Effects of aldehydes on the human body. Toxic formaldehyde: where it is found and how it affects the body. The effect of the substance on the immune system

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

FEDERAL STATE BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"IVANOVSK STATE UNIVERSITY"
SHUISKY BRANCH OF IVGU

DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY

ABSTRACT ON INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY

INFLUENCE OF FORMALDEHYDE ON THE HUMAN BODY AS A RESULT OF WOOD PROCESSING ACTIVITIES

I've done the work:

Litvinenko Ivan Sergeevich, 4th year student

1 group day department

Faculty of Natural Geography

Specialty-022000.62 Ecology and nature management

Scientific adviser:

Candidate of Biological Sciences, Senior Lecturer

Turkina Elena Petrovna

Shuya 2015

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..3

1. General characteristics of formaldehyde………………………………………6

1.1. Physical properties………………………………………………….6

1.2. Chemical properties………………………………………………………7

1.3. Receipt…………………………………………………………………7

1.4. Application…………………………………………………………….8

2. Formaldehyde in woodworking industry……………….10

3. The effect of formaldehyde on human health………………………….12

3.1. Safety and toxic properties……………………………..12

3.2. Effects on the body and symptoms of chronic poisoning……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3.3. Carcinogenicity……………………………………………………..13

3.4. The nature of health problems…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………… 15

List of literature used…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………16

INTRODUCTION

The atmosphere of any industrial city is characterized by the content of harmful substances. But many people often do not even suspect that being in offices or at home, the air in them can also contain toxic components. We will describe in more detail about one of these substances - formaldehyde, which can have a negative effect on the human body. Formaldehyde is a colorless gas with a pungent, suffocating odor, and is one of a large number of chemical compounds called volatile organic compounds or "VOCs". This term means that volatile compounds evaporate, that is, become gases, at normal room temperature. Small amounts of formaldehyde are naturally produced by plants, animals, and humans. Like all VOCs, pure formaldehyde can be in one of three states - solid, liquid or gaseous. However, in these states, formaldehyde can be present in the form of a number of modifications that differ in chemical and physical properties. The main source of formaldehyde formation in cities is road transport, as a result of the operation of the engines of which formaldehyde is released in the exhaust together with other unburned hydrocarbons. In addition to vehicles, the source of formaldehyde is woodworking enterprises, car factories, chemical and leather industries. Its negative impact is due to its high reactivity. The most significant sources of formaldehyde in everyday life can be: pressed wood products (plywood, chipboard, fiberboard, MDF) using glue containing urea-formaldehyde resins (UF), as well as furniture from these products. Durable fabric curtains, as well as other textiles and some adhesives, also contain formaldehyde. In addition, formaldehyde is released during the combustion of gas stoves without the use of ventilation, as well as when smoking tobacco. Formaldehyde is part of the insulating foams used to reduce sound transmission, it is contained in seals and heaters for windows and doors. In cosmetics, paints, coatings and some moisture-proof paper products, the amount of formaldehyde is negligible, however, people who are sensitive to formaldehyde may experience an allergic reaction. Products such as carpets or drywall, when new, do not contain significant amounts of formaldehyde. But they are also able to accumulate formaldehyde emitted from other sources, and then release it into indoor air when temperature and humidity change. The rate at which materials from pressed wood or other sources release formaldehyde can vary. Formaldehyde emissions generally decrease as materials age. When the materials are new, high room temperatures can cause an increased release of formaldehyde. But the reverse is also true - this substance is released in a smaller amount at a lower temperature. Humidity also affects its release - with increasing humidity, more formaldehyde is released. Therefore, excessive humidification of indoor air can lead to an increase in the level of formaldehyde released. Formaldehyde is irritating and tear-causing, but people react differently to its presence in the air. In indoor air, the maximum allowable concentration of formaldehyde is 0.1 mg per 1 m3 of air. This concentration can be exceeded even during normal smoking. Outdoor air in rural areas has lower concentrations, while in cities, the concentration of formaldehyde is much higher. In offices where there is a large amount of furniture with a high content of formaldehyde, its concentration may exceed the maximum allowable. As the level of acceptable concentration of formaldehyde increases, the risk of discomfort and disease increases and becomes more serious. The main mode of exposure to formaldehyde is through the inhalation of polluted air, for example, inhalation of polluted air at the workplace or in a traffic jam. The highest exposure potential occurs in industry using or producing formaldehyde.

1 . GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS FORMALDEHYDE

Formaldehyde (from Latin formīca "ant") is a colorless gas with a pungent odor, highly soluble in water, alcohols and polar solvents. Irritant, toxic.

Formaldehyde is the first member of the homologous series of aliphatic aldehydes, the aldehyde formic acid.

1.1. Physical Properties

Standard enthalpy of formation ΔH (298 K, kJ/mol): -115.9 (g). Standard Gibbs energy of formation ΔG (298 K, kJ/mol): -110 (g). Standard entropy of formation S (298 K, J/mol K): 218.66 (g). Standard molar heat capacity C p (298 K, J/mol K): 35.35 (g). Boiling enthalpy ΔH kip (kJ/mol): 23.3.

Heat of combustion Q p (kJ/mol): 561.1.

Agriv's method. With chromotropic acid in the presence of sulfuric acid gives a violet color.

Denizier method. Formaldehyde displaces the bisulfite from the fuchsinbisulfite compound, producing a blue-violet dye. Sensitivity for photocolorimetry of 0.01 mg of formaldehyde in 25 ml of solution.

