavorably, can lead to the loss of teeth that have not yet erupted.

Drug lesions occur as a result of a negative effect on the baby's body of drugs, and hereditary disorders include a number of specific diseases:

As for non-carious diseases that occur after teething, their most common representatives are pathological abrasion, wedge-shaped defect, erosion, trauma and hyperesthesia.

Note! Rarely, teeth can be affected, which are called ameloblastomas, odontomas, and cementomas.

periodontal disease

The most common oral disease that affects the periodontium (tissues surrounding the tooth) is called gingivitis. It is an inflammation of the gums that does not violate the integrity of the periodontal junction. This is a very common pathology, which is the result of excessive activity of harmful microbes that live in plaque.

Periodontal tissue diseases develop most often against the background of poor oral hygiene.

For this reason, poor oral hygiene is the first step towards the development of gingivitis, which, if left untreated, can “evolve” into periodontitis. This disease is characterized by the destruction of the normal structure of the alveolar processes of the jaws, because of which the gums begin to bleed, and the teeth become loose. Added to these symptoms is a putrid odor from the mouth, purulent discharge from periodontal pockets, and the likely development of abscesses and fistulas in the gums.

In addition to the microbial factor, periodontitis can be the result of diseases such as diabetes, HIV or blood diseases.

Periodontal disease is often confused with periodontitis - a significantly rarer disease, which differs from the first in the absence of inflammatory symptoms and loosening of the teeth. In this case, the tooth necks are exposed as a result of sclerotic and atrophic processes in the bone tissue. It is believed that the root cause is hereditary predisposition.

There are also periodontal diseases such as pericoronitis and. In the first case, the soft tissues of the gums that surround the erupting or just erupted tooth become inflamed. The most common manifestation of this pathology is the incomplete eruption of the wisdom tooth, leading to inflammation of adjacent tissues.

As for periostitis, it is customary to designate this term as a connective tissue film surrounding the jaw bones. In everyday life, periostitis is also called flux, and often it has to be treated by surgical intervention. The characteristic symptoms of this disease are:

Diseases of the oral mucosa and tongue

The enumeration of diseases of the oral cavity would be incomplete without mentioning those pathologies that directly affect the oral mucosa and such an important organ as the tongue. The most common among them is the well-known stomatitis - inflammation of the mucous membrane as a result of exposure to one or another provoking factor. Usually, this role is played by infectious agents such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, but in some cases, stomatitis can be a symptom of another internal disease.

Aggravating factors are mechanical injuries (sharp teeth and dentures), thermal and chemical burns of the mucosa, allergies to food or drugs. According to the depth of tissue damage and clinical manifestations, it is customary to divide stomatitis into the following types:

• catarrhal;
• ulcerative;
• necrotic;
• aphthous.

Stomatitis is manifested by the formation of plaque and painful sores on the mucosa.

In the event that stomatitis turned out to be an independent disease, and not a symptom of something else, its treatment consists in a number of symptomatic measures, including the use of antibiotics, antiseptics, antiviral or antibacterial drugs. A healing effect is provided by rinsing with various herbal decoctions, as well as a professional one carried out by a dentist.

Another probable disease of the oral cavity is leukoplakia - a lesion of the mucous membrane as a result of its reaction to various irritants, which in 90% of cases are gastrointestinal pathologies. The likelihood of developing this disease increases if there is an appropriate genetic factor and vitamin A deficiency. If left untreated, some forms of leukoplakia can transform into cancer.

Inflammation of the salivary glands is called sialoadenitis, which in most cases is the result of infection with viruses or bacteria. Often this leads to the formation of stones in the salivary ducts, which provoke their partial or complete obstruction. This is a rather painful process, accompanied by symptoms of fever, dry mouth and some suppuration of the inflamed gland.

Additional Information. The development of sialadenitis can lead to the formation of a cyst in the affected area, the only treatment for which is its surgical removal.

Glossitis interferes with chewing and talking.

It is worth highlighting a separate group - inflammatory, causing, depending on their type, its swelling and soreness, the appearance of plaque, ulcers, rashes, erosions and other damage on it. Glossitis in an acute form can seriously impede not only chewing, swallowing and speech, but even breathing. The reasons for its appearance, in general, are the same as those characteristic of stomatitis, and the fundamental difference between the two diseases lies in their localization: on the entire mucosa or only on the tongue.