For quantitative determination, reactions are used with hydroxylamine hydrochloride with titration of the released acid, with sodium hydrosulfite with iodimetric titration of excess hydrosulfite, with hydrogen peroxide and alkali with titration of excess alkali.

1.2. Chemical properties

Formaldehyde is characterized by oxidation and addition reactions (including polycondensation):

1) oxidation reaction:

a) the oxidation reaction proceeds very easily - aldehydes are able to take oxygen from many compounds;

b) when formaldehyde is heated with an ammonia solution of silver oxide (silver oxide is insoluble in water), formaldehyde is oxidized to formic acid HCOOH and silver is reduced. Education "silver mirror" serves as a qualitative reaction to the aldehyde group;

d) aldehydes reduce copper (II) hydroxide to copper (I) hydroxide, which turns into orange copper (I) oxide;

e) the reaction proceeds when heated: 2CuOH -> Cu 2 O + H 2 O;

f) this reaction can also be used to detect aldehydes;

2) addition reaction:

a) the addition reaction proceeds by breaking the double bond of the carbonyl group of the aldehyde;

b) the addition of hydrogen, which occurs when a mixture of formaldehyde and hydrogen is passed over a heated catalyst - nickel powder, leads to the reduction of aldehyde to alcohol;

c) formaldehyde also attaches ammonia, sodium hydrosulfite and other compounds.

1.3. Receipt

In industry, formaldehyde is obtained from methanol by passing alcohol vapor together with air over a copper catalyst heated to 300 ° C: 2CH 3 OH + O 2 -> 2HCHO + 2H 2 O. An important industrial method is also the oxidation of methane with air at 400–600 °C in the presence of a small amount of nitric oxide as a catalyst: CH 4 + O 2 -> CH 2 O + H 2 O.

Features of acetaldehyde: acetaldehyde (or acetaldehyde, or ethanal) is a colorless liquid with a pungent odor, highly soluble in water; the addition of hydrogen to acetaldehyde proceeds under the same conditions as to formaldehyde.

Features of paraldehyde: it is a liquid that solidifies into a crystalline mass at 12 ° C, and when heated in the presence of dilute mineral acids, it turns into acetaldehyde; has a strong hypnotic effect.

1.4. Application

An aqueous solution of formaldehyde (methanediol) stabilized with methanol - formalin - causes protein denaturation, therefore it is used as a tanning agent in leather production and gelatin tanning in the production of film. Due to the strong tanning effect, formaldehyde is also a strong antiseptic, this property of formalin is used in medicine as an antiseptic (formidron, formagel and similar preparations) and for the conservation of biological materials (the creation of anatomical and other preparations).

An aqueous solution of formaldehyde (methanediol) stabilized with urea - KFK - is one of the most important sources of formaldehyde and urea in the production of urea-formaldehyde, melamine-urea-formaldehyde resins and for the treatment of urea against caking; used in the woodworking and furniture industries for the production of plywood, chipboard, etc.

The bulk of formaldehyde is used in the manufacture of thermoplastic polymers (phenol-formaldehyde, urea-formaldehyde and melamine-formaldehyde resins), it is also widely used in industrial organic synthesis (pentaerythritol, trimethylolpropane, etc.).

During storage (at a temperature below 9 C o), the formaldehyde solution becomes cloudy, a white precipitate (paraformaldehyde) precipitates.

2. FORMALDEHYDE IN WOOD PRODUCTION

The woodworking industry includes enterprises for the production of plywood, chipboard, furniture and joinery.
The main production hazards in the production of plywood are high temperature and air humidity near steaming chambers, dryers and presses, release of formaldehyde vapors into the air near dryers for drying the adhesive layer and near presses (when using urea-formaldehyde adhesives). In the production of particle boards, the main hazards are noise during wood crushing, the release of formaldehyde vapors during hot pressing, and wood dust impregnated with resin glue from molding units.
Occupational hazards in the manufacture of furniture are unfavorable microclimatic conditions in drying rooms, the release of formaldehyde vapor into the air during gluing and veneering, as well as aerosols of varnishes and solvent vapors during finishing.

Formaldehyde in furniture eventually enters the air in quantities that can begin to threaten human health. So, MDF finishing materials and various paintwork are almost the main sources of toxin in the homes of ordinary people. Formaldehyde present in furniture is continuously released into the environment, however, the extent of this process may vary due to the temperature conditions in the room. Formaldehyde in furniture made from chipboard can make you feel bad. With an increase in ambient temperature for every 5°C from 18°C, the amount of toxic carcinogen released into the air increases by 1.5 times. Humidity affects this indicator to a lesser extent.

Laminate is the common name for high density fibreboard flooring. The word "laminated" in Latin means layered. The top layer is a protective and decorative wear-resistant film. Laminate is produced from the waste of the woodworking industry in a "dry way", that is, from crushed wood, and the tree itself is an environmentally friendly material. The surface of the panel is covered with melamine and, more rarely, acrylic resins, that is, the "laminate" itself. Melamine is a colorless substance from which melamine resins are made. By itself, melamine is inert and has no viscosity. Melamine resins are produced by mixing melamine with a formaldehyde component. During the coating of the panel with melamine resins, a very strong release of formaldehyde fumes occurs. Formaldehyde is a poison, which is an extremely dangerous substance. The harm to the laminate is due precisely to these resins. Especially the laminate, which goes to the production of furniture. Melamine in laminate is a health hazard. Melamine is a chemical that looks like colorless crystals. In recent years, the consumption of melamine by the industry has increased several times, as it has been actively used in the production of laminate. With prolonged contact with elevated temperatures, it begins to release formaldehyde. Formaldehyde has carcinogenic, mutagenic and allergenic properties. It is highly toxic and hazardous to human health. Conscientious laminate manufacturers are very strict in monitoring the level of formaldehyde emissions in their products. Unscrupulous, in pursuit of the “mega-quality” of their laminate, increase the amount of melamine: their laminate becomes more “reliable”.