What can cause inflammation of the oral mucosa and what treatment should be prescribed for it, how to correctly identify the cause of inflammation of the oral cavity - all this will certainly be of interest to those who have encountered this disease at least once due to various reasons. We will also tell you what bad habits can provoke inflammation of the oral mucosa.

Types of inflammation of the oral mucosa

Inflammation of the oral mucosa is a key symptom in diseases such as:

In all these diseases, the symptoms will be the same: pain in the mouth, in the gum area, on the lips, cheeks, or severe sore throat. Often, inflammation of the oral cavity is accompanied by suppuration, if it is not treated in time. As a treatment for mild cases usually use rinsing with the help of medicinal herbs, teas, the use of antiseptic solutions and less often antibiotics, but they are prescribed only by a doctor.

Inflammation of the mucous membrane in the mouth belongs to the group of dental diseases. As a rule, the mucous membrane tends to become inflamed against the background of certain changes in the human body, which should be paid attention to. In this case, injuries of the membrane or its burns are considered separate cases, for the treatment of which, if we are not talking about serious injuries, you can use folk remedies like those rinses.

Why does the mucous membrane in the oral cavity become inflamed: causes and treatment

Inflammation of the mucous membrane in the mouth is a very common disease that dentists encounter almost daily. Naturally, in order to prescribe the correct treatment to the patient, you must first determine the cause such inflammation. The most common causes of inflammation in the oral cavity are:

• poor oral hygiene;
• advanced caries and its untimely treatment;
• the presence of dental stones;
• improperly made dentures for teeth and other reasons.

Also, the mucous membrane in the mouth can become inflamed against the background of such chronic diseases as:

• diabetes;
• pathological problems with the stomach;
• problems with immunity;
• hormonal disorders;
• smoking;
• alcohol abuse;
• hormonal disorders during pregnancy and much more.

Naturally, when a patient comes to the doctor for an appointment, in which the mucous membrane in the mouth is inflamed, the doctor must make a detailed examination and questioning the patient to identify concomitant ailments, also takes tests, tests for allergies, can, if necessary, appoint an examination by other doctors. And only after clarifying all the circumstances, he prescribes a treatment regimen, since improper treatment can only aggravate both the inflammatory process and the general condition of the patient.

So, for example, if inflammation of the mucous membrane began due to its mechanical damage, then only antiseptic treatment of the injury site is suitable as a treatment. If the cause of the inflammatory process is a burn of the oral cavity or frostbite, then anti-inflammatory drugs and even painkillers are added to the antiseptics, if the inflammation is accompanied by pain.

If the cause of the disease was the interaction of the oral cavity with a chemically active substance, which often happens in children, then mouth should be washed out immediately neutralizing agent, wash it with special baths, use antiseptic drugs and put painkillers on the site of damage to the mucosa.

A different treatment will be when the inflammatory process was caused by an infection that appears against the background of diseases such as:

• herpes;
• flu;
• scarlet fever;
• chickenpox and other diseases.

In such cases, treatment includes general therapy, including immunomodulatory drugs, antivirals, vitamins, and others, as well as topical treatment.

To treat inflammation, antifungal and antibacterial drugs are used if Candida fungus or other harmful microorganisms have become its cause.

Sometimes treatment includes filling or extraction of teeth, if such an injury or severe form has become necessary.

In cases where the cause of inflammation was poor oral hygiene, the doctor may prescribe a professional cleaning and conduct a hygiene lesson for the patient. If the inflammation is not too painful and does not have a severe form, then such a preventive measure will be quite sufficient.

If the inflammation is accompanied by the appearance of edema or sores on the mucous membrane, as well as pain when eating, then you should consult a doctor and start treatment, otherwise the inflammation can become chronic and affect the lungs, bronchi and other organs.

Why is the mucous membrane injured?

Sometimes a person may complain of pain in the sky. Often, such pain occurs when the mucous membrane is injured while drinking too hot drinks like tea or coffee. The skin on the mucosa is very thin and vulnerable, often its integrity is violated due to the intake of too solid food. Pain, as a rule, does not begin immediately, but after a few days. So, harmful microbes enter the formed wound and the inflammatory process begins. To prevent this, it is necessary as a treatment use vitamin A oil solution and rinse the cavity with herbal infusions.

Often, problems with the mucosa can occur if citrus fruits and even seeds are abused, if they are chewed with teeth, and not with hands. So, you should control the consumption of sour fruits and other products with "sourness". In case of mucosal lesions, it should be treated with a thin layer of retinol ointment or antiseptic.

Why does the mucous membrane peel off?

Peeling of the mucous membrane in the mouth is one of the symptoms of stomatitis or due to problems with neurology. The most common reasons for this phenomenon are as follows:

• constant neurosis and stress, a constant load on the brain, is quite common among students during the session, when after passing it they have problems in the dental part;
• chemical burn of the mucous membrane, which can be provoked by vodka or low-quality alcohol in large doses;
• burn from hot food;
• diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, however, they cause stomatitis extremely rarely.

In case of problems with the stomach, the shell begins to peel off completely unexpectedly, so you should immediately consult a doctor who, in fact, will already conduct an examination and prescribe the necessary treatment regimen.

With chemical burns, treatment can be limited to the use of regenerative agents, if they are not too large. And if the problem is to reduce immunity and nerves, you should start taking immunomodulators, vitamins and sedatives. Also, one should not forget about rinsing and treating the cavity with special medicinal and folk remedies.

It is desirable to take immunomodulatory drugs during the inflammatory process, regardless of the reason that provoked it, since any inflammation is a consequence of the weakening of the body and it should be strengthened and restored.

Piercing and inflammation of the mucous membrane in the mouth: how are they interconnected?

Sometimes the cause of the inflammatory process in the mouth is tongue piercing, which, although extremely dangerous and painful, is still very popular among young people.

The fact is that before this procedure, the whole mouth should be sanitized, and you should also prepare yourself for this operation at least a week in advance, having taken a complex of vitamins and minerals.

Sometimes during this procedure, a glossitis or abscess may occur, as the body tries to reject a foreign body, this can be avoided during preliminary procedures. However, such a piercing for the mucous membrane is an extremely unpleasant thing, because even if everything heals, accidental injuries to the cavity in the presence of a piercing in the mouth are a fairly common phenomenon and dentists do not recommend piercing anything in the mouth so as not to have problems with infections and all kinds of diseases of the oral cavity.

Features of inflammation in smokers

Separately, it is worth talking about inflammation of the mucous membrane in the mouth of heavy smokers. Like piercing lovers, they have a choice - a desire to stand out or health.

The fact is that, despite all sorts of procedures, a smoking person is not able to protect himself from stomatitis one hundred percent, since the effect of nicotine is much stronger, it is able to kill all the beneficial substances that appear in the body with the same vitamins.

Naturally, stomatitis in smokers is much more common than in non-smokers, and the treatment of inflammation will simply be useless if a person does not immediately give up this bad habit. Treatment consists in rinsing and treating damage with special ointments.

When quitting smoking and treatment, inflammation can quickly subside, but if a person continues to smoke, then the inflammatory process can only worsen even with treatment, since nicotine has the ability to corrode a thin layer of mucous shell and violate its protective properties.

Features of stomatitis in diabetics

The treatment of the inflammatory process against the background of diabetes is extremely difficult, it is necessary to be especially strict with oral hygiene and constantly treat the oral cavity with therapeutic agents, in particular, Metrogilom denta, which makes the shell softer and moisturizes it, which is very important for diabetics.

Preventive measures to prevent any kind of inflammation in the mouth are very simple: you need to brush your teeth regularly not only with a brush, but also with a thread to rid the cavity of bacteria and rinse your mouth every time after eating.

You should also carefully monitor your diet, make choices in favor of healthy food and refuse to eat food that provokes gastrointestinal diseases. Naturally, need to quit cigarettes and minimize the consumption of alcoholic beverages. It will not be superfluous to take vitamins, as well as means to strengthen the immune system.