3. EFFECT OF FORMALDEHYDE ON HUMAN HEALTH

3.1. Safety and toxic properties

Concentration limits of ignition 7-73% vol.; self-ignition temperature - 435 °C.

Formaldehyde is produced in the body by the oxidation of methanol.

It is toxic, negatively affects the genetic material, reproductive organs, respiratory tract, eyes, and skin. It has a strong effect on the central nervous system.

Maximum allowable concentrations (MPC) of formaldehyde:

MPKr.z. = 0.5 mg/m³

MPCm.r. = 0.05 mg/m³

MPCs.s. = 0.01 mg/m³

MPCv. = 0.05 mg/l

On May 25, 2014, the Decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation came into force, according to which the following MPCm.r values ​​were established. = 0.05 mg/m³, MPCs.s. = 0.01 mg/m³

The lethal dose of a 40% aqueous solution of formaldehyde is 10-50 g.

3.2. Effects on the body and symptoms of chronic poisoning

Formaldehyde is toxic: ingestion of 60-90 ml is fatal. Symptoms of poisoning: pallor, loss of strength, unconsciousness, depression, difficulty breathing, headache, often convulsions at night.

In acute inhalation poisoning: conjunctivitis, acute bronchitis, up to pulmonary edema. Gradually, signs of damage to the central nervous system (dizziness, fear, unsteady gait, convulsions) increase. In case of poisoning through the mouth: burns of the mucous membranes of the digestive tract (burning, pain in the throat, along the esophagus, in the stomach, vomiting with bloody masses, diarrhea), hemorrhagic nephritis, anuria. Possible swelling of the larynx, reflex respiratory arrest.

Chronic poisoning in those working with technical formalin is manifested by weight loss, dyspeptic symptoms, damage to the central nervous system (mental agitation, trembling, ataxia, visual disturbances, persistent headaches, poor sleep). Organic diseases of the nervous system (thalamic syndrome), sweating disorders, temperature asymmetry are described. Cases of bronchial asthma have been reported.

Under conditions of exposure to formalin vapors (for example, in workers engaged in the manufacture of artificial resins), as well as in direct contact with formalin or its solutions, pronounced dermatitis of the face, forearms and hands, nail lesions (their brittleness, softening). Dermatitis and eczema of an allergic nature are possible. After suffering poisoning, sensitivity to formalin increases. There is evidence of an adverse effect on the specific functions of the female body.

3.3. Carcinogenicity

Formaldehyde is included in the list of carcinogenic substances GN 1.1.725-98 in the section “probably carcinogenic to humans”, while its carcinogenicity to animals has been proven.

According to official data from the International Agency for Research on Cancer, formaldehyde, which is used in the production of resins, plastics, paints, textiles, as a disinfectant and preservative, has been proven to be associated with an increased risk of developing cancerous tumors of the nasopharynx.

3.4. The nature of health problems

Formaldehyde is a powerful eye, upper respiratory and skin irritant. According to a number of studies, it also affects the central nervous system, causing headaches, fatigue and depression. It also has the potential to cause asthma and asthmatic attacks as a non-specific irritant. In addition, animal studies suggest that formaldehyde is a potential carcinogen.

Recent medical examinations of people at occupational risk suggest that formaldehyde causes cancer in humans. Surveys of mobile home residents in which formaldehyde concentrations exceed 0.10 ppm for over 10 years indicate a significantly increased risk of throat cancer. This risk is approximately 2 in 10,000.

Although cancer concerns have received a major share of public and regulatory attention, investigations of consumer complaints and medical research indicate that acute symptoms of irritation associated with the presence of formaldehyde in residential air are a very significant public health problem.

CONCLUSION

Phenol formaldehyde is a highly toxic substance. To weaken its effect is quite difficult. When the gas is in the body, it changes a lot. When decomposed, it is transformed into formic acid, or methyl alcohol. Of course, the best protection against this carcinogen is to avoid places and areas where it can be found in high concentrations. These are, first of all, traffic jams, industrial areas, furniture factories. It is also recommended not to linger in rooms that are not ventilated. One of the best ways to reduce formaldehyde exposure in offices and homes can be houseplants. A number of them have an excellent property - to absorb formaldehyde from the air. These are ferns, hamedorea, bush chrysanthemum, dracaena, ivy, ficus Benjamin. And if on the street it can be difficult to avoid gassed areas, then at home it is quite possible to create a favorable atmosphere, both without formaldehyde and without other toxic substances.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. "List of substances, products, production processes, household and natural factors that are carcinogenic to humans", Appendix 2 to the standards GN 1.1.725-98 of December 23, 1998 N 32.

2. Large encyclopedic polytechnic dictionary. - 2004.

3. Hygienic standards GN 2.1.5.1315-03. “Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPC) of Chemical Substances in the Water of Water Bodies for Domestic Drinking and Cultural and Household Water Use”.

4. Hygienic standards GN 2.1.6.1338-03. "Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPC) of Pollutants in the Atmospheric Air of Populated Areas".

5. Hygienic standards GN 2.2.5.1313-03. "Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPC) of harmful substances in the air of the working area".