Inflammation of the oral mucosa or stomatitis is a disease in which the upper layer of oral tissues is affected. This can happen to both adults and children. Let us consider in more detail the causes of inflammation of the oral mucosa and methods for eliminating this unpleasant ailment.

Inflammation of the oral mucosa: the main causes

The causes of stomatitis can be:

1. The presence of caries and other dental diseases that are not treated.

2. The presence of tartar.

3. Diabetes mellitus can give rise to inflammation of the oral mucosa. Moreover, this disease can affect all body systems, provoking the development of chronic gastrointestinal pathologies, endocrine disorders, heart disease, etc.

4. Elimination of unsuitable dentures that injure the oral mucosa.

5. Stomatitis as a reaction to certain medications and chemotherapy.

6. Failure to comply with the rules of oral hygiene.

7. Smoking.

8. Reception of alcohol-containing alcoholic beverages that irritate the oral mucosa.

9. Chronic diseases of the stomach.

10. Immune disorders arising from overwork, stress, lack of sleep or recent illnesses.

11. Violations in the hormonal background.

12. Damage by dangerous bacteria or viruses of the oral mucosa.

13. Permanent injury to the mucous membrane. This can be facilitated by excessively active brushing of the teeth or eating solid foods.

14. Lack of useful substances in the body, because of which it weakens.

15. Anemia.

16. HIV infection.

17. The use of poorly washed products, because of which germs got into the mouth.

18. Eating with unwashed hands.

19. The presence of leaky dental crowns, which is why pathogenic microorganisms constantly multiply in the human mouth and cause inflammation.

20. Unauthorized (without a doctor's prescription) taking drugs that promote increased secretion of saliva, reducing its antibacterial effect.

21. Dehydration of the body due to profuse blood loss, diarrhea or prolonged vomiting.

22. Infectious defeat due to diseases such as influenza, herpes or scarlet fever.

23. Malnutrition (when the diet lacks B vitamins, iron and zinc).

24. Chemical burns of the mouth can occur when acidic chemicals are accidentally taken.

25. Using a toothpaste containing sodium lauryl sulfate (such a paste will irritate the mucous membrane of the mouth).

26. The development of oncological pathologies of the neck or pharynx sometimes becomes a consequence of the detection of oral stomatitis.

Inflammation of the oral mucosa: symptoms and types

There are the following types of stomatitis:

1. Bacterial stomatitis occurs due to damage by streptococci and other dangerous bacteria. It is accompanied by the appearance of painful pustules in the oral cavity, which quickly turn into ulcers.

2. Fungal stomatitis occurs with prolonged use of antibiotics or malfunctions of the immune system. It is accompanied by the formation of a dense white coating in the mouth, which, when removed, leads to sores and painful ulcers.

3. Viral stomatitis occurs due to a viral infection (for example, herpes). At the same time, a small rash appears in the patient's mouth, inside which there is a transparent content.

4. Chemical stomatitis is formed during acid burns. At the same time, rough ulcers form in the patient's mouth, which eventually deform the mucosa and become covered with scars.

In addition, the following typical symptoms of inflammation of the oral mucosa are distinguished:

1. Increase in body temperature.

3. Loss of appetite.

4. Headaches.

5. Nausea.

6. Redness of the mouth at the site of injury and swelling of the mucosa.

7. Burning in the mouth.

8. Pain when eating and swallowing (in advanced cases). In this case, sometimes the pain is so sharp that the person completely refuses to eat. In this case, he must definitely prescribe strong analgesics.

9. The formation of a white coating on the oral mucosa, upon leaving which a person will experience terrible pain.

10. Formation of small ulcers in the mouth, which are covered with a thin film.

11. Bad breath.

12. Increased salivation.

13. The appearance of blood from the gums.

Most often, stomatitis affects the cheeks, soft palate and the area on the inside of the lips.

The duration of the course of the disease can be different. It usually takes five to fourteen days.

Inflammation of the oral mucosa: treatment

Treatment of stomatitis should be comprehensive. Medical therapy is considered mandatory. It provides for the appointment of such groups of drugs:

1. Preparations for cleansing ulcers.

2. Antibacterial drugs should prevent re-infection of sores with bacteria. Usually for this purpose are assigned:

Metrogyl;

Chlorhexidine in the form of a rinse solution.