6. GOST 4598-86 Wood fiber boards. Specifications.

7. Karaev, M. M. Technology of synthetic methanol. - Moscow: Chemistry, - 1984. - 239 p.

8. Korolchenko A. Ya., Korolchenko D. A. Fire and explosion hazard of substances and materials and means of extinguishing them. Directory: in 2 hours - 2nd ed., Revised. and additional - M.: Ass. "Pozhnauka", 2004. - Part I. - 713 p. - ISBN 5-901283-02-3, UDC (658.345.44+658.345.43)66.

9. Kramarenko VF Toxicological chemistry. - K.: Vysh. school, 1989. - 447 p. - 6,000 copies. - ISBN 5-11-000148-0.

10. Ogorodnikov S.K. "Formaldehyde" L.: Chemistry - 1984.

11. Decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation of April 7, 2014 N 27 Moscow "On Amendment N 10 to GN 2.1.6.1338-03 "Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPC) of Pollutants in the Atmospheric Air of Populated Areas".

12. Tyukavkina N.A., Baukov Yu.I. "Bioorganic chemistry" M.: Medicine, - 1985 - p. 190.

13. Phenolaldehyde resins // Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary / chap. ed. A. M. Prokhorov. - M .: "The Great Russian Encyclopedia", 2000. - Book 2. - S. 1663.

14. Cherenkov, V. G. Clinical oncology. 3rd ed. - M.: Medical book, 2010. - 434 p. - ISBN 978-5-91894-002-0.

Recently, our plastic grille has received attention - the one that covers the air duct for the breather from the street. “Does it emit formaldehyde and is it dangerous?” the user asked. So we knew it was time to talk about it. So, formaldehyde in questions and answers (they also wrote about the grate).

What is formaldehyde and why is it needed?

The most natural state of formaldehyde is a gas. But it is easily soluble in liquids, and this property is readily used in industry. For example, an aqueous solution of formaldehyde is necessary for the production of materials from compressed wood: plywood, chipboard and fibreboard (chipboard and fiberboard), MDF. You can often hear that new furniture smells of formaldehyde. In fact, she smells not only of them. Any new table or chair is a whole bunch of substances and smells. However, formaldehyde really takes the lion's share there. In general, if you want to get some idea of ​​what formaldehyde smells like in furniture, go to any specialty store.

Formaldehyde is also used in the production of plastics and resins, paints, textiles, leather products, detergents and shampoos. Formaldehyde is a strong preservative, which is why it is used in food and cosmetic products (very often in nail polishes).

Where does formaldehyde come from?

For industrial needs, it is obtained from methane and methanol.

But formaldehyde is also found in the atmosphere. There it appears as a result of photochemical reactions and processes of transformation of organic compounds (methane, methyl alcohol, etc.). A huge amount of formaldehyde is released into the atmosphere due to human activities. Road transport, chemical plants, waste incinerators, woodworking factories are all sources of formaldehyde in outdoor air. Tobacco smoke and other combustion products are “rich” in formaldehyde.

Is there formaldehyde in my apartment?

You can definitely answer only after a chemical analysis of the air in a particular room. However, with a high degree of probability it can be assumed that the level of formaldehyde in many apartments is higher than desired.

Where does formaldehyde come from in the apartment? First, it penetrates with the air from outside. Secondly, it appears indoors from various objects that make it stand out.

• Many finishing materials: PVC windows and ceilings, some types of wallpaper, floor coverings, skirting boards. All of these can emit formaldehyde for a long period of time.
• Furniture made of plywood, chipboard, fiberboard, MDF emits formaldehyde for some time, from several days to several months, depending on the quality of the material from which it is made.
• Everyday items: furniture, toys, appliances, stationery, dishes, etc.

Is formaldehyde dangerous?

Definitely yes. In Russia, it belongs to the second (out of five) hazard class - highly hazardous substances. The harm of formaldehyde to health has long been proven. The World Health Organization has included it in the list of substances that can cause health problems.

The degree of danger of each particular item depends on:

• Degrees of emission (emission) of formaldehyde from this item.
  The better the furniture or toy, the less formaldehyde they emit into the apartment. Size, by the way, also matters. Let's say a plastic handle emits less formaldehyde than a chair made from exactly the same material, simply because it's small.
• time of exposure to the substance.
  Half an hour of playing with a plastic doll will not harm a child's health. And ten years surrounded by vinyl wallpaper, plastic cabinets, unsafe adhesive-backed carpets and chipboard furniture? Here, unfortunately, one can only speculate, because it is difficult to measure real harm to health outside of laboratory conditions. However, the assumptions will be far from optimistic. Obviously, the less formaldehyde a person inhales, the better (even if the rate of formaldehyde in the apartment is not exceeded).

In 2014, the MACs for formaldehyde in the air were revised upwards. This indicates a deterioration in the environmental situation, and also that low concentrations in residential areas, where there are a lot of glued wood and plastic products, are difficult to achieve.

Formaldehyde in the air is harmful primarily to the mucous membranes and skin. It causes irritation, itching, rash. Other common signs of formaldehyde poisoning from furniture and other items are lethargy, frequent sleep disturbances. Regular inflammation of the eyes and skin manifestations are also possible.

Formaldehyde is listed as a carcinogen, so constant contact with this substance dramatically increases the likelihood of cancer.

Children are more sensitive to the environment, so the effect of formaldehyde on the child's body is more noticeable. In general, the symptoms of formaldehyde poisoning from furniture or toys are basically the same as in adults. Of course, formaldehyde concentrations in quality items are minimal, however, as mentioned above, when it comes to many years of continuous exposure, even minimal concentrations cause serious concern.

Some studies have linked asthma in children to formaldehyde exposure.

How to measure the level of formaldehyde in the apartment?

It will not be possible to measure formaldehyde in an apartment using home methods. This requires an appropriate device (gas analyzer) and a specially trained person. If there is a need to check the apartment for formaldehyde in the air (for example, if the strong smell of formaldehyde from furniture raises doubts about its quality), then it is most reliable to contact Rospotrebnadzor, or more precisely, the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology of your city or region. Or you can use the services.

How to test furniture for formaldehyde?

More precisely, how to find out how much formaldehyde is in furniture before buying?

There are rules for labeling furniture according to the content of this gas in its composition. Furniture marked E-(0) is the safest, the risk of formaldehyde emission is minimal even at high temperatures. Marking E-(1) indicates the content of 11 mg of formaldehyde for every 100 g of weight (i.e. the content of the substance in the furniture is about 0.011%). The E-(2) mark is placed on furniture where for every 100 g of weight there is more than 35 mg of formaldehyde (0.035%). This is how you can determine formaldehyde in furniture.

In addition to marking, you should pay attention to how the furniture is processed: “naked” chipboard material at the ends is highly undesirable. Edges and edges must be sealed.

Unfortunately, almost no furniture seller will most likely be able to provide you with a certificate and research results confirming the formaldehyde class. Therefore, when choosing furniture, you should pay special attention to the smell. A sharp chemical smell from furniture samples presented in the store, which have already stood there for some time, should alert you and make you think.

How much formaldehyde is eroded from furniture?

Intensive ventilation can significantly reduce the amount of fumes from furniture in the first few months. However, formaldehyde can erode over several years.

How to get rid of formaldehyde in the apartment?

Or how, at least, to reduce its content to safe limits?

Buying formaldehyde-free furniture is expensive and hard to find. But you can remove the smell of formaldehyde from furniture and reduce its concentration in the air.

Formaldehyde - what is it? Everyone must have heard this word at least once in their life, but not everyone knows what it means. What associations arise at the mention of this substance? Difficult to answer? Meanwhile, formaldehyde surrounds us everywhere.

What is formaldehyde?

First of all, formaldehyde is a gas. It is naturally formed not only in the environment, but also in our body. In addition, it is obtained by production. Few people know, but we are constantly in contact with this substance. It enters our body when we inhale. In addition, a person daily uses products containing formaldehyde in small quantities (for example, bath foam and shampoo).

Obtaining formaldehyde

The main method for obtaining industrial formaldehyde is the methanol oxidation process. It is carried out using a silver catalyst. This process takes place at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 650 degrees. Methanol oxidation is well established and approximately 80 percent of formaldehyde is produced by this method. But recently there has been an active development of a new promising method, which uses an iron-molybdenum catalyst. The reaction proceeds at a temperature of 300 degrees. Moreover, in both methods, the degree of conversion has a very high percentage (practically 99%).

Obtaining formaldehyde is also possible in the process of methanol dehydrogenation. It is carried out with the participation of zinc and copper catalysts. The required temperature is 600 degrees. Although this method has not yet found wide application. However, it is considered very promising. It allows you to get formaldehyde without water content.

Application of formaldehyde

When obtaining this substance, there is only one side effect - formaldehyde. In this case, toxic substances are released. Unfortunately, this process actively proceeds at room temperature.

Despite this, formaldehyde has found wide application in many areas of industrial production. An aqueous solution - methandiol - causes protein denaturation. This feature of formaldehyde allows the use of the substance in the leather industry. And it also has excellent tannic properties, which is very useful in medicine. Formaldehyde is recognized as a strong antiseptic, as well as an excellent preservative for biological materials. But that's not all. The substance in question is used in furniture and, in particular, it is necessary for the manufacture of plywood. Finally, formaldehyde is used in the production of motion picture film.

Cosmetology

Sometimes the composition of shampoos and some bath products includes such a dangerous substance for humans as formaldehyde. That this is dangerous is beyond doubt. After all, it is a very strong and very effective preservative. But it is never found in pure form in shampoos. Especially in baby care products. Formaldehyde enters their composition as a result of the breakdown of other chemicals - releasers.

Many bath foams are stored for a long time thanks to these components. Releasers slowly release small doses of formaldehyde. This helps prevent fungi and bacteria in shampoos.

Why is formaldehyde dangerous?

Based on the above information, it becomes unclear what formaldehyde is. What is it - a dangerous poison or a harmless component of soap and detergents? Of course, in large doses, it poses a threat to human health. But after all, formaldehyde can penetrate into our body not only through contact with cosmetics. The fact is that it penetrates the lungs and blood through the air. Here are just some of the sources of the toxin:

• tobacco smoke;
• traffic fumes;
• open flame;
• gas stoves;
• glue;
• disinfectants;
• nail polish;
• new carpets and rugs;
• shampoos for cleaning carpets;
• new pressed wood furniture.

What happens when you breathe in formaldehyde? In humans, it causes irritation of the nasopharynx and eyes. The lungs are affected. Many scientists seriously believe that a number of cases of asthma in children are associated with this gas. There are concerns that prolonged contact with high concentrations of formaldehyde can lead to the formation of oncological tumors. Studies have shown that this substance is a fairly strong carcinogen, and experiments on laboratory animals confirmed this assumption. However, it has not been proven that formaldehyde in contact with the skin contributes to the development of a malignant tumor.