3. Antiviral drugs in the form of ointments and tablets (Acyclovir, Bonafton or Oxolive ointment).

4. Antiseptics with a strong antimicrobial effect:

Holisal gel;

Kamistad dental gel;

Actovegin gel;

Eucalyptus lozenges.

5. Means that promote healing of wounds in the mouth. The best way to deal with this is:

Sea buckthorn oil;

Vinylin;

Spray Propolis;

Carotolin oil solution.

These funds need to lubricate the oral cavity every two hours.

6. Prescribing painkillers, such as:

Anestezin for topical application;

Hexoral;

Lidohor;

Lidocaine spray.

7. To restore the microflora, which may be disturbed after taking antibiotics, the following drugs are prescribed to the patient without fail:

Bifidum;

Filak forte;

Pancreatin.

Features of the treatment of inflammation of the oral mucosa

Treatment of stomatitis has the following features and nuances:

To increase immunity, you should eat a lot of vegetables, cottage cheese, boiled meat and non-acidic fruits.

It is also important to know that refusal to eat due to pain in the mouth is unacceptable, especially in children.

2. Be sure to rinse your mouth with antibacterial solutions and herbal decoctions. Decoctions of chamomile and a solution of soda help best of all.

3. Be sure to take vitamin complexes.

4. If stomatitis was caused by stress or severe emotional shock, then the patient should be prescribed sedatives.

5. Local treatment of wounds in the mouth with peach oils, sea buckthorn oils and Kalanchoe juice helps a lot.

6. During treatment, the patient can stay at home (for mild forms of stomatitis). Despite this, every two days the patient is recommended to visit a doctor for a control examination of the oral cavity.

7. If stomatitis caused a chemical burn, then you should immediately consult a doctor. On their own, a person simply cannot eliminate such consequences from a burn.

To prevent the development of inflammation of the oral mucosa, you should adhere to the following doctor's recommendations:

1. Do not eat solid foods that can injure the teeth or mucous membranes of the mouth. Usually hard candies and cookies lead to this.

2. Regularly carry out oral hygiene (brush your teeth at least twice a day, rinse your mouth with an antibacterial solution after each meal).

3. Visit the dentist regularly and fix all dental problems.

4. Wear quality dentures. In this case, if the denture presses or causes discomfort, you can not wear it.

5. Maintain a good immune system. To do this, you need to eat well, avoid stress, overwork and have a healthy sleep.

6. Timely treat those diseases of the gastrointestinal tract that can lead to stomatitis.

7. Do not self-medicate and do not take drugs without a doctor's prescription, as they can cause stomatitis.

8. Stop smoking and drinking alcohol, as they greatly irritate the oral mucosa.

9. Before use, all products must undergo thorough heat treatment or be washed under running water (if it is fruit).

10. You need to carefully monitor the expiration date of food and do not eat already spoiled food.

The breakdown of food begins in the mouth. Diseases of the oral mucosa (OMD) disrupt the fermentation of saliva, which is fraught with disruption of the gastrointestinal tract, create an unpleasant odor that does not go away after brushing your teeth - this is a consequence of purulent formations, cause burning, slight itching, aching pain - this is an inflammatory process that damages the mucous membrane and soft tissues.

Causes do not necessarily lead to the occurrence of a particular disease. They are prerequisites for the development of a disease or pathology, if the lesion of the oral mucosa is not eliminated in time. Disease-causing factors include:

1. Failure to follow the rules of oral care. The rules of care mean not only compliance with the rules of hygiene, but also the right choice of hygiene products.
2. Smoking. Harm is caused by low-quality tobacco products with a high tar content, combined with poor hygiene.
3. Alcohol. Only its excessive consumption or the use of low-quality alcoholic beverages.
4. hot food. It affects not so soft tissues as it destroys the mucous membrane.
5. Alternating cold and hot food. It destroys not only tooth enamel, but also leads to rupture of capillaries.
6. Excessive consumption of sweets. An increase in acidity, which favors the development of pathogenic microflora, and since there is an alkaline environment in the oral cavity, irritation of the mucous membrane.

What causes oral diseases?

Factors that provoke diseases of the oral cavity are considered to be a lack or excess of certain substances in the body, as well as concomitant diseases:

Classification of ORM diseases

Since saliva promotes rapid healing of the mucosa, injuries favor the development of pathogens. Therefore, it is not advisable to classify mucosal diseases according to the causes of occurrence and provoking factors.

All OM diseases are classified according to the following criteria:

1. According to the form of flow. Acute or chronic form, and in chronic course - exacerbations, remission stage.
2. By stage of development. The initial stage, the period of development. Launched form.
3. By pathogen or reactions of the body to a particular stimulus (the most common classification) - viral, bacterial, fungal, others due to reduced immunity, congenital predisposition or severe mechanical damage.
4. Transmission possible. Infectious - viral or bacterial, transmitted by airborne droplets, household or through sexual contact. For example, a soft chancre on the lips; non-infectious - not transmitted by the above methods - colds, allergies. Inflammation or suppuration due to the ingress of dirt into microcracks or wounds on the RSO.
5. By location. Lips, gums, soft palate, tongue, without a specific localization or often changing it.
6. Type of tissue affected. Only SOPR. Mucous and soft, and sometimes bone tissue, Hard and soft tissues, and then oral mucosa, for example, periodontitis.

Viral diseases

The most common viral disease of the oral mucosa in adults is herpes. The disease has 6 stages of development:

1. First. Itching, burning, slight tingling.
2. Second. Slight swelling.
3. Third. Redness, pain that interferes with eating.
4. Fourth. The appearance of single bubbles or group formations.
5. Fifth. Ulceration of vesicles.
6. sixth. At the final stage, the symptoms go away. The wounds heal.

From the onset of the first symptoms to the healing of wounds, 3-5 weeks pass. The main dangers - if left untreated, herpes can capture more and more space.

New formations appear when old ones are just healing or ulcerating; on the site of healed formations, scars appear that spoil the appearance of the lips.

Papilloma on the mucous membrane looks like white plaques. The main danger - the occurrence of formations in the throat - difficulty breathing, difficulty in swallowing food. The manifestations of the virus are painless.

Some types of influenza or complications after a long course of the disease are cracks in the lips, gums and palate. Slight swelling of the tongue. Danger - pathogenic microorganisms get into microcracks, causing severe inflammation, suppuration.

Infectious viral diseases

Infections of the disease in the mouth can be transmitted from the carrier or occur as a result of the pathogen entering the damaged mucosa.

Glossitis - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the tongue. The main causative agent is streptococcal bacteria. If there are cracks in the tongue, other microorganisms can get in with food or occur due to hypothermia, burns, chemical irritants (alcohol, refreshing sprays).

Symptoms of an infection of the oral cavity: the initial stage is a burning sensation, a feeling of a foreign formation in the tongue; further - redness, increased salivation; if not treated - dullness or perversion of taste. Danger - severe swelling and growths in the tongue, then necrotic manifestations are possible.

There are 4 types of diseases.

1. catarrhal. It starts with itching, then swelling of the gums. Then bleeding. It differs from periodontitis in the degree of soft tissue damage. Gingivitis is only oral mucosa, and periodontitis affects both internal soft and hard tissues.
2. Ulcerative necrotic. First, small sores appear. Then the death of the mucosa, there is no pain. If left untreated, swollen lymph nodes can lead to cancer.
3. hypertrophic. Enlargement of the gingival papillae, slight pain. Danger - bleeding and suppuration when pathogenic microflora enters.
4. atrophic. The outlines of the subgingival parts of the teeth are visible, a painful reaction to temperature changes in the oral cavity.

Pharyngitis

Pathogens - streptococci and pneumococci, also occurs due to hypothermia or burns of the larynx. Symptoms - sore throat, perspiration and other uncomfortable sensations. Unlike tonsillitis, tonsils do not have pronounced redness, and the temperature does not exceed 38.

Dental diseases of the oral cavity, most often manifested in children, but can also be in a person in old age.

Occurs after the penetration of foreign particles or microorganisms into the damaged mucosa. In the first case, inflammation, in the second - purulent discharge.