What is known about formaldehyde?

So, one of the dangerous carcinogens that surround us daily is formaldehyde. That this is for a person has already been proven. But what else do we know about it, besides the fact that the gas enters the lungs when inhaled and is not able to affect the skin? Penetrating into the body, formaldehyde breaks down very quickly and is excreted in the urine and when exhaled (with carbon dioxide).

People who constantly live in large industrial cities, in large areas built up with high-rise buildings, are exposed to formaldehyde in higher concentrations than those who live in villages and towns. The likelihood of contact with this harmful substance is greater indoors than outdoors.

What is not known about formaldehyde?

In fact, despite the fact that formaldehyde is quite well studied, there are still controversial questions about the effects of this gas on the body. So, for example, it is not known for certain whether adults are less sensitive to this substance than children. Scientists and doctors have different opinions on this issue. But if we take into account that when a child inhales, the volume of air per kilogram of weight is greater than that of adults, then the assumption of their highest sensitivity to formaldehyde is quite justified.

Threat to human health

The effect of formaldehyde on humans is very harmful and dangerous. This gas has pronounced mutagenic properties. It also acts as an irritant and a serious allergen. Prolonged contact of a person with an environment in which this gas is dispersed can provoke the development of an oncological disease. The most commonly diagnosed cancer of the respiratory tract. Perhaps the development of other severe forms, including leukemia.

Symptoms of formaldehyde poisoning of the body are as follows: migraine, shortness of breath, depressed psychological state. If the gas concentration reaches a critical level for human health, it can cause paralysis of the respiratory tract, which leads to death. The presence of formaldehyde in the environment can also be indicated by conjunctivitis and pulmonary edema.

What other pathologies can formaldehyde cause? The reactions of its decomposition in the body cause significant harm to health. Penetrating into the digestive system, gas can cause a chemical burn, provoke numerous edema and even stop breathing. As a solution of formaldehyde, formalin is also capable of harming our body. People who, due to their professional duties, are sometimes forced to deal with this substance experience all the manifestations of poisoning: asthma symptoms, severe headaches, conjunctivitis, and damage to the nervous system.

How is formaldehyde content regulated in products?

Many countries have government controls on formaldehyde content, such as in the UK, the allowable concentration of this gas in air and water is regulated by law. Exceeding it is unacceptable, it always entails responsibility. Such a serious attitude to this dangerous toxin is observed in almost all developed countries. There are also certain restrictions on workplaces where formaldehyde is produced or used. The European Union regulates the use of this substance in cosmetic products, including shampoos, bubble baths, and nail polish. In these products, formaldehyde releasers must be present in minimal concentrations. If their content exceeds the established norms, this should be indicated on the label. And in some countries, formalin is generally banned. So, in Japan and Sweden, any content of this substance in cosmetic products is unacceptable.

How to be and what to do?

Is it worth it to be afraid of such a substance as formaldehyde? The health formula, of course, does not include exposure to this gas. Meanwhile, it is impossible to completely avoid contact with the mentioned irritant. Formaldehyde is part of some bath products, it is even in some. True, the manufacturers claim that it is unlikely that the baby will be irritated at such an insignificant concentration. So such contact is quite safe. But if the child has an individual intolerance, then irritation may appear even with such meager amounts. Therefore, parents before buying cosmetics for crumbs need to pay attention to the label.

How to minimize the harmful effect?

Phenol formaldehyde is a highly toxic substance. To weaken its effect is quite difficult. When the gas is in the body, it changes a lot. When degraded, it transforms into or Of course, the best defense against this carcinogen is to avoid places and areas where it can be found in high concentrations. These are, first of all, traffic jams, industrial areas, furniture factories. It is also recommended not to linger in rooms that are not ventilated. In addition, you should be aware that many indoor plants are able to absorb formaldehyde from the air (for example, chlorophytum, ivy, ficus).

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Formaldehyde is a common organic substance, which is a gas that dissolves well in various liquids. Being a toxic compound, even in small concentrations, it can have a negative effect on the human body.

How dangerous is formaldehyde for humans and what harm does it do to the body? What are the symptoms of this process? How effective is first aid and does the substance pose a danger to life? You will read about this and much more in our article.

What is formaldehyde and how is it determined?

Formaldehyde is a classic organic compound, the main representative of the homologous series of the aliphatic group of aldehydes. It is a toxic contaminant with pronounced irritant properties. Produced on an industrial scale by the oxidation of methanol.

The main salt state of aggregation of formaldehyde is a colorless gas. but with a strong unpleasant odour. Quite often, it is mixed in various liquids - most often polar solvents, water and alcohols.

It is possible to identify a substance without laboratory tests only by smell - subjectively, the smell of formaldehyde is similar to a chemical hospital one, like in classic antiseptics, sometimes with a light alcohol “flute” and an unpleasant metallic “aftertaste”.

How can you get poisoned by formaldehyde and its vapors?

Formaldehyde is widely used in many areas of the national economy and production. In particular, formaldehyde contains:

• For the production of film, plywood, chipboard, fur, textiles, paper and so on;
• As a component of thermoplastic polymers, resins, varnishes, etc.;
• As a base for a number of compounds of mass organic synthesis;
• For medical purposes- mainly conservation of biological materials, stabilization of the composition of vaccines, complex general antiseptic treatment, deodorizing basis of Teimurova and Formidrone pastes;
• As an ingredient in cosmetics against sweating, shampoos, oral hygiene solutions and so on;
• As a strong preservative for the food industry (additive E240).