In any case, painful sores covered with a film.

chancroid

Transmitted sexually. There are oval ulcers with smooth edges. For 3-5 days - purulent discharge. The main danger of occurrence in the throat is difficulty breathing, there is no pain.

fungal diseases

The most common is candidiasis.

1. hyperplastic- strong plaque on the gums, when it is removed - bleeding.
2. atrophic- the mucous membrane dries up. The process is accompanied by inflammation and pain.

Lichen planus - hard plaques and or sores and redness. It passes painlessly.

Other diseases

Geographic tongue - grooves appear on the tongue, which occur mainly due to a lack of proteins and fluid or due to hypothermia. Sometimes as an allergic manifestation. Danger - food waste getting into microcracks - suppuration.

OSM dysbacteriosis occurs as a spread of gastrointestinal dysbacteriosis, taking antibiotics, or as autoimmune manifestations (destruction of the OM microflora). Symptoms - microcracks on the lips and soft palate, an unpleasant putrid odor from the mouth. The danger is tooth loss.

Diagnostics

The first step is a visual inspection. Most diseases can be identified by characteristic signs and location. So herpes, stomatitis, mild chancroid and fungal diseases can be determined by visual inspection. The rest are determined by smears, scrapings and allergic tests.

To determine which drug is most suitable in a particular case, a bacteriological culture is performed. The disadvantage is that the results have to wait up to 3 weeks.

Treatment Methods

For the treatment of most diseases and inflammations of the oral mucosa and tongue, it is enough to eliminate the irritant that causes them, personal hygiene, rinsing the mouth with bactericidal and anti-inflammatory elixirs, treating the localization site with antiseptic agents. But there are diseases where you have to resort to drug therapy.

Medicines

Each disease has its own specific recommendations and methods of treatment, namely:

Important! To relieve inflammation in the oral cavity, Nimesil has the highest efficiency.

Folk remedies

You can use any folk remedy only after the appointment of a dentist or consultation with him. Home methods will help relieve inflammation, remove mild suppuration, disinfect and partially anesthetize.

In diabetes mellitus and blood cancer - as an adjunct to the main therapy. With arthritis, oak bark should not be included in the composition - it dries the tissues. All arthritis partially dehydrates the body, which is fraught with fragility of fragile capillaries.

Some recipes for home treatment:

1. Application for suppuration. Mix 50 grams of liquid fresh honey with 100 grams of onion juice and 4 tbsp. l. plantain juice. Insist 48-60 hours. It can not be used with deep significant purulent formations, low pain threshold, diabetes mellitus.
2. For 20 g of cold water, a teaspoon of plantain, chamomile, nettle and soda. Bring to a boil and turn off. Rinse after eating. Not for bleeding wounds. Then exclude soda from the composition, boil for 2 minutes.
3. For 250 g of boiling water 1 tbsp. l. oak bark and 2 tbsp. l. calendula. Boil 1 min. Insist 24 hours. Good for stomatitis.
4. For 100 g of honey 2 tbsp. l. sea ​​buckthorn oil and 4 tbsp. l. aloe juice. It has no contraindications, except for diabetes and allergies to components. Can be used as a prophylactic, applying a thin layer on clean gums. Rinse after 2-3 minutes.
5. With avitaminosis. Boil freshly squeezed carrot juice in a water bath for 5 minutes. Add 1 tbsp. l. honey with the expectation of 200 g. Use as a rinse and drink. An excellent prophylactic against any diseases.

Prevention

The main preventive measure is to undergo an examination at the dentist 2 times a year. It is also necessary:

1. Brush your teeth twice a day for at least 3 minutes.
2. Rinse your mouth after each meal with boiled water: for 200 g of water 1 tsp. chamomile. Boil 1 min. Let cool to room temperature.
3. The temperature of the rinse aids should match the temperature of the food.
4. Do not abuse sweets if it is not possible to rinse your mouth.
5. Do not combine sweets with sugary drinks.
6. Give preference to foods rich in vitamins.

ORM diseases can lead to serious complications up to the formation of a malignant tumor. Treatment depends on the results of the diagnosis and on the stage of the disease. Folk remedies eliminate symptoms and are used for prevention, but not for the treatment of the disease in general.