Based on the above areas of application of an organic compound, it is possible to designate and potential channels for poisoning with this agent:

The effect of formaldehyde on the human body

Formaldehyde belongs to the second class of substances in terms of toxic hazard to living organisms, which puts it on a par with such well-known poisons as. The main principle of the action of the compound is direct denaturation and coagulation of protein structures, which acts not only on classical cells of the body, but even on bacteria and individual viruses that have lipid-protein shells.

As clinical practice shows, the substance primarily affects the respiratory tract, skin, central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, reproductive organs, kidneys and liver, as well as genetic material.

The sequence and predominance of these pathological effects depends on the way the toxin enters the body - through the gastrointestinal tract (oral intake of liquids), the respiratory system (inhalation of vapors) or the epidermis with mucous membranes (direct contact with substances and objects containing formaldehyde).

The maximum allowable concentrations of the substance in domestic conditions are in the range from 0.01 to 0.05 milligrams per cubic meter of air. For industrial premises where there is direct work with formaldehyde and its compounds, these figures are 10 times higher - 0.5 milligrams of the substance per cubic meter. The permissible concentration of the substance in water intended for drinking is 0.05 milligrams per 1 liter of liquid.

Formaldehyde is potentially life-threatening at a dose of the compound - from 70 milliliters in pure equivalent, although the pathological symptoms of poisoning can appear already after the penetration into the body of 3-5 milligrams of a single substance or 10-15 milligrams over a long period of time.

Symptoms of poisoning

Possible signs of formaldehyde poisoning depend on the type of penetration of the pathogenic agent into the body, its concentration, dose and duration of exposure.

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Common symptoms of formaldehyde poisoning:

• Paleness and prostration;
• headache pain, difficulty breathing;
• Depression;
• Convulsions, temporary loss of consciousness.

In case of inhalation route of poisoning:

For oral route of poisoning:

• Burn of the soft structures of the gastrointestinal tract, manifested by severe burning, diarrhea, vomiting with blood, severe pain in the pharynx, esophagus and other parts;
• Jade of hemorrhagic type;
• Anuria;
• Swelling of the larynx, up to a reflex stop of the breathing process.

Chronic poisoning at work:

• Complex dyspeptic pathologies;
• Weight loss, sweating disorders;
• Sudden changes in body temperature;
• Bronchial asthma;

• Sexual dysfunction, both in men and women;
• Complex lesions of the central nervous system from thalamic syndrome and poor sleep to mental agitation and ataxia with impaired vision and smell.

In direct contact with formalin - dermatitis, eczema and other local manifestations of the allergic and irritating spectrum, fragility and softening of the nail plates, increased sensitivity to any irritants.

First aid

The victim of formaldehyde poisoning must be given the most prompt first aid, and then call a medical team that will take the patient to the hospital (toxicology or intensive care unit). Possible actions:

The classic formaldehyde antidotes are solutions of acetate, chloride or ammonium carbonate., which, when interacting with a toxic component, form a safe urotropin. For "field" conditions as part of the provision of pre-hospital care, ammonia can be used - give it to sniff it from a cotton swab (in case of inhalation damage), wipe the epithelium and mucous membranes (in case of contact damage), and also use internally 10-12 drops of ammonia-anise tincture (when taken orally).

Recovery of the body after poisoning

Upon admission to the hospital, the victim will be provided with full-scale medical care. Possible actions:

• Gastric lavage probe with a light (two percent) solution of chloride, acetate or ammonium carbonate;
• Parenteral administration of glucose-novocaine mixture;
• Injections of respiratory analeptics(cytiton or lobelin), if necessary, intubation of the trachea and connection to a ventilator;
• Relief of neurological symptoms and pain. Tranquilizers (seduxen, relanium) and analgesics of the narcotic spectrum (omnopon, promedol) are used, respectively;
• The introduction of saline solutions and sulfonylurea preparations to support the kidneys and the forced withdrawal of toxin decay products;
• Injections of atropine and other drugs of this series for violations of cardiac rhythm;

• Use of hepatoprotectors to protect the liver;
• Other methods of hardware or conservative therapy aimed at symptomatic treatment, supporting vital signs, eliminating the toxin from the body, minimizing the risk of complications.

Consequences and complications

Formaldehyde poisoning can cause a large number of serious complications in the victim, including long-term and chronic ones.

Typical effects of formaldehyde poisoning:

• Irreversible toxic kidney damage. Poisoning, even of moderate severity, often causes kidney failure in humans;
• Liver failure. This chemical compound destroys a significant part of the liver cells, which can lead to organ cirrhosis;
• Neuro-psychic syndromes. A direct pathological effect on the CNS causes a wide range of neurological disorders, often irreversible;
• Cardiovascular pathologies. Usually formed as secondary manifestations of general intoxication of the body;
• Allergic reactions. Chronic poisoning provokes local allergies, sometimes leading to systemic autoimmune disorders;
• Bronchopulmonary diseases. Pulmonary edema, bronchospasm and obstruction form the prerequisites for frequent diseases of an infectious nature.

Formaldehyde. Properties and Applications

An aqueous solution of formaldehyde is called formalin.

The formaldehyde formula is very simple - CH2=O (or HCHO); while the formaldehyde molecule differs from the water molecule by the addition of only one carbon atom.

Formaldehyde is a gaseous colorless substance with high chemical and biological activity, highly soluble in water and alcohols. Formaldehyde easily (sometimes spontaneously) polymerizes to form various solid forms of formaldehyde - (CH2=O)n: trioxane, tetraoxane, polyformaldehyde, paraformaldehyde, polyoxymethylene.

Formaldehyde is widely present in natural processes and is found even in outer space. Scientists do not exclude its participation in the processes of the origin of life. Formaldehyde is specially manufactured in industry as a raw material for the production of various chemical products.

Properties of formaldehyde

Molar mass 30.03 g/mol
Density 0.9151 g/cm³ (at -80 °C)
Solubility in water up to 37%
Melting point -92 °C
Boiling point -19.2 °C
Explosion category II B
Explosion group T2
Concentration ignition limits 7-73% vol.
Auto-ignition temperature 435 °C

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) at WHO classifies formaldehyde as a carcinogen,
see Report Vol.: 88 (2006) CAS No.: 50-00-0. Formaldehyde causes allergies in some people.

In terms of toxicity, formaldehyde belongs to hazard class 2 (highly hazardous - similar to chlorine, dichloroethane, carbon disulfide, etc.) according to GOST 12.1.005 "General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area"

For the air of settlements, the maximum allowable maximum single concentration of formaldehyde is MPCm.r. \u003d 0.035 mg / m³, the maximum permissible average daily concentration of MPC.s. = 0.003 mg/m³ (installed
Hygienic standards GN 2.1.6.1338-03 "Maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of pollutants in the atmospheric air of populated areas" (approved by the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation on May 31, 2003)

The maximum permissible concentration of formaldehyde in the air of the working area MPC = 0.5 (established by the Hygienic Standards GN 2.2.5.1827-03 "Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPC) of harmful substances in the air of the working area") The lethal dose of 35% aqueous solution of formaldehyde (formalin) is 10 - 50 g.

In emergency situations, gas masks of grades A and M are used according to GOST 12.4.121.

Technical forms of formaldehyde cause rapid corrosion of carbon steels and aluminum alloys.

Obtaining formaldehyde

The main part of commercial formaldehyde is supplied in the form of formalin - a water-methanol solution (35-37% formaldehyde, 6-11% methanol) or an aqueous solution (37% formaldehyde). In 2005, the world production of formaldehyde amounted to 21 million tons.

Formaldehyde (formalin) is produced at many domestic chemical plants, for example: Akron (Veliky Novgorod), Karbolit (Orekhovo-Zuevo, Moscow Region), Metafrax (Gubakha, Perm Territory), Uralchimplast (Nizhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk region), Tomskneftekhim (Tomsk) , Novocherkassk Plant of Synthetic Products (Rostov region), etc.

Application of formaldehyde

Formaldehyde is used in the manufacture of isoprene, polyacetal resins, pentaerythritol, trimethylopropane, urotropine, etriol, diphenylmethane isocyanate (MDI), and some other chemicals.

An aqueous solution of formaldehyde - formalin - is used for tanning and preservation of biological materials, as well as as a disinfectant (antiseptic) in biology, medicine and agriculture.

Formaldehyde is used in the manufacture of antibacterial vaccines, sometimes formaldehyde-based medicines (solutions, powders, ointments) are used to treat sweating.

Environmental aspects of formaldehyde

Formaldehyde can be found in large quantities in the atmosphere, especially in large cities and industrial centers. Sources of formaldehyde in the atmosphere are:

• photochemical reactions of transformation of methane (and possibly other hydrocarbons) in atmospheric layers;
• forest, peat and city fires; landfills for domestic and industrial waste;
• vehicle emissions and flue gases from power plants;
• emissions from industrial enterprises using formaldehyde in their activities;
• release of formaldehyde from materials containing it (wood-based panels, phenoplastics).

The assimilation of formaldehyde in nature is carried out by methanotrophic bacteria, in particular methylotrophs - widespread inhabitants of various water bodies (lakes, swamps, rivers and seas) and soils.

In everyday life, formaldehyde can be released from furniture, building and finishing materials, insulation, textile materials, cosmetics and disinfectants. Formaldehyde is found in tobacco smoke, as well as in some types of vegetables, fruits and drinks (natural wines, cognacs, beer).

For example, incompletely reacted fomaldehyde can be released from phenoplastics, chipboards and wood-fiber boards, as well as formaldehyde resulting from the destruction of phenol-formaldehyde resin, for example, when furniture and building structures are used in a wet state.

Formaldehyde emission from various materials or products is regulated by relevant international standards, for example:

EN 300:1997, Oriented Strand Boards (OSB) - Definitions, Classifications and Specifications
EN 312-1:1997, Particleboards - Specifications - Part 1: General Requirements for all Board Types
EN 622-5:1997, Fibreboards - Specifications - Part 5: Requirements for Dry Process Boards (MDF)
EN 636-1:1996, Plywood - Specifications - Part 1: Requirements for Plywood for Use in Dry Conditions
EN 636-2:1996, Plywood - Specifications - Part 2: Requirements for Plywood for Use in Humid Conditions
EN 636-3:1996, Plywood - Specifications - Part 3: Requirements for Plywood for Use in Exterior Conditions

At present, the elimination of formaldehyde emissions from building materials and furniture can be achieved, for example, by replacing particle boards and wood-fiber boards with thermoplastic wood-polymer composites, for more details see special

Standards

F formaldehyde online

Books on formaldehyde

Ogorodnikov S.K. Formaldehyde, Leningrad, ed. Chemistry, 1984, 280 pp.

Pollution of the atmosphere with formaldehyde, Skubnevskaya G.I., Dultseva G.G. , under. ed. N.M. Bazhin. - Novosibirsk, 1994. - 70 p